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Bao X, Koorengevel MC, Groot Koerkamp MJA, Homavar A, Weijn A, Crielaard S, Renne MF, Lorent JH, Geerts WJC, Surma MA, Mari M, Holstege FCP, Klose C, de Kroon AIPM. Shortening of membrane lipid acyl chains compensates for phosphatidylcholine deficiency in choline-auxotroph yeast. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107966. [PMID: 34520050 PMCID: PMC8521299 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021107966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is an abundant membrane lipid component in most eukaryotes, including yeast, and has been assigned multiple functions in addition to acting as building block of the lipid bilayer. Here, by isolating S. cerevisiae suppressor mutants that exhibit robust growth in the absence of PC, we show that PC essentiality is subject to cellular evolvability in yeast. The requirement for PC is suppressed by monosomy of chromosome XV or by a point mutation in the ACC1 gene encoding acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Although these two genetic adaptations rewire lipid biosynthesis in different ways, both decrease Acc1 activity, thereby reducing average acyl chain length. Consistently, soraphen A, a specific inhibitor of Acc1, rescues a yeast mutant with deficient PC synthesis. In the aneuploid suppressor, feedback inhibition of Acc1 through acyl-CoA produced by fatty acid synthase (FAS) results from upregulation of lipid synthesis. The results show that budding yeast regulates acyl chain length by fine-tuning the activities of Acc1 and FAS and indicate that PC evolved by benefitting the maintenance of membrane fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bao
- Membrane Biochemistry & BiophysicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Institute of BiomembranesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Martijn C Koorengevel
- Membrane Biochemistry & BiophysicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Institute of BiomembranesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Amir Homavar
- Membrane Biochemistry & BiophysicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Institute of BiomembranesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Amrah Weijn
- Membrane Biochemistry & BiophysicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Institute of BiomembranesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Stefan Crielaard
- Membrane Biochemistry & BiophysicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Institute of BiomembranesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Mike F Renne
- Membrane Biochemistry & BiophysicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Institute of BiomembranesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Joseph H Lorent
- Membrane Biochemistry & BiophysicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Institute of BiomembranesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Willie JC Geerts
- Cryo‐Electron MicroscopyBijvoet Center for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Muriel Mari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & SystemsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Anton I P M de Kroon
- Membrane Biochemistry & BiophysicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Institute of BiomembranesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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2
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Zhu W, Shi X, Qi Y, Wang X, Chang L, Zhao C, Zhu L, Jiang J. Commensal microbiota and host metabolic divergence are associated with the adaptation of Diploderma vela to spatially heterogeneous environments. Integr Zool 2021; 17:346-365. [PMID: 34520122 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous environment adaptation is critical to understand the species evolution and response to climate change. However, how narrow-range species adapt to micro-geographic heterogeneity has been overlooked, and there is a lack of insights from metabolism and commensal microbiota. Here, we studied the environmental adaptation for 3 geographic populations (>40 km apart) of Diploderma vela, a lizard endemic to dry-hot valleys of the Hengduan Mountain Region. The climatic boundary caused a cooler, droughtier, and barren environment for northernmost population (RM) than the middle (QZK) and southernmost populations (FS). Correspondingly, significant divergences in liver and muscle metabolism and commensal microbiota were detected between RM and QZK or FS individuals, but not between QZK and FS individuals. Phospholipid composition, coenzyme level (i.e. pyridoxal and NAD+ ), and cholesterol metabolism (e.g. androgen and estriol synthesis) constituted the major metabolic difference between RM and QZK/FS groups. FS and QZK individuals kept abundant Proteobacteria and antifungal strains, while RM individuals maintained more Firmicutes and Bacteroidota. Strong associations existed between varied host metabolite and gut microbes. How were these interpopulation variations associated to the environment adaptation were discussed. These results provided some novel insights into the environmental adaptation and implicated the consequence of climate change on narrow-range species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiudong Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, China.,Mangkang Ecological Station, Tibet Ecological Safety Monitor Network, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Chang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, China
| | - Lifeng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianping Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu, China.,Mangkang Ecological Station, Tibet Ecological Safety Monitor Network, Chengdu, China
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3
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Yamamoto Y, Furukawa T, Takeda S, Kashida H, Chiba H, Hui SP. Examining the effect of regioisomerism on the physico-chemical properties of lysophosphatidylethanolamine-containing liposomes using fluoro probes. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 216:9-16. [PMID: 30080998 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lysophospholipids (LysoPLs) receive steadily increasing attention in the area of lipid chemistry and biology. However, the physico-chemical properties of individual LysoPL regioisomers have not yet been investigated. Herein, we report the synthesis of fluoro analogues of lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LPEs) and examine the physico-chemical properties of the LPE regioisomers using chemically synthesized fluoro probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Health Science, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812 Japan
| | - Takayuki Furukawa
- Graduate School of Health Science, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812 Japan
| | - Seiji Takeda
- Graduate School of Health Science, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kashida
- Graduate School of Health Science, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Graduate School of Health Science, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812 Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Graduate School of Health Science, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812 Japan.
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4
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Nagarsenker MS, Joshi AA. Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation of Liposomal Dispersions of Lidocaine. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639049709146153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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5
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Tilcock C. Liposomal blood pool agents for nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging. J Liposome Res 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08982109409018609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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6
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McManus GG, Buchanan GW, Jarrell HC, Epand RM, Epand RF, Cheetham JJ. Membrane perturbing properties of sucrose polyesters. Chem Phys Lipids 2001; 109:185-202. [PMID: 11269937 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(00)00222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sucrose polyester (SPE), in the form of sucrose octaesters and sucrose hexaesters of palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1cis), and linoleic (18:2cis) acids, have many uses. Applications include: a non-caloric fat substitute, detoxification agent, and oral contrast agent for human abdominal (MRI) magnetic resonance imaging. However, it has been shown that the ingestion of SPE was shown to generate a depletion of physiologically important lipidic vitamins and other lipophilic molecules. In order to better understand, at the molecular level, the type of interaction between SPE and lipid membrane, we have, first synthesized different type of labelled and non-labelled SPEs. Secondly, we have studied the effect of SPEs on multilamellar dispersions of dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DEPE) and dipalmitoylphosphocholine (DPPC) as a function of temperature, SPE composition and concentration. The effects of SPEs were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction, 2H and 31P NMR spectroscopy. At low concentration (< 1 mol%) all of the SPEs lowered the bilayer to the inverted hexagonal phase transition temperature of DEPE and induced the formation of a cubic phase in a composition dependent manner. At the same low concentration, SPEs in DPPC induce the formation of a non-bilayer phase as seen by 31P NMR. Order parameter measurements of DPPC-d62/SPE mixtures show that the SPE effect on the DPPC monolayer thickness is dependent on the SPE, concentration, chains length and saturation level. At higher concentration (> or = 10 mol%) SPE are very potent DEPE bilayer to HII phase transition promoters, although at that concentration the SPE have lost the ability to form cubic phases. SPEs have profound effects on the phase behaviour of model membrane systems, and may be important to consider when developing current and potential industrial and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G McManus
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ont., Canada, K1S 5B6
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7
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Bogdanov M, Umeda M, Dowhan W. Phospholipid-assisted refolding of an integral membrane protein. Minimum structural features for phosphatidylethanolamine to act as a molecular chaperone. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:12339-45. [PMID: 10212204 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.18.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli-derived phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) or PE with fully saturated fatty acids was able to correct in vitro a defect in folding in the lipid-dependent epitope 4B1 of lactose permease (LacY) resulting from in vivo assembly in the absence of PE. PE plasmalogen, PE with two unsaturated fatty acids, and lyso-PE, which all do not favor bilayer organization, did not support proper refolding. Proper refolding occurred when these latter lipids were mixed with a bilayer-forming lipid (phosphatidylglycerol), which alone could not support refolding. L-Phosphatidylserine (PS; natural diastereomer) did support proper refolding. PE derivatives of increasing degrees of methylation were progressively less effective in supporting refolding, with phosphatidylcholine being completely ineffective. Therefore, the properties of nonmethylated aminophospholipids capable of organization into a bilayer configuration are essential for the recovery of the native state of epitope 4B1 after misassembly in vivo in the absence of PE. Neither D-PS (sn-glycero-1-phosphate backbone) nor P-D-S (D-serine in the head group) is competent in supporting proper refolding unless used in binary mixtures with phosphatidylglycerol. The detailed characterization of phospholipid-assisted refolding reported here further supports a specific rather than nonspecific role for PE in structural maturation of lactose permease in vivo (Bogdanov, M., and Dowhan, W. (1998) EMBO J. 17, 5255-5264).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bogdanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
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8
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Trouard TP, Mannock DA, Lindblom G, Rilfors L, Akiyama M, McElhaney RN. Thermotropic phase properties of 1,2-di-O-tetradecyl-3-O-(3-O-methyl- beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol. Biophys J 1994; 67:1090-100. [PMID: 7811919 PMCID: PMC1225461 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(94)80574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The hydration properties and the phase structure of 1,2-di-O-tetradecyl-3-O(3-O-methyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol (3-O-Me-beta-D-GlcDAIG) in water have been studied via differential scanning calorimetry, 1H-NMR and 2H-NMR spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction. Results indicate that this lipid forms a crystalline (Lc) phase up to temperatures of 60-70 degrees C, where a transition through a metastable reversed hexagonal (Hll) phase to a reversed micellar solution (L2) phase occurs. Experiments were carried out at water concentrations in a range from 0 to 35 wt%, which indicate that all phases are poorly hydrated, taking up < 5 mol water/mol lipid. The absence of a lamellar liquid crystalline (L alpha) phase and the low levels of hydration measured in the discernible phases suggest that the methylation of the saccharide moiety alters the hydrogen bonding properties of the headgroup in such a way that the 3-O-Me-beta-D-GlcDAIG headgroup cannot achieve the same level of hydration as the unmethylated form. Thus, in spite of the small increase in steric bulk resulting from methylation, there is an increase in the tendency of 3-O-Me-beta-D-GlcDAIG to form nonlamellar structures. A similar phase behavior has previously been observed for the Acholeplasma laidlawii A membrane lipid 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(6-O-acyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol in water (Lindblom et al. 1993. J. Biol. Chem. 268:16198-16207). The phase behavior of the two lipids suggests that hydrophobic substitution of a hydroxyl group in the sugar ring of the glucopyranosylglycerols has a very strong effect on their physicochemical properties, i.e., headgroup hydration and the formation of different lipid aggregate structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Trouard
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Umeå, Sweden
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9
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Abstract
LIPIDAT is a computerized database providing access to the wealth of information scattered throughout the literature concerning synthetic and biologically derived polar lipid polymorphic and mesomorphic phase behavior. Here, a review of the LIPIDAT data subset referring to hydrated phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) is presented together with an analysis of these data. The PE subset represents 14% of all LIPIDAT records. It includes data collected over a 38-year period and consists of 1511 records obtained from 203 articles in 35 different journals. An analysis of the data in the subset has allowed us to identify trends in synthetic PE phase behavior reflecting changes in lipid chain length, chain unsaturation (number, isomeric type and position of double bonds), chain asymmetry and branching, type of chain-glycerol linkage (ether vs. ester) and headgroup modification. Also included is a summary of the data concerning the effect of pH, stereochemical purity, and different additives such as salts, saccharides, alcohols, amino adds and alkanes on PE phase behavior. Information on the phase behavior of biologically derived PE is also presented. This review includes 236 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Koynova
- Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1173
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10
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Eisele JL, Neumann JM, Chachaty C. Short chain phospholipids in membrane protein crystallization: a 31P-NMR study of colloidal properties of dihexanoyl phosphatidylcholine. Chem Phys Lipids 1990; 55:351-4. [PMID: 2289291 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(90)90173-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The colloidal features of short chain phospholipids can be deduced from 31P-NMR analysis by comparison with available data on phospholipid aqueous dispersion. In this study with dihexanoyl phosphatidylcholine, detergent phase separation was obtained by temperature shift and by addition of the precipitating agent polyethylene glycol. The 31P-NMR spectra indicate that the detergent micelles fuse to enter the hexagonal HII and lamellar phases. Consequences for the crystallization of membrane proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Eisele
- Institut Pasteur, Unite d'Immunologie Structurale, Paris, France
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11
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Rauch J, Janoff AS. Phospholipid in the hexagonal II phase is immunogenic: evidence for immunorecognition of nonbilayer lipid phases in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:4112-4. [PMID: 2112249 PMCID: PMC54057 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.11.4112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization of mice with phosphatidylethanolamine in the hexagonal II phase but not the bilayer phase resulted in the induction of anti-phospholipid antibodies. These antibodies, which were strongly reactive with phosphatidylethanolamine and crossreactive with cardiolipin, had functional lupus anticoagulant activity and were characteristic of autoantibodies common in patients with autoimmune disease. Recognition of the hexagonal II phase by the afferent limb of the immune system suggests that nonbilayer phospholipids can arise in the course of membrane remodeling and induce the autoantibodies of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rauch
- Division of Rheumatology, Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, McGill University, PQ, Canada
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12
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Seddon JM. Structure of the inverted hexagonal (HII) phase, and non-lamellar phase transitions of lipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1031:1-69. [PMID: 2407291 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(90)90002-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 775] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Seddon
- Chemistry Department, The University, Southampton, U.K
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13
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Hope MJ, Wong KF, Cullis PR. Freeze-fracture of lipids and model membrane systems. JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUE 1989; 13:277-87. [PMID: 2681573 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1060130403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Model membrane systems are used extensively in all aspects of membrane research, and freeze-fracture is the preeminent procedure for directly visualizing local structure in these lipid dispersions. Here we describe in detail the formation of liposomes and how freeze-fracture is routinely employed as a complementary technique to biophysical and biochemical procedures in the characterization of multilamellar vesicles (most commonly known as liposomes) and unilamellar vesicles. Many preparative procedures exist for the formation of multi- and unilamellar vesicles. Examples of each system are given and their properties as well as freeze-fracture morphology are discussed. The detection of lipid-phase transitions is considered, in particular, with emphasis on the application of freeze-fracture to the study of lipid polymorphism. We briefly discuss the fracturing of apolar lipids which do not adopt bilayer structures but which can be stabilized into microemulsions by a phospholipid monolayer. Finally, a critical assessment is made of filipin as a morphological marker for cholesterol domains in the plane of the bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hope
- Canadian Liposome Co., Ltd., North Vancouver, British Columbia
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14
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Slater
- University of Virginia, Biochemistry Department, Charlottesville 22908
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16
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17
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Janoff AS, Rauch J. The structural specificity of anti-phospholipid antibodies in autoimmune disease. Chem Phys Lipids 1986; 40:315-32. [PMID: 3742675 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(86)90076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies to phospholipids represent a unique set of incompletely characterized antibodies prevalent in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and related autoimmune disorders. Little is known concerning their induction and pathogenesis. Here we provide an overview of what is currently known about these antibodies and explore the possibility that they interact with and are perhaps specific for unusual lipid structures. Particular attention is given to the physical chemical nature and phase behaviour of associated putative lipid antigens. This analysis suggests that alterations in the phospholipid architecture of cell membranes may play an important role in the immunoregulation of autoimmunity.
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Abstract
In this review the polymorphic phase behaviour of several of the major classes of lipids found in biological membranes, both in isolation and also in mixtures, is briefly described. Emphasis is given to the ability of many membrane lipids to adopt non-lamellar phases in response to a variety of factors such as temperature, the presence of divalent cations or changes in pH. The phase behaviour of mixed lipid systems and factors which can modulate the phase preferences of such systems are considered in some detail particularly with regard to the effect of cholesterol upon lipid polymorphism.
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19
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Tilcock C, Cullis P, Gruner S. On the validity of 31P-NMR determinations of phospholipid polymorphic phase behaviour. Chem Phys Lipids 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(86)90061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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