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Cristaldi JC, Ferroni FM, Duré AB, Ramírez CS, Dalosto SD, Rizzi AC, González PJ, Rivas MG, Brondino CD. Heterologous production and functional characterization of Bradyrhizobium japonicum copper-containing nitrite reductase and its physiological redox partner cytochrome c550. Metallomics 2020; 12:2084-2097. [PMID: 33226040 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00177e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two domain copper-nitrite reductases (NirK) contain two types of copper centers, one electron transfer (ET) center of type 1 (T1) and a catalytic site of type 2 (T2). NirK activity is pH-dependent, which has been suggested to be produced by structural modifications at high pH of some catalytically relevant residues. To characterize the pH-dependent kinetics of NirK and the relevance of T1 covalency in intraprotein ET, we studied the biochemical, electrochemical, and spectroscopic properties complemented with QM/MM calculations of Bradyrhizobium japonicum NirK (BjNirK) and of its electron donor cytochrome c550 (BjCycA). BjNirK presents absorption spectra determined mainly by a S(Cys)3pπ → Cu2+ ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) transition. The enzyme shows low activity likely due to the higher flexibility of a protein loop associated with BjNirK/BjCycA interaction. Nitrite is reduced at high pH in a T1-decoupled way without T1 → T2 ET in which proton delivery for nitrite reduction at T2 is maintained. Our results are analyzed in comparison with previous results found by us in Sinorhizobium meliloti NirK, whose main UV-vis absorption features are determined by S(Cys)3pσ/π → Cu2+ LMCT transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Cristaldi
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral and CONICET, S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina.
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2
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Falke S, Feiler C, Chapman H, Sarrou I. Crystal structures of native cytochrome c 6 from Thermosynechococcus elongatus in two different space groups and implications for its oligomerization. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2020; 76:444-452. [PMID: 32880593 PMCID: PMC7470040 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x20010249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Native cytochrome c6 was purified from an extract of strain BP-1 of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus. The protein was crystallized, and with only slight modifications of the buffer and vapour-diffusion conditions two different space groups were observed, namely H3 and C2. Both crystal structures were solved; they contained three and six molecules per asymmetric unit and were refined to 1.7 and 2.25 Å resolution, respectively. To date, the structure of native cytochrome c6 from T. elongatus has only been reported as a monomer using NMR spectroscopy, i.e. without addressing putative oligomerization, and related structures have only previously been solved using X-ray crystallography after recombinant gene overexpression in Escherichia coli. The reported space groups of related cyanobacterial cytochrome c6 structures differ from those reported here. Interestingly, the protein-protein interfaces that were observed utilizing X-ray crystallography could also explain homo-oligomerization in solution; specifically, trimerization is indicated by infra-red dynamic light scattering and blue native gel electrophoresis in solution. Trimers were also detected by mass spectrometry. Furthermore, there is an indication of post-translational methylation in the crystal structure. Additionally, the possibility of modifying the crystal size and the redox activity in the context of photosynthesis is shaping the investigated cytochrome as a highly suitable model protein for advanced serial crystallography at highly brilliant X-ray free-electron laser sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Falke
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Feiler
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henry Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iosifina Sarrou
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Torrado A, Ramírez-Moncayo C, Navarro JA, Mariscal V, Molina-Heredia FP. Cytochrome c 6 is the main respiratory and photosynthetic soluble electron donor in heterocysts of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1860:60-68. [PMID: 30414412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c6 is a soluble electron carrier, present in all known cyanobacteria, that has been replaced by plastocyanin in plants. Despite their high structural differences, both proteins have been reported to be isofunctional in cyanobacteria and green algae, acting as alternative electron carriers from the cytochrome b6-f complex to photosystem I or terminal oxidases. We have investigated the subcellular localization of both cytochrome c6 and plastocyanin in the heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 grown in the presence of combined nitrogen and under diazotrophic conditions. Our studies conclude that cytochrome c6 is expressed at significant levels in heterocysts, even in the presence of copper, condition in which it is strongly repressed in vegetative cells. However, the copper-dependent regulation of plastocyanin is not altered in heterocysts. In addition, in heterocysts, cytochrome c6 has shown to be the main soluble electron carrier to cytochrome c oxidase-2 in respiration. A cytochrome c6 deletion mutant is unable to grow under diazotrophic conditions in the presence of copper, suggesting that cytochrome c6 plays an essential role in the physiology of heterocysts that cannot be covered by plastocyanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Torrado
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen Ramírez-Moncayo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José A Navarro
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Vicente Mariscal
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Fernando P Molina-Heredia
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
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4
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Bernal-Bayard P, Puerto-Galán L, Yruela I, García-Rubio I, Castell C, Ortega JM, Alonso PJ, Roncel M, Martínez JI, Hervás M, Navarro JA. The photosynthetic cytochrome c 550 from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 133:273-287. [PMID: 28032235 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The photosynthetic cytochrome c 550 from the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum has been purified and characterized. Cytochrome c 550 is mostly obtained from the soluble cell extract in relatively large amounts. In addition, the protein appeared to be truncated in the last hydrophobic residues of the C-terminus, both in the soluble cytochrome c 550 and in the protein extracted from the membrane fraction, as deduced by mass spectrometry analysis and the comparison with the gene sequence. Interestingly, it has been described that the C-terminus of cytochrome c 550 forms a hydrophobic finger involved in the interaction with photosystem II in cyanobacteria. Cytochrome c 550 was almost absent in solubilized photosystem II complex samples, in contrast with the PsbO and Psb31 extrinsic subunits, thus suggesting a lower affinity of cytochrome c 550 for the photosystem II complex. Under iron-limiting conditions the amount of cytochrome c 550 decreases up to about 45% as compared to iron-replete cells, pointing to an iron-regulated synthesis. Oxidized cytochrome c 550 has been characterized using continuous wave EPR and pulse techniques, including HYSCORE, and the obtained results have been interpreted in terms of the electrostatic charge distribution in the surroundings of the heme centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Bernal-Bayard
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, Universidad de Sevilla & CSIC, Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Leonor Puerto-Galán
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, Universidad de Sevilla & CSIC, Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Inés García-Rubio
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Castell
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, Universidad de Sevilla & CSIC, Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José M Ortega
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, Universidad de Sevilla & CSIC, Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pablo J Alonso
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza & CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mercedes Roncel
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, Universidad de Sevilla & CSIC, Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jesús I Martínez
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza & CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manuel Hervás
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, Universidad de Sevilla & CSIC, Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José A Navarro
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, Universidad de Sevilla & CSIC, Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
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5
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Brand JJ, Kerfeld CA, Cramer WA. David W. Krogmann, 1931-2016. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 132:1-12. [PMID: 28155215 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We provide here reflections on the life and career of David W. Krogmann (1931-2016), a great scientist, a mentor and an outstanding teacher, who had a remarkable impact on anyone who came in contact with him. Dave was a pillar of photosynthesis at Purdue University, and an international authority on electron transfer intermediates in oxygenic photosynthesis, particularly the soluble cytochromes. The photosynthetic system of his choice was cyanobacteria, and one of his major discoveries was the Orange Carotenoid Protein in these microrganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry J Brand
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Cheryl A Kerfeld
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - William A Cramer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2054, USA
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6
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Bren KL. Going with the Electron Flow: Heme Electronic Structure and Electron Transfer in Cytochrome
c. Isr J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kara L. Bren
- Department of Chemistry University of Rochester Rochester NY 14627-0216 USA
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7
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Bialek W, Krzywda S, Zatwarnicki P, Jaskolski M, Kolesinski P, Szczepaniak A. Insights into the relationship between the haem-binding pocket and the redox potential ofc6cytochromes: four atomic resolution structures ofc6andc6-like proteins fromSynechococcussp. PCC 7002. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:2823-32. [DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714013108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The structure of cytochromec6Cfrom the mesophilic cyanobacteriumSynechococcussp. PCC 7002 has been determined at 1.03 Å resolution. This is the first structural report on the recently discovered cyanobacterial cytochromec6-like proteins found in marine and nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. Despite high similarity in the overall three-dimensional fold between cytochromesc6andc6C, the latter shows saliently different electrostatic properties in terms of surface charge distribution and dipole moments. Its midpoint redox potential is less than half of the value for typicalc6cytochromes and results mainly from the substitution of one residue in the haem pocket. Here, high-resolution crystal structures of mutants of both cytochromesc6andc6Care presented, and the impact of the mutation of specific residues in the haem-binding pocket on the redox potential is discussed. These findings contribute to the elucidation of the structure–function relationship ofc6-like cytochromes.
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8
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The dynamic complex of cytochrome c6 and cytochrome f studied with paramagnetic NMR spectroscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:1305-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Liu J, Chakraborty S, Hosseinzadeh P, Yu Y, Tian S, Petrik I, Bhagi A, Lu Y. Metalloproteins containing cytochrome, iron-sulfur, or copper redox centers. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4366-469. [PMID: 24758379 PMCID: PMC4002152 DOI: 10.1021/cr400479b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Saumen Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Parisa Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Shiliang Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Igor Petrik
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ambika Bhagi
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics
and Computational
Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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10
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Suga M, Lai TL, Sugiura M, Shen JR, Boussac A. Crystal structure at 1.5Å resolution of the PsbV2 cytochrome from the cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3267-72. [PMID: 23994160 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PsbV2 is a c-type cytochrome present in a very low abundance in the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus. We purified this cytochrome and solved its crystal structure at a resolution of 1.5Å. The protein existed as a dimer in the crystal, and has an overall structure similar to other c-type cytochromes like Cytc6 and Cytc550, for example. However, the 5th and 6th heme iron axial ligands were found to be His51 and Cys101, respectively, in contrast to the more common bis-His or His/Met ligands found in most cytochromes. Although a few other c-type cytochromes were suggested to have this axial coordination, this is the first crystal structure reported for a c-type heme with this unusual His/Cys axial coordination. Previous spectroscopic characterizations of PsbV2 are discussed in relation to its structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Suga
- Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Structure, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 1-1, Naka 3-chome, Tsushima, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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11
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Roncel M, Kirilovsky D, Guerrero F, Serrano A, Ortega JM. Photosynthetic cytochrome c550. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:1152-63. [PMID: 22289879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c550 (cyt c550) is a membrane component of the PSII complex in cyanobacteria and some eukaryotic algae, such as red and brown algae. Cyt c550 presents a bis-histidine heme coordination which is very unusual for monoheme c-type cytochromes. In PSII, the cyt c550 with the other extrinsic proteins stabilizes the binding of Cl(-) and Ca(2+) ions to the oxygen evolving complex and protects the Mn(4)Ca cluster from attack by bulk reductants. The role (if there is one) of the heme of the cyt c550 is unknown. The low midpoint redox potential (E(m)) of the purified soluble form (from -250 to -314mV) is incompatible with a redox function in PSII. However, more positive values for the Em have been obtained for the cyt c550 bound to the PSII. A very recent work has shown an E(m) value of +200mV. These data open the possibility of a redox function for this protein in electron transfer in PSII. Despite the long distance (22Å) between cyt c550 and the nearest redox cofactor (Mn(4)Ca cluster), an electron transfer reaction between these components is possible. Some kind of protective cycle involving a soluble redox component in the lumen has also been proposed. The aim of this article is to review previous studies done on cyt c550 and to consider its function in the light of the new results obtained in recent years. The emphasis is on the physical properties of the heme and its redox properties. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosynthesis Research for Sustainability: from Natural to Artificial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Roncel
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain.
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12
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Kühl T, Sahoo N, Nikolajski M, Schlott B, Heinemann SH, Imhof D. Determination of hemin-binding characteristics of proteins by a combinatorial peptide library approach. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2846-55. [PMID: 22045633 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the binding of heme/hemin to proteins or peptides have recently intensified as it became evident that heme serves not only as a prosthetic group, but also as a regulator and effector molecule interacting with transmembrane and cytoplasmic proteins. The iron-ion-containing heme group can associate with these proteins in different ways, with the amino acids Cys, His, and Tyr allowing individual modes of binding. Strong coordinate-covalent binding, such as in cytochrome c, is known, and reversible attachment is also discussed. Ligands for both types of binding have been reported independently, though sometimes with different affinities for similar sequences. We applied a combinatorial approach using the library (X)(4) (C/H/Y)(X)(4) to characterize peptide ligands with considerable hemin binding capacities. Some of the library-selected peptides were comparable in terms of hemin association independently of whether or not a cysteine residue was present in the sequence. Indeed, a preference for His-based (≈39 %) and Tyr-based (≈40 %) sequences over Cys-based ones (≈21 %) was detected. The binding affinities for the library-selected peptides, as determined by UV/Vis spectroscopy, were in the nanomolar range. Moreover, selected representatives efficiently competed for hemin binding with the human BK channel hSlo1, which is known to be regulated by heme through binding to its heme-binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Kühl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
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13
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The extrinsic proteins of Photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:121-42. [PMID: 21801710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review we examine the structure and function of the extrinsic proteins of Photosystem II. These proteins include PsbO, present in all oxygenic organisms, the PsbP and PsbQ proteins, which are found in higher plants and eukaryotic algae, and the PsbU, PsbV, CyanoQ, and CyanoP proteins, which are found in the cyanobacteria. These proteins serve to optimize oxygen evolution at physiological calcium and chloride concentrations. They also shield the Mn(4)CaO(5) cluster from exogenous reductants. Numerous biochemical, genetic and structural studies have been used to probe the structure and function of these proteins within the photosystem. We will discuss the most recent proposed functional roles for these components, their structures (as deduced from biochemical and X-ray crystallographic studies) and the locations of their proposed binding domains within the Photosystem II complex. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosystem II.
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14
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Müh F, Glöckner C, Hellmich J, Zouni A. Light-induced quinone reduction in photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:44-65. [PMID: 21679684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The photosystem II core complex is the water:plastoquinone oxidoreductase of oxygenic photosynthesis situated in the thylakoid membrane of cyanobacteria, algae and plants. It catalyzes the light-induced transfer of electrons from water to plastoquinone accompanied by the net transport of protons from the cytoplasm (stroma) to the lumen, the production of molecular oxygen and the release of plastoquinol into the membrane phase. In this review, we outline our present knowledge about the "acceptor side" of the photosystem II core complex covering the reaction center with focus on the primary (Q(A)) and secondary (Q(B)) quinones situated around the non-heme iron with bound (bi)carbonate and a comparison with the reaction center of purple bacteria. Related topics addressed are quinone diffusion channels for plastoquinone/plastoquinol exchange, the newly discovered third quinone Q(C), the relevance of lipids, the interactions of quinones with the still enigmatic cytochrome b559 and the role of Q(A) in photoinhibition and photoprotection mechanisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Müh
- Max-Volmer-Laboratorium für Biophysikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Structural and kinetic studies of imidazole binding to two members of the cytochrome c 6 family reveal an important role for a conserved heme pocket residue. J Biol Inorg Chem 2011; 16:577-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-011-0758-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Guerrero F, Sedoud A, Kirilovsky D, Rutherford AW, Ortega JM, Roncel M. A high redox potential form of cytochrome c550 in photosystem II from Thermosynechococcus elongatus. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:5985-94. [PMID: 21135104 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.170126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c(550) (cyt c(550)) is a component of photosystem II (PSII) from cyanobacteria, red algae, and some other eukaryotic algae. Its physiological role remains unclear. In the present work, measurements of the midpoint redox potential (E(m)) were performed using intact PSII core complexes preparations from a histidine-tagged PSII mutant strain of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus (T.) elongatus. When redox titrations were done in the absence of redox mediators, an E(m) value of +200 mV was obtained for cyt c(550). This value is ∼300 mV more positive than that previously measured in the presence of mediators (E(m) = -80 mV). The shift from the high potential form (E(m) = +200 mV) to the low potential form (E(m) = -80 mV) of cyt c(550) is attributed to conformational changes, triggered by the reduction of a component of PSII that is sequestered and out of equilibrium with the medium, most likely the Mn(4)Ca cluster. This reduction can occur when reduced low potential redox mediators are present or under highly reducing conditions even in the absence of mediators. Based on these observations, it is suggested that the E(m) of +200 mV obtained without mediators could be the physiological redox potential of the cyt c(550) in PSII. This value opens the possibility of a redox function for cyt c(550) in PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Guerrero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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17
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Bialek W, Krzywda S, Jaskolski M, Szczepaniak A. Atomic-resolution structure of reduced cyanobacterial cytochromec6with an unusual sequence insertion. FEBS J 2009; 276:4426-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Bernroitner M, Tangl D, Lucini C, Furtmüller PG, Peschek GA, Obinger C. Cyanobacterial cytochrome cM: Probing its role as electron donor for CuA of cytochrome c oxidase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1787:135-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Pokkuluri PR, Londer YY, Wood SJ, Duke NEC, Morgado L, Salgueiro CA, Schiffer M. Outer membrane cytochrome c, OmcF, from Geobacter sulfurreducens: high structural similarity to an algal cytochrome c6. Proteins 2009; 74:266-70. [PMID: 18837462 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P R Pokkuluri
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA.
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20
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Bernroitner M, Zamocky M, Pairer M, Furtmüller PG, Peschek GA, Obinger C. Heme-copper oxidases and their electron donors in cyanobacterial respiratory electron transport. Chem Biodivers 2008; 5:1927-1961. [PMID: 18972533 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are the paradigmatic organisms of oxygenic (plant-type) photosynthesis and aerobic respiration. Since there is still an amazing lack of knowledge on the role and mechanism of their respiratory electron transport, we have critically analyzed all fully or partially sequenced genomes for heme-copper oxidases and their (putative) electron donors cytochrome c(6), plastocyanin, and cytochrome c(M). Well-known structure-function relationships of the two branches of heme-copper oxidases, namely cytochrome c (aa(3)-type) oxidase (COX) and quinol (bo-type) oxidase (QOX), formed the base for a critical inspection of genes and ORFs found in cyanobacterial genomes. It is demonstrated that at least one operon encoding subunits I-III of COX is found in all cyanobacteria, whereas many non-N(2)-fixing species lack QOX. Sequence analysis suggests that both cyanobacterial terminal oxidases should be capable of both the four-electron reduction of dioxygen and proton pumping. All diazotrophic organisms have at least one operon that encodes QOX. In addition, the highly refined specialization in heterocyst forming Nostocales is reflected by the presence of two paralogs encoding COX. The majority of cyanobacterial genomes contain one gene or ORF for plastocyanin and cytochrome c(M), whereas 1-4 paralogs for cytochrome c(6) were found. These findings are discussed with respect to published data about the role of respiration in wild-type and mutated cyanobacterial strains in normal metabolism, stress adaptation, and nitrogen fixation. A model of the branched electron-transport pathways downstream of plastoquinol in cyanobacteria is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Bernroitner
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna
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21
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Enami I, Okumura A, Nagao R, Suzuki T, Iwai M, Shen JR. Structures and functions of the extrinsic proteins of photosystem II from different species. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 98:349-63. [PMID: 18716894 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This minireview presents a summary of information available on the variety and binding properties of extrinsic proteins that form the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II (PSII) of cyanobacteria, red alga, diatom, green alga, euglena, and higher plants. In addition, the structure and function of extrinsic PsbO, PsbV, and PsbU proteins are summarized based on the crystal structure of thermophilic cyanobacterial PSII together with biochemical and genetic studies from various organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Enami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
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22
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Akazaki H, Kawai F, Chida H, Matsumoto Y, Hirayama M, Hoshikawa K, Unzai S, Hakamata W, Nishio T, Park SY, Oku T. Cloning, expression and purification of cytochrome c(6) from the brown alga Hizikia fusiformis and complete X-ray diffraction analysis of the structure. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2008; 64:674-80. [PMID: 18678931 PMCID: PMC2494970 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309108017752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The primary sequence of cytochrome c(6) from the brown alga Hizikia fusiformis has been determined by cDNA cloning and the crystal structure has been solved at 1.6 A resolution. The crystal belonged to the tetragonal space group P4(1)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 84.58, c = 232.91 A and six molecules per asymmetric unit. The genome code, amino-acid sequence and crystal structure of H. fusiformis cytochrome c(6) were most similar to those of red algal cytochrome c(6). These results support the hypothesis that brown algae acquired their chloroplasts via secondary endosymbiosis involving a red algal endosymbiont and a eukaryote host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideharu Akazaki
- Bio-organic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Kawai
- Protein Design Laboratory, Graduate School of Integrated Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Chida
- Bio-organic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | - Yuichirou Matsumoto
- Bio-organic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | - Mao Hirayama
- Bio-organic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | - Ken Hoshikawa
- Bio-organic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | - Satoru Unzai
- Protein Design Laboratory, Graduate School of Integrated Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Wataru Hakamata
- Bio-organic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Nishio
- Bio-organic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | - Sam-Yong Park
- Bio-organic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | - Tadatake Oku
- Bio-organic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
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23
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Bialek W, Nelson M, Tamiola K, Kallas T, Szczepaniak A. Deeply Branching c6-like Cytochromes of Cyanobacteria. Biochemistry 2008; 47:5515-22. [DOI: 10.1021/bi701973g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Bialek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland, and Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901
| | - Matthew Nelson
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland, and Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901
| | - Kamil Tamiola
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland, and Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901
| | - Toivo Kallas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland, and Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901
| | - Andrzej Szczepaniak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland, and Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901
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24
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Worrall JAR, Schlarb-Ridley BG, Reda T, Marcaida MJ, Moorlen RJ, Wastl J, Hirst J, Bendall DS, Luisi BF, Howe CJ. Modulation of heme redox potential in the cytochrome c6 family. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:9468-75. [PMID: 17625855 PMCID: PMC7610927 DOI: 10.1021/ja072346g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c6A is a unique dithio-cytochrome of green algae and plants. It has a very similar core structure to that of bacterial and algal cytochromes c6 but is unable to fulfill the same function of transferring electrons from cytochrome f to photosystem I. A key feature is that its heme midpoint potential is more than 200 mV below that of cytochrome c6 despite having His and Met as axial heme-iron ligands. To identify the molecular origins of the difference in potential, the structure of cytochrome c6 from the cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum has been determined by X-ray crystallography and compared with the known structure of cytochrome c6A. One salient difference of the heme pockets is that a highly conserved Gln (Q51) in cytochrome c6 is replaced by Val (V52) in c6A. Using protein film voltammetry, we found that swapping these residues raised the c6A potential by +109 mV and decreased that of c6 by almost the same extent, -100 mV. X-ray crystallography of the V52Q protein showed that the Gln residue adopts the same configuration relative to the heme as in cytochrome c6 and we propose that this stereochemistry destabilizes the oxidized form of the heme. Consequently, replacement of Gln by Val was probably a key step in the evolution of cytochrome c6A from cytochrome c6, inhibiting reduction by the cytochrome b6f complex and facilitating establishment of a new function.
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Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a multisubunit enzyme embedded in the lipid environment of the thylakoid membranes of plants, algae and cyanobacteria. Powered by light, this enzyme catalyses the chemically and thermodynamically demanding reaction of water splitting. In so doing, it releases dioxygen into the atmosphere and provides the reducing equivalents required for the conversion of CO2 into the organic molecules of life. Recently, a fully refined structure of a 700 kDa cyanobacterial dimeric PSII complex was elucidated by X-ray crystallography which gave organizational and structural details of the 19 subunits (16 intrinsic and three extrinsic) which make up each monomer and provided information about the position and protein environments of 57 different cofactors. The water-splitting site was revealed as a cluster of four Mn ions and a Ca2+ ion surrounded by amino acid side chains, of which six or seven form direct ligands to the metals. The metal cluster was modelled as a cubane-like structure composed of three Mn ions and the Ca2+ linked by oxo-bonds with the fourth Mn attached to the cubane via one of its oxygens. The overall structure of the catalytic site is providing a framework to develop a mechanistic scheme for the water-splitting process, knowledge which could have significant implications for mimicking the reaction in an artificial chemical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Barber
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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26
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Marcaida MJ, Schlarb-Ridley BG, Worrall JAR, Wastl J, Evans TJ, Bendall DS, Luisi BF, Howe CJ. Structure of Cytochrome c6A, a Novel Dithio-cytochrome of Arabidopsis thaliana, and its Reactivity with Plastocyanin: Implications for Function. J Mol Biol 2006; 360:968-77. [PMID: 16815443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c6A is a unique dithio-cytochrome present in land plants and some green algae. Its sequence and occurrence in the thylakoid lumen suggest that it is derived from cytochrome c6, which functions in photosynthetic electron transfer between the cytochrome b6f complex and photosystem I. Its known properties, however, and a strong indication that the disulfide group is not purely structural, indicate that it has a different, unidentified function. To help in the elucidation of this function the crystal structure of cytochrome c6A from Arabidopsis thaliana has been determined in the two redox states of the heme group, at resolutions of 1.2 A (ferric) and 1.4 A (ferrous). These two structures were virtually identical, leading to the functionally important conclusion that the heme and disulfide groups do not communicate by conformational change. They also show, however, that electron transfer between the reduced disulfide and the heme is feasible. We therefore suggest that the role of cytochrome c6A is to use its disulfide group to oxidize dithiol/disulfide groups of other proteins of the thylakoid lumen, followed by internal electron transfer from the dithiol to the heme, and re-oxidation of the heme by another thylakoid oxidant. Consistent with this model, we found a rapid electron transfer between ferro-cytochrome c6A and plastocyanin, with a second-order rate constant, k2=1.2 x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Marcaida
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
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27
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Chida H, Yokoyama T, Kawai F, Nakazawa A, Akazaki H, Takayama Y, Hirano T, Suruga K, Satoh T, Yamada S, Kawachi R, Unzai S, Nishio T, Park SY, Oku T. Crystal structure of oxidized cytochromec6AfromArabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:3763-8. [PMID: 16777100 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Revised: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Compared with algal and cyanobacterial cytochrome c(6), cytochrome c(6A) from higher plants contains an additional loop of 12 amino acid residues. We have determined the first crystal structure of cytochrome c(6A) from Arabidopsis thaliana at 1.5 Angstrom resolution in order to help elucidate its function. The overall structure of cytochrome c(6A) follows the topology of class I c-type cytochromes in which the heme prosthetic group covalently binds to Cys16 and Cys19, and the iron has octahedral coordination with His20 and Met60 as the axial ligands. Two cysteine residues (Cys67 and Cys73) within the characteristic 12 amino acids loop form a disulfide bond, contributing to the structural stability of cytochrome c(6A). Our model provides a chemical basis for the known low redox potential of cytochrome c(6A) which makes it an unsuitable electron carrier between cytochrome b(6)f and PSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Chida
- Bio-organic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
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28
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Guallar V, Olsen B. The role of the heme propionates in heme biochemistry. J Inorg Biochem 2006; 100:755-60. [PMID: 16513175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous studies, relying on both experimental and theoretical observations, illustrating the active role of the heme propionates in regulating electron delivery to the iron center as well as biochemical properties of the heme. Evidences for this come from a wide variety of heme containing systems: cytochromes, heme peroxidases, globins, etc. Here, we shortly summarize these studies and revisit previous theoretical calculations (V. Guallar, M.H. Baik, S.J. Lippard, R.A. Friesner, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 (2003) 6998-7002) where the propionate groups induced the delocalization of the spin density in the cytochrome P450cam putative active species, Compound I. We introduce novel data, obtained by means of mixed quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics methods, indicating a larger electron delocalization into the protein. We also present novel results based on the recent migration of spin density observed by Barrows et al. (T.P. Barrows, T.L. Poulos, Biochemistry 44 (2005) 14062-68) on an ascorbate peroxidase mutant. All this data strongly supports the importance of the propionate groups in tuning the heme electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Guallar
- Department of Biochemistry, Washington University School of Medicine, 700 S. Euclid, Room 112, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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29
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Lange C, Luque I, Hervás M, Ruiz-Sanz J, Mateo PL, De la Rosa MA. Role of the surface charges D72 and K8 in the function and structural stability of the cytochrome c6 from Nostoc sp. PCC 7119. FEBS J 2005; 272:3317-27. [PMID: 15978038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of electrostatic charges at positions D72 and K8 in the function and structural stability of cytochrome c6 from Nostoc sp. PCC 7119 (cyt c6). A series of mutant forms was generated to span the possible combinations of charge neutralization (by mutation to alanine) and charge inversion (by mutation to lysine and aspartate, respectively) in these positions. All forms of cyt c6 were functionally characterized by laser flash absorption spectroscopy, and their stability was probed by urea-induced folding equilibrium relaxation experiments and differential scanning calorimetry. Neutralization or inversion of the positive charge at position K8 reduced the efficiency of electron transfer to photosystem I. This effect could not be reversed by compensating for the change in global charge that had been introduced by the mutation, indicating a specific role for K8 in the formation of the electron transfer complex between cyt c6 and photosystem I. Replacement of D72 by asparagine or lysine increased the efficiency of electron transfer to photosystem I, but destabilized the protein. D72 apparently participates in electrostatic interactions that stabilize the structure of cyt c6. The destabilizing effect was reduced when aspartate was replaced by the small amino acid alanine. Complementing the mutation D72A with a charge neutralization or inversion at position K8 led to mutant forms of cyt c6 that were more stable than the wild-type under all tested conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lange
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, Seville, Spain.
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30
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Ishikita H, Knapp EW. Redox potential of cytochrome c550 in the cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongates. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:3190-4. [PMID: 15919077 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c550 (cyt c550) from photosystem II (PSII) exists in the PSII-bound form but can be released from PSII by treatment with divalent cations or Tris, yielding the isolated form. We calculated heme redox potentials (Em) based on the crystal structures of cyt c550 by solving the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. In the isolated form, the calculated Em are -240 mV at pH 6.0 and -352 mV at pH 9.0. This pH-dependence is predominantly due to deprotonation of the heme-propionic group near Asn-49. In the PSII-bound form, the calculated E(m) was up-shifted by 160 mV versus the isolated form due to a conformational change of protein backbone, yielding Em=-84 mV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ishikita
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Takustrasse 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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31
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Ifuku K, Nakatsu T, Kato H, Sato F. Crystal structure of the PsbP protein of photosystem II from Nicotiana tabacum. EMBO Rep 2004; 5:362-7. [PMID: 15031714 PMCID: PMC1299024 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2003] [Revised: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PsbP is a membrane-extrinsic subunit of the water-oxidizing complex photosystem II (PS II). The evolutionary origin of PsbP has long been a mystery because it specifically exists in higher plants and green algae but not in cyanobacteria. We report here the crystal structure of PsbP from Nicotiana tabacum at a resolution of 1.6 A. Its structure is mainly composed of beta-sheet, and is not similar to any structures in cyanobacterial PS II. However, the electrostatic surface potential of PsbP is similar to that of cyanobacterial PsbV (cyt c(550)), which has a function similar to PsbP. A structural homology search with the DALI algorithm indicated that the folding of PsbP is very similar to that of Mog1p, a regulatory protein for the nuclear transport of Ran GTPase. The structure of PsbP provides insight into its novel function in GTP-regulated metabolism in PS II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ifuku
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Membrane Dynamics Research Group, RIKEN Harima Institute at SPring-8, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toru Nakatsu
- Membrane Dynamics Research Group, RIKEN Harima Institute at SPring-8, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kato
- Membrane Dynamics Research Group, RIKEN Harima Institute at SPring-8, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Sato
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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32
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De Las Rivas J, Balsera M, Barber J. Evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis: genome-wide analysis of the OEC extrinsic proteins. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2004; 9:18-25. [PMID: 14729215 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2003.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of oxygenic photosynthesis was a key event in the evolution of our green biosphere. Oxygen in the atmosphere is generally believed to come from the biomolecular water-splitting reaction that occurs in oxyphotosynthetic organisms catalysed by the oxygen evolving centre (OEC) of Photosystem II. Using knowledge from complete genomes and current databases, we have investigated the nature and composition of the extrinsic proteins forming the OECs of different organisms, with particular focus on the manganese stabilizing protein that is present in all known oxyphototrophs. This analysis traces the evolution of the extrinsic proteins from ancient cyanobacteria to higher plants and gives hints about the ancestral form of the OEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier De Las Rivas
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
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33
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Balsera M, Arellano JB, Pazos F, Devos D, Valencia A, De Las Rivas J. The single tryptophan of the PsbQ protein of photosystem II is at the end of a 4-α-helical bundle domain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 270:3916-27. [PMID: 14511373 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined the microenvironment of the single tryptophan and the tyrosine residues of PsbQ, one of the three main extrinsic proteins of green algal and higher plant photosystem II. On the basis of this information and the previous data on secondary structure [Balsera, M., Arellano, J.B., Gutiérrez, J.R., Heredia, P., Revuelta, J.L. & De Las Rivas, J. (2003) Biochemistry42, 1000-1007], we screened structural models derived by combining various threading approaches. Experimental results showed that the tryptophan residue is partially buried in the core of the protein but still in a polar environment, according to the intrinsic fluorescence emission of PsbQ and the fact that fluorescence quenching by iodide was weaker than that by acrylamide. Furthermore, quenching by cesium suggested that a positively charged barrier shields the tryptophan microenvironment. Comparison of the absorption spectra in native and denaturing conditions indicated that one or two out of six tyrosines of PsbQ are buried in the core of the structure. Using threading methods, a 3D structural model was built for the C-terminal domain of the PsbQ protein family (residues 46-149), while the N-terminal domain is predicted to have a flexible structure. The model for the C-terminal domain is based on the 3D structure of cytochrome b562, a mainly alpha-protein with a helical up/down bundle folding. Despite the large sequence differences between the template and PsbQ, the structural and energetic parameters for the explicit model are acceptable, as judged by the corresponding tools. This 3D model is compatible with the experimentally determined environment of the tryptophan residue and with published structural information. The future experimental determination of the 3D structure of the protein will offer a good validation point for our model and the technology used. Until then, the model can provide a starting point for further studies on the function of PsbQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Balsera
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, Salamanca, Spain
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Kerfeld CA, Sawaya MR, Bottin H, Tran KT, Sugiura M, Cascio D, Desbois A, Yeates TO, Kirilovsky D, Boussac A. Structural and EPR characterization of the soluble form of cytochrome c-550 and of the psbV2 gene product from the cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 44:697-706. [PMID: 12881497 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcg084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
First, the crystal structure of cytochrome c-550 (the psbV1 gene product) from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus has been determined to a resolution of 1.8 A. A comparison of the T. elongatus cytochrome c-550 structure to its counterparts from mesophilic organisms, Synechocystis 6803 and Arthrospira maxima, suggests that increased numbers of hydrogen bonds may play a role in the structural basis of thermostability. The cytochrome c-550 in T. elongatus also differs from that in Synechocystis 6803 and Arthrospira maxima in its lack of dimerization and the presence of a trigonal planar molecule, possibly bicarbonate, tightly bound to the heme propionate oxygen atoms. Cytochromes c-550 from T. elongatus, Synechocystis 6803 and Arthrospira maxima exhibit different EPR spectra. A correlation has been done between the heme-axial ligands geometries and the rhombicity calculated from the EPR spectra. This correlation indicates that binding of cytochrome c-550 to Photosystem II is accompanied by structural changes in the heme vicinity. Second, the psbV2 gene product has been found and purified. The UV-visible, EPR and Raman spectra are reported. From the spectroscopic data and from a theoretical structural model based on the cytochrome c-550 structure it is proposed that the 6th ligand of the heme-iron is the Tyr86.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Kerfeld
- Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Box 951570, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA.
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Kamiya N, Shen JR. Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving photosystem II from Thermosynechococcus vulcanus at 3.7-A resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:98-103. [PMID: 12518057 PMCID: PMC140893 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0135651100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 851] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a multisubunit membrane protein complex performing light-induced electron transfer and water-splitting reactions, leading to the formation of molecular oxygen. The first crystal structure of PSII from a thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus was reported recently [Zouni, A., Witt, H. T., Kern, J., Fromme, P., Krauss, N., Saenger, W. & Orth, P. (2001) Nature 409, 739-743)] at 3.8-A resolution. To analyze the PSII structure in more detail, we have obtained the crystal structure of PSII from another thermophilic cyanobacterium, Thermosynechococcus vulcanus, at 3.7-A resolution. The present structure was built on the basis of the sequences of PSII large subunits D1, D2, CP47, and CP43; extrinsic 33- and 12-kDa proteins and cytochrome c550; and several low molecular mass subunits, among which the structure of the 12-kDa protein was not reported previously. This yielded much information concerning the molecular interactions within this large protein complex. We also show the arrangement of chlorophylls and cofactors, including two beta-carotenes recently identified in a region close to the reaction center, which provided important clues to the secondary electron transfer pathways around the reaction center. Furthermore, possible ligands for the Mn-cluster were determined. In particular, the C terminus of D1 polypeptide was shown to be connected to the Mn cluster directly. The structural information obtained here provides important insights into the mechanism of PSII reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Kamiya
- RIKEN Harima InstituteSPring-8, Kouto 1-1-1, Mikazuki-cho, Sayou-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan.
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Crowley PB, Díaz-Quintana A, Molina-Heredia FP, Nieto P, Sutter M, Haehnel W, De La Rosa MA, Ubbink M. The interactions of cyanobacterial cytochrome c6 and cytochrome f, characterized by NMR. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:48685-9. [PMID: 12356767 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203983200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During oxygenic photosynthesis, cytochrome c(6) shuttles electrons between the membrane-bound complexes cytochrome bf and photosystem I. Complex formation between Phormidium laminosum cytochrome f and cytochrome c(6) from both Anabaena sp. PCC 7119 and Synechococcus elongatus has been investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Chemical-shift perturbation analysis reveals a binding site on Anabaena cytochrome c(6), which consists of a predominantly hydrophobic patch surrounding the heme substituent, methyl 5. This region of the protein was implicated previously in the formation of the reactive complex with photosytem I. In contrast to the results obtained for Anabaena cytochrome c(6), there is no evidence for specific complex formation with the acidic cytochrome c(6) from Synechococcus. This remarkable variability between analogous cytochromes c(6) supports the idea that different organisms utilize distinct mechanisms of photosynthetic intermolecular electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Crowley
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P. O. Box 9502, The Netherlands
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Bricker TM, Young A, Frankel LK, Putnam-Evans C. Introduction of the 305Arg-->305Ser mutation in the large extrinsic loop E of the CP43 protein of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 leads to the loss of cytochrome c(550) binding to Photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1556:92-6. [PMID: 12460665 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(02)00367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CP43, a component of Photosystem II (PSII) in higher plants, algae and cyanobacteria, is encoded by the psbC gene. Previous work demonstrated that alteration of an arginine residue occurring at position 305 to serine produced a strain (R305S) with altered PSII characteristics including lower oxygen-evolving activity, fewer assembled reaction centers, higher sensitivity to photoinactivation, etc. [Biochemistry 38 (1999) 1582]. Additionally, it was determined that the mutant exhibited an enhanced stability of its S2 state. Recently, we observed a significant chloride effect under chloride-limiting conditions. The mutant essentially lost the ability to grow photoautotrophically, assembled fewer fully functional PSII reaction centers and exhibited a very low rate of oxygen evolution. Thus, the observed phenotype of this mutation is very similar to that observed for the Delta(psb)V mutant, which lacks cytochrome c550 (Biochemistry 37 (1998) 1551). A His-tagged version of the R305S mutant was produced to facilitate the isolation of PSII particles. These particles were analyzed for the presence of cytochrome c550. Reduced minus oxidized difference spectroscopy and chemiluminescence examination of Western blots indicated that cytochrome c550 was absent in these PSII particles. Whole cell extracts from the R305S mutant, however, contained a similar amount of cytochrome c550 to that observed in the control strain. These results indicate that the mutation R305S in CP43 prevents the strong association of cytochrome c550 with the PSII core complex. We hypothesize that this residue is involved in the formation of the binding domain for the cytochrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry M Bricker
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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