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Hamed AA. Some Reactions of 3-Chloroisoindolium Salts with Nucleophiles: Access to Isoindole Derivatives and Ellipticine Analogues as Potential Antiviral Agents. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/0308234053431121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
3-Chloro-2-substituted-1-oxoisoindolium hexachloroantimonate (1) reacted with water, ethanol and dimethyl-cyanamide to give the corresponding phthalimide derivatives 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Reaction of 1a with nitriles afforded the intermediate 2-azoniaallene salts 5 which underwent cyclisation reaction upon heating to furnish the ellipticine analogues 6. The biological activities of 6a–e against HIV-1 and HBV viruses were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atef A. Hamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Koam
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2
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Dandia A, Arya K, Dhaka N. Multistep Microwave Assisted Solvent Free Green Chemical Synthesis of 2,7-Dihydro-3H-Pyridazino[3′,4′:4,5]Indolo[3,2-c]Quinoline-3,13(12H)-Dione. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/030823406776330666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of biologically active compound 2,7-dihydro-3 H-pyridazino[3′,4′:4,5]indolo[3,2- c]quinoline-3,13(12 H)-dione (10a–b)has been achieved efficiently and quickly under solvent free conditions in an open vessel microwave system. The multi step one pot synthesis involved the reaction of 8,9,10,11-tetrahydro-6 H-indolo[3,2- c]quinoline-6,7(5 H)-dione (6a–d) and glyoxylic acid monohydrate followed by cyclocondensation with hydrazine hydrate under microwave irradiation. The synthesis of 8,9,10,11-tetrahydro-6 H-indolo[3,2- c]quinoline-6,7(5 H)-dione(6a–d) has also been described from the reaction of (2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-4-yl)hydrazine with 1,3-cyclohexanedione in the absence of any solvent/catalyst/strong acid or solid support using microwaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Dandia
- Department of Chemistry University of Rajasthan, Jaipur – 302 004, India
| | - Kapil Arya
- Department of Chemistry University of Rajasthan, Jaipur – 302 004, India
| | - Nidhi Dhaka
- Department of Chemistry University of Rajasthan, Jaipur – 302 004, India
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3
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O'Sullivan EC, Miller CM, Deane FM, McCarthy FO. Emerging Targets in the Bioactivity of Ellipticines and Derivatives. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62615-8.00006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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4
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Stiborová M, Rupertová M, Frei E. Cytochrome P450- and peroxidase-mediated oxidation of anticancer alkaloid ellipticine dictates its anti-tumor efficiency. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:175-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 05/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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5
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Pierce SE, Guziec LJ, Guziec FS, Brodbelt JS. Characterization of aziridinylbenzoquinone DNA cross-links by liquid chromatography-infrared multiphoton dissociation-mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1097-104. [PMID: 20369834 DOI: 10.1021/tx1000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA cross-linking was evaluated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to determine the relative cross-linking abilities of two aziridinylbenzoquinones. Reactivities of RH1 (2,5-diaziridinyl-3-[hydroxymethyl]-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone), a clinically studied antitumor cross-linking agent, and an analogue containing a phenyl group (2,5-diaziridinyl-3-[hydroxymethyl]-6-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinone, PhRH1) rather than a methyl group were compared. The bulky phenyl substituent was added to determine the impact of steric hindrance on the formation of cross-links within a double helical structure. Cross-links formed by RH1 and PhRH1 were observed at 5'-dGNC sites as well as 5'-dGAAC/dGTTC sites. RH1 was more effective at forming cross-links than PhRH1 for a variety of duplexes. Infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) and collision-induced dissociation results confirmed the presence and the location of the cross-links within the duplexes, and IRMPD was used to identify the dissociation pathways of the cross-linked duplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Pierce
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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6
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Stiborova M, Rupertova M, Schmeiser HH, Frei E. Molecular mechanisms of antineoplastic action of an anticancer drug ellipticine. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2006; 150:13-23. [PMID: 16936898 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2006.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ellipticine is a potent antineoplastic agent exhibiting the multimodal mechanism of its action. This article reviews the mechanisms of predominant pharmacological and cytotoxic effects of ellipticine and shows the results of our laboratories indicating a novel mechanism of its action. The prevalent mechanisms of ellipticine antitumor, mutagenic and cytotoxic activities were suggested to be intercalation into DNA and inhibition of DNA topoisomerase II activity. We demonstrated a new mode of ellipticine action, formation of covalent DNA adducts mediated by its oxidation with cytochromes P450 (CYP) and peroxidases. The article reports the molecular mechanism of ellipticine oxidation by CYPs and identifies human and rat CYPs responsible for ellipticine metabolic activation and detoxication. It also presents a role of peroxidases (i.e. myeloperoxidase, cyclooxygenases, lactoperoxidase) in ellipticine oxidation leading to ellipticine-DNA adducts. The 9-hydroxy- and 7-hydroxyellipticine metabolites formed by CYPs and the major product of ellipticine oxidation by peroxidases, the dimer, in which the two ellipticine skeletons are connected via N(6) of the pyrrole ring of one ellipticine molecule and C9 in the second one, are the detoxication metabolites. On the contrary, 13-hydroxy- and 12-hydroxyellipticine, produced by ellipticine oxidation with CYPs, the latter one formed also spontaneously from another CYP- and peroxidase-mediated metabolite, ellipticine N(2)-oxide, are metabolites responsible for formation of two ellipticine-derived deoxyguanosine adducts in DNA. The results reviewed here allow us to propose species, two carbenium ions, ellipticine-13-ylium and ellipticine-12-ylium, as reactive species generating two major DNA adducts seen in vivo in rats treated with ellipticine. The study forms the basis to further predict the susceptibility of human cancers to ellipticine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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7
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Stiborová M, Poljaková J, Ryslavá H, Dracínský M, Eckschlager T, Frei E. Mammalian peroxidases activate anticancer drug ellipticine to intermediates forming deoxyguanosine adducts in DNA identical to those foundin vivo and generated from 12-hydroxyellipticine and 13-hydroxyellipticine. Int J Cancer 2006; 120:243-51. [PMID: 17066455 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ellipticine is a potent antineoplastic agent, whose mode of action is considered to be based mainly on DNA intercalation, inhibition of topoisomerase II and cytochrome P450-mediated formation of covalent DNA adducts. This is the first report on the molecular mechanism of ellipticine oxidation by peroxidases (human myeloperoxidase, human and ovine cyclooxygenases, bovine lactoperoxidase, horseradish peroxidase) to species forming ellipticine-DNA adducts. Using NMR spectroscopy, the structures of 2 ellipticine metabolites were identified; the major product is the ellipticine dimer, in which the 2 ellipticine skeletons are connected via N(6) of the pyrrole ring of one ellipticine molecule and C9 in the second one. The minor metabolite is ellipticine N(2)-oxide. Using (32)P-postlabeling and [(3)H]-labeled ellipticine, we showed that ellipticine binds covalently to DNA after its activation by peroxidases. The DNA adduct pattern induced by ellipticine consisted of a cluster of up to 4 adducts. The 2 adducts are indistinguishable from the 2 major adducts generated between deoxyguanosine in DNA and either 13-hydroxy- or 12-hydroxyellipticine or in rats treated with ellipticine, or if ellipticine was activated with human hepatic and renal microsomes. The results presented here are the first characterization of the peroxidase-mediated oxidative metabolites of ellipticine and we have proposed species, 2 carbenium ions, ellipticine-13-ylium and ellipticine-12-ylium, as reactive species generating 2 major DNA adducts seen in vivo in rats treated with ellipticine. The study forms the basis to further predict the susceptibility of human cancers to ellipticine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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8
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Mazerska Z, Sowiński P, Konopa J. Molecular mechanism of the enzymatic oxidation investigated for imidazoacridinone antitumor drug, C-1311. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:1727-36. [PMID: 14563483 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The imidazoacridinone derivative, C-1311, is an antitumor agent that has been under phase I of clinical trial. The work presented here aims to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the enzymatic oxidative activation of this drug in such a model metabolic system, where the covalent binding to DNA was previously demonstrated. The oxidative activation of C-1311 was performed with HRP/H(2)O(2) and MPO/H(2)O(2) systems. The obtained final products of such transformations were separated and analysed by HPLC. The structures of the products were identified by means of ESI-MS and NMR. It was demonstrated that C-1311 was oxidised with HRP and MPO in the manner dependent on the drug:H(2)O(2) ratio and the drug was more susceptible to HRP oxidation than to MPO. Structural studies showed compounds C0 and C1 to be the result of dealkylation, which occurred in the amino groups of the side chain. The structures of C3 and C4 products were identified as dimers, whose monomers held the imidazoacridinone core. The activation of the imidazoacridinone ring system in position ortho to 8-hydroxyl group was necessary to form such dimers. We suggest that similar mechanism of C-1311 activation should occur in the presence of DNA when, instead of the dimer formation, the covalent binding to DNA, showed earlier for this drug, was formed. Since peroxidase-type enzymes are present in the cell nucleus of tumour cells the activation mechanisms of the C-1311 proposed here may be expected to take place in the cellular environment in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Mazerska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland.
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9
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Frei E, Bieler CA, Arlt VM, Wiessler M, Stiborová M. Covalent binding of the anticancer drug ellipticine to DNA in V79 cells transfected with human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 64:289-95. [PMID: 12123750 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ellipticine is a potent antineoplastic agent whose mechanism of action is considered to be based mainly on DNA intercalation and/or inhibition of topoisomerase II. Recently, we found that ellipticine also forms covalent DNA adducts and that the formation of the major adduct is dependent on the activation of ellipticine by cytochrome P450 (CYP). We examined a panel of genetically engineered V79 cell lines including the parental line V79MZ and recombinant cells expressing the human CYP enzymes CYP1A1, CYP1A2 or CYP3A4 for their ability to activate ellipticine. The extent of activation was determined by analysing DNA adducts by 32P-postlabelling. Ellipticine was found to be toxic to all V79 cell lines with IC(50) values ranging from 0.25 to 0.40 microM. The nuclease P1 version of the 32P-postlabelling assay yielded a similar pattern of ellipticine-DNA adducts with two major adducts in all cells, the formation of only one of which was dependent on CYP activity. This pattern is identical to that detected in DNA reacted with ellipticine and the reconstituted CYP enzyme system in vitro as confirmed by HPLC of the isolated adducts. Total adduct levels ranged from 2 to 337 adducts per 10(8) nucleotides, in the parental line and in V79 expressing CYP3A4, respectively. As in vitro, human CYP1A2 and CYP1A1 were less active. The results presented here are the first report showing the formation of CYP-mediated covalent DNA adducts by ellipticine in cells in culture, and confirm the formation of covalent DNA adducts as a new mechanism of ellipticine action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Frei
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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10
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Stiborová M, Bieler CA, Wiessler M, Frei E. The anticancer agent ellipticine on activation by cytochrome P450 forms covalent DNA adducts. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 62:1675-84. [PMID: 11755121 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ellipticine is a potent antitumor agent whose mechanism of action is considered to be based mainly on DNA intercalation and/or inhibition of topoisomerase II. Using [3H]-labeled ellipticine, we observed substantial microsome (cytochrome P450)-dependent binding of ellipticine to DNA. In rat, rabbit, minipig, and human microsomes, in reconstituted systems with isolated cytochromes P450 and in Supersomes containing recombinantly expressed human cytochromes P450, we could show that ellipticine forms a covalent DNA adduct detected by [32P]-postlabeling. The most potent human enzyme is CYP3A4, followed by CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, and CYP2C9. Another minor adduct is formed independent of enzymatic activation. The [32P]-postlabeling analysis of DNA modified by activated ellipticine confirms the covalent binding to DNA as an important type of DNA modification. The DNA adduct formation we describe is a novel mechanism for the ellipticine action and might in part explain its tumor specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 2, The, Prague, Czech Republic.
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11
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Bernard S, Schwaller MA, Lévi G, Aubard J. Metabolism of the antitumor drug N(2)-methyl-9-hydroxy ellipticinium: Identification by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of adducts formed with amino acids and nucleic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6343(1996)2:6<377::aid-bspy4>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Pyrroloindole analogues of ellipticine. The synthesis and DNA intercalative properties of 5,10-dihyhdro-5,10,dimethyl-2,5,10-triazadibenzo[a,e]pentalene. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(96)00994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Panousis C, Kettle AJ, Phillips DR. Oxidative metabolism of mitoxantrone by the human neutrophil enzyme myeloperoxidase. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 48:2223-30. [PMID: 7811304 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)00429-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The anti-cancer drug mitoxantrone is readily oxidized by the human heme enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) and H2O2. Direct oxidation yielded up to three products, which depended on the ratio of H2O2 to mitoxantrone. At an H2O2: mitoxantrone ratio of 1.0, one major product was obtained, with a spectrum and HPLC retention time identical to that resulting from oxidation by horseradish peroxidase. This metabolite is a substituted hexahydronaphtho[2,3-f]quinoxaline-7,12-dione and has been discovered in the urine of patients treated with mitoxantrone, hence implicating MPO in the in vivo metabolism of mitoxantrone. At higher concentrations of H2O2, the oxidation of mitoxantrone was more complex, with two further metabolites being identified. When mitoxantrone was incubated with neutrophils that had been stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate, it was oxidized by an MPO-dependent mechanism. Therefore, it appears that MPO may play a significant role in the clinical activity displayed by mitoxantrone against acute myelogenous leukemias, as neutrophils, monocytes and their bone marrow precursors contain high levels of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Panousis
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Cummings J, French RC, Smyth JF. Application of high-performance liquid chromatography for recognition of covalent nucleic acid modification with anticancer drugs. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 618:251-76. [PMID: 8227259 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Covalent modification of DNA by antineoplastic agents represents a potent biochemical lesion which can play a major role in drug mechanism of action. The ability to measure levels of DNA covalent modifications in target cells in vivo may, therefore, be seen as the ultimate form of therapeutic drug monitoring. Additionally, elucidation of the structure of critical DNA adducts and definition of their role in tumour cell cytotoxicity will provide more selective targets for rational drug design of new cancer chemotherapeutic agents. High-performance liquid chromatography has contributed significantly to all these areas. In vivo levels of nucleic acid covalent modifications are in the range of 1 in 10(5)-10(8) nucleotides precluding the use of conventional high-performance liquid chromatographic detection methods. Several classes of natural product anticancer drugs have been shown to bond covalently to nucleic acids under optimal laboratory conditions. These have proved more accessible to high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis because of their lipophilicity and strong UV chromophores. However, the majority of experimental evidence to date suggests that with the exception of mitomycin C and morpholino-anthracyclines these compounds do not exert their primary mechanism of action through nucleic acid covalent modification. DNA adducts of alkylating and platinating agents are more difficult to detect by high-performance liquid chromatography and can be chemically unstable. These compounds interact with DNA on the basis of chemical kinetics. Thus, the principle sites of attachment tend to be with the most nucleophilic base (guanine) at its most reactive centre (N-7 position). Limited in vivo high-performance liquid chromatographic studies with all classes of anticancer drugs indicate a much more complex pattern of adductation than would have been anticipated from in vitro studies alone. Some of these differences are probably due to methodological artefacts but these studies stress the need for sensitive detection methods and reliable sample preparation (nucleic acid extraction and digestion techniques) when attempting to determine nucleic acid covalent modifications by anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cummings
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Medical Oncology Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Topoisomerase I and II (topo I and II) are enzymes which alter the topological state of DNA through DNA strand cleavage, strand passage and religation. They participate in most aspects of DNA metabolism and are therefore vital to the cell undergoing division. Only one form of topo I has been identified whereas two isoenzymes of topo II have been described: the alpha form (170 kDa protein) and beta form (180 kDa protein). Both topo II isoenzymes have distinct nuclear localisation, are regulated independently, differ in their responsiveness to inhibitors and are differentially expressed in drug resistant cell lines. RESULTS Several clinically active anticancer drugs (e.g., doxorubicin, m-AMSA, VP-16 and camptothecins) poison these enzymes by stabilizing a putative reaction intermediate called the cleavable complex (cc) where the topoisomerase remains covalently attached to either one strand of DNA (topo I) or both strands of double helix (topo II) after strand cleavage. DNA cleavage sites appear unique for different classes of inhibitor, and are probably critical for defining cytotoxicity. Formation of the cc may cause cell death either by colliding with replication forks, by promoting illegitimate genomic-DNA recombination, by arresting cells in the G2-phase of the cell cycle or by inducing apoptosis. CONCLUSION New classes of inhibitor have recently been described with novel mechanisms of action including compounds which do not stabilize cleavable complexes or bind significantly to DNA. These may prove to be more selective and less toxic. They may also avoid the possible problem of therapy-related leukemias associated with topo inhibitors which induce DNA cleavage and chromosomal aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cummings
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Medical Oncology Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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16
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Gribble GW. Chapter 7 Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Ellipticine Alkaloids and Related Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0099-9598(08)60169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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17
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Auclair C. Redox parameters associated to cytotoxic and antitumor activities in the series of antitumor drugs ellipticines and derivatives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1990; 264:317-22. [PMID: 2244509 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5730-8_50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Auclair
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Enzymologie, INSERM U 140, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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18
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Reszka K, Hartley JA, Kolodziejczyk P, Lown JW. Interaction of the peroxidase-derived metabolite of mitoxantrone with nucleic acids. Evidence for covalent binding of 14C-labeled drug. Biochem Pharmacol 1989; 38:4253-60. [PMID: 2597197 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(89)90523-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The antitumor agent mitoxantrone undergoes horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation by hydrogen peroxide to an identifiable cyclic metabolite which is a substituted hexahydronaphtho[2,3-f]-quinoxaline-7,12-dione. Binding of mitoxantrone to DNA inhibited enzymatic oxidation of the drug. The metabolite of mitoxantrone, derived from the action of the HRP/H2O2 system on the drug, bound non-covalently to DNA oligomers. Spectrophotometric analyses of such complexes showed formation of a new, blue-shifted, metachromatic absorption band which was observed when the DNA base pair to drug ratio was close to 1. Measurements of DNA unwinding angles suggest that the metabolite, in contrast to mitoxantrone, did not intercalate but rather bound externally to DNA. Experiments with 14C-labeled mitoxantrone confirmed that peroxidase-activated drug binds covalently to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Reszka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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19
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Valoti M, Sipe HJ, Sgaragli G, Mason RP. Free radical intermediates during peroxidase oxidation of 2-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol, and related phenol compounds. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989; 269:423-32. [PMID: 2537599 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
2-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA) and 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) are widely used antioxidant food additives that are generally recognized as safe by the Food and Drug Administration. Previously reported studies have suggested that the ip LD50 of BHA may be as much as 2 orders of magnitude lower than its oral LD50. Metabolic activation of BHA to reactive intermediates possibly may be responsible for this result and may be related to other reported toxic effects. BHT has been reported to cause haemorrhagic lung damage and possible hepatocarcinogenicity in test animals. The present studies report investigations by electron spin resonance spectroscopy of free radical metabolites of BHA, BHT and related compounds. The primary, unstable phenoxy free radical of BHA has been generated by oxidation with horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide and detected by ESR spectroscopy. A scheme has been proposed for the peroxidatic oxidation of BHA. The ESR spectrum of the di-BHA dimer, one product of BHA oxidation, has been observed, analyzed, and reported. ESR studies have been extended to other phenol derivatives structurally related to BHA and suspected to be substrates for peroxidase. Similarly it has been found that BHT and structurally related phenols are substrates for peroxidation by horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide. In agreement with previous chemical and biochemical studies, it has been found that ortho-disubstituted phenols are oxidized to more stable phenoxy radicals than are ortho-monosubstituted phenols. The ESR hyperfine coupling constants for the phenoxy radicals studied are in agreement with those for similar radicals produced by chemical oxidation. Attention has been drawn to the biochemical and toxicological implications of these and related studies of BHA and BHT peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Valoti
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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20
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Kolodziejczyk P, Reszka K, Lown JW. Enzymatic oxidative activation of 5-iminodaunorubicin. Spectrophotometric and electron paramagnetic resonance studies. Biochem Pharmacol 1989; 38:803-9. [PMID: 2539159 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(89)90234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of the antitumor agent 5-iminodaunorubicin by hydrogen peroxide was studied with both spectrophotometric and electron paramagnetic resonance methods. Kinetics of oxidation of the drug at pH 3, 6 and 8 were determined. Rapid formation of a nitrogen-centered free radical metabolite was demonstrated with electron paramagnetic resonance employing the 15N-labeled drug and by deuterium exchange techniques. This enzymatic oxidative activation of 5-iminodaunorubicin suggests an alternative mode of metabolism and mechanism of action of this less cardiotoxic anticancer agent. By contrast, the parent compound, daunorubicin, did not undergo oxidation by the horseradish peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kolodziejczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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21
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Molecular Mechanisms of Specificity in DNA–Antitumour Drug Interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-013318-5.50005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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Stiborová M, Asfaw B, Anzenbacher P. Activation of carcinogens by peroxidase. Horseradish peroxidase-mediated formation of benzenediazonium ion from a non-aminoazo dye, 1-phenylazo-2-hydroxynaphthalene (Sudan I) and its binding to DNA. FEBS Lett 1988; 232:387-90. [PMID: 3378630 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80776-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (HRP/H2O2) oxidizes a carcinogenic non-aminoazo dye, 1-phenylazo-2-hydroxynaphthalene (Sudan I) to the ultimate carcinogen, which binds to calf thymus DNA. The principal product of Sudan I oxidation by the HRP/H2O2 system is the benzenediazonium ion. Minor products are hydroxy derivatives of Sudan I, in which the aromatic rings are hydroxylated. The principal oxidative product (the benzenediazonium ion) is responsible for the carcinogenicity of Sudan I, because this ion, formed from this azo dye, binds to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czechoslovakia
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23
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Valoti M, Della Corte L, Tipton KF, Sgaragli G. Purification and characterization of rat intestinal peroxidase. Its activity towards 2-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA). Biochem J 1988; 250:501-7. [PMID: 3355534 PMCID: PMC1148884 DOI: 10.1042/bj2500501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Impure preparations of rat intestinal peroxidase were shown to aggregate at low ionic strengths and to disaggregate at higher values. This aggregation was accompanied by a decrease in specific activity, which could lead to hysteretic behaviour of reaction progress curves. Advantage was taken of this reversible aggregation to obtain a relatively pure extract, which was subsequently purified to apparent homogeneity by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose followed by hydrophobic chromatography. The purified enzyme did not show the ionic-strength-dependent aggregation behaviour, behaving as a monomer of Mr 50,000. The purified enzyme was shown to catalyse the peroxidatic conversion of the commonly used antioxidant 2-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (butylated hydroxyanisole, BHA) to form 3,3'-di-t-butyl-2,2'-dihydroxy-5,5'-dimethoxybiphenyl, with a Km value of 176 microM and a maximum velocity of 8 mumol/min per mg. The specificity constant, kcat./Km, for this substrate was similar to that shown towards the substrate guaiacol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Valoti
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale sul Metabolismo, Università di Siena, Italy
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24
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Fisher JF, Aristoff PA. The chemistry of DNA modification by antitumor antibiotics. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1988; 32:411-98. [PMID: 2464181 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-9154-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cragg
- Natural Products Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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27
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Abstract
Most cytotoxic anticancer agents interact directly or indirectly with nuclear DNA, the ultimate target for this class of compounds. For a given type of drug both direct and indirect action at the DNA level usually causes various types of interference or damage. This multimodal mechanism of action is well illustrated by antitumor drugs in the ellipticine series which may bind to DNA through intercalation, may undergo covalent binding, may generate oxidizing species, and may interfere with the catalytic activity of topoisomerase II. The antitumor activity of these compounds may, therefore, result from alternative cytotoxic events. The present review summarizes information obtained with ellipticine compounds on the relation between the nature of the drugs' action on DNA and their cytotoxic and/or antitumor activity. The occurrence of topoisomerase-mediated DNA cleavage appears to be responsible for antitumor activity. The capability of the drugs to interfere with the action of topoisomerase II requires the presence of an oxidizable phenolic group on their structure. This feature (or a related one) is shared by all antitumor drugs acting on this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Auclair
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Enzymologie, INSERM U140, CNRS LA 147, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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28
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Meunier G, Bernadou J, Meunier B. Peroxidase-catalysed oxidation of N2,N6-dimethyl-9-hydroxyellipticinium acetate. Evidence for the formation of an electrophilic quinone-iminium derivative. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36:2599-604. [PMID: 3606658 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The activation of N2,N6-dimethyl-9-hydroxyellipticinium acetate (DMHE) by a peroxidase-H2O2 system leads to a reactive orthoquinone, or in the presence of a nucleophile like alanine, to adducts with a proposed benzoxazole structure. The stoichiometric and pH metric studies support the generation of a bicationic electrophilic intermediate, namely a quinone-iminium. Since no N6-demethylation occurs during the oxidation process, DMHE is not a prodrug of Celiptium (N2-methyl-9-hydroxy-ellipticinium acetate), but the high electrophilic properties of the species generated might explain its great cytotoxicity and antitumor properties. These results extend the possibility for N6-methyl ellipticine derivatives of a biooxidative activation which can play a role in their cytotoxicity.
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Monsarrat B, Maftouh M, Meunier G, Bernadou J, Armand JP, Paoletti C, Meunier B. Oxidative biotransformation of the antitumour agent elliptinium acetate: Structural characterization of its human and rat urinary metabolites. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1987; 5:341-51. [PMID: 16867503 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(87)80040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/1986] [Revised: 04/21/1986] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The electrophilic properties of the antitumour drug N(2)-methyl-9-hydroxyellipticinium acetate (Celiptium) are revealed by the detection of thiol-conjugate metabolites in man and rat urine. Besides the unchanged drug and its glucuronide, the cysteinyl- (in man) and the N-acetylcysteinyl- (in man and rat) conjugates have been unambiguously characterized using NMR, UV and mass spectral data. The urinary excretion profile exhibits total excreted products of 21% (in man) and 9% (in rat) with respect to the administered dose. The unchanged drug is found to be the major excreted compound from urine in both species (17% in man, 6.3% in rat); whereas the glucuronide (2.6% in man, 1.5% in rat), cysteinyl- (1.3% in man) and N-acetylcysteinyl- (0.2% in man, 1.2% in rat) conjugates represent the minor excreted compounds. The presence of the latter thio-conjugates provides an indirect proof of the in vivo generation of an oxidized intermediate form of the administered drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Monsarrat
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie Fondamentales du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31400 Toulouse, France
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Meunier B. Horseradish peroxidase: a useful tool for modeling the extra-hepatic biooxidation of exogens. Biochimie 1987; 69:3-9. [PMID: 3101748 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(87)90266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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