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Shanbhag K, Sharma K, Kamat SS. Photoreactive bioorthogonal lipid probes and their applications in mammalian biology. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:37-46. [PMID: 36685253 PMCID: PMC9811504 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00174h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are an important class of biological molecules that possess many critical physiological functions, which enable the optimal survival of all organisms, including humans. While the role of lipids in the formation of biological cellular membranes and as a source of energy is fairly well understood, the cellular signalling pathways that lipids modulate in mammals are, in comparison, poorly characterized mechanistically and/or largely unknown. In an effort to dissect these mammalian cellular pathways regulated by signalling lipids and map hitherto unknown protein-lipid interactions, the last two decades have seen tremendous progress in the development of multifunctional lipid probes that, in conjunction with well-established bioorthogonal chemistries and chemoproteomics platforms, has almost exponentially expanded our knowledge in this field. In this review, we focus on the various photoreactive bioorthogonal lipid probes described in the literature, and briefly summarize the different photo-crosslinking groups and bioorthogonal chemistries used by them. Furthermore, we report specific case examples of such photoreactive bioorthogonal lipid probes, and discuss the new biological pathways and insights that have emerged from their use through chemoproteomics in mammalian cells. Finally, we highlight the challenges associated with the use of lipid probes in biological systems, and highlight their importance in the discovery and mechanistic understanding of lipid signalling pathways in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Shanbhag
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr Homi Bhabha Road, PashanPune411008MaharashtraIndia
| | - Kavita Sharma
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr Homi Bhabha Road, PashanPune411008MaharashtraIndia
| | - Siddhesh S. Kamat
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr Homi Bhabha Road, PashanPune411008MaharashtraIndia
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2
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Sendra KM, Watson AK, Kozhevnikova E, Moore AL, Embley TM, Hirt RP. Inhibition of mitosomal alternative oxidase causes lifecycle arrest of early-stage Trachipleistophora hominis meronts during intracellular infection of mammalian cells. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1011024. [PMID: 36538568 PMCID: PMC9767352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitosomes are highly reduced forms of mitochondria which have lost two of the 'defining' features of the canonical organelle, the mitochondrial genome, and the capacity to generate energy in the form of ATP. Mitosomes are found in anaerobic protists and obligate parasites and, in most of the studied organisms, have a conserved function in the biosynthesis of iron-sulfur clusters (ISC) that are indispensable cofactors of many essential proteins. The genomes of some mitosome-bearing human pathogenic Microsporidia encode homologues of an alternative oxidase (AOX). This mitochondrial terminal respiratory oxidase is absent from the human host, and hence is a potential target for the development of new antimicrobial agents. Here we present experimental evidence for the mitosomal localization of AOX in the microsporidian Trachipleistophora hominis and demonstrate that it has an important role during the parasite's life cycle progression. Using a recently published methodology for synchronising T. hominis infection of mammalian cell lines, we demonstrated specific inhibition of T. hominis early meront growth and replication by an AOX inhibitor colletochlorin B. Treatment of T. hominis-infected host cells with the drug also inhibited re-infection by newly formed dispersive spores. Addition of the drug during the later stages of the parasite life cycle, when our methods suggest that AOX is not actively produced and T. hominis mitosomes are mainly active in Fe/S cluster biosynthesis, had no inhibitory effects on the parasites. Control experiments with the AOX-deficient microsporidian species Encephalitozoon cuniculi, further demonstrated the specificity of inhibition by the drug. Using the same methodology, we demonstrate effects of two clinically used anti-microsporidian drugs albendazole and fumagillin on the cell biology and life cycle progression of T. hominis infecting mammalian host cells. In summary, our results reveal that T. hominis mitosomes have an active role to play in the progression of the parasite life cycle as well as an important role in the biosynthesis of essential Fe/S clusters. Our work also demonstrates that T. hominis is a useful model for testing the efficacy of therapeutic agents and for studying the physiology and cell biology of microsporidian parasites growing inside infected mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper M. Sendra
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K. Watson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anthony L. Moore
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - T. Martin Embley
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P. Hirt
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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3
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Huang LH, Melton EM, Li H, Sohn P, Jung D, Tsai CY, Ma T, Sano H, Ha H, Friedline RH, Kim JK, Usherwood E, Chang CCY, Chang TY. Myeloid-specific Acat1 ablation attenuates inflammatory responses in macrophages, improves insulin sensitivity, and suppresses diet-induced obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315. [PMID: 29533741 PMCID: PMC6171008 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00174.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are phagocytes that play important roles in health and diseases. Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) converts cellular cholesterol to cholesteryl esters and is expressed in many cell types. Unlike global Acat1 knockout (KO), myeloid-specific Acat1 KO ( Acat1-) does not cause overt abnormalities in mice. Here, we performed analyses in age- and sex-matched Acat1-M/-M and wild-type mice on chow or Western diet and discovered that Acat1-M/-M mice exhibit resistance to Western diet-induced obesity. On both chow and Western diets, Acat1-M/-M mice display decreased adipocyte size and increased insulin sensitivity. When fed with Western diet, Acat1-M/-M mice contain fewer infiltrating macrophages in white adipose tissue (WAT), with significantly diminished inflammatory phenotype. Without Acat1, the Ly6Chi monocytes express reduced levels of integrin-β1, which plays a key role in the interaction between monocytes and the inflamed endothelium. Adoptive transfer experiment showed that the appearance of leukocytes from Acat1-M/-M mice to the inflamed WAT of wild-type mice is significantly diminished. Under Western diet, Acat1-M/-M causes suppression of multiple proinflammatory genes in WAT. Cell culture experiments show that in RAW 264.7 macrophages, inhibiting ACAT1 with a small-molecule ACAT1-specific inhibitor reduces inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide. We conclude that under Western diet, blocking ACAT1 in macrophages attenuates inflammation in WAT. Other results show that Acat1-M/-M does not compromise antiviral immune response. Our work reveals that blocking ACAT1 suppresses diet-induced obesity in part by slowing down monocyte infiltration to WAT as well as by reducing the inflammatory responses of adipose tissue macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hao Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Elaina M Melton
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Paul Sohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - DaeYoung Jung
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Ching-Yi Tsai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Tian Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Hiroyuki Sano
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - HyeKyung Ha
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Randall H Friedline
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jason K Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Edward Usherwood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Catherine C Y Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Ta-Yuan Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Hanover, New Hampshire
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Ge SS, Chen B, Wu YY, Long QS, Zhao YL, Wang PY, Yang S. Current advances of carbene-mediated photoaffinity labeling in medicinal chemistry. RSC Adv 2018; 8:29428-29454. [PMID: 35547988 PMCID: PMC9084484 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03538e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoaffinity labeling (PAL) in combination with a chemical probe to covalently bind its target upon UV irradiation has demonstrated considerable promise in drug discovery for identifying new drug targets and binding sites. In particular, carbene-mediated photoaffinity labeling (cmPAL) has been widely used in drug target identification owing to its excellent photolabeling efficiency, minimal steric interference and longer excitation wavelength. Specifically, diazirines, which are among the precursors of carbenes and have higher carbene yields and greater chemical stability than diazo compounds, have proved to be valuable photolabile reagents in a diverse range of biological systems. This review highlights current advances of cmPAL in medicinal chemistry, with a focus on structures and applications for identifying small molecule–protein and macromolecule–protein interactions and ligand-gated ion channels, coupled with advances in the discovery of targets and inhibitors using carbene precursor-based biological probes developed in recent decades. Photoaffinity labeling (PAL) in combination with a chemical probe to covalently bind its target upon UV irradiation has demonstrated considerable promise in drug discovery for identifying new drug targets and binding sites.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Sha Ge
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang 550025
| | - Biao Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang 550025
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang 550025
| | - Qing-Su Long
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang 550025
| | - Yong-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang 550025
| | - Pei-Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang 550025
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang 550025
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Lindner S, Gruhle K, Schmidt R, Garamus VM, Ramsbeck D, Hause G, Meister A, Sinz A, Drescher S. Azide-Modified Membrane Lipids: Synthesis, Properties, and Reactivity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:4960-4973. [PMID: 28457130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, we describe the synthesis and the temperature-dependent behavior of photoreactive membrane lipids as well as their capability to study peptide/lipid interactions. The modified phospholipids contain an azide group either in the middle part or at the end of an alkyl chain and also differ in the linkage (ester vs ether) of the second alkyl chain. The temperature-dependent aggregation behavior of the azidolipids was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Aggregate structures were visualized by stain and cryo transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and were further characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS). We show that the position of the azide group and the type of linkage of the alkyl chain at the sn-2 position of the glycerol influences the type of aggregates formed as well as their long-term stability: P10AzSPC and r12AzSHPC show the formation of extrudable liposomes, which are stable in size during storage. In contrast, azidolipids that carry a terminal azido moiety either form extrudable liposomes, which show time-dependent vesicle fusion (P15AzPdPC), or self-assemble in large sheet-like, nonextrudable aggregates (r15AzPdHPC) where the lipid molecules are arranged in an interdigitated orientation at temperatures below Tm (LβI phase). Finally, a P10AzSPC:DMPC mixture was used for photochemically induced cross-linking experiments with a transmembrane peptide (WAL-peptide) to demonstrate the applicability of the azidolipids for the analysis of peptide/lipid interactions. The efficiency of photo-cross-linking was monitored by attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindy Lindner
- Institute of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg , Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy - Biophysical Pharmacy, MLU Halle-Wittenberg , Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kai Gruhle
- Institute of Pharmacy - Biophysical Pharmacy, MLU Halle-Wittenberg , Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Rico Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg , Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Vasil M Garamus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht: Zentrum für Material und Küstenforschung GmbH (HZG), Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Daniel Ramsbeck
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI , Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gerd Hause
- Biocenter, MLU Halle-Wittenberg , Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Annette Meister
- Institute of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, MLU Halle-Wittenberg , von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andrea Sinz
- Institute of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg , Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Simon Drescher
- Institute of Pharmacy - Biophysical Pharmacy, MLU Halle-Wittenberg , Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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6
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Hao G, Chen H, Gu Z, Zhang H, Chen W, Chen YQ. Metabolic engineering of Mortierella alpina for arachidonic acid production with glycerol as carbon source. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:205. [PMID: 26701302 PMCID: PMC4690419 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although some microorganisms can convert glycerol into valuable products such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, the yields are relative low due primarily to an inefficient assimilation of glycerol. Mortierella alpina is an oleaginous fungus which preferentially uses glucose over glycerol as the carbon source for fatty acid synthesis. Results In the present study, we metabolically engineered M. alpina to increase the utilization of glycerol. Glycerol kinase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase control the first two steps of glycerol decomposition. GK overexpression increased the total fatty acid content by 35 %, whereas G3PD1, G3PD2 and G3PD3 had no significant effect. Overexpression of malic enzyme (ME1) but not glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase or isocitrate dehydrogenase significantly increased fatty acid content when glycerol was used as carbon source. Simultaneous overexpression of GK and ME1 enabled M. alpina to accumulate fatty acids efficiently, with a 44 % increase in fatty acid content (% of dry weight), a 57 % increase in glycerol to fatty acid yield (g/g glycerol) and an 81 % increase in fatty acid production (g/L culture). A repeated batch process was applied to relieve the inhibitory effect of raw glycerol on arachidonic acid synthesis, and under these conditions, the yield reached 52.2 ± 1.9 mg/g. Conclusions This study suggested that GK is a rate-limiting step in glycerol assimilation in M. alpina. Another restricting factor for fatty acid accumulation was the supply of cytosolic NADPH. We reported a bioengineering strategy by improving the upstream assimilation and NADPH supply, for oleaginous fungi to efficiently accumulate fatty acid with glycerol as carbon source. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-015-0392-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,Synergistic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,Departments of Cancer Biology and Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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7
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Lalle M, Camerini S, Cecchetti S, Finelli R, Sferra G, Müller J, Ricci G, Pozio E. The FAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Giardia duodenalis: an unconventional enzyme that interacts with the g14-3-3 and it is a target of the antitumoral compound NBDHEX. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:544. [PMID: 26082764 PMCID: PMC4450592 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The flagellated protozoan Giardia duodenalis is a worldwide parasite causing giardiasis, an acute and chronic diarrheal disease. Metabolism in G. duodenalis has a limited complexity thus making metabolic enzymes ideal targets for drug development. However, only few metabolic pathways (i.e., carbohydrates) have been described so far. Recently, the parasite homolog of the mitochondrial-like glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gG3PD) has been identified among the interactors of the g14-3-3 protein. G3PD is involved in glycolysis, electron transport, glycerophospholipids metabolism, and hyperosmotic stress response, and is emerging as promising target in tumor treatment. In this work, we demonstrate that gG3PD is a functional flavoenzyme able to convert glycerol-3-phosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and that its activity and the intracellular glycerol level increase during encystation. Taking advantage of co-immunoprecipitation assays and deletion mutants, we provide evidence that gG3PD and g14-3-3 interact at the trophozoite stage, the intracellular localization of gG3PD is stage dependent and it partially co-localizes with mitosomes during cyst development. Finally, we demonstrate that the gG3PD activity is affected by the antitumoral compound 6-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-ylthio)hexanol, that results more effective in vitro at killing G. duodenalis trophozoites than the reference drug metronidazole. Overall, our results highlight the involvement of gG3PD in processes crucial for the parasite survival thus proposing this enzyme as target for novel antigiardial interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lalle
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Camerini
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Cecchetti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
| | - Renata Finelli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sferra
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
| | - Joachim Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Ricci
- Department of Sciences and Chemical Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
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9
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Xia Y, Peng L. Photoactivatable Lipid Probes for Studying Biomembranes by Photoaffinity Labeling. Chem Rev 2013; 113:7880-929. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300419p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xia
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille, CNRS UMR 7325, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Ling Peng
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille, CNRS UMR 7325, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
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Mráček T, Drahota Z, Houštěk J. The function and the role of the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in mammalian tissues. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1827:401-10. [PMID: 23220394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPDH) is not included in the traditional textbook schemes of the respiratory chain, reflecting the fact that it is a non-standard, tissue-specific component of mammalian mitochondria. But despite its very simple structure, mGPDH is a very important enzyme of intermediary metabolism and as a component of glycerophosphate shuttle it functions at the crossroads of glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid metabolism. In this review we summarize the present knowledge on the structure and regulation of mGPDH and discuss its metabolic functions, reactive oxygen species production and tissue and organ specific roles in mammalian mitochondria at physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Mráček
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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11
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Das J. Aliphatic diazirines as photoaffinity probes for proteins: recent developments. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4405-17. [PMID: 21466226 DOI: 10.1021/cr1002722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joydip Das
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA.
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12
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Dolgikh VV, Senderskiy IV, Pavlova OA, Naumov AM, Beznoussenko GV. Immunolocalization of an alternative respiratory chain in Antonospora (Paranosema) locustae spores: mitosomes retain their role in microsporidial energy metabolism. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2011; 10:588-93. [PMID: 21296913 PMCID: PMC3127642 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00283-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are a group of fungus-related intracellular parasites with severely reduced metabolic machinery. They lack canonical mitochondria, a Krebs cycle, and a respiratory chain but possess genes encoding glycolysis enzymes, a glycerol phosphate shuttle, and ATP/ADP carriers to import host ATP. The recent finding of alternative oxidase genes in two clades suggests that microsporidial mitosomes may retain an alternative respiratory pathway. We expressed the fragments of mitochondrial chaperone Hsp70 (mitHsp70), mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mitG3PDH), and alternative oxidase (AOX) from the microsporidium Antonospora (Paranosema) locustae in Escherichia coli. Immunoblotting with antibodies against recombinant polypeptides demonstrated specific accumulation of both metabolic enzymes in A. locustae spores. At the same time comparable amounts of mitochondrial Hsp70 were found in spores and in stages of intracellular development as well. Immunoelectron microscopy of ultrathin cryosections of spores confirmed mitosomal localization of the studied proteins. Small amounts of enzymes of an alternative respiratory chain in merogonial and early sporogonial stages, alongside their accumulation in mature spores, suggest conspicuous changes in components and functions of mitosomes during the life cycle of microsporidia and the important role of these organelles in parasite energy metabolism, at least at the final stages of sporogenesis.
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13
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Gubbens J, de Kroon AIPM. Proteome-wide detection of phospholipid–protein interactions in mitochondria by photocrosslinking and click chemistry. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 6:1751-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c003064n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Rijken PJ, De Kruijff B, De Kroon AIPM. Phosphatidylcholine is essential for efficient functioning of the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Gut2 inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Membr Biol 2009; 24:269-81. [PMID: 17520483 DOI: 10.1080/09687860701210732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Gut2, the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, was previously shown to become preferentially labelled with photoactivatable phosphatidylcholine (PC), pointing to a functional relation between these molecules. In the present study we analyzed whether Gut2 functioning depends on the PC content of yeast cells, using PC biosynthetic mutants in which the PC content was lowered. PC depletion was found to reduce growth on glycerol and to increase glycerol excretion, both indicating that PC is needed for optimal Gut2 functioning in vivo. Using several in vitro approaches the nature of the dependence of Gut2 functioning on cellular PC contents was investigated. The results of these experiments suggest that it is unlikely that the effects observed in vivo are due to changes in cellular Gut2 content, in specific activity of Gut2 in isolated mitochondria, or in the membrane association of Gut2, upon lowering the PC level. The in vivo effects are more likely an indirect result of PC depletion-induced changes in the cellular context in which Gut2 functions, that are not manifested in the in vitro systems used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter J Rijken
- Department Biochemistry of Membranes, Bijvoet Institute and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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Photocrosslinking and Click Chemistry Enable the Specific Detection of Proteins Interacting with Phospholipids at the Membrane Interface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:3-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Vodovozova EL. Photoaffinity labeling and its application in structural biology. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:1-20. [PMID: 17309432 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This review contains a brief consideration of some theoretical aspects of photoaffinity (photoreactive) labeling (PAL), and the most widely used photoreactive groups, such as arylazide, benzophenone, and 3-(trifluoromethyl)-3-phenyldiazirine, are characterized in comparison. Experimental methodology is described, including modern approaches of mass spectrometry for analysis of cross-linking products between the photoreactive probes and biomolecules. Examples of PAL application in diverse fields of structural biology during the last five-ten years are presented. Potential drug targets, transport processes, stereochemistry of interaction of G-protein-coupled receptors with ligands, as well as structural changes in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor are considered. Applications of photoaffinity ganglioside and phospholipid probes for studying biological membranes and of nucleotide probes in investigations of replicative and transcriptional complexes, as well as photoaffinity glycoconjugates for detecting carbohydrate-binding proteins are covered. In combination with modern techniques of instrumental analysis and computer-aided modeling, PAL remains the most important approach in studies on the organization of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Vodovozova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia.
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Gubbens J, Vader P, Damen JMA, O'Flaherty MC, Slijper M, de Kruijff B, de Kroon AIPM. Probing the Membrane Interface-Interacting Proteome Using Photoactivatable Lipid Cross-Linkers. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:1951-62. [PMID: 17375948 DOI: 10.1021/pr060561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To analyze proteins interacting at the membrane interface, a phospholipid analogue was used with a photoactivatable headgroup (ASA-DLPE, N-(4-azidosalicylamidyl)-1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine) for selective cross-linking. The peripheral membrane protein cytochrome c from the inner mitochondrial membrane was rendered carbonate wash-resistant by cross-linking to ASA-DLPE in a model membrane system, validating our approach. Cross-link products of cytochrome c and its precursor apocytochrome c were demonstrated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and were specifically detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), taking advantage of the intrinsic UV absorbance of the cross-linker. Application of the method to inner mitochondrial membranes from Saccharomyces cerevisae revealed cross-link products of both exogenously added apocytochrome c and endogenous proteins with molecular weights around 34 and 72 kDa. Liquid chromatograpy (LC)-MS/MS was performed to identify these proteins, resulting in a list of candidate proteins potentially cross-linked at the membrane interface. The approach described here provides methodology for capturing phospholipid-protein interactions in their native environment of the biomembrane using modern proteomics techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Gubbens
- Department Biochemistry of Membranes, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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de Kroon AIPM. Metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and its implications for lipid acyl chain composition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1771:343-52. [PMID: 17010666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is a very abundant membrane lipid in most eukaryotes including the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Consequently, the molecular species profile of PC, i.e. the ensemble of PC molecules with acyl chains differing in number of carbon atoms and double bonds, is important in determining the physical properties of eukaryotic membranes, and should be tightly regulated. In this review current insights in the contributions of biosynthesis, turnover, and remodeling by acyl chain exchange to the maintenance of PC homeostasis at the level of the molecular species in yeast are summarized. In addition, the phospholipid class-specific changes in membrane acyl chain composition induced by PC depletion are discussed, which identify PC as key player in a novel regulatory mechanism balancing the proportions of bilayer and non-bilayer lipids in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton I P M de Kroon
- Department Biochemistry of Membranes, Bijvoet Institute and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Boumann HA, Gubbens J, Koorengevel MC, Oh CS, Martin CE, Heck AJR, Patton-Vogt J, Henry SA, de Kruijff B, de Kroon AIPM. Depletion of phosphatidylcholine in yeast induces shortening and increased saturation of the lipid acyl chains: evidence for regulation of intrinsic membrane curvature in a eukaryote. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 17:1006-17. [PMID: 16339082 PMCID: PMC1356607 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-04-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the consequences of depleting the major membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine (PC), exponentially growing cells of a yeast cho2opi3 double deletion mutant were transferred from medium containing choline to choline-free medium. Cell growth did not cease until the PC level had dropped below 2% of total phospholipids after four to five generations. Increasing contents of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylinositol made up for the loss of PC. During PC depletion, the remaining PC was subject to acyl chain remodeling with monounsaturated species replacing diunsaturated species, as shown by mass spectrometry. The remodeling of PC did not require turnover by the SPO14-encoded phospholipase D. The changes in the PC species profile were found to reflect an overall shift in the cellular acyl chain composition that exhibited a 40% increase in the ratio of C16 over C18 acyl chains, and a 10% increase in the degree of saturation. The shift was stronger in the phospholipid than in the neutral lipid fraction and strongest in the species profile of PE. The shortening and increased saturation of the PE acyl chains were shown to decrease the nonbilayer propensity of PE. The results point to a regulatory mechanism in yeast that maintains intrinsic membrane curvature in an optimal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry A Boumann
- Department of Biochemistry of Membranes, Bijvoet Institute, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Birner R, Daum G. Biogenesis and cellular dynamics of aminoglycerophospholipids. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2003; 225:273-323. [PMID: 12696595 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(05)25007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aminoglycerophospholipids phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn), and phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) comprise about 80% of total cellular phospholipids in most cell types. While the major function of PtdCho in eukaryotes and PtdEtn in prokaryotes is that of bulk membrane lipids, PtdSer is a minor component and appears to play a more specialized role in the plasma membrane of eukaryotes, e.g., in cell recognition processes. All three aminoglycerophospholipid classes are essential in mammals, whereas prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes such as yeast appear to be more flexible regarding their aminoglycerophospholipid requirement. Since different subcellular compartments of eukaryotes, namely the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, contribute to the biosynthetic sequence of aminoglycerophospholipid formation, intracellular transport, sorting, and specific function of these lipids in different organelles are of special interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Birner
- Institut für Biochemie, Technische Universität Graz, Petersgasse 12/2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2002; 19:1183-90. [PMID: 12371408 DOI: 10.1002/yea.828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Abstract
The role of specific lipid structures in biological membranes has been elusive. There are hundreds of them in nature. Why has nature made them? How do they aid in the functioning of membrane proteins? Genetics with its 'knock out' organisms declares that functions persist in the absence of any particular lipid. Nonetheless some lipids, such as cardiolipin (CL), are associated with particular functions in the cell. It may merely expand the variety of culture conditions (pH, temperature, etc.) under which the wild-type organism survives. This article explores a unique role of CL as a proton trap within membranes that conduct oxidative phosphorylation and therefore the synthesis of ATP. CL's pK(2) (above 8.0) provides a role for it as a headgroup proton trap for oxidative phosphorylation. It suggests why CL is found in membranes that pump protons. The high pK(2) also indicates that the headgroup has but one negative charge in the neutral pH range. Data on the binding of CL to all of the oxidative phosphorylation proteins suggest that the CL may aggregate the oxidative phosphorylation proteins into a patch while it restricts pumped protons within its headgroup domain - supplying protons to the ATP synthase with minimal changes in the bulk phase pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Haines
- Department of Chemistry, City College of the City University of New York, New York 10031, USA.
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