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Olsbu IK, Zoppellaro G, Andersson KK, Boucher JL, Hersleth HP. Importance of Val567 on heme environment and substrate recognition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:1553-1566. [PMID: 30186754 PMCID: PMC6120233 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) produced by mammalian nitric oxide synthases (mNOSs) is an important mediator in a variety of physiological functions. Crystal structures of mNOSs have shown strong conservation of the active‐site residue Val567 (numbering for rat neuronal NOS, nNOS). NOS‐like proteins have been identified in several bacterial pathogens, and these display striking sequence identity to the oxygenase domain of mNOS (NOSoxy), with the exception of a Val to Ile mutation at the active site. Preliminary studies have highlighted the importance of this Val residue in NO‐binding, substrate recognition, and oxidation in mNOSs. To further elucidate the role of this valine in substrate and substrate analogue recognition, we generated five Val567 mutants of the oxygenase domain of the neuronal NOS (nNOSoxy) and used UV‐visible and EPR spectroscopy to investigate the effects of these mutations on the heme distal environment, the stability of the heme‐FeII‐CO complexes, and the binding of a series of substrate analogues. Our results are consistent with Val567 playing an important role in preserving the integrity of the active site for substrate binding, stability of heme‐bound gaseous ligands, and potential NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger K Olsbu
- Department of Biosciences Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Oslo Norway
| | - Giorgio Zoppellaro
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Department of Physical Chemistry Faculty of Science Palacky University in Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - K Kristoffer Andersson
- Department of Biosciences Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Oslo Norway
| | | | - Hans-Petter Hersleth
- Department of Biosciences Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Oslo Norway.,Department of Chemistry Section for Chemical Life Sciences University of Oslo Norway
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Fujita M, Furusho Y. Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of substituted guanidines using 1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamidine and S-methylisothiouronium sulfate under solvent-free conditions. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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3
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Sabater L, Nicolau-Travers ML, De Rache A, Prado E, Dejeu J, Bombarde O, Lacroix J, Calsou P, Defrancq E, Mergny JL, Gomez D, Pratviel G. The nickel(II) complex of guanidinium phenyl porphyrin, a specific G-quadruplex ligand, targets telomeres and leads to POT1 mislocalization in culture cells. J Biol Inorg Chem 2015; 20:729-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-015-1260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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4
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Tahir S, Badshah A, Hussain RA. Guanidines from ‘toxic substances’ to compounds with multiple biological applications – Detailed outlook on synthetic procedures employed for the synthesis of guanidines. Bioorg Chem 2015; 59:39-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Gao P, Leng P, Sun Q, Wang X, Ge Z, Li R. Novel atom-economic reaction: comprehensive utilization of S-alkylisothiouronium salt in the synthesis of thioethers and guanidinium salts. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42503g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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6
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Salard-Arnaud I, Stuehr D, Boucher JL, Mansuy D. Spectroscopic, catalytic and binding properties of Bacillus subtilis NO synthase-like protein: comparison with other bacterial and mammalian NO synthases. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 106:164-71. [PMID: 22119809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genome sequencing has shown the presence of genes coding for NO-synthase (NOS)-like proteins in bacteria. The roles and properties of these proteins remain unclear. UV-visible spectroscopy was used to characterize the recombinant NOS-like protein from Bacillus subtilis (bsNOS) in its ferric and ferrous states in the presence of various Fe(III)- and Fe(II)-heme-ligands and of a series of L-arginine (L-arg) analogs. BsNOS exhibited several spectroscopic and binding properties in common with Bacillus anthracis NOS (baNOS) that were clearly different from those of tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B)-free mammalian NOS oxygenase domains (mNOS(oxys)) and of Staphylococcus aureus NOS (saNOS). Interestingly, bsNOS and baNOS that do not contain H4B exhibited properties much closer to those of H4B-containing mNOS(oxys). Moreover, bsNOS was found to efficiently catalyze the oxidation of L-arginine into L-citrulline by H(2)O(2), whereas H4B-free mNOS(oxys) exhibited low activities for this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Salard-Arnaud
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Descartes, UMR 8601 CNRS, Paris, France
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7
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Castagnolo D, Schenone S, Botta M. Guanylated Diamines, Triamines, and Polyamines: Chemistry and Biological Properties. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5247-300. [PMID: 21657224 DOI: 10.1021/cr100423x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Castagnolo
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Alcide de Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, I-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Alcide de Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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8
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Schade D, Kotthaus J, Clement B. Modulating the NO generating system from a medicinal chemistry perspective: Current trends and therapeutic options in cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 126:279-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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9
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Giroud C, Moreau M, Mattioli TA, Balland V, Boucher JL, Xu-Li Y, Stuehr DJ, Santolini J. Role of arginine guanidinium moiety in nitric-oxide synthase mechanism of oxygen activation. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:7233-45. [PMID: 19951943 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.038240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric-oxide synthases (NOS) are highly regulated heme-thiolate enzymes that catalyze two oxidation reactions that sequentially convert the substrate L-Arg first to N(omega)-hydroxyl-L-arginine and then to L-citrulline and nitric oxide. Despite numerous investigations, the detailed molecular mechanism of NOS remains elusive and debatable. Much of the dispute in the various proposed mechanisms resides in the uncertainty concerning the number and sources of proton transfers. Although specific protonation events are key features in determining the specificity and efficiency of the two catalytic steps, little is known about the role and properties of protons from the substrate, cofactors, and H-bond network in the vicinity of the heme active site. In this study, we have investigated the role of the acidic proton from the L-Arg guanidinium moiety on the stability and reactivity of the ferrous heme-oxy complex intermediate by exploiting a series of L-Arg analogues exhibiting a wide range of guanidinium pK(a) values. Using electrochemical and vibrational spectroscopic techniques, we have analyzed the effects of the analogues on the heme, including characteristics of its proximal ligand, heme conformation, redox potential, and electrostatic properties of its distal environment. Our results indicate that the substrate guanidinium pK(a) value significantly affects the H-bond network near the heme distal pocket. Our results lead us to propose a new structural model where the properties of the guanidinium moiety finely control the proton transfer events in NOS and tune its oxidative chemistry. This model may account for the discrepancies found in previously proposed mechanisms of NOS oxidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Giroud
- Laboratoire Stress Oxydants et Detoxication, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, Institut de Biologie et de Technologies de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Ohara K, Smietana M, Restouin A, Mollard S, Borg JP, Collette Y, Vasseur JJ. Amine−Guanidine Switch: A Promising Approach to Improve DNA Binding and Antiproliferative Activities. J Med Chem 2007; 50:6465-75. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701207m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Ohara
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS−UM I−UM II, Université de Montpellier II, CC008, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, INSERM U599, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, TrGET platform, 13009 Marseille, France, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France, and Université de la Méditerranée, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Michael Smietana
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS−UM I−UM II, Université de Montpellier II, CC008, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, INSERM U599, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, TrGET platform, 13009 Marseille, France, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France, and Université de la Méditerranée, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Restouin
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS−UM I−UM II, Université de Montpellier II, CC008, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, INSERM U599, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, TrGET platform, 13009 Marseille, France, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France, and Université de la Méditerranée, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Séverine Mollard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS−UM I−UM II, Université de Montpellier II, CC008, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, INSERM U599, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, TrGET platform, 13009 Marseille, France, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France, and Université de la Méditerranée, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS−UM I−UM II, Université de Montpellier II, CC008, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, INSERM U599, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, TrGET platform, 13009 Marseille, France, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France, and Université de la Méditerranée, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Yves Collette
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS−UM I−UM II, Université de Montpellier II, CC008, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, INSERM U599, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, TrGET platform, 13009 Marseille, France, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France, and Université de la Méditerranée, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Vasseur
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS−UM I−UM II, Université de Montpellier II, CC008, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, INSERM U599, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, TrGET platform, 13009 Marseille, France, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France, and Université de la Méditerranée, 13007 Marseille, France
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11
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Mansuy D, Lafite P. Great adaptability of the heme-cysteinate monooxygenases family to very diverse substrates and sophisticated reactions. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2007. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842460700031x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Heme-cysteinate proteins, such as cytochromes P 450( CYPs ) and nitric oxide synthases (NOSs), catalyze the monooxygenation of a huge number of substrates with very diverse structures. The ability of CYPs to oxidize a myriad of xenobiotics, in order to facilitate their elimination, plays a key role in the adaptation of aerobic organisms to their always changing chemical environment. Moreover, some members of the CYP superfamily and the NOSs are involved in the biosynthesis of key biological endogenous molecules, such as estrogens or NO, through the catalysis of highly sophisticated and regulated reactions. How can proteins using the same catalytic heme-cysteinate cofactor and mechanism of dioxygen activation oxidize such diverse and always changing substrates and catalyze different, sometimes very sophisticated reactions? Recent data on the first X-ray structures of mammalian cytochrome P 450-substrate complexes and on the mechanism of NO-synthases has permitted an understanding of this"double adaptation" of heme-cysteinate monooxygenases towards very diverse substrates and different reactions. These data show that cytochromes P 450 involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics are able to oxidize very different substrates by offering a great choice of very diverse and malleable active sites. They also show that heme-cysteinate monooxygenases are able to catalyze special, sophisticated reactions, such as the selective oxidation of L-arginine to NO, by using supplementary cofactors adapted for the required catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mansuy
- UMR 8601, Université René Descartes Paris 5, 45 Rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Pierre Lafite
- UMR 8601, Université René Descartes Paris 5, 45 Rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
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12
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Lefèvre-Groboillot D, Boucher JL, Mansuy D, Stuehr DJ. Reactivity of the heme-dioxygen complex of the inducible nitric oxide synthase in the presence of alternative substrates. FEBS J 2006; 273:180-91. [PMID: 16367758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.05056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Single turnover reactions of the inducible nitric oxide synthase oxygenase domain (iNOSoxy) in the presence of several non alpha-amino acid N-hydroxyguanidines and guanidines were studied by stopped-flow visible spectroscopy, and compared with reactions using the native substrates L-arginine (L-arg) or N(omega)-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA). In experiments containing dihydrobiopterin, a catalytically incompetent pterin, and each of the studied substrates, L-arg, butylguanidine (BuGua), para-fluorophenylguanidine (FPhGua), NOHA, N-butyl- and N-(para-fluorophenyl)-N'-hydroxyguanidines (BuNOHG and FPhNOHG), the formation of a iron(II) heme-dioxygen intermediate (Fe(II)O2) was always observed. The Fe(II)O2 species then decayed to iron(III) iNOSoxy at rates that were dependent on the nature of the substrate. Identical reactions containing the catalytically competent cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), iNOSoxy and the three N-hydroxyguanidines, all exhibited an initial formation of an Fe(II)O2 species that was successively converted to an Fe(III)NO complex and eventually to high-spin iron(III) iNOSoxy. The formation and decay kinetics of the Fe(III)NO complex did not vary greatly as a function of the N-hydroxyguanidine structure, but the formation of Fe(III)NO was substoichiometric in the cases of BuNOHG and FPhNOHG. Reactions between BH4-containing iNOSoxy and BuGua exhibited kinetics similar to those of the corresponding reaction with L-arginine, with formation of an Fe(II)O2 intermediate that was directly converted to high-spin iron(III) iNOSoxy. In contrast, no Fe(II)O2 intermediate was observed in the reaction of BH4-containing iNOSoxy and FPhGua. Multi-turnover reaction of iNOS with FPhGua did not lead to formation of NO or to hydroxylation of the substrate, contrary to reactions with BuGua or L-arg. Our results reveal how different structural and chemical properties of NOS substrate analogues can impact on the kinetics and reactivity of the Fe(II)O2 intermediate, and support an important role for substrate pKa during NOS oxygen activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lefèvre-Groboillot
- Department of Immunology, The Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, Brazil.
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Lefèvre-Groboillot D, Boucher JL, Stuehr DJ, Mansuy D. Relationship between the structure of guanidines and N-hydroxyguanidines, their binding to inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and their iNOS-catalysed oxidation to NO. FEBS J 2005; 272:3172-83. [PMID: 15955074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The binding of several alkyl- and aryl-guanidines and N-hydroxyguanidines to the oxygenase domain of inducible NO-synthase (iNOS(oxy)) was studied by UV/Vis difference spectroscopy. In a very general manner, monosubstituted guanidines exhibited affinities for iNOS(oxy) that were very close to those of the corresponding N-hydroxyguanidines. The highest affinities were observed for the natural substrates, L-arginine and N(omega)-hydroxy-L-arginine (K(d) at the microm level). The deletion of either the CO2H or the NH2 function of their amino acid moiety led to dramatic decreases in the affinity. However, alkylguanidines with a relatively small alkyl chain exhibited interesting affinities, the best being observed for a butyl chain (K(d) =20 microM). Arylguanidines also bound to iNOS(oxy), however, with lower affinities (K(d) > 250 microm). Many N-alkyl- and N-aryl-N'-hydroxyguanidines are oxidized by iNOS with formation of NO, whereas only few alkylguanidines led to significant production of NO under identical conditions, and all the arylguanidines tested to date were unable to lead to the production of NO. The k(cat) values of NO production from the oxidation by iNOS of the studied N-hydroxyguanidines were found to vary independently of their affinity for the protein. The k(cat) values determined for the two-step oxidation of alkylguanidines to NO were not clearly related to the K(d) of these substrates toward iNOS(oxy). However, there is a qualitative relationship between these k(cat) values and the apparent rate constants of dissociation of the complex between iNOS(oxy) and the corresponding N-alkyl-N'-hydroxyguanidine (k(off) (app)) that were determined by stopped-flow UV/Vis spectroscopy. These data indicate that a key factor for efficient oxidation of a guanidine by iNOS to NO is the ability of the corresponding N-hydroxyguanidine to bind to the active site without being too rapidly released before its further oxidation. This explains why 4,4,4-trifluorobutylguanidine is so far the best non-alpha-amino acid guanidine substrate of iNOS with formation of NO, because the k(off) (app) of the corresponding N-hydroxyguanidine is particularly low. This suggests that the rational design of guanidines as new NO donors upon in situ oxidation by NOSs should take into account both thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of the interaction of the protein not only with the guanidine but also with the corresponding N-hydroxyguanidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lefèvre-Groboillot
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris 5, France
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15
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Moreau M, Takahashi H, Sari MA, Boucher JL, Sagami I, Shimizu T, Mansuy D. Importance of valine 567 in substrate recognition and oxidation by neuronal nitric oxide synthase. J Inorg Biochem 2005; 98:1200-9. [PMID: 15219986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2003] [Revised: 01/30/2004] [Accepted: 03/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesised by a two-step oxidation of -arginine (L-Arg) in the active site of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with formation of an intermediate, N omega-hydroxy-L-Arg (NOHA). Crystal structures of NOSs have shown the importance of an active-site Val567 residue (numbered for rat neuronal NOS, nNOS) interacting with non-amino acid substrates. To investigate the role of this Val residue in substrate recognition and NO-formation activity by nNOS, we generated and purified four Val567 mutants of nNOS, Val567Leu, Val567Phe, Val567Arg and Val567Glu. We characterized these proteins and tested their ability to generate NO from the oxidation of natural substrates L-Arg and NOHA, and from N-hydroxyguanidines previously identified as alternative substrates for nNOS. The Val567Leu mutant displayed lower NO formation activities than the wild type (WT) in the presence of all tested compounds. Surprisingly, the Val567Phe mutant formed low amounts of NO only from NOHA. These two mutants displayed lower affinity for L-Arg and NOHA than the WT protein. Val576Glu and Val567Arg mutants were much less stable and did not lead to any formation of NO. These results suggest that Val567 is an important residue for preserving the integrity of the active site, for substrate binding, and subsequently for NO-formation in nNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Moreau
- UMR 8601 CNRS, Université Paris V R. Descartes, 45 Rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
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16
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Mansuy D, Boucher JL. Alternative nitric oxide-producing substrates for NO synthases. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:1105-21. [PMID: 15451052 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Revised: 06/22/2004] [Accepted: 06/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key inter- and intracellular molecule involved in the maintenance of vascular tone, neuronal signaling, and host response to infection. The biosynthesis of NO in mammals involves a two-step oxidation of L-arginine (L-Arg) to citrulline and NO catalyzed by a particular class of heme-thiolate proteins, called NO-synthases (NOSs). The NOSs successively catalyze the Nomega-hydroxylation of the guanidine group of L-Arg with formation of Nomega-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA) and the oxidative cleavage of the CN(OH) bond of NOHA with formation of citrulline and NO. During the last decade, a great number of compounds bearing a CNH or CNOH function have been synthesized and studied as possible NO-producing substrates of recombinant NOSs. This includes derivatives of L-Arg and NOHA, N-alkyl (or aryl) guanidines, N,N'- or N,N-disubstituted guanidines, N-alkyl (or aryl) N'-hydroxyguanidines, N- (or O-) disubstituted N'-hydroxyguanidines, as well as amidoximes, ketoximes, and aldoximes. However, only those involving the NHC(NH2)=NH (or NOH) moiety have led to a significant formation of NO. All the N-monosubstituted N'-hydroxyguanidines that are well recognized by the NOS active site lead to NO with catalytic efficiences (kcat/Km) up to 50% of that of NOHA. This is the case of many N-aryl and N-alkyl N'-hydroxyguanidines, provided that the aryl or alkyl substituent is small enough to be accommodated by a NOS hydrophobic site located in close proximity of the NOS "guanidine binding site." As far as N-substituted guanidines are concerned, few compounds bearing a small alkyl group have been found to act as NO-producing substrates. The kcat value found for the best compound may reach 55% of the kcat of L-Arg oxidation. However, the best catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) that was obtained with N-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl) guanidine is only 100-fold lower than that of L-Arg. In a general manner, NOS II is a better catalyst that NOS I and III for the oxidation of exogenous guanidines and N-hydroxyguanidines to NO. This is particularly true for guanidines as the ones acting as substrates for NOS II have been found to be almost inactive for NOS I and NOS III. Thus, a good NO-producing guanidine substrate for the two latter isozymes remains to be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mansuy
- UMR 8601-Université Paris 5, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France.
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Abstract
L-Arginine is the biological precursor of nitric oxide (NO), which serves as an important signal and effector molecule in animals. This review summarizes some structure-function aspects of the mammalian nitric oxide synthases, which are enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of L-arginine to NO and L-citrulline. These include aspects related to: 1) the chemical transformations of L-arginine during enzyme catalysis, 2) binding of L-arginine or its structural analogs to the nitric oxide synthases, and 3) how L-arginine levels may affect product formation by the nitric oxide synthases and how this can be modulated by structural analogs of L-arginine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Stuehr
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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18
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Takahashi H, Sato Y, Moreau M, Sari MA, Boucher JL, Mansuy D, Sagami I, Shimizu T. Critical Role of Val567 in Substrate Recognition by Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase for NO Formation Activity. CHEM LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2003.998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Jia Q, Cai T, Huang M, Li H, Xian M, Poulos TL, Wang PG. Isoform-selective substrates of nitric oxide synthase. J Med Chem 2003; 46:2271-4. [PMID: 12773030 DOI: 10.1021/jm0340703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Because of the double-edged nature of NO, the development of isoform-selective NOS substrates is a highly desirable goal. Given the striking similarity in the heme active sites of the three NOS isoforms, it presents an challenging problem. Several N-aryl-N'-hydroxyguanidines have recently been shown as substrates that are selective for iNOS over nNOS. Here, we report the first success that 3 is a good substrate for nNOS (70% activity of NOHA, K(m) approximately 40 +/- 6 microM) over iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Jia
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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