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Jiang Z, Shen T, Huynh H, Fang X, Han Z, Ouyang K. Cardiolipin Regulates Mitochondrial Ultrastructure and Function in Mammalian Cells. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101889. [PMID: 36292774 PMCID: PMC9601307 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a unique, tetra-acylated diphosphatidylglycerol lipid that mainly localizes in the inner mitochondria membrane (IMM) in mammalian cells and plays a central role in regulating mitochondrial architecture and functioning. A deficiency of CL biosynthesis and remodeling perturbs mitochondrial functioning and ultrastructure. Clinical and experimental studies on human patients and animal models have also provided compelling evidence that an abnormal CL content, acyl chain composition, localization, and level of oxidation may be directly linked to multiple diseases, including cardiomyopathy, neuronal dysfunction, immune cell defects, and metabolic disorders. The central role of CL in regulating the pathogenesis and progression of these diseases has attracted increasing attention in recent years. In this review, we focus on the advances in our understanding of the physiological roles of CL biosynthesis and remodeling from human patients and mouse models, and we provide an overview of the potential mechanism by which CL regulates the mitochondrial architecture and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Helen Huynh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xi Fang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhen Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (K.O.)
| | - Kunfu Ouyang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (K.O.)
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Páli T, Kóta Z. Studying Lipid-Protein Interactions with Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Spin-Labeled Lipids. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2003:529-561. [PMID: 31218632 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9512-7_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Spin label electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of lipid-protein interactions reveals crucial features of the structure and assembly of integral membrane proteins. Spin-label EPR spectroscopy is the technique of choice to characterize the protein solvating lipid shell in its highly dynamic nature, because the EPR spectra of lipids that are spin-labeled close to the terminal methyl end of their acyl chains display two spectral components, those corresponding to lipids directly contacting the protein and those corresponding to lipids in the bulk fluid bilayer regions of the membrane. In this chapter, typical spin label EPR procedures are presented that allow determination of the stoichiometry of interaction of spin-labeled lipids with the intramembranous region of membrane proteins or polypeptides, as well as the association constant of the spin-labeled lipid with respect to the host lipid. The lipids giving rise to a so-called immobile spectral component in the EPR spectrum of such samples are identified as the motionally restricted first-shell lipids solvating membrane proteins in biomembranes. Stoichiometry and selectivity are directly related to the structure of the intramembranous sections of membrane-associated proteins or polypeptides and can be used to study the state of assembly of such proteins in the membrane. Since these characteristics of lipid-protein interactions are discussed in detail in the literature (see ref. Marsh, Eur Biophys J 39:513-525, 2010 for a recent review), here we focus more on how to spin label model membranes and biomembranes and how to measure and analyze the two-component EPR spectra of spin-labeled lipids in phospholipid bilayers that contain proteins or polypeptides. After a description of how to prepare spin-labeled model and native biological membranes, we present the reader with computational procedures for determining the molar fraction of motionally restricted lipids when both, one or none of the pure isolated-mobile or immobile-spectral components are available. With these topics, this chapter complements a previous methodological paper (Marsh, Methods 46:83-96, 2008). The interpretation of the data is discussed briefly, as well as other relevant and recent spin label EPR techniques for studying lipid-protein interactions, not only from the point of view of lipid chain dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Páli
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Kóta
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, Szeged, Hungary
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3
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Cardiolipin dynamics and binding to conserved residues in the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1035-1045. [PMID: 29366674 PMCID: PMC5988563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin in eukaryotes is found in the mitochondrial inner membrane, where it interacts with membrane proteins and, although not essential, is necessary for the optimal activity of a number of proteins. One of them is the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier, which imports ADP into the mitochondrion and exports ATP. In the crystal structures, cardiolipin is bound to three equivalent sites of the ADP/ATP carrier, but its role is unresolved. Conservation of residues at these cardiolipin binding sites across other members of the mitochondrial carrier superfamily indicates cardiolipin binding is likely to be important for the function of all mitochondrial carriers. Multiscale simulations were performed in a cardiolipin-containing membrane to investigate the dynamics of cardiolipin around the yeast and bovine ADP/ATP carriers in a lipid bilayer and the properties of the cardiolipin-binding sites. In coarse-grain simulations, cardiolipin molecules bound to the carriers for longer periods of time than phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine lipids—with timescales in the tens of microseconds. Three long-lived cardiolipin binding sites overlapped with those in the crystal structures of the carriers. Other shorter-lived cardiolipin interaction sites were identified in both membrane leaflets. However, the timescales of the interactions were of the same order as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, suggesting that these sites are not specific for cardiolipin binding. The calculation of lipid binding times and the overlap of the cardiolipin binding sites between the structures and simulations demonstrate the potential of multiscale simulations to investigate the dynamics and behavior of lipids interacting with membrane proteins. Coarse-grained models of AAC in mixed lipid bilayers were simulated. Three long-lived cardiolipin sites correspond to those in the crystal structures. No other long-lived binding sites were observed for cardiolipin or other phospholipids. Trimethylation of Lys-51 of AAC had no effect on cardiolipin interactions.
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Ikon N, Su B, Hsu FF, Forte TM, Ryan RO. Exogenous cardiolipin localizes to mitochondria and prevents TAZ knockdown-induced apoptosis in myeloid progenitor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:580-5. [PMID: 26164234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The concentration and composition of cardiolipin (CL) in mitochondria are altered in age-related heart disease, Barth Syndrome, and other rare genetic disorders, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction. To explore whether exogenous CL can be delivered to cells, CL was combined with apolipoprotein A-I to generate water-soluble, nanoscale complexes termed nanodisks (ND). Mass spectrometry of HL60 myeloid progenitor cell extracts revealed a 30-fold increase in cellular CL content following incubation with CL-ND. When CL-ND containing a fluorescent CL analogue was employed, confocal microscopy revealed CL localization to mitochondria. The ability of CL-ND to elicit a physiological response was examined in an HL60 cell culture model of Barth Syndrome neutropenia. siRNA knockdown of the phospholipid transacylase, tafazzin (TAZ), induced apoptosis in these cells. When TAZ knockdown cells were incubated with CL-ND, the apoptotic response was attenuated. Thus, CL-ND represent a potential intervention strategy for replenishment of CL in Barth Syndrome, age-related heart disease, and other disorders characterized by depletion of this key mitochondrial phospholipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Ikon
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland CA, 94609, United States
| | - Betty Su
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland CA, 94609, United States
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Campus Box 8127, Washington University School of Medicine, 660S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Trudy M Forte
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland CA, 94609, United States
| | - Robert O Ryan
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland CA, 94609, United States.
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Boscia AL, Treece BW, Mohammadyani D, Klein-Seetharaman J, Braun AR, Wassenaar TA, Klösgen B, Tristram-Nagle S. X-ray structure, thermodynamics, elastic properties and MD simulations of cardiolipin/dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine mixed membranes. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 178:1-10. [PMID: 24378240 PMCID: PMC4026202 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipins (CLs) are important biologically for their unique role in biomembranes that couple phosphorylation and electron transport like bacterial plasma membranes, chromatophores, chloroplasts and mitochondria. CLs are often tightly coupled to proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation. The first step in understanding the interaction of CL with proteins is to obtain the pure CL structure, and the structure of mixtures of CL with other lipids. In this work we use a variety of techniques to characterize the fluid phase structure, material properties and thermodynamics of mixtures of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) with tetramyristoylcardiolipin (TMCL), both with 14-carbon chains, at several mole percentages. X-ray diffuse scattering was used to determine structure, including bilayer thickness and area/lipid, the bending modulus, KC, and SXray, a measure of chain orientational order. Our results reveal that TMCL thickens DMPC bilayers at all mole percentages, with a total increase of ∼6 Å in pure TMCL, and increases AL from 64 Å(2) (DMPC at 35 °C) to 109 Å(2) (TMCL at 50 °C). KC increases by ∼50%, indicating that TMCL stiffens DMPC membranes. TMCL also orders DMPC chains by a factor of ∼2 for pure TMCL. Coarse grain molecular dynamics simulations confirm the experimental thickening of 2 Å for 20mol% TMCL and locate the TMCL headgroups near the glycerol-carbonyl region of DMPC; i.e., they are sequestered below the DMPC phosphocholine headgroup. Our results suggest that TMCL plays a role similar to cholesterol in that it thickens and stiffens DMPC membranes, orders chains, and is positioned under the umbrella of the PC headgroup. CL may be necessary for hydrophobic matching to inner mitochondrial membrane proteins. Differential scanning calorimetry, SXray and CGMD simulations all suggest that TMCL does not form domains within the DMPC bilayers. We also determined the gel phase structure of TMCL, which surprisingly displays diffuse X-ray scattering, like a fluid phase lipid. AL=40.8 Å(2) for the ½TMCL gel phase, smaller than the DMPC gel phase with AL=47.2 Å(2), but similar to AL of DLPE=41 Å(2), consistent with untilted chains in gel phase TMCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Boscia
- Biological Physics Group, Physics Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Bradley W Treece
- Biological Physics Group, Physics Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Dariush Mohammadyani
- Bioengineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Judith Klein-Seetharaman
- Metabolic & Vascular Health, Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, England CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony R Braun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Tsjerk A Wassenaar
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Beate Klösgen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Stephanie Tristram-Nagle
- Biological Physics Group, Physics Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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Abstract
Spin label electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of lipid-protein interactions reveals crucial features of the structure and assembly of integral membrane proteins. Spin label EPR spectroscopy is the technique of choice to characterize the protein-solvating lipid shell in its highly dynamic nature, because the EPR spectra of lipids that are spin labeled close to the terminal methyl end of their acyl chains display two spectral components, those corresponding to lipids directly contacting the protein and those corresponding to lipids in the bulk fluid bilayer regions of the membrane. In this chapter, typical spin label EPR procedures are presented that allow determination of the stoichiometry of interaction of spin-labeled lipids with the intra-membranous region of membrane proteins or polypeptides, as well as the association constant of the spin-labeled lipid with respect to the host lipid. The lipids giving rise to the so-called immobile spectral component in the EPR spectrum of such samples are identified as the motionally restricted first-shell lipids solvating membrane proteins in biomembranes. Stoichiometry and selectivity are directly related to the structure of the intra-membranous sections of membrane-associated proteins or polypeptides and can be used to study the state of assembly of such proteins in the membrane. Since these characteristics of lipid-protein interactions are discussed in detail in the literature [see Marsh (Eur Biophys J 39:513-525, 2010) for a most recent review], here we focus more on how to spin label model and biomembranes and how to measure and analyze the two-component EPR spectra of spin-labeled lipids in phospholipid bilayers that contain proteins or polypeptides. After a description of how to prepare spin-labeled model and native biological membranes, we present the reader with computational procedures for determining the molar fraction of motionally restricted lipids when both, one, or none of the pure isolated-mobile or immobile-spectral components are available. With these topics, this chapter complements a recent methodological paper [Marsh (Methods 46:83-96, 2008)]. The interpretation of the data is discussed briefly, as well as other relevant and recent spin label EPR techniques for studying lipid-protein interactions, not only from the point of view of lipid chain dynamics.
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Bolivar JH, East JM, Marsh D, Lee AG. Effects of Lipid Structure on the State of Aggregation of Potassium Channel KcsA. Biochemistry 2012; 51:6010-6. [DOI: 10.1021/bi3006253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan H. Bolivar
- Centre for Biological Sciences,
Life Sciences Building, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - J. Malcolm East
- Centre for Biological Sciences,
Life Sciences Building, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Derek Marsh
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37070 Göttingen,
Germany
| | - Anthony G. Lee
- Centre for Biological Sciences,
Life Sciences Building, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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Marsh D, Páli T. Orientation and conformation of lipids in crystals of transmembrane proteins. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2012; 42:119-46. [PMID: 22644500 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-012-0816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Orientational order parameters and individual dihedral torsion angles are evaluated for phospholipid and glycolipid molecules that are resolved in X-ray structures of integral transmembrane proteins in crystals. The order parameters of the lipid chains and glycerol backbones in protein crystals are characterised by a much wider distribution of orientational order than is found in fluid lipid bilayers and reconstituted lipid-protein membranes. This indicates that the lipids that are resolved in crystals of membrane proteins are mostly not representative of the entire lipid-protein interface. Much of the chain configurational disorder of the membrane-bound lipids in crystals arises from C-C bonds in energetically disallowed skew conformations. This suggests configurational heterogeneity of the lipids at a single binding site: eclipsed conformations occur also in the glycerol backbone torsion angles and the C-C torsion angles of the lipid head groups. Conformations of the lipid glycerol backbone in protein crystals are not restricted to the gauche C1-C2 rotamers found invariably in phospholipid bilayer crystals. Lipid head-group conformations in the protein crystals also do not conform solely to the bent-down conformation, with gauche-gauche configuration of the phosphodiester, that is characteristic of phospholipid bilayer membranes. Stereochemical violations in the protein-bound lipids are evidenced by ester carboxyl groups in non-planar configurations, and even in the cis configuration. Some lipids have the incorrect enantiomeric configuration of the glycerol backbone, and many of the branched methyl groups in the phytanyl chains associated with bacteriorhodopsin have the incorrect S configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Marsh
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37070, Göttingen, Germany.
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Khalifat N, Fournier JB, Angelova MI, Puff N. Lipid packing variations induced by pH in cardiolipin-containing bilayers: The driving force for the cristae-like shape instability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:2724-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Cardiolipin content in mitochondria from cultured skin fibroblasts harboring mutations in the mitochondrial ATP6 gene. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2011; 43:683-90. [PMID: 21993659 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-011-9387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of phospholipids in normal assembly and organization of the membrane proteins has been well documented. Cardiolipin, a unique tetra-acyl phospholipid localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane, is implicated in the stability of many inner-membrane protein complexes. Loss of cardiolipin content, alterations in its acyl chain composition and/or cardiolipin peroxidation have been associated with dysfunction in multiple tissues in a variety of pathological conditions. The aim of this study was to analyze the phospholipid composition of the mitochondrial membrane in the four most frequent mutations in the ATP6 gene: L156R, L217R, L156P and L217P but, more importantly, to investigate the possible changes in the cardiolipin profile. Mitochondrial membranes from fibroblasts with mutations at codon 217 of the ATP6 gene, showed a different cardiolipin content compared to controls. Conversely, results similar to controls were obtained for mutations at codon 156. These findings may be attributed to differences in the biosynthesis and remodeling of cardiolipin at the level of the inner mitochondrial transmembrane related to some mutations of the ATP6 gene.
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Marsh D. Electron spin resonance in membrane research: protein-lipid interactions from challenging beginnings to state of the art. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2010; 39:513-25. [PMID: 19669751 PMCID: PMC2841276 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-009-0512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Conventional electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of lipids that are spin-labelled close to the terminal methyl end of the acyl chains are able to resolve the lipids directly contacting the protein from those in the fluid bilayer regions of the membrane. This allows determination of both the stoichiometry of lipid-protein interaction (i.e., number of lipid sites at the protein perimeter) and the selectivity of the protein for different lipid species (i.e., association constants relative to the background lipid). Spin-label EPR data are summarised for 20 or more different transmembrane peptides and proteins, and 7 distinct species of lipids. Lineshape simulations of the two-component conventional spin-label EPR spectra allow estimation of the rate at which protein-associated lipids exchange with those in the bulk fluid regions of the membrane. For lipids that do not display a selectivity for the protein, the intrinsic off-rates for exchange are in the region of 10 MHz: less than 10x slower than the rates of diffusive exchange in fluid lipid membranes. Lipids with an affinity for the protein, relative to the background lipid, have off-rates for leaving the protein that are correspondingly slower. Non-linear EPR, which depends on saturation of the spectrum at high radiation intensities, is optimally sensitive to dynamics on the timescale of spin-lattice relaxation, i.e., the microsecond regime. Both progressive saturation and saturation transfer EPR experiments provide definitive evidence that lipids at the protein interface are exchanging on this timescale. The sensitivity of non-linear EPR to low frequencies of spin exchange also allows the location of spin-labelled membrane protein residues relative to those of spin-labelled lipids, in double-labelling experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Marsh
- Abteilung Spektroskopie, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37070 Göttingen, Germany.
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Epand RM, Epand RF, Berno B, Pelosi L, Brandolin G. Association of phosphatidic acid with the bovine mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier. Biochemistry 2010; 48:12358-64. [PMID: 19902971 DOI: 10.1021/bi901769r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The beef heart adenine nucleotide carrier protein (Anc) of the inner mitochondrial membrane can be purified in a form stabilized by binding the inhibitor carboxyatractyloside. The protein is copurified with bound lipid. We show for the first time that phosphatidic acid, although a minor component, is one of the lipids bound to Anc. The short spin-lattice relaxation time found by (31)P magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS/NMR) for phosphatidic acid indicates that it is tightly bound to the protein. However, this lipid also has a comparatively small chemical shift anisotropy, suggesting that it can undergo rapid reorientation in space. In contrast, most of the lipid bound to Anc shows anisotropic motion typical of a bilayer arrangement. The phosphatidic acid that is detected in the purified preparation of Anc is also shown to be present initially in the unfractionated mitochondria, prior to the isolation of Anc. In Triton-solubilized mitochondria, phosphatidic acid, cardiolipin, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine exhibit resonance lines in the static (31)P NMR spectra, but in the purified Anc, only the phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine can be detected by this method, even though the other lipids are still present. This demonstrates that the phosphatidic acid and cardiolipin are interacting with the Anc. The thermal denaturation of the Anc was determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The protein denatures at 74 degrees C both before and after the NMR studies with the same characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, OntarioL8N 3Z5, Canada.
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14
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Electron spin resonance in membrane research: Protein–lipid interactions. Methods 2008; 46:83-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Anbazhagan V, Vijay N, Kleinschmidt JH, Marsh D. Protein-lipid interactions with Fusobacterium nucleatum major outer membrane protein FomA: spin-label EPR and polarized infrared spectroscopy. Biochemistry 2008; 47:8414-23. [PMID: 18642853 DOI: 10.1021/bi800750s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
FomA, the major outer membrane protein of Fusobacterium nucleatum, was expressed and purified in Escherichia coli and reconstituted from detergent in bilayer membranes of phosphatidylcholines with chain lengths from C(12:0) to C(17:0). The conformation and orientation of membrane-incorporated FomA were determined from polarized, attenuated total reflection, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and lipid-protein interactions with FomA were characterized by using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of spin-labeled lipids. Approximately 190 residues of membranous FomA are estimated to be in a beta-sheet configuration from IR band fitting, which is consistent with a 14-strand transmembrane beta-barrel structure. IR dichroism of FomA indicates that the beta-strands are tilted by approximately 45 degrees relative to the sheet/barrel axis and that the order parameter of the latter displays a discontinuity corresponding to hydrophobic matching with fluid C(13:0) lipid chains. The stoichiometry ( N b = 23 lipids/monomer) of lipid-protein interaction from EPR demonstrates that FomA is not trimeric in membranes of diC(14:0) phosphatidylcholine and is consistent with a monomeric beta-barrel of 14-16 strands. The pronounced selectivity of interaction found with anionic spin-labeled lipids places basic residues of the protein in the vicinity of the polar-apolar membrane interfaces, consistent with current topology models. Comparison with similar data from the 8- to 22-stranded E. coli outer membrane proteins, OmpA, OmpG, and FhuA, supports the above conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Anbazhagan
- Max-Planck-Institut fur biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Spektroskopie, 37070 Gottingen, Germany
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Marsh D. Protein modulation of lipids, and vice-versa, in membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:1545-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Klingenberg M. The ADP and ATP transport in mitochondria and its carrier. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:1978-2021. [PMID: 18510943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Different from some more specialised short reviews, here a general although not encyclopaedic survey of the function, metabolic role, structure and mechanism of the ADP/ATP transport in mitochondria is presented. The obvious need for an "old fashioned" review comes from the gateway role in metabolism of the ATP transfer to the cytosol from mitochondria. Amidst the labours, 40 or more years ago, of unravelling the role of mitochondrial compartments and of the two membranes, the sequence of steps of how ATP arrives in the cytosol became a major issue. When the dust settled, a picture emerged where ATP is exported across the inner membrane in a 1:1 exchange against ADP and where the selection of ATP versus ADP is controlled by the high membrane potential at the inner membrane, thus uplifting the free energy of ATP in the cytosol over the mitochondrial matrix. Thus the disparate energy and redox states of the two major compartments are bridged by two membrane potential responsive carriers to enable their symbiosis in the eukaryotic cell. The advance to the molecular level by studying the binding of nucleotides and inhibitors was facilitated by the high level of carrier (AAC) binding sites in the mitochondrial membrane. A striking flexibility of nucleotide binding uncovered the reorientation of carrier sites between outer and inner face, assisted by the side specific high affinity inhibitors. The evidence of a single carrier site versus separate sites for substrate and inhibitors was expounded. In an ideal setting principles of transport catalysis were elucidated. The isolation of intact AAC as a first for any transporter enabled the reconstitution of transport for unravelling, independently of mitochondrial complications, the factors controlling the ADP/ATP exchange. Electrical currents measured with the reconstituted AAC demonstrated electrogenic translocation and charge shift of reorienting carrier sites. Aberrant or vital para-functions of AAC in basal uncoupling and in the mitochondrial pore transition were demonstrated in mitochondria and by patch clamp with reconstituted AAC. The first amino acid sequence of AAC and of any eukaryotic carrier furnished a 6-transmembrane helix folding model, and was the basis for mapping the structure by access studies with various probes, and for demonstrating the strong conformation changes demanded by the reorientation mechanism. Mutations served to elucidate the function of residues, including the particular sensitivity of ATP versus ADP transport to deletion of critical positive charge in AAC. After resisting for decades, at last the atomic crystal structure of the stabilised CAT-AAC complex emerged supporting the predicted principle fold of the AAC but showing unexpected features relevant to mechanism. Being a snapshot of an extreme abortive "c-state" the actual mechanism still remains a conjecture.
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Páli T, Bashtovyy D, Marsh D. Stoichiometry of lipid interactions with transmembrane proteins--Deduced from the 3D structures. Protein Sci 2006; 15:1153-61. [PMID: 16641489 PMCID: PMC2242517 DOI: 10.1110/ps.052021406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The stoichiometry of the first shell of lipids interacting with a transmembrane protein is defined operationally by the population of spin-labeled lipid chains whose motion is restricted directly by the protein. Interaction stoichiometries have been determined experimentally for a wide range of alpha-helical integral membrane proteins by using spin-label ESR spectroscopy. Here, we determine the spatially defined number of first-shell lipids at the hydrophobic perimeter of integral membrane proteins whose 3D structure has been determined by X-ray crystallography and lipid-protein interactions characterized by spin-labeling. Molecular modeling is used to build a single shell of lipids surrounding transmembrane structures derived from the PDB. Constrained energy optimization of the protein-lipid assemblies is performed by molecular mechanics. For relatively small proteins (up to 7-12 transmembrane helices), the geometrical first shell corresponds to that defined experimentally by perturbation of the lipid-chain dynamics. For larger, multi-subunit alpha-helical proteins, the lipids perturbed directly by the protein may either exceed or be less in number than those that can be accommodated at the intramembranous perimeter. In these latter cases, the motionally restricted spin-labeled lipids can be augmented by intercalation, or can correspond to a specific subpopulation at the protein interface, respectively. For monomeric beta-barrel proteins, the geometrical lipid stoichiometry corresponds to that determined from lipid mobility for a 22-stranded barrel, but fewer lipids are motionally restricted than can be accommodated around an eight-stranded barrel. Deviations from the geometrical first shell, in the beta-barrel case, are for the smaller protein with a highly curved barrel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Páli
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Spektroskopie, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
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19
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Esmann M, Marsh D. Lipid-protein interactions with the Na,K-ATPase. Chem Phys Lipids 2006; 141:94-104. [PMID: 16580658 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2006.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies of lipid interactions with membranous Na,K-ATPase by using electron spin resonance spectroscopy in conjunction with spin-labelled lipids are reviewed. The lipid stoichiometry, selectivity and exchange dynamics at the lipid-protein interface can be determined, in addition to information on the configuration and rotational dynamics of the protein-associated lipid chains. These parameters, particularly the stoichiometry and selectivity, are related directly to the intramembranous structure of the Na,K-ATPase, and can be used to check the integrity of extensively trypsinised preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Esmann
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
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20
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Marsh D, Páli T. Lipid conformation in crystalline bilayers and in crystals of transmembrane proteins. Chem Phys Lipids 2006; 141:48-65. [PMID: 16603141 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dihedral torsion angles evaluated for the phospholipid molecules resolved in the X-ray structures of transmembrane proteins in crystals are compared with those of phospholipids in bilayer crystals, and with the phospholipid conformations in fluid membranes. Conformations of the lipid glycerol backbone in protein crystals are not restricted to the gauche C1-C2 rotamers found invariably in phospholipid bilayer crystals. Lipid headgroup conformations in protein crystals also do not conform solely to the bent-down conformation, with gauche-gauche configuration of the phospho-diester, that is characteristic of phospholipid bilayer membranes. This suggests that the lipids that are resolved in crystals of membrane proteins are not representative of the entire lipid-protein interface. Much of the chain configurational disorder of the membrane-bound lipids in crystals arises from energetically disallowed skew conformations. This indicates a configurational heterogeneity in the lipids at a single binding site: eclipsed conformations occur also in some glycerol backbone torsion angles and C-C torsion angles in the lipid headgroups. Stereochemical violations in the protein-bound lipids are evidenced by one-third of the ester carboxyl groups in non-planar configurations, and certain of the carboxyls in the cis configuration. Some of the lipid structures in protein crystals have the incorrect enantiomeric configuration of the glycerol backbone, and many of the branched methyl groups in structures of the phytanyl chains associated with bacteriorhodopsin crystals are in the incorrect S-configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Marsh
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Abteilung Spektroskopie, Göttingen, Germany.
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21
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Gonzalvez F, Bessoule JJ, Rocchiccioli F, Manon S, Petit PX. Role of cardiolipin on tBid and tBid/Bax synergistic effects on yeast mitochondria. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12:659-67. [PMID: 15818414 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoptotic effector Bid regulates cell death at the level of mitochondria. Under its native state, Bid is a soluble cytosolic protein that undergoes proteolysis and yields a 15 kDa-activated form tBid (truncated Bid). tBid translocates to mitochondria and participates in cytochrome c efflux by a still unclear mechanism, some of them at least mediated by Bax. Using mitochondria isolated from wild-type and cardiolipin (CL)-synthase-less yeast strains, we observed that tBid perturbs mitochondrial bioenergetics by inhibiting state-3 respiration and ATP synthesis and that this effect was strictly dependent on the presence of CL. In a second set of experiments, heterologous coexpression of tBid and Bax in wild-type and CL-less yeast strains showed that (i) tBid binding and the subsequent alteration of mitochondrial bioenergetics increased Bax-induced cytochrome c release and (ii) the absence of CL favors Bax effects independently of the presence of t-Bid. These data support recent views suggesting a dual function of CL in mitochondria-dependent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gonzalvez
- Institut Cochin, Team 'Cancer, Apoptosis and Mitochondria', CNRS UMR 8104/INSERM U567/Université ParisV, R. Descartes--24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris, France
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22
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Marsh D, Páli T. The protein–lipid interface: perspectives from magnetic resonance and crystal structures. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2004; 1666:118-41. [PMID: 15519312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2004.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2004] [Revised: 08/13/2004] [Accepted: 08/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-protein interactions in membranes are dynamic, and consequently are well studied by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. More recently, lipids associated with integral membrane proteins have been resolved in crystals by X-ray diffraction, mostly at cryogenic temperatures. The conformation and chain ordering of lipids in crystals of integral proteins are reviewed here and are compared and contrasted with results from magnetic resonance and with the crystal structures of phospholipid bilayers. Various aspects of spin-label magnetic resonance studies on lipid interactions with single integral proteins are also reviewed: specificity for phosphatidylcholine, competition with local anaesthetics, oligomer formation of single transmembrane helices, and protein-linked lipid chains. Finally, the interactions between integral proteins and peripheral or lipid-linked proteins, as reflected by the lipid-protein interactions in double reconstitutions, are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Marsh
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Spektroskopie, 37070 Göttingen, Germany.
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23
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Abstract
The role of specific lipid structures in biological membranes has been elusive. There are hundreds of them in nature. Why has nature made them? How do they aid in the functioning of membrane proteins? Genetics with its 'knock out' organisms declares that functions persist in the absence of any particular lipid. Nonetheless some lipids, such as cardiolipin (CL), are associated with particular functions in the cell. It may merely expand the variety of culture conditions (pH, temperature, etc.) under which the wild-type organism survives. This article explores a unique role of CL as a proton trap within membranes that conduct oxidative phosphorylation and therefore the synthesis of ATP. CL's pK(2) (above 8.0) provides a role for it as a headgroup proton trap for oxidative phosphorylation. It suggests why CL is found in membranes that pump protons. The high pK(2) also indicates that the headgroup has but one negative charge in the neutral pH range. Data on the binding of CL to all of the oxidative phosphorylation proteins suggest that the CL may aggregate the oxidative phosphorylation proteins into a patch while it restricts pumped protons within its headgroup domain - supplying protons to the ATP synthase with minimal changes in the bulk phase pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Haines
- Department of Chemistry, City College of the City University of New York, New York 10031, USA.
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24
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Mironova GD, Gateau-Roesch O, Levrat C, Gritsenko E, Pavlov E, Lazareva AV, Limarenko E, Rey C, Louisot P, Saris NE. Palmitic and stearic acids bind Ca2+ with high affinity and form nonspecific channels in black-lipid membranes. Possible relation to Ca2+-activated mitochondrial pores. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2001; 33:319-31. [PMID: 11710807 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010659323937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A mitochondrial hydrophobic component that forms Ca2+-induced nonspecific ion channels in black-lipid membranes (Mironova et al., 1997) has been purified and its nature elucidated. It consists of long-chain saturated fatty acids--mainly palmitic and stearic. These fatty acids, similar to the mitochondrial hydrophobic component, bind Ca2+ with high affinity in comparison with unsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids with shorter aliphatic chains, phospholipids, and other lipids. Ca2+-binding is inhibited by Mg2+ but not by K+. For palmitic acid, the Kd for Ca2+ was 5 microM at pH 8.5 and 15 microM at pH 7.5, with the Bmax of 0.48 +/- 0.08 mmol/g. This corresponds to one Ca2+ ion for eight palmitic acid molecules. The data of IR spectroscopy confirm that Ca2+ does not form ionic bonds with palmitic and stearic acids under hydrophobic conditions. It has been found that in the presence of Ca2+, palmitic and stearic acids, but not unsaturated FFA induce a nonspecific permeability in black-lipid membranes. Addition of Ca2+ in order to induce the permeability transition, increases the extractable amount of palmitic and stearic acids, the effect being prevented by a phospholipase A2 inhibitor. The possible involvement of palmitic and stearic acids in the mitochondrial nonspecific permeability is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Mironova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schlame
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital for Special Surgery, Cornell University Medical College, 555 E. 70th St., New York, NY 10021, USA
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26
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Gomez B, Robinson NC. Quantitative determination of cardiolipin in mitochondrial electron transferring complexes by silicic acid high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 1999; 267:212-6. [PMID: 9918673 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.2998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative determination of cardiolipin from two mitochondrial electron-transferring complexes was achieved using a rapid and sensitive silicic acid HPLC method combined with digital analysis of the elution profile. Phospholipid samples containing as little as 0. 01 nmol of cardiolipin were accurately analyzed. Phospholipids from detergent-solubilized cytochrome bc1 (EC 1.10.2.2) and cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) were extracted by an organic two-phase system and analyzed by isocratic normal-phase HPLC after dissolving the dried sample in the mobile phase (cyclohexane:2-propanol:5 mM phosphoric acid, 50:50:2.9, v/v/v). Analysis was performed by the method of standard addition in which increasing amounts of cardiolipin (0 to 5 nmol) are added to a constant amount of phospholipid extract containing an unknown amount of cardiolipin. By determining the slope and intercept of a plot of the HPLC elution peak area as a function of the amount of standard cardiolipin added, the amount of cardiolipin in the unknown is determined. By this analysis, purified, detergent-solubilized bovine heart cytochrome bc1 and cytochrome c oxidase contained 9.2 +/- 0.7 and 3.05 +/- 0.05 mol cardiolipin per mole of enzyme, respectively. The method was also used to prove that cardiolipin could be completely removed from each complex by digestion with Crotalus atrox phospholipase A2, i.e., each delipidated complex contained less than 0.05 mol cardiolipin per mole of complex. The rapidity and high sensitivity of this method make it very useful for analysis of cardiolipin in other biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gomez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, 78284-7760, USA
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27
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Marsh D, Horváth LI. Structure, dynamics and composition of the lipid-protein interface. Perspectives from spin-labelling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1376:267-96. [PMID: 9804973 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4157(98)00009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Implications of the data on lipid-protein interactions involving integral proteins that are obtained from EPR spectroscopy with spin-labelled lipids in membranes are reviewed. The lipid stoichiometry, selectivity and exchange dynamics at the lipid-protein interface can be determined, in addition to information on the configuration and rotational dynamics of the protein-associated lipid chains. These parameters, particularly the stoichiometry and selectivity, are directly related to the intramembranous structure and degree of oligomerisation of the integral protein, and conversely may be used to study the state of assembly of such proteins in the membrane. Insertion of proteins into membranes can be studied by analogous methods. Comparison with the results obtained from integral proteins helps to define the extent of membrane penetration and degree of transmembrane crossing that are relevant to protein translocation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Marsh
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Spektroskopie, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany.
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28
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Skulachev V. Energy Transduction Mechanisms (Animals and Plants). Compr Physiol 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp140104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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29
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Specificity of lipid-protein interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5342(06)80057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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30
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31
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Horváth LI. Spin-label ESR study of molecular dynamics of lipid/protein association in membranes. Subcell Biochem 1994; 23:205-45. [PMID: 7855874 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1863-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L I Horváth
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
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32
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Kates M, Syz JY, Gosser D, Haines TH. pH-dissociation characteristics of cardiolipin and its 2'-deoxy analogue. Lipids 1993; 28:877-82. [PMID: 8246687 DOI: 10.1007/bf02537494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is found in inner mitochondrial membranes and the plasma membrane of aerobic prokaryotes. CL is tightly bound to those transmembrane enzymes associated with oxidative phosphorylation. CL has earlier been reported to have a single pK at low pH. We have titrated CL in aqueous suspension (bilayers) and in solution in methanol/water (1:1, vol/vol) and found it to display two different pK values, pK1 at 2.8 and pK2 initially at 7.5 but shifting upwards to 9.5 as the titration proceeds. The unusually high pK2 might be explained by the formation of a unique hydrogen bond in which the free hydroxyl on the central glycerol forms a cyclic intramolecular hydrogen-bonded structure with one protonated phosphate (P-OH group). We have therefore chemically synthesized the 2'-deoxycardiolipin analogue, which lacks the central free hydroxyl group, and measured its pH-dissociation behavior by potentiometric titration, under the same conditions as those for CL. The absence of the hydroxyl group changes the titration dramatically so that the deoxy analogue displays two closely spaced low pK values (pK1 = 1.8; pK2 = 4.0). The anomalous titration behavior of the second dissociation constant of CL may be attributed to the participation of the central glycerol OH group in stabilizing the formation of a cyclic hydrogen-bonded monoprotonated form of CL, which may function as a reservoir of protons at relatively high pH. This function may have an important bearing on proton pumping in biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kates
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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33
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Chapter 2 The nature of the lipid-protein interface and the influence of protein structure on protein-lipid interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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34
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Chapter 11 The (CA2+-Mg2+)-ATPase and other membrane proteins: what reconstitution tells us about the biological membrane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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35
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Cserháti T, Szögyi M. Interaction of phospholipids with proteins and peptides. New advances 1990. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 24:525-37. [PMID: 1516725 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(92)90323-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. The review deals with the recent achievements in the study of the various interactions of phospholipids with proteins and peptides. 2. The interactions are classified according to the hydrophobic, hydrophilic or mixed character of the interactive forces. 3. The effect of the interaction on the structure and biological activity of the interacting molecules is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cserháti
- Central Research Institute for Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
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36
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Abstract
Evidence is discussed for roles of cardiolipins in oxidative phosphorylation mechanisms that regulate State 4 respiration by returning ejected protons across and over bacterial and mitochondrial membrane phospholipids, and that regulate State 3 respiration through the relative contributions of proteins that transport protons, electrons and/or metabolites. The barrier properties of phospholipid bilayers support and regulate the slow proton leak that is the basis for State 4 respiration. Proton permeability is in the range 10(-3)-10(-4) cm s-1 in mitochondria and in protein-free membranes formed from extracted mitochondrial phospholipids or from stable synthetic phosphatidylcholines or phosphatidylethanolamines. The roles of cardiolipins in proton conductance in model phospholipid membrane systems need to be assessed in view of new findings by Hübner et al. [313]: saturated cardiolipins form bilayers whilst natural highly unsaturated cardiolipins form nonlamellar phases. Mitochondrial cardiolipins apparently participate in bilayers formed by phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines. It is not yet clear if cardiolipins themselves conduct protons back across the membrane according to their degree of fatty acyl saturation, and/or modulate proton conductance by phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines. Mitochondrial cardiolipins, especially those with high 18:2 acyl contents, strongly bind many carrier and enzyme proteins that are involved in oxidative phosphorylation, some of which contribute to regulation of State 3 respiration. The role of cardiolipins in biomembrane protein function has been examined by measuring retained phospholipids and phospholipid binding in purified proteins, and by reconstituting delipidated proteins. The reconstitution criterion for the significance of cardiolipin-protein interactions has been catalytical activity; proton-pumping and multiprotein interactions have yet to be correlated. Some proteins, e.g., cytochrome c oxidase are catalytically active when dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine replaces retained cardiolipins. Cardiolipin-protein interactions orient membrane proteins, matrix proteins, and on the outerface receptors, enzymes, and some leader peptides for import; activate enzymes or keep them inactive unless the inner membrane is disrupted; and modulate formation of nonbilayer HII-phases. The capacity of the proton-exchanging uncoupling protein to accelerate thermogenic respiration in brown adipose tissue mitochondria of cold-adapted animals is not apparently affected by the increased cardiolipin unsaturation; this protein seems to take over the protonophoric role of cardiolipins in other mitochondria. Many in vivo influences that affect proton leakage and carrier rates selectively alter cardiolipins in amount per mitochondrial phospholipids, in fatty acyl composition and perhaps in sidedness; other mitochondrial membrane phospholipids respond less or not at all.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Hoch
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
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37
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Knowles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, U.K
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