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Chen W, Lynch JNC, Bustamante C, Zhang Y, Wong LL. Selective Oxidation of Vitamin D 3 Enhanced by Long-Range Effects of a Substrate Channel Mutation in Cytochrome P450 BM3 (CYP102A1). Chemistry 2024:e202401487. [PMID: 38963680 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency affects nearly half the population, with many requiring or opting for supplements with vitamin D3 (VD3), the precursor of vitamin D (1α,25-dihydroxyVD3). 25-HydroxyVD3, the circulating form of vitamin D, is a more effective supplement than VD3 but its synthesis is complex. We report here the engineering of cytochrome P450BM3 (CYP102A1) for the selective oxidation of VD3 to 25-hydroxyVD3. Long-range effects of the substrate-channel mutation Glu435Ile promoted binding of the VD3 side chain close to the heme, enhancing VD3 oxidation activity that reached 6.62 g of 25-hydroxyVD3 isolated from a 1-litre scale reaction (69.1 % yield; space-time-yield 331 mg/L/h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research, Ruo Shui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Jamie N C Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Claudia Bustamante
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research, Ruo Shui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Luet L Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research, Ruo Shui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu, 215123, P.R. China
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2
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Kawagoe F, Sugiyama T, Yasuda K, Uesugi M, Sakaki T, Kittaka A. Concise synthesis of 23-hydroxylated vitamin D 3 metabolites. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 186:161-168. [PMID: 30367940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Three 23-hydroxylated vitamin D3 derivatives, which are metabolites of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 produced by CYP24A1 and a related diastereomer, were efficiently synthesized. Each C23 hydroxy unit was constructed by the Claisen condensation reaction with ethyl acetate or the Grignard reaction with 2-methylallymagnesium chloride. Stereochemistry at the C23 position was determined by a modified Mosher's method. The triene structures were constructed by the Wittig-Horner reaction utilizing the A-ring phosphine oxide moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Kawagoe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; AMED-CREST, AMED, Japan
| | - Toru Sugiyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Kaori Yasuda
- Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Motonari Uesugi
- AMED-CREST, AMED, Japan; Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kittaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; AMED-CREST, AMED, Japan.
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3
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Kumar R, Tebben PJ, Thompson JR. Vitamin D and the kidney. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 523:77-86. [PMID: 22426203 PMCID: PMC3361542 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The kidney is essential for the maintenance of normal calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Calcium and inorganic phosphorus are filtered at the glomerulus, and are reabsorbed from tubular segments by transporters and channels which are regulated by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin (1α,25(OH)(2)D) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). The kidney is the major site of the synthesis of 1α,25(OH)(2)D under physiologic conditions, and is one of the sites of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25(OH)(2)D) synthesis. The activity of the 25(OH)D-1α-hydroxylase, the mixed function oxidase responsible for the synthesis of 1α,25(OH)(2)D, is regulated by PTH, 1α,25(OH)(2)D, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), inorganic phosphorus and other growth factors. Additionally, the vitamin D receptor which binds to, and mediates the activity of 1α,25(OH)(2)D, is widely distributed in the kidney. Thus, the kidney, by regulating multiple transport and synthetic processes is indispensible in the maintenance of mineral homeostasis in physiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Eguchi T, Takatsuto S, Ishiguro M, Ikekawa N, Tanaka Y, Deluca HF. Synthesis and determination of configuration of natural 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) 26,23-lactone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 78:6579-83. [PMID: 16593112 PMCID: PMC349091 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.11.6579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The four stereoisomers of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) 26,23-lactone were synthesized by a stereoselective lactonization method. Natural 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) 26,23-lactone was produced from 25-hydroxy-[3alpha-(3)H]vitamin D(3) by in vitro incubation of kidney homogenate prepared from vitamin D-supplemented chickens or was isolated from the serum of rats given 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and 25-hydroxy-[3alpha-(3)H]vitamin D(3). The four synthetic isomers and the naturally produced 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) 26,23-lactone were subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography in a system capable of separating the four isomers. The natural lactone comigrated with synthetic (23S,25R)-25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) 26,23-lactone, establishing it as the natural vitamin D(3) metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Eguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152 Japan
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5
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Higashi T, Ogasawara A, Shimada K. HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF DIHYDROXYLATED VITAMIN D3METABOLITES USING MOBILE PHASE CONTAINING CYCLODEXTRIN. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100100502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Higashi
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kanazawa University , 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-0934, Japan
| | - A. Ogasawara
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kanazawa University , 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-0934, Japan
| | - K. Shimada
- b Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kanazawa University , 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-0934, Japan
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Araya Z, Hosseinpour F, Bodin K, Wikvall K. Metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 by microsomal and mitochondrial vitamin D3 25-hydroxylases (CYP2D25 and CYP27A1): a novel reaction by CYP27A1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1632:40-7. [PMID: 12782149 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(03)00062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) was studied with a crude mitochondrial cytochrome P450 extract from pig kidney and with recombinant human CYP27A1 (mitochondrial vitamin D(3) 25-hydroxylase) and porcine CYP2D25 (microsomal vitamin D(3) 25-hydroxylase). The kidney mitochondrial cytochrome P450 catalyzed the formation of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and 25,27-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). An additional metabolite that was separated from the other hydroxylated products on HPLC was also formed. The formation of this 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) metabolite was dependent on NADPH and the mitochondrial electron transferring protein components. A monoclonal antibody directed against purified pig liver CYP27A1 immunoprecipitated the 1alpha- and 27-hydroxylase activities towards 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) as well as the formation of the unknown metabolite. These results together with substrate inhibition experiments indicate that CYP27A1 is responsible for the formation of the unknown 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) metabolite in kidney. Recombinant human CYP27A1 was found to convert 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) into 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), 25,27-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and a major metabolite with the same retention time on HPLC as that formed by kidney mitochondrial cytochrome P450. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the unknown enzymatic product revealed it to be a triol different from other known hydroxylated 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) metabolites such as 1alpha,25-, 23,25-, 24,25-, 25,26- or 25,27-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). The product had the mass spectrometic properties expected for 4beta,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Recombinant porcine CYP2D25 converted 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) into 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). It can be concluded that both CYP27A1 and CYP2D25 are able to carry out multiple hydroxylations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zufan Araya
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Uppsala, Box 578, Husargatan 3, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Yamada S, Yamamoto K, Ino E, Sakaida K, Takayama H, Shinki T, Suda T, Iitaka Y, Itai A. Synthesis and determination of the stereochemistry of 23,25-dihydroxy-24-oxovitamin D3, a major metabolite of 24(R),25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Biochemistry 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/bi00437a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Beckman
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706, USA
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Higashi T, Miura K, Kikuchi R, Shimada K, Hiyamizu H, Ooi H, Iwabuchi Y, Hatakeyama S, Kubodera N. Characterization of new conjugated metabolites in bile of rats administered 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3). Steroids 2000; 65:281-94. [PMID: 10751640 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(00)00087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of new conjugated vitamin D metabolites in rat bile was performed using HPLC, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry combined derivatization, and GC-MS. After the administration of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) to rats, 23, 25-dihydroxy-24-oxovitamin D(3) 23-glucuronide, 3-epi-24, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 24-glucuronide, and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 3-sulfate were obtained as new biliary metabolites together with 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 3- and 24-glucuronides. The above metabolites, except 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 3-glucuronide, were obtained from rats dosed with 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3). 23, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) 23-glucuronide was also obtained from the bile of rats administered 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) in addition to its 3-glucuronide, 25-glucuronide, and 3-sulfate. Thus, it was found that 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) were directly conjugated as glucuronide and sulfate, whereas at the C-23 position, they were hydroxylated and then conjugated. Furthermore, we found that the C-3 epimerization acts as one of the important pathways in vitamin D metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
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10
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The vitamin D endocrine system and its therapeutic potential. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2490(96)80007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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11
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Ikekawa N. Stereochemistry and physiological significance of hydroxylation of vitamin D side chain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)80106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Pedersen JI, Hagenfeldt Y, Björkhem I. Assay and properties of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 23-hydroxylase. Evidence that 23,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a major metabolite in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-treated or fasted guinea pigs. Biochem J 1988; 250:527-32. [PMID: 3355535 PMCID: PMC1148887 DOI: 10.1042/bj2500527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Incubation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 with kidney cortex mitochondria from 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-treated guinea pigs resulted in the formation of 23,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 as the major product. The identity of the product was verified by g.c.-m.s. and quantification was performed by h.p.l.c. The rates of the reaction were in the range 1.0-1.8 pmol/min per mg of mitochondrial protein (at 37 degrees C), which were 5-10 times the rates of formation of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. In mitochondrial preparations from untreated guinea pigs, the rate of 23-hydroxylation was below detection limit (0.02 pmol/min per mg of mitochondrial protein). Fasting the animals for 24 h induced the 23-hydroxylase almost as efficiently as treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, with a concomitant depression of the 1 alpha-hydroxylase. The 23-hydroxylase reaction required oxidizable substrate, was decreased by low O2 partial pressures and inhibited by CO or the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone. It was stimulated by the respiratory-chain inhibitors rotenone, antimycin A and KCN. These results indicate that the guinea-pig renal mitochondrial 23-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P-450 and that the reducing equivalents are primarily supplied by NADPH via the energy-dependent transhydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Pedersen
- Institute for Nutrition Research, School of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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13
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Jones G, DeLuca HF. High-performance liquid chromatography of vitamin D and its application to endocrinology. MONOGRAPHS ON ENDOCRINOLOGY 1988; 30:95-139. [PMID: 3068529 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-83467-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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14
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Ikekawa N. Structures and biological activities of vitamin D metabolites and their analogs. Med Res Rev 1987; 7:333-66. [PMID: 3306217 DOI: 10.1002/med.2610070304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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15
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Engstrom GW, Reinhardt TA, Horst RL. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-23-hydroxylase, a renal enzyme in several animal species. Arch Biochem Biophys 1986; 250:86-93. [PMID: 3767383 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90704-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of 23,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 has been demonstrated in vivo and in vitro by a number of laboratories. In order to evaluate the significance of 23-hydroxylation, renal 23-hydroxylase activity was compared to renal 24-hydroxylase activity in several species before and after treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The maximum activity of 23-hydroxylase varied widely among species. Treatment of animals with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 24 h and again 2 h prior to assay of renal tissue resulted in a 1.7- to 5.2-fold increase in 23-hydroxylase activity and a 3.8- to 20.6-fold increase in 24-hydroxylase activity compared to untreated controls. Maximum activity for both 23- and 24-hydroxylase required the enzyme substrate, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, and an optimum concentration (30 mM) of an oxidizable substrate such as L-malate to supply the reducing equivalents of NADPH needed. Addition of 10 mumol of magnesium chloride resulted in 19 and 24% increases in activity for 23- and 24-hydroxylase, respectively. L-Malate supported the hydroxylation reactions better than succinate, alpha-ketoglutarate, or pyruvate. The apparent Km of calf renal 23-hydroxylase was 5.7 +/- 1.0 microM and of 24-hydroxylase, 2.0 +/- 0.2 microM. Apparent Km's for 23-hydroxylase varied from a low of 2.7 +/- 0.3 microM in the sheep to a high of 19.1 +/- 0.5 microM in the chick, and for 24-hydroxylase from 0.5 +/- 0.1 microM for the chick to 2.0 +/- 0.2 microM for the calf. Maximum velocity values (Vmax) ranged from 40 +/- 9 pmol/min/g for 23-hydroxylase in the chick to 396 +/- 92 in the calf, and for 24-hydroxylase from 108 +/- 89 pmol/min/g in the chick to 851 +/- 88 in the pig. These results help explain the in vivo metabolite concentrations and the predominance of the C(24)- over C(23)-oxidation pathways. Renal 23-hydroxylase was similar to 24-hydroxylase in that it was inhibited by carbon monoxide (63%), cyanide (51%), and antimycin (67%), required molecular oxygen, and functioned best at physiological pH 7.4. It was also inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate (39%), but not by dinitrophenol. The relatively large amount of 23-hydroxylase activity present in renal tissue of the calf and young chicks, dogs, goats, pigs, rats, mice, and sheep suggests a prominent role for this enzyme in vitamin D metabolism.
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Littledike ET, Engstrom GW, Sachs M. Sequential sampling and analysis of renal hydroxylase activities of cattle given 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3. J Dairy Sci 1986; 69:990-7. [PMID: 3722540 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(86)80493-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A new method was developed for sequential sampling of bovine renal cortex. This method results in minimum hemorrhage and adhesions and provides sufficient renal cortex tissue for assay of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1 alpha-, 24-, and 23-hydroxylase activities. Application of this procedure in calves and pregnant cows treated with 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 is described. The success of these experiments suggests these techniques could be used to follow enzyme activities that control crucial aspects of vitamin D metabolism in normal peripartum cows and cows with milk fever or other diseases of mineral metabolism.
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DeLuca HF, Ostrem V. The relationship between the vitamin D system and cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1986; 206:413-29. [PMID: 3035900 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1835-4_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The classic function of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the hormonally active form of vitamin D, is the maintenance of normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 binds to a specific receptor protein and exerts its biologic action by a mechanism analogous to that proposed for other steroid hormones, that is, the receptor-ligand complex acts on the chromatin to induce transcription of specific genes. Intracellular receptors that bind 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 with high affinity have been found in a large number of tumor cell lines examined as melanoma, osteosarcoma, and human breast and colonic carcinoma cells. The 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor in these cells has characteristics similar to the receptor in bone and intestine, the known target tissues of the hormone. In fact, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits the proliferation of melanoma, osteosarcoma, and breast carcinoma cells. More recently, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 has been shown to suppress the growth and induce monocytic differentiation of murine and human myeloid leukemia cells in vitro. These results point to a previously unsuspected involvement of vitamin D in cell proliferation and differentiation and suggest that analogs of the vitamin D hormone may be of interest as possible therapeutic agents in the treatment of malignancy.
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Harries AD, Brown R, Heatley RV, Williams LA, Woodhead S, Rhodes J. Vitamin D status in Crohn's disease: association with nutrition and disease activity. Gut 1985; 26:1197-203. [PMID: 3877663 PMCID: PMC1432925 DOI: 10.1136/gut.26.11.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Forty patients with Crohn's disease were divided into undernourished (18) and well nourished (22) groups depending on whether their midarm circumference was below or above 90% of the ideal standard. Plasma 25-(OH)D3 and the dihydroxylated metabolites, 24,25-(OH)2D3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 were measured in the summer. Results were related to clinical and biochemical parameters and also compared with results from patients with ulcerative colitis and healthy subjects who served as controls. Plasma 25-(OH)D3 was reduced in the undernourished Crohn's group compared with the well nourished Crohn's group, who did not differ from the controls. Over 50% of the undernourished Crohn's group had evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism and raised alkaline phosphatase concentrations, although concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D3 were normal. The low 25-(OH)D3 concentrations related to disease activity. It is suggested that undernourished Crohn's patients who have high levels of disease activity are at risk of vitamin D deficiency, and attempts should be made to improve their vitamin D nutrition.
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Nakada M, Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF, Kobayashi Y, Ikekawa N. Biological activities and binding properties of 23,23-difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and its 1 alpha-hydroxy derivative. Arch Biochem Biophys 1985; 241:173-8. [PMID: 3839644 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(85)90373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
23,23-Difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is 5-10 times less active than 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in stimulating intestinal calcium transport, bone calcium mobilization, increasing serum phosphorus, mineralization of rachitic bone, and binding to the plasma transport protein in rats. It is converted to 23,23-difluoro-1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by chick renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-hydroxylase. This compound is one-seventh as active as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in binding to the chick intestinal receptor for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Thus, fluoro substitution on carbon-23 of vitamin D has an unexpected and unexplained suppressive action on plasma binding and biological activity. However, since this substitution does not block the biological response of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, these results provide additional evidence that 23-hydroxylation of vitamin D is not involved in biological function.
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Ishizuka S, Takeshita T, Norman AW. Naturally occurring 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a mixture of both C-24R and C-24S epimers. Arch Biochem Biophys 1984; 234:97-104. [PMID: 6091567 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(84)90328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tritium-labeled 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was prepared both in vitro, by using chick kidney homogenates, and in vivo in rats from [26,27-methyl-3H]25-hydroxyvitamin D3. These compounds were mixed with synthetic 24(R),25- and 24(S),25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, converted to the corresponding trimethylsilyl ether derivatives, and analyzed by a high-pressure liquid chromatography procedure that separates the derivatized isomers. The tritium-labeled 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 derivatives were found to be a mixture of both the 24(R) and 24(S) epimers; the ratio was found to be 96.4:3.6 in chick kidney homogenates and 96.8:3.2 in the serum of rats under physiological conditions. In addition, nonradioactive 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 isolated from the serum of rats given large doses of vitamin D3 was shown to be an 89.5:10.5 mixture of the 24(R) and 24(S) isomers. When 25-hydroxy-24-oxo-vitamin D3 was utilized as a substrate, it was found to be more selectively reduced to 24(S),25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 than 24(R),25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by the renal enzyme. The 24(S),25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 has been identified by ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry, cochromatography with an authentic standard, and mass spectrometry. The reduced metabolites of 25-hydroxy-24-oxo-vitamin D3 were a 1:50 mixture of the 24(R) and 24(S) epimers. There are two known metabolic pathways leading to 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3; one is 24(R)-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and the other is reduction of 25-hydroxy-24-oxo-vitamin D3. In contrast, 24(S),25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is produced only by reduction of 25-hydroxy-24-oxo-vitamin D3 in the kidney. Therefore, naturally occurring 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a mixture of the 24(R) and 24(S) isomers, and not just the 24(R) isomer as reported previously.
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Ishizuka S, Ishimoto S, Norman AW. Isolation and identification of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-24-oxovitamin D3, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 26,23-lactone, and 1 alpha,24(S),25-trihydroxyvitamin D3: in vivo metabolites of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Biochemistry 1984; 23:1473-8. [PMID: 6547052 DOI: 10.1021/bi00302a021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three new in vivo metabolites of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 were isolated from the serum of dogs given large doses (two doses of 1.5 mg/dog) of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The metabolites were isolated and purified by methanol-chloroform extraction and a series of chromatographic procedures. By cochromatography on a high-performance liquid chromatograph, ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometry, and specific chemical reactions, the metabolites were identified as 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-24- oxovitamin D3, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 26,23-lactone, and 1 alpha,24(S),25-trihydroxyvitamin D3. According to these procedures, the total amounts of the isolated metabolites were as follows: 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 23.6 micrograms; 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-24- oxovitamin D3, 1.8 micrograms; 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 26,23-lactone, 9.2 micrograms; 1 alpha,24(R),25-trihydroxyvitamin D3, 15.4 micrograms; 1 alpha,24(S),25-trihydroxyvitamin D3, 1.0 microgram. With recovery corrections, the serum levels of each metabolite were approximately 49 ng/mL for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 3.7 ng/mL for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-24- oxovitamin D3, 19 ng/mL for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 26,23-lactone, 32 ng/mL for 1 alpha,24(R),25-trihydroxyvitamin D3, and 2.1 ng/mL for 1 alpha,24(S),25-trihydroxyvitamin D3.
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22
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23
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Isolation, identification, and metabolism of (23S,25R)-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 26,23-lactol. A biosynthetic precursor of (23S,25R)-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 26,23-lactone. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43539-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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24
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Chapter 18. Vitamin D: Metabolism and Mechanism of Action. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60694-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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25
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The isolation and identification of two new metabolites of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 produced in the kidney. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)44058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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26
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Abstract
Four possible diastereoisomers of 23,25,26-trihydroxyvitamin D3 were synthesized and compared with the natural metabolite. The 4 synthetic diastereoisomers could be separated into 4 peaks by high-performance liquid chromatography. The natural 23,25,26-trihydroxyvitamin D3 comigrated with 23(S),25(R),26-trihydroxyvitamin D3. This result unequivocally demonstrates that the stereochemistry of the natural 23,25,26-trihydroxyvitamin D3 has the 23(S) and 25(R) configuration.
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27
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Mayer E, Reddy GS, Chandraratna RA, Okamura WH, Kruse JR, Popjàk G, Bishop JE, Norman AW. 23,25-Dihydroxy-24-oxovitamin D3: a metabolite of vitamin D3 made in the kidney. Biochemistry 1983; 22:1798-805. [PMID: 6849888 DOI: 10.1021/bi00277a009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Kidney homogenates of rats produced a new metabolite of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 which has been isolated in pure form after five column chromatographic steps. It was identified as 23,25-dihydroxy-24-oxovitamin D3 by means of ultraviolet and infrared absorption spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The stereochemistry at the C-23 position is as yet unknown. 25-Hydroxy-24-oxovitamin D3, which also has been isolated in pure form from this system, was found to be the precursor of the new metabolite in vitro. The production of the new metabolite was induced by two different methods: (a) perfusion of the kidneys with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 contained in the perfusate and (b) injection of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the intact animal. 23,25-Dihydroxy-24-oxovitamin D3 was not biologically active in an assay for intestinal calcium transport and bone calcium mobilization in the vitamin D deficient chick at a dose level of 5.3 nmol. A metabolic pathway is proposed to describe the results; it leads from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 leads to 24(R),25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 leads to 25-hydroxy-24-oxovitamin D3 leads to 23,25-dihydroxy-24-oxovitamin D3.
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28
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Yamada S, Ohmori M, Takayama H, Takasaki Y, Suda T. Isolation and identification of 1 alpha- and 23-hydroxylated metabolites of 25-hydroxy-24-oxovitamin D3 from in vitro incubates of chick kidney homogenates. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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29
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Jones G. Chromatographic separation of24(R),25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactone using a cyanobonded phase packing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)85066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Mayer E, Reddy GS, Kruse JR, Popjak G, Norman AW. Isolation and identification of 23,25-dihydroxy-24-oxo-vitamin D3: a metabolite of vitamin D3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1982; 109:370-5. [PMID: 7181922 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(82)91730-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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31
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Ishizuka S, Ishimoto S, Norman AW. Isolation, identification, and biological activity of 23,25,26-trihydroxyvitamin D3, an in vitro and in vivo metabolite of vitamin D3. Arch Biochem Biophys 1982; 217:264-72. [PMID: 7125670 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(82)90502-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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32
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23S,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 as a circulating metabolite of vitamin D3. Its role in 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactone biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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33
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Ohnuma N, Norman AW. Identification of a new C-23 oxidation pathway of metabolism for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 present in intestine and kidney. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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34
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Ohnuma N, Kruse JR, Popják G, Norman AW. Isolation and chemical characterization of two new vitamin D metabolites produced by the intestine. 1,25-Dihydroxy-23-oxo-vitamin D3 and 1,25,26-trihydroxy-23-oxo-vitamin D3. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34640-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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35
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Ishizuka S, Ishimoto S, Norman AW. Metabolic pathway to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactone from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. FEBS Lett 1982; 138:83-7. [PMID: 7067832 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(82)80400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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36
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Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF. Primary isotope effect of tritium on the hydroxylations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Arch Biochem Biophys 1982; 213:517-22. [PMID: 6978683 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(82)90578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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37
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Horst RL, Littledike ET. Comparison of plasma concentrations of vitamin D and its metabolites in young and aged domestic animals. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 73:485-9. [PMID: 6983948 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(82)90064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
1. Vitamin D and its metabolites were measured in the plasma of five species of rural domestic animals. 2. Concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was higher (P less than 0.01) in young animals (range 24-118 pg/ml, means +/- SD = 72.0 +/- 30.0) than in adult animals (range 14-67 pg/ml, means +/- SD = 40.2 +/- 22.6). 3. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-26,23 lactone was present only in the chick and the pig. 4. Unsheared sheep appeared to be inefficient utilizers of the photochemical conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D3. 5. Conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was most efficient in species with high plasma phosphorus concentrations (pig, sheep).
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38
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Wichmann JK, Schnoes HK, DeLuca HF. 23,24,25-Trihydroxyvitamin D3, 24,25,26-trihydroxyvitamin D3, 24-keto-25-hydroxyvitamin D3, and 23-dehydro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3: new in vivo metabolites of vitamin D3. Biochemistry 1981; 20:7385-91. [PMID: 6275880 DOI: 10.1021/bi00529a010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Four new in vivo metabolites of vitamin D3 were isolated from the blood plasma of chicks given large doses of vitamin D3. The metabolites were isolated by methanol-chloroform extraction and a series of chromatographic procedures. By use of mass spectrometry, ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry, and specific chemical reactions, the metabolites were identified as 23,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3, 24,25,26-trihydroxyvitamin D3, 24-keto-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 23-dehydro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3.
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39
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Abstract
Vitamin D produced in the skin and absorbed in the small intestine must be modified metabolically before it can function. It is ultimately converted to a hormone in the kidney that stimulates intestine, bone and kidney to mobilize calcium and phosphorus. This results in normal bone development and normal neuromuscular function. The vitamin D hormone appears to act by a nuclear mechanism to facilitate a target organ response. Finally the vitamin D hormone is produced in response to the need for calcium and phosphorus. The calcium need is interpreted by the parathyroid gland that in turn secretes parathyroid hormone. The parathyroid hormone stimulates production of the vitamin D hormone. This constitutes the vitamin D endocrine system that plays an important role not only in calcium homeostasis but in phosphate homeostasis and in calcium economy of the body. A number of disease states including hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, renal osteodystrophy, certain types of vitamin D-resistant rickets and osteoporosis can in part be related to disturbance in the vitamin D endocrine system. Thus measurement of the vitamin D hormone and its precursor will be of great value in diagnosis of metabolic bone disease and most importantly, the availability of new vitamin D compounds will play an important role in the treatment of these bone diseases.
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40
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Tanaka Y, DeLuca HF, Schnoes HK, Ikekawa N, Eguchi T. 23,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3: a natural precursor in the biosynthesis of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:4805-8. [PMID: 6975475 PMCID: PMC320253 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.8.4805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the biosynthesis of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactone, two known metabolites of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3--23,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3--were incubated individually with kidney homogenate prepared from vitamin D-supplemented chickens, a preparation known to produce the lactone from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactone produced in vitro was then separated, purified, identified, and quantitated by consecutive straight-phase and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. 23,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a far better substrate for production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactone than is 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Production of lactone is highly selective for the natural 23(S)-hydroxy-23,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 while both epimers of 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3 resulted in small amounts of product comigrating with natural lactone. It appears that 23(S),25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, but not 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3, is a natural precursor in the synthesis of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactone; this result also implies that the configuration of the lactone at C-23 is S.
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