1
|
Kültz D, Gardell AM, DeTomaso A, Stoney G, Rinkevich B, Qarri A, Hamar J. Proteome-wide 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal signature of oxidative stress in the marine invasive tunicate Botryllus schlosseri. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.19.604351. [PMID: 39211222 PMCID: PMC11360967 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.19.604351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The colonial ascidian Boytryllus schlosseri is an invasive marine chordate that thrives under conditions of anthropogenic climate change. We show that the B. schlosseri expressed proteome contains unusually high levels of proteins that are adducted with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). HNE represents a prominent posttranslational modification resulting from oxidative stress. Although numerous studies have assessed oxidative stress in marine organisms HNE protein modification has not previously been determined in any marine species. LC/MS proteomics was used to identify 1052 HNE adducted proteins in B. schlosseri field and laboratory populations. Adducted amino acid residues were ascertained for 1849 modified sites, of which 1195 had a maximum amino acid localization score. Most HNE modifications were at less reactive lysines (rather than more reactive cysteines). HNE prevelance on most sites was high. These observations suggest that B. schlosseri experiences and tolerates high intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, resulting in substantial lipid peroxidation. HNE adducted B. schlosseri proteins show enrichment in mitochondrial, proteostasis, and cytoskeletal functions. Based on these results we propose that redox signaling contributes to regulating energy metabolism, the blastogenic cycle, oxidative burst defenses, and cytoskeleton dynamics during B. schlosseri development and physiology. A DIA assay library was constructed to quantify HNE adduction at 72 sites across 60 proteins that represent a holistic network of functionally discernable oxidative stress bioindicators. We conclude that the vast amount of HNE protein adduction in this circumpolar tunicate is indicative of high oxidative stress tolerance contributing to its range expansion into diverse environments. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Oxidative stress results from environmental challenges that increase in frequency and severity during the Anthropocene. Oxygen radical attack causes lipid peroxidation leading to HNE production. Proteome-wide HNE adduction is highly prevalent in Botryllus schlosseri , a widely distributed, highly invasive, and economically important biofouling ascidian and the first marine species to be analyzed for proteome HNE modification. HNE adduction of specific proteins physiologically sequesters reactive oxygen species, which enhances fitness and resilience during environmental change.
Collapse
|
2
|
Hall DR, Gauthier J, Peng H. Querying the In Vitro Proteome Cysteine Reactivity of 8:2 Fluorotelomer Acrylate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13015-13024. [PMID: 37607404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the phase out of legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), fluorotelomer-based polymers (FTP) have been used for many applications, notably textile surface coatings. FTPs are of a health concern due to their breakdown into legacy PFAS and the co-occurrence of fluorotelomer acrylate (FTAC) monomers, of which the latter may potentially react with cellular thiols. To evaluate this hypothesis, we employed fluorous-solid-phase extraction (FSPE), to enrich peptides covalently modified by 8:2 fluorotelomer acrylate (8:2 FTAC) and coupled it to a modified nano-liquid chromatography method for the identification of in vitro protein adducts using bottom-up data-dependent proteomics analysis. Using this method, over 100 unique peptides were detected with 8:2 FTAC modifications, although none of the modified cysteine residues were annotated active site nucleophiles. In parallel, a synthetic C6F13-iodoacetamide (F13-IAM) chemical probe was used to gauge the upper bound of PFAS-thiol reactivity. Over seven hundred peptides were detected with modifications but only 9 of 28 annotated active site cysteines in this dataset were modified by F13-IAM. Further exploration of the impacts of 8:2 FTAC adducts on protein function revealed that 8:2 FTAC modification promotes protein aggregation in vitro. These results suggest that 8:2 FTAC may exhibit significant proteome thiol reactivity and imply a more general mechanism of toxicity of PFAS-induced protein aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Ross Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Jeremy Gauthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Frackowiak J, Mazur-Kolecka B. Intraneuronal accumulation of amyloid-β peptides as the pathomechanism linking autism and its co-morbidities: epilepsy and self-injurious behavior - the hypothesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1160967. [PMID: 37305553 PMCID: PMC10250631 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1160967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with enhanced processing of amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) by secretase-α, higher blood levels of sAPPα and intraneuronal accumulation of N-terminally truncated Aβ peptides in the brain cortex - mainly in the GABAergic neurons expressing parvalbumin - and subcortical structures. Brain Aβ accumulation has been also described in epilepsy-the frequent ASD co-morbidity. Furthermore, Aβ peptides have been shown to induce electroconvulsive episodes. Enhanced production and altered processing of APP, as well as accumulation of Aβ in the brain are also frequent consequences of traumatic brain injuries which result from self-injurious behaviors, another ASD co-morbidity. We discuss distinct consequences of accumulation of Aβ in the neurons and synapses depending on the Aβ species, their posttranslational modifications, concentration, level of aggregation and oligomerization, as well as brain structures, cell types and subcellular structures where it occurs. The biological effects of Aβ species which are discussed in the context of the pathomechanisms of ASD, epilepsy, and self-injurious behavior include modulation of transcription-both activation and repression; induction of oxidative stress; activation and alteration of membrane receptors' signaling; formation of calcium channels causing hyper-activation of neurons; reduction of GABAergic signaling - all of which lead to disruption of functions of synapses and neuronal networks. We conclude that ASD, epilepsy, and self-injurious behaviors all contribute to the enhanced production and accumulation of Aβ peptides which in turn cause and enhance dysfunctions of the neuronal networks that manifest as autism clinical symptoms, epilepsy, and self-injurious behaviors.
Collapse
|
4
|
Milkovic L, Zarkovic N, Marusic Z, Zarkovic K, Jaganjac M. The 4-Hydroxynonenal–Protein Adducts and Their Biological Relevance: Are Some Proteins Preferred Targets? Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040856. [PMID: 37107229 PMCID: PMC10135105 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation (LPO) play a role in physiology and pathology. The most studied LPO product with pleiotropic capabilities is 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). It is considered as an important mediator of cellular signaling processes and a second messenger of reactive oxygen species. The effects of 4-HNE are mainly attributed to its adduction with proteins. Whereas the Michael adducts thus formed are preferred in an order of potency of cysteine > histidine > lysine over Schiff base formation, it is not known which proteins are the preferred targets for 4-HNE under what physiological or pathological conditions. In this review, we briefly discuss the methods used to identify 4-HNE–protein adducts, the progress of mass spectrometry in deciphering the specific protein targets, and their biological relevance, focusing on the role of 4-HNE protein adducts in the adaptive response through modulation of the NRF2/KEAP1 pathway and ferroptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Milkovic
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Neven Zarkovic
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Marusic
- Division of Pathology, Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kamelija Zarkovic
- Division of Pathology, Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Morana Jaganjac
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Irokawa H, Numasaki S, Kato S, Iwai K, Inose-Maruyama A, Ohdate T, Hwang GW, Toyama T, Watanabe T, Kuge S. Comprehensive analyses of the cysteine thiol oxidation of PKM2 reveal the effects of multiple oxidation on cellular oxidative stress response. Biochem J 2021; 478:1453-1470. [PMID: 33749780 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Redox regulation of proteins via cysteine residue oxidation is involved in the control of various cellular signal pathways. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis, is critical for the metabolic shift from glycolysis to the pentose phosphate pathway under oxidative stress in cancer cell growth. The PKM2 tetramer is required for optimal pyruvate kinase (PK) activity, whereas the inhibition of inter-subunit interaction of PKM2 induced by Cys358 oxidation has reduced PK activity. In the present study, we identified three oxidation-sensitive cysteine residues (Cys358, Cys423 and Cys424) responsible for four oxidation forms via the thiol oxidant diamide and/or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Possibly due to obstruction of the dimer-dimer interface, H2O2-induced sulfenylation (-SOH) and diamide-induced modification at Cys424 inhibited tetramer formation and PK activity. Cys423 is responsible for intermolecular disulfide bonds with heterologous proteins via diamide. Additionally, intramolecular polysulphide linkage (-Sn-, n ≧ 3) between Cys358 and an unidentified PKM2 Cys could be induced by diamide. We observed that cells expressing the oxidation-resistant PKM2 (PKM2C358,424A) produced more intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exhibited greater sensitivity to ROS-generating reagents and ROS-inducible anti-cancer drugs compared with cells expressing wild-type PKM2. These results highlight the possibility that PKM2 inhibition via Cys358 and Cys424 oxidation contributes to eliminating excess ROS and oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Irokawa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Numasaki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shin Kato
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kenta Iwai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Inose-Maruyama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takumi Ohdate
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Gi-Wook Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takashi Toyama
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Watanabe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shusuke Kuge
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Galbiati A, Zana A, Conti P. Covalent inhibitors of GAPDH: From unspecific warheads to selective compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112740. [PMID: 32898762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Targeting glycolysis is an attractive approach for the treatment of a wide range of pathologies, such as various tumors and parasitic infections. Due to its pivotal role in the glycolysis, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) represents a rate-limiting enzyme in those cells that mostly, or exclusively rely on this pathway for energy production. In this context, GAPDH inhibition can be a valuable approach for the development of anticancer and antiparasitic drugs. In addition to its glycolytic role, GAPDH possesses several moonlight functions, whose deregulation is involved in some pathological conditions. Covalent modification on different amino acids of GAPDH, in particular on cysteine residues, can lead to a modulation of the enzyme activity. The selectivity towards specific cysteine residues is essential to achieve a specific phenotypic effect. In this work we report an extensive overview of the latest advances on the numerous compounds able to inhibit GAPDH through the covalent binding to cysteine residues, ranging from endogenous metabolites and xenobiotics, which may serve as pharmacological tools to actual drug-like compounds with promising therapeutic perspectives. Furthermore, we focused on the potentialities of the different warheads, shedding light on the possibility to exploit a combination of a finely tuned electrophilic group with a well-designed recognition moiety. These findings can provide useful information for the rational design of novel covalent inhibitors of GAPDH, with the final goal to expand the current treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galbiati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Aureliano Zana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Conti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
O’Brien J, Wendell SG. Electrophile Modulation of Inflammation: A Two-Hit Approach. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110453. [PMID: 33182676 PMCID: PMC7696920 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophilic small molecules have gained significant attention over the last decade in the field of covalent drug discovery. Long recognized as mediators of the inflammatory process, recent evidence suggests that electrophiles may modulate the immune response through the regulation of metabolic networks. These molecules function as pleiotropic signaling mediators capable of reversibly reacting with nucleophilic biomolecules, most notably at reactive cysteines. More specifically, electrophiles target critical cysteines in redox regulatory proteins to activate protective pathways such as the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Nrf2-Keap1) antioxidant signaling pathway while also inhibiting Nuclear Factor κB (NF-κB). During inflammatory states, reactive species broadly alter cell signaling through the oxidation of lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids, effectively propagating the inflammatory sequence. Subsequent changes in metabolic signaling inform immune cell maturation and effector function. Therapeutic strategies targeting inflammatory pathologies leverage electrophilic drug compounds, in part, because of their documented effect on the redox balance of the cell. With mounting evidence demonstrating the link between redox signaling and metabolism, electrophiles represent ideal therapeutic candidates for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Through their pleiotropic signaling activity, electrophiles may be used strategically to both directly and indirectly target immune cell metabolism.
Collapse
|
8
|
Geib T, Iacob C, Jribi R, Fernandes J, Benderdour M, Sleno L. Identification of 4-hydroxynonenal-modified proteins in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. J Proteomics 2020; 232:104024. [PMID: 33122130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.104024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The α,β-unsaturated aldehyde 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) is formed through lipid peroxidation during oxidative stress. As a highly reactive electrophile, it is able to form adducts with various biomolecules, including proteins. These protein modifications could modulate many signaling pathways, as well as cell differentiation and proliferation, and thus could be highly important in the context of the extracellular matrix and degradation of articular cartilage. This study specifically investigated the role of HNE as a bioactive molecule in chondrocytes of osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Chondrocyte extracts of OA and non-OA patients were analyzed for HNE binding using Western blot and bottom-up LC-MS/MS analyses. HNE-modified histones, H2A and H2B, and histone deacetylase were identified using anti-HNE antibodies. Furthermore, peptide sequencing and database searching revealed 95 distinct HNE-modified proteins and their exact modification sites, with 88 protein adducts being unique to OA chondrocytes. HNE-proteins of specific interest included histone H2A, H2B and H4, collagen alpha-3(VI) chain, eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-I, and nucleolar RNA helicase 2. Comparing their MS/MS spectra to those of HNE-modified standard peptides further validated the six HNE-proteins. SIGNIFICANCE: HNE binding to proteins has been shown to result in multiple abnormalities of chondrocyte phenotype and function, suggesting its contribution in OA development. Considering the increased levels of HNE in OA cartilage, this reactive aldehyde could play a role in OA. This work represents a clinically-relevant in vivo study to demonstrate the pathophysiological role of HNE in human OA. Since HNE binding can alter protein conformation and function, it remains highly relevant to study the effects of this modification in OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timon Geib
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Cristiana Iacob
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rihab Jribi
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Julio Fernandes
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mohamed Benderdour
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Lekha Sleno
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Two Toxic Lipid Aldehydes, 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (4-HHE) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), Accumulate in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090567. [PMID: 32899405 PMCID: PMC7551374 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid aldehydes originating from the peroxidation of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids are increased in hemodialysis (HD) patients, a process already known to promote oxidative stress. However, data are lacking for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) before the initiation of HD. We prospectively evaluated the changes of plasma concentrations of two major lipid aldehydes, 4-HHE and 4-HNE, according to the decrease of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in 40 CKD and 13 non-CKD participants. GFR was measured by inulin or iohexol clearance. Thus, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) and 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (4-HHE) were quantitated in plasma by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and their covalent adducts on proteins were quantified by immunoblotting. On the one hand, 4-HHE plasma concentration increased from CKD stage I–II to CKD stage IV–V compared to non-CKD patients (4.5-fold higher in CKD IV–V, p < 0.005). On the other hand, 4-HNE concentration only increased in CKD stage IV–V patients (6.2-fold, p < 0.005). The amount of covalent adducts of 4-HHE on plasma protein was 9.5-fold higher in CKD patients than in controls (p < 0.005), while no difference was observed for 4-HNE protein adducts. Plasma concentrations of 4-HNE and 4-HHE are increased in CKD IV–V patients before the initiation of hemodialysis.
Collapse
|
10
|
Guo FF, Xiao M, Wang SY, Zeng T, Cheng L, Xie Q. Downregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in chronic ethanol-induced fatty liver. Toxicol Mech Methods 2020; 30:407-416. [PMID: 32237978 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2020.1747126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are versatile proteins that have been suggested to be involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism. This study was designed to investigate the responses of MAPK signaling to chronic ethanol exposure in vivo and in vitro, and try to explore its role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic fatty liver (AFL). Mice were fed with Lieber-Decarli liquid diet (5% ethanol, w/v) for 4 weeks to induce fatty liver, and the chronological changes of MAPK phosphorylation were measured using western blotting. We found that chronic ethanol feeding led to accumulation of triglyceride (TG), decreased phosphorylation of MAPKs, decreased protein level of peroxisomal proliferator activation receptor α (PPARα), and increased protein expression of cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) in mice liver. In vitro study showed that overexpression of CYP2E1 blunted the response of MAPKs to ethanol, and MAPK phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) knockdown by siRNA led to upregulation of PPARα protein level. Lastly, epidermal growth factor (EGF), a well-known MAPK activator, significantly suppressed chronic ethanol-induced hepatic fat accumulation and decline of PPARα expression in mice liver. Collectively, MAPK suppression, possibly due to the activation of hepatic CYP2E1, may be involved in chronic ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mo Xiao
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shao-Yi Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The concept of cell signaling in the context of nonenzyme-assisted protein modifications by reactive electrophilic and oxidative species, broadly known as redox signaling, is a uniquely complex topic that has been approached from numerous different and multidisciplinary angles. Our Review reflects on five aspects critical for understanding how nature harnesses these noncanonical post-translational modifications to coordinate distinct cellular activities: (1) specific players and their generation, (2) physicochemical properties, (3) mechanisms of action, (4) methods of interrogation, and (5) functional roles in health and disease. Emphasis is primarily placed on the latest progress in the field, but several aspects of classical work likely forgotten/lost are also recollected. For researchers with interests in getting into the field, our Review is anticipated to function as a primer. For the expert, we aim to stimulate thought and discussion about fundamentals of redox signaling mechanisms and nuances of specificity/selectivity and timing in this sophisticated yet fascinating arena at the crossroads of chemistry and biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Parvez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of
Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Marcus J. C. Long
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Jesse R. Poganik
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Yimon Aye
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New
York, New York, 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zeng T, Zhang CL, Zhao N, Guan MJ, Xiao M, Yang R, Zhao XL, Yu LH, Zhu ZP, Xie KQ. Impairment of Akt activity by CYP2E1 mediated oxidative stress is involved in chronic ethanol-induced fatty liver. Redox Biol 2017; 14:295-304. [PMID: 28987868 PMCID: PMC5633250 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) plays important roles in the regulation of lipid homeostasis, and impairment of Akt activity has been demonstrated to be involved in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Previous studies suggest that cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) plays causal roles in the pathogenesis of alcoholic fatty liver (AFL). We hypothesized that Akt activity might be impaired due to CYP2E1-induced oxidative stress in chronic ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis. In this study, we found that chronic ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis was accompanied with reduced phosphorylation of Akt at Thr308 in mice liver. Chronic ethanol exposure had no effects on the protein levels of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN), and led to a slight decrease of phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK-1) protein level. Ethanol exposure resulted in increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)-Akt adducts, which was significantly inhibited by chlormethiazole (CMZ), an efficient CYP2E1 inhibitor. Interestingly, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) significantly attenuated chronic ethanol-induced hepatic fat accumulation and the decline of Akt phosphorylation at Thr308. In the in vitro studies, Akt phosphorylation was suppressed in CYP2E1-expressing HepG2 (CYP2E1-HepG2) cells compared with the negative control HepG2 (NC-HepG2) cells, and 4-HNE treatment led to significant decrease of Akt phosphorylation at Thr308 in wild type HepG2 cells. Lastly, pharmacological activation of Akt by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) significantly alleviated chronic ethanol-induced fatty liver in mice. Collectively, these results indicate that CYP2E1-induced oxidative stress may be responsible for ethanol-induced suppression of Akt phosphorylation and pharmacological modulation of Akt in liver may be an effective strategy for the treatment of ethanol-induced fatty liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, China.
| | - Cui-Li Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, China
| | - Min-Jie Guan
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, China
| | - Mo Xiao
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, China
| | - Li-Hua Yu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, China
| | - Zhen-Ping Zhu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, China
| | - Ke-Qin Xie
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang H, Forman HJ. Signaling by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: Exposure protocols, target selectivity and degradation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 617:145-154. [PMID: 27840096 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), a major non-saturated aldehyde product of lipid peroxidation, has been extensively studied as a signaling messenger. In these studies a wide range of HNE concentrations have been used, ranging from the unstressed plasma concentration to far beyond what would be found in actual pathophysiological condition. In addition, accumulating evidence suggest that signaling protein modification by HNE is specific with only those proteins with cysteine, histidine, and lysine residues located in certain sequence or environments adducted by HNE. HNE-signaling is further regulated through the turnover of HNE-signaling protein adducts through proteolytic process that involve proteasomes, lysosomes and autophagy. This review discusses the HNE concentrations and exposure modes used in signaling studies, the selectivity of the HNE-adduction site, and the turnover of signaling protein adducts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiao Zhang
- Andrus Gerontology Center of the Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA.
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- Andrus Gerontology Center of the Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ramm S, Limbeck E, Mally A. Functional and cellular consequences of covalent target protein modification by furan in rat liver. Toxicology 2016; 361-362:49-61. [PMID: 27402187 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Furan hepatotoxicity is thought to be linked to covalent binding of its reactive metabolite, cis-2-butene-1,4-dial, to hepatic proteins critical for cell homeostasis and survival. We previously identified 61 putative furan target proteins, which participate in various cellular processes including carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid β-oxidation, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, protein folding and maintenance of redox homeostasis. To further investigate the biological significance of target protein modification, this study was designed to determine the impact of furan on the activity of key target enzymes involved in glycolysis, β-oxidation, ATP synthesis, and redox regulation in rat liver, and to link these functional changes to alterations in cellular processes. While cis-2-butene-1,4-dial inhibited thioredoxin 1 (Txn1) in a cell-free assay, in livers of rats treated with a single high dose of furan Txn1 activity was markedly increased due to rapid up-regulation of Txn1 mRNA expression. Significant inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and metabolic changes consistent with blocked glycolytic breakdown of glucose were observed in rat liver in response to a single high dose of furan. In contrast, furan treatment resulted in increased activity of enoyl-CoA hydratase and enhanced production of ketone bodies, indicative of increased utilization of fatty acids as energy source. Consistent with changes in TCA cycle metabolites, furan treatment resulted in a reduction of succinate dehydrogenase activity, supporting mitochondrial dysfunction as a critical event in furan toxicity. No significant changes in target protein function were observed following repeated administration of furan at lower dose (0.1 and 0.5mg/kg bw for 4 weeks) closer to estimated human exposure to furan via food. Although the relative contribution of furan mediated alterations in metabolic pathways and antioxidant defense to the overall toxic response to furan, including considerations of dose and time, remains to be established, our work contributes to mapping biological processes and toxicity pathways modulated by reactive electrophiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ramm
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Limbeck
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Interplay between oxidant species and energy metabolism. Redox Biol 2015; 8:28-42. [PMID: 26741399 PMCID: PMC4710798 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been recognized that energy metabolism is linked to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and critical enzymes allied to metabolic pathways can be affected by redox reactions. This interplay between energy metabolism and ROS becomes most apparent during the aging process and in the onset and progression of many age-related diseases (i.e. diabetes, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases). As such, the capacity to identify metabolic pathways involved in ROS formation, as well as specific targets and oxidative modifications is crucial to our understanding of the molecular basis of age-related diseases and for the design of novel therapeutic strategies. Herein we review oxidant formation associated with the cell's energetic metabolism, key antioxidants involved in ROS detoxification, and the principal targets of oxidant species in metabolic routes and discuss their relevance in cell signaling and age-related diseases. Energy metabolism is both a source and target of oxidant species. Reactive oxygen species are formed in redox reactions in catabolic pathways. Sensitive targets of oxidant species regulate the flux of metabolic pathways. Metabolic pathways and antioxidant systems are regulated coordinately.
Collapse
|
16
|
Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress Activates Proteasomal Trypsin-Like Activity in Human U373 Glioma Cells. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 58:297-305. [PMID: 26563451 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0680-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of oxidized or oxidatively modified proteins is an essential part of the cellular antioxidant defense system. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal, a major reactive aldehyde formed by lipid peroxidation, causes many types of cellular damage. The major proteolytic system for modified protein degradation is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. However, our previous studies using U937 human leukemic cells showed that 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is degraded by cathepsin G. In the present study, U373 human glioma cells were cultured in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to investigate the relationships of proteasome and/or cathepsin G activities and H2O2-induced GAPDH degradation. Treatment of cells with H2O2 for 5 h in culture decreased GAPDH activity as well as its protein concentration in a concentration-dependent manner. Two proteasomal activities (peptidylglutamyl-peptide hydrolase and chymotrypsin-like hydrolase activities) and cathepsin G activity were decreased by H2O2 treatment in a concentration-dependent manner, but proteasomal trypsin-like hydrolase activity increased with cell exposure to high H2O2 concentrations. Among the protease inhibitors examined here, H2O2-induced activation of trypsin-like activity and GAPDH degradation were inhibited by the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin. Furthermore, H2O2-induced activation of trypsin-like activity was also inhibited by another proteasome inhibitor MG-132. These results suggested that proteasomal trypsin-like activity played an important role in eliminating oxidatively modified GAPDH formed in these cells during H2O2 exposure.
Collapse
|
17
|
Schaur RJ, Siems W, Bresgen N, Eckl PM. 4-Hydroxy-nonenal-A Bioactive Lipid Peroxidation Product. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2247-337. [PMID: 26437435 PMCID: PMC4693237 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review on recent research advances of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-nonenal (HNE) has four major topics: I. the formation of HNE in various organs and tissues, II. the diverse biochemical reactions with Michael adduct formation as the most prominent one, III. the endogenous targets of HNE, primarily peptides and proteins (here the mechanisms of covalent adduct formation are described and the (patho-) physiological consequences discussed), and IV. the metabolism of HNE leading to a great number of degradation products, some of which are excreted in urine and may serve as non-invasive biomarkers of oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf J Schaur
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 33a, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Werner Siems
- Institute for Medical Education, KortexMed GmbH, Hindenburgring 12a, 38667 Bad Harzburg, Germany.
| | - Nikolaus Bresgen
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Peter M Eckl
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang J, Tallman KA, Porter NA, Liebler DC. Quantitative chemoproteomics for site-specific analysis of protein alkylation by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in cells. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2535-41. [PMID: 25654326 PMCID: PMC4350606 DOI: 10.1021/ac504685y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Protein alkylation by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
(HNE), an endogenous
lipid derived electrophile, contributes to stress signaling and cellular
toxicity. Although previous work has identified protein targets for
HNE alkylation, the sequence specificity of alkylation and dynamics
in a cellular context remain largely unexplored. We developed a new
quantitative chemoproteomic platform, which uses isotopically tagged,
photocleavable azido-biotin reagents to selectively capture and quantify
the cellular targets labeled by the alkynyl analogue of HNE (aHNE).
Our analyses site-specifically identified and quantified 398 aHNE
protein alkylation events (386 cysteine sites and 12 histidine sites)
in intact cells. This data set expands by at least an order of magnitude
the number of such modification sites previously reported. Although
adducts formed by Michael addition are thought to be largely irreversible,
we found that most aHNE modifications are lost rapidly in
situ. Moreover, aHNE adduct turnover occurs only in intact
cells and loss rates are site-selective. This quantitative chemoproteomics
platform provides a versatile general approach to map bioorthogonal-chemically
engineered post-translational modifications and their cellular dynamics
in a site-specific and unbiased manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , 465 21st Avenue South, U1213 MRB III, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lazarev VF, Benken KA, Semenyuk PI, Sarantseva SV, Bolshakova OI, Mikhaylova ER, Muronetz VI, Guzhova IV, Margulis BA. GAPDH binders as potential drugs for the therapy of polyglutamine diseases: Design of a new screening assay. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:581-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
20
|
Bruno S, Pinto A, Paredi G, Tamborini L, De Micheli C, La Pietra V, Marinelli L, Novellino E, Conti P, Mozzarelli A. Discovery of Covalent Inhibitors of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase, A Target for the Treatment of Malaria. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7465-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500747h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bruno
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia and Centro Siteia.Parma, Università di Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Paredi
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia and Centro Siteia.Parma, Università di Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Lucia Tamborini
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo De Micheli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria La Pietra
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Montesano,
49, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luciana Marinelli
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Montesano,
49, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Montesano,
49, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Conti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia and Centro Siteia.Parma, Università di Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, 00136 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
LoPachin RM, Gavin T. Molecular mechanisms of aldehyde toxicity: a chemical perspective. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1081-91. [PMID: 24911545 PMCID: PMC4106693 DOI: 10.1021/tx5001046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Aldehydes are electrophilic compounds to which humans are pervasively exposed. Despite a significant health risk due to exposure, the mechanisms of aldehyde toxicity are poorly understood. This ambiguity is likely due to the structural diversity of aldehyde derivatives and corresponding differences in chemical reactions and biological targets. To gain mechanistic insight, we have used parameters based on the hard and soft, acids and bases (HSAB) theory to profile the different aldehyde subclasses with respect to electronic character (softness, hardness), electrophilic reactivity (electrophilic index), and biological nucleophilic targets. Our analyses indicate that short chain aldehydes and longer chain saturated alkanals are hard electrophiles that cause toxicity by forming adducts with hard biological nucleophiles, e.g., primary nitrogen groups on lysine residues. In contrast, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl derivatives, alkenals, and the α-oxoaldehydes are soft electrophiles that preferentially react with soft nucleophilic thiolate groups on cysteine residues. The aldehydes can therefore be grouped into subclasses according to common electronic characteristics (softness/hardness) and molecular mechanisms of toxicity. As we will discuss, the toxic potencies of these subgroups are generally related to corresponding electrophilicities. For some aldehydes, however, predictions of toxicity based on electrophilicity are less accurate due to inherent physicochemical variables that limit target accessibility, e.g., steric hindrance and solubility. The unsaturated aldehydes are also members of the conjugated type-2 alkene chemical class that includes α,β-unsaturated amide, ketone, and ester derivatives. Type-2 alkenes are electrophiles of varying softness and electrophilicity that share a common mechanism of toxicity. Therefore, exposure to an environmental mixture of unsaturated carbonyl derivatives could cause "type-2 alkene toxicity" through additive interactions. Finally, we propose that environmentally derived aldehydes can accelerate diseases by interacting with endogenous aldehydes generated during oxidative stress. This review provides a basis for understanding aldehyde mechanisms and environmental toxicity through the context of electronic structure, electrophilicity, and nucleophile target selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. LoPachin
- Department
of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 E. 210th Street, Bronx, New York 10467, United
States
| | - Terrence Gavin
- Department
of Chemistry, Iona College, New Rochelle, New York 10804, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mano J, Nagata M, Okamura S, Shiraya T, Mitsui T. Identification of oxidatively modified proteins in salt-stressed Arabidopsis: a carbonyl-targeted proteomics approach. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1233-44. [PMID: 24850833 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In plants, environmental stresses cause an increase in the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to tissue injury. To obtain biochemical insights into this damage process, we investigated the protein carbonyls formed by ROS or by the lipid peroxide-derived α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones (i.e. reactive carbonyl species, or RCS) in the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana under salt stress. A. thaliana Col-0 plants that we treated with 300 mM NaCl for 72 h under continuous illumination suffered irreversible leaf damage. Several RCS such as 4-hydroxy-(E)-2-nonenal (HNE) were increased within 12 h of this salt treatment. Immunoblotting using distinct antibodies against five different RCS, i.e. HNE, 4-hydroxy-(E)-2-hexenal, acrolein, crotonaldehyde and malondialdehyde, revealed that RCS-modified proteins accumulated in leaves with the progress of the salt stress treatment. The band pattern of Western blotting suggested that these different RCS targeted a common set of proteins. To identify the RCS targets, we collected HNE-modified proteins via an anti-HNE antiserum affinity trap and performed an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation, as a quantitative proteomics approach. Seventeen types of protein, modified by 2-fold more in the stressed plants than in the non-stressed plants, were identified as sensitive RCS targets. With aldehyde-reactive probe-based affinity trapping, we collected the oxidized proteins and identified 22 additional types of protein as sensitive ROS targets. These RCS and ROS target proteins were distributed in the cytosol and apoplast, as well as in the ROS-generating organelles the peroxisome, chloroplast and mitochondrion, suggesting the participation of plasma membrane oxidation in the cellular injury. Possible mechanisms by which these modified targets cause cell death are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun'ichi Mano
- Science Research Center, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, 753-8515 JapanGraduate School of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, 753-8515 Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Nagata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, 753-8515 Japan
| | - Shoutarou Okamura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, 753-8515 Japan
| | - Takeshi Shiraya
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Ikarashi-Ninocho 8050, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181 JapanNiigata Crop Research Center, Niigata Agricultural Research Institute, Nagakura-cho 857, Nagaoka, 940-0826 Japan
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Ikarashi-Ninocho 8050, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Merkley ED, Metz TO, Smith RD, Baynes JW, Frizzell N. The succinated proteome. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:98-109. [PMID: 24115015 PMCID: PMC4038156 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The post-translational modifications (PTMs) of cysteine residues include oxidation, S-glutathionylation, S-nitrosylation, and succination, all of which modify protein function or turnover in response to a changing intracellular redox environment. Succination is a chemical modification of cysteine in proteins by the Krebs cycle intermediate, fumarate, yielding S-(2-succino)cysteine (2SC). Intracellular fumarate concentration and succination of proteins are increased by hyperpolarization of the inner mitochondrial membrane, in concert with mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress in 3T3 adipocytes grown in high glucose medium and in adipose tissue in obesity and diabetes in mice. Increased succination of proteins is also detected in the kidney of a fumarase deficient conditional knock-out mouse which develops renal cysts. A wide range of proteins are subject to succination, including enzymes, adipokines, cytoskeletal proteins, and ER chaperones with functional cysteine residues. There is also some overlap between succinated and glutathionylated proteins, suggesting that the same low pKa thiols are targeted by both. Succination of adipocyte proteins in diabetes increases as a result of nutrient excess derived mitochondrial stress and this is inhibited by uncouplers, which discharge the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and relieve the electron transport chain. 2SC therefore serves as a biomarker of mitochondrial stress or dysfunction in chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and cancer, and recent studies suggest that succination is a mechanistic link between mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative and ER stress, and cellular progression toward apoptosis. In this article, we review the history of the succinated proteome and the challenges associated with measuring this non-enzymatic PTM of proteins by proteomics approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Merkley
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - Thomas O. Metz
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - Richard D. Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - John W. Baynes
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Norma Frizzell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ohta S, Suzuki N, Kobayashi S, Chikuma T. Role of Cathepsin G in the Degradation of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Triggered by 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal in U937 Cells. Cell 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/cellbio.2014.32004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
25
|
Panis C. Unraveling Oxidation-Induced Modifications in Proteins by Proteomics. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2014; 94:19-38. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800168-4.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
26
|
Frackowiak J, Mazur-Kolecka B, Schanen NC, Brown WT, Wegiel J. The link between intraneuronal N-truncated amyloid-β peptide and oxidatively modified lipids in idiopathic autism and dup(15q11.2-q13)/autism. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2013; 1:61. [PMID: 24252310 PMCID: PMC3893450 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-1-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder of unknown etiopathogenesis associated with structural and functional abnormalities of neurons and increased formation of reactive oxygen species. Our previous study revealed enhanced accumulation of amino-terminally truncated amyloid-β (Aβ) in brain neurons and glia in children and adults with autism. Verification of the hypothesis that intraneuronal Aβ may cause oxidative stress was the aim of this study. RESULTS The relationships between neuronal Aβ and oxidative stress markers-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA)-were examined in the frontal cortex from individuals aged 7-32 years with idiopathic autism or with chromosome 15q11.2-q13 duplications (dup(15)) with autism, and age-matched controls. Quantification of confocal microscopy images revealed significantly higher levels of neuronal N-truncated Aβ and HNE and MDA in idiopathic autism and dup(15)/autism than in controls. Lipid peroxidation products were detected in all mitochondria and lipofuscin deposits, in numerous autophagic vacuoles and lysosomes, and in less than 5% of synapses. Neuronal Aβ was co-localized with HNE and MDA, and increased Aβ levels correlated with higher levels of HNE and MDA. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest a self-enhancing pathological process in autism that is initiated by intraneuronal deposition of N-truncated Aβ in childhood. The cascade of events includes altered APP metabolism and abnormal intracellular accumulation of N-terminally truncated Aβ which is a source of reactive oxygen species, which in turn increase the formation of lipid peroxidation products. The latter enhance Aβ deposition and sustain the cascade of changes contributing to metabolic and functional impairments of neurons in autism of an unknown etiology and caused by chromosome 15q11.2-q13 duplication.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lipoxidation adducts with peptides and proteins: deleterious modifications or signaling mechanisms? J Proteomics 2013; 92:110-31. [PMID: 23770299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein lipoxidation refers to the modification by electrophilic lipid oxidation products to form covalent adducts, which for many years has been considered as a deleterious consequence of oxidative stress. Oxidized lipids or phospholipids containing carbonyl moieties react readily with lysine to form Schiff bases; alternatively, oxidation products containing α,β-unsaturated moieties are susceptible to nucleophilic attack by cysteine, histidine or lysine residues to yield Michael adducts, overall corresponding to a large number of possible protein adducts. The most common detection methods for lipoxidized proteins take advantage of the presence of reactive carbonyl groups to add labels, or use antibodies. These methods have limitations in terms of specificity and identification of the modification site. The latter question is satisfactorily addressed by mass spectrometry, which enables the characterization of the adduct structure. This has allowed the identification of lipoxidized proteins in physiological and pathological situations. While in many cases lipoxidation interferes with protein function, causing inhibition of enzymatic activity and increased immunogenicity, there are a small number of cases where lipoxidation results in gain of function or activity. For certain proteins lipoxidation may represent a form of redox signaling, although more work is required to confirm the physiological relevance and mechanisms of such processes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Posttranslational Protein modifications in biology and Medicine.
Collapse
|
28
|
Fritz KS, Petersen DR. An overview of the chemistry and biology of reactive aldehydes. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 59:85-91. [PMID: 22750507 PMCID: PMC3540155 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The nonenzymatic free radical generation of reactive aldehydes is known to contribute to diseases of sustained oxidative stress including rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration, and a number of liver diseases. At the same time, the accumulation of lipid electrophiles has been demonstrated to play a role in cell signaling events through modification of proteins critical for cellular homeostasis. Given the broad scope of reactivity profiles and the ability to modify numerous proteomic and genomic processes, new emphasis is being placed on a systems-based analysis of the consequences of electrophilic adduction. This review focuses on the generation and chemical reactivity of lipid-derived aldehydes with a special focus on the homeostatic responses to electrophilic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis R. Petersen
- Address correspondence to: Dennis R. Petersen, Ph.D. 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Campus Box C-238, Aurora, CO 80045. Fax: 303-724-7266,
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Spickett CM. The lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: Advances in chemistry and analysis. Redox Biol 2013; 1:145-52. [PMID: 24024147 PMCID: PMC3757682 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is one of the most studied products of phospholipid peroxidation, owing to its reactivity and cytotoxicity. It can be formed by several radical-dependent oxidative routes involving the formation of hydroperoxides, alkoxyl radicals, epoxides, and fatty acyl cross-linking reactions. Cleavage of the oxidized fatty acyl chain results in formation of HNE from the methyl end, and 9-oxo-nonanoic acid from the carboxylate or esterified end of the chain, although many other products are also possible. HNE can be metabolized in tissues by a variety of pathways, leading to detoxification and excretion. HNE-adducts to proteins have been detected in inflammatory situations such as atherosclerotic lesions using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, which have also been applied in ELISAs and western blotting. However, in order to identify the proteins modified and the exact sites and nature of the modifications, mass spectrometry approaches are required. Combinations of enrichment strategies with targetted mass spectrometry routines such as neutral loss scanning are now facilitating detection of HNE-modified proteins in complex biological samples. This is important for characterizing the interactions of HNE with redox sensitive cell signalling proteins and understanding how it may modulate their activities either physiologically or in disease.
Collapse
Key Words
- Anti-HNE antibodies
- DHN-MA, 1,4-Dihydroxynonane-mercapturic acid
- DNPH, 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine
- ESI, Electrospray ionization
- FT-ICR, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance
- HNE, 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal
- HNE-protein adducts
- HODA, 9-Hydroxy-12-oxo-10(E)-dodecenoic acid
- HPETE, Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid
- HPODE, Hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid
- Hydroxyalkenal
- KODA, 9-Keto-12-oxo-10(E)-dodecenoic acid
- MALDI, Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization
- MDA, Malondialdehyde
- MS, Mass spectrometry
- Mab, Monoclonal antibody
- Mass spectrometry
- Neutral loss scanning
- ONA, 9-Oxo-nonanoic acid
- ONE, 9-Oxo-2-nonenal
- PETE, Peroxyeicosatetraenoate
- PODE, Peroxyoctadecadienoate
- Redox signalling
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne M Spickett
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Seidler NW. Target for diverse chemical modifications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 985:179-206. [PMID: 22851450 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4716-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The chapter begins with an historical perspective of GAPDH isozymes that is juxtaposed to the fact that there is only one somatic functional gene in humans that is virtually identical among the mammalian species. Over the many years of GAPDH research, dozens of labs have reported the existence of multiple forms of GAPDH, which mostly vary as a function of charge with an occasional report of truncated forms. These observations are in part due to GAPDH being a substrate for many enzymatically-controlled post-translational modifications. While target residues have been identified and predictive algorithms have implicated certain residues, this area of research appears to be in its infancy regarding GAPDH. Equally fascinating, the uniquely susceptible nature of GAPDH to non-enzymatic reactions, that typically are associated with cell stress, such as oxidation and nitration, is also discussed. Two metabolic gases, nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide, which are enzymatically produced, appear to exert their signaling properties through non-enzymatic reaction with GAPDH. Models of cellular decline are also proposed, including the compelling hypothesis that states cell compromise occurs by the physically blocking the function of chaperonins (i.e. dual-ring multiple-subunit molecular chaperones) by the attachment of misfolded GAPDH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert W Seidler
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kumar V, Calamaras TD, Haeussler D, Colucci WS, Cohen RA, McComb ME, Pimentel D, Bachschmid MM. Cardiovascular redox and ox stress proteomics. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:1528-59. [PMID: 22607061 PMCID: PMC3448941 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative post-translational modifications (OPTMs) have been demonstrated as contributing to cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. These modifications have been identified using antibodies as well as advanced proteomic methods, and the functional importance of each is beginning to be understood using transgenic and gene deletion animal models. Given that OPTMs are involved in cardiovascular pathology, the use of these modifications as biomarkers and predictors of disease has significant therapeutic potential. Adequate understanding of the chemistry of the OPTMs is necessary to determine what may occur in vivo and which modifications would best serve as biomarkers. RECENT ADVANCES By using mass spectrometry, advanced labeling techniques, and antibody identification, OPTMs have become accessible to a larger proportion of the scientific community. Advancements in instrumentation, database search algorithms, and processing speed have allowed MS to fully expand on the proteome of OPTMs. In addition, the role of enzymatically reversible OPTMs has been further clarified in preclinical models. CRITICAL ISSUES The identification of OPTMs suffers from limitations in analytic detection based on the methodology, instrumentation, sample complexity, and bioinformatics. Currently, each type of OPTM requires a specific strategy for identification, and generalized approaches result in an incomplete assessment. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Novel types of highly sensitive MS instrumentation that allow for improved separation and detection of modified proteins and peptides have been crucial in the discovery of OPTMs and biomarkers. To further advance the identification of relevant OPTMs in advanced search algorithms, standardized methods for sample processing and depository of MS data will be required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
LoPachin RM, Gavin T, DeCaprio A, Barber DS. Application of the Hard and Soft, Acids and Bases (HSAB) theory to toxicant--target interactions. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:239-51. [PMID: 22053936 PMCID: PMC3288258 DOI: 10.1021/tx2003257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many chemical toxicants and/or their active metabolites are electrophiles that cause cell injury by forming covalent bonds with nucleophilic targets on biological macromolecules. Covalent reactions between nucleophilic and electrophilic reagents are, however, discriminatory since there is a significant degree of selectivity associated with these interactions. Over the course of the past few decades, the theory of Hard and Soft, Acids and Bases (HSAB) has proven to be a useful tool in predicting the outcome of such reactions. This concept utilizes the inherent electronic characteristic of polarizability to define, for example, reacting electrophiles and nucleophiles as either hard or soft. These HSAB definitions have been successfully applied to chemical-induced toxicity in biological systems. Thus, according to this principle, a toxic electrophile reacts preferentially with biological targets of similar hardness or softness. The soft/hard classification of a xenobiotic electrophile has obvious utility in discerning plausible biological targets and molecular mechanisms of toxicity. The purpose of this perspective is to discuss the HSAB theory of electrophiles and nucleophiles within a toxicological framework. In principle, covalent bond formation can be described by using the properties of their outermost or frontier orbitals. Because these orbital energies for most chemicals can be calculated using quantum mechanical models, it is possible to quantify the relative softness (σ) or hardness (η) of electrophiles or nucleophiles and to subsequently convert this information into useful indices of reactivity. This atomic level information can provide insight into the design of corroborative laboratory research and thereby help investigators discern corresponding molecular sites and mechanisms of toxicant action. The use of HSAB parameters has also been instrumental in the development and identification of potential nucleophilic cytoprotectants that can scavenge toxic electrophiles. Clearly, the difficult task of delineating molecular sites and mechanisms of toxicant action can be facilitated by the application of this quantitative approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. LoPachin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 E.210 St., Bronx, NY 10467
| | - Terrence Gavin
- Department of Chemistry, Iona College, New Rochelle, NY 10804
| | - Anthony DeCaprio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 S.W. 8 St. Miami, FL 33199
| | - David S. Barber
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Moro S, Chipman JK, Antczak P, Turan N, Dekant W, Falciani F, Mally A. Identification and Pathway Mapping of Furan Target Proteins Reveal Mitochondrial Energy Production and Redox Regulation as Critical Targets of Furan Toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2012; 126:336-52. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
34
|
Schopfer FJ, Cipollina C, Freeman BA. Formation and signaling actions of electrophilic lipids. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5997-6021. [PMID: 21928855 PMCID: PMC3294277 DOI: 10.1021/cr200131e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Chiara Cipollina
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Piazza Sett’Angeli 10, 90134 Palermo, Italy
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Italian National Research Council, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Bruce A. Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Shores DR, Binion DG, Freeman BA, Baker PR. New insights into the role of fatty acids in the pathogenesis and resolution of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:2192-204. [PMID: 21910181 PMCID: PMC4100336 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dietary and endogenously modified lipids modulate inflammation by functioning as intra- and intercellular signaling molecules. Proinflammatory lipid mediators such as the eicosanoids compete against the signaling actions of newly discovered modified fatty acids that act to resolve inflammation. In inflammatory bowel disease, multiple aberrancies in lipid metabolism have been discovered, which shed further light on the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation. Mechanisms by which lipids modulate inflammation, abnormalities of lipid metabolism in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease, and potential therapeutic application of lipid derivatives in this setting are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darla R. Shores
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David G. Binion
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bruce A. Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul R.S. Baker
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Reed TT. Lipid peroxidation and neurodegenerative disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1302-19. [PMID: 21782935 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation is a complex process involving the interaction of oxygen-derived free radicals with polyunsaturated fatty acids, resulting in a variety of highly reactive electrophilic aldehydes. Since 1975, lipid peroxidation has been extensively studied in a variety of organisms. As neurodegenerative diseases became better understood, research establishing a link between this form of oxidative damage, neurodegeneration, and disease has provided a wealth of knowledge to the scientific community. With the advent of proteomics in 1995, the identification of biomarkers for neurodegenerative disorders became of paramount importance to better understand disease pathogenesis and develop potential therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on the relationship between lipid peroxidation and neurodegenerative diseases. It also demonstrates how findings in current research support the common themes of altered energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanea T Reed
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Okada H, Naito Y, Takagi T, Takaoka M, Oya-Ito T, Fukumoto K, Uchiyama K, Handa O, Kokura S, Nagano Y, Matsui H, Kato Y, Osawa T, Yoshikawa T. Detection of N-(hexanoyl)lysine in the tropomyosin 1 protein in N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced rat gastric cancer cells. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011; 50:47-52. [PMID: 22247600 PMCID: PMC3246182 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.11-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nε-(Hexanoyl)lysine, formed by the reaction of lysine with n-6 lipid hydroperoxide, is a lipid peroxidation marker during the initial stage of oxidative stress. The aim of the present study is to indentify Nε-(hexanoyl)lysine-modified proteins in neoplastic transformed gastric mucosal cells by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, and to compare the levels of these proteins between gastric mucosal cells and normal gastric cells. Much greater fluorescence of 2-[6-(4'-hydroxy)phenoxyl-3H-xanthen-3-on-9-yl]benzoic acid, an index of the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species, was observed for gastric mucosal cells compared to normal gastric cells. Nε-(Hexanoyl)lysine-modified proteins were detected by SDS-PAGE or two-dimensional electrophoresis and Western blotting using anti-Nε-(hexanoyl)lysine polyclonal antibody, and a protein band of between 30–40 kDa was clearly increased in gastric mucosal cells compared to normal gastric cells. Two Nε-(hexanoyl)lysine-modified protein spots in gastric mucosal cells were identified as the tropomyosin 1 protein by mass spectrometry using a MASCOT search. The existence of Nε-(hexanoyl)lysine modification in tropomyosin 1 was confirmed by Western blotting of SDS-PAGE-separated or two-dimensional electrophoresis-separated proteins as well as by the immunoprecipitation with anti-tropomyosin 1 antibody. These data indicate that Nε-(hexanoyl)lysine modification of tropomyosin 1 may be related to neoplastic transformation by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in gastric epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Okada
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fritz KS, Petersen DR. Exploring the biology of lipid peroxidation-derived protein carbonylation. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1411-9. [PMID: 21812433 DOI: 10.1021/tx200169n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The sustained overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species results in an imbalance of cellular prooxidant-antioxidant systems and is implicated in numerous disease states, including alcoholic liver disease, cancer, neurological disorders, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. The accumulation of reactive aldehydes resulting from sustained oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation is an underlying factor in the development of these pathologies. Determining the biochemical factors that elicit cellular responses resulting from protein carbonylation remains a key element to developing therapeutic approaches and ameliorating disease pathologies. This review details our current understanding of the generation of reactive aldehydes via lipid peroxidation resulting in protein carbonylation, focusing on pathophysiologic factors associated with 4-hydroxynonenal-protein modification. Additionally, an overview of in vitro and in vivo model systems used to study the physiologic impact of protein carbonylation is presented. Finally, an update of the methods commonly used in characterizing protein modification by reactive aldehydes provides an overview of isolation techniques, mass spectrometry, and computational biology. It is apparent that research in this area employing state-of-the-art proteomics, mass spectrometry, and computational biology is rapidly evolving, yielding foundational knowledge concerning the molecular mechanisms of protein carbonylation and its relation to a spectrum of diseases associated with oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristofer S Fritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hormetics: dietary triggers of an adaptive stress response. Pharm Res 2011; 28:2680-94. [PMID: 21818712 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A series of dietary ingredients and metabolites are able to induce an adaptive stress response either by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or via activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 stress response network. Most of the molecules belong to activated Michael acceptors, electrophiles capable to S-alkylate redox sensitive cysteine thiols. This review summarizes recent advances in the (re)search of these compounds and classifies them into distinct groups. More than 60 molecules are described that induce the Nrf2 network, most of them found in our daily diet. Although known as typical antioxidants, a closer look reveals that these molecules induce an initial mitochondrial or cytosolic ROS formation and thereby trigger an adaptive stress response and hormesis, respectively. This, however, leads to higher levels of intracellular glutathione and increased expression levels of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase, and superoxide dismutase. According to this principle, the author suggests the term hormetics to describe these indirect antioxidants.
Collapse
|
40
|
Pillon NJ, Vella RE, Soulère L, Becchi M, Lagarde M, Soulage CO. Structural and Functional Changes in Human Insulin Induced by the Lipid Peroxidation Byproducts 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal and 4-Hydroxy-2-hexenal. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:752-62. [DOI: 10.1021/tx200084d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J. Pillon
- Université de Lyon, F-69600, Oullins, France
- INSERM UMR 1060, CarMeN, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
- INSA-Lyon, IMBL, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA U1235, F-69600, Oullins, France
| | - Roxane E. Vella
- Université de Lyon, F-69600, Oullins, France
- INSERM UMR 1060, CarMeN, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
- INSA-Lyon, IMBL, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA U1235, F-69600, Oullins, France
| | - Laurent Soulère
- Université de Lyon, F-69600, Oullins, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique, INSA-LYON, CNRS UMR 5246, ICBMS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michel Becchi
- Université de Lyon, F-69600, Oullins, France
- CNRS UMS 3444, CCMP, F-69367 Lyon, France
| | - Michel Lagarde
- Université de Lyon, F-69600, Oullins, France
- INSERM UMR 1060, CarMeN, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
- INSA-Lyon, IMBL, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA U1235, F-69600, Oullins, France
| | - Christophe O. Soulage
- Université de Lyon, F-69600, Oullins, France
- INSERM UMR 1060, CarMeN, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
- INSA-Lyon, IMBL, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
- INRA U1235, F-69600, Oullins, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is degraded by cathepsin G in rat neutrophils. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 2011:213686. [PMID: 21904640 PMCID: PMC3166769 DOI: 10.1155/2011/213686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of oxidized or oxidatively modified proteins is an essential part of the antioxidant defenses of cells. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal, a major reactive aldehyde formed by lipid peroxidation, causes many types of cellular damage. It has been reported that 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified proteins are degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway or, in some cases, by the lysosomal pathway. However, our previous studies using U937 cells showed that 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is degraded by cathepsin G. In the present study, we isolated the 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-degrading enzyme from rat neutrophils to an active protein fraction of 28 kDa. Using the specific antibody, the 28 kDa protein was identified as cathepsin G. Moreover, the degradation activity was inhibited by cathepsin G inhibitors. These results suggest that cathepsin G plays a crucial role in the degradation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Collapse
|
42
|
Tang X, Sayre LM, Tochtrop GP. A mass spectrometric analysis of 4-hydroxy-2-(E)-nonenal modification of cytochrome c. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:290-7. [PMID: 21394845 PMCID: PMC3903654 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome c is a key mitochondrial respiratory protein that is particularly susceptible to modification during oxidative stress. The nature of this susceptibility is linked to the mitochondrial membrane being rich in esterified linoleic acid, which predisposes this organelle to the formation of lipid peroxidation products such as 4-hydroxy-2-(E)-nonenal (4-HNE). To better understand the nature of cytochrome c modification by 4-HNE, we initiated an in vitro study utilizing a combination of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, LC-ESI-MS/MS and isotope labeling to monitor 4-HNE modification of cytochrome c under various conditions. The overwhelming reaction observed is Michael addition by Lys side-chains in addition to the modification of His 33. While the Lys-4-HNE adducts were generally observed to be reversible, the 4-HNE-His 33 was observed to be stable with half of the formed adduct surviving the denaturation and proteolysis protocols used to generate proteolytic peptides for LC-ESI-MS/MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Lawrence M. Sayre
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Gregory P. Tochtrop
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lesgards JF, Gauthier C, Iovanna J, Vidal N, Dolla A, Stocker P. Effect of reactive oxygen and carbonyl species on crucial cellular antioxidant enzymes. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 190:28-34. [PMID: 21216240 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Numerous reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive carbonyl species (RCS) issuing from lipid and sugar oxidation are known to damage a large number of proteins leading to enzyme inhibition and alteration of cellular functions. Whereas studies in literature only focus on the reactivity of one or two of these compounds, we aimed at comparing in the same conditions of incubations (4 and 24h at 37°C) the effects of both various RCS (4-hydroxynonenal, 4-hydroxyhexenal, acrolein, methylglyoxal, glyoxal, malondialdehyde) and ROS (H₂O₂, AAPH) on the activity of key enzymes involved in cellular oxidative stress: superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). This was realized both in vitro on purified proteins and MIAPaCa-2 cells. Incubation of these enzymes with RCS resulted in a significant time- and concentration-dependent inhibition for both pure enzymes and in cell lysates. Among all RCS and ROS, hydroxynonenal (HNE) was observed as the most toxic for all studied enzymes except for SOD and is followed by hydrogen peroxide. At 100μM, HNE resulted in a 50% reduction of GPx, 56% of GST, 65% of G6PDH, and only 10% of Cu,Zn-SOD. Meanwhile it seems that concentrations used in our study are closer to biological conditions for ROS than for RCS. H₂O₂ and AAPH-induced peroxyl radicals may be probably more toxic towards the studied enzymes in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Lesgards
- Biosciences (Institut des sciences moléculaire de Marseille), université Paul Cézanne - UMR 6263, 13397 Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Backos DS, Fritz KS, Roede JR, Petersen DR, Franklin CC. Posttranslational modification and regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase by the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:14-26. [PMID: 20970495 PMCID: PMC3014730 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.10.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) is a lipid peroxidation product formed during oxidative stress that can alter protein function via adduction of nucleophilic amino acid residues. 4-HNE detoxification occurs mainly via glutathione (GSH) conjugation and transporter-mediated efflux. This results in a net loss of cellular GSH, and restoration of GSH homeostasis requires de novo GSH biosynthesis. The rate-limiting step in GSH biosynthesis is catalyzed by glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), a heterodimeric holoenzyme composed of a catalytic (GCLC) and a modulatory (GCLM) subunit. The relative levels of the GCL subunits are a major determinant of cellular GSH biosynthetic capacity and 4-HNE induces the expression of both GCL subunits. In this study, we demonstrate that 4-HNE can alter GCL holoenzyme formation and activity via direct posttranslational modification of the GCL subunits in vitro. 4-HNE directly modified Cys553 of GCLC and Cys35 of GCLM in vitro, which significantly increased monomeric GCLC enzymatic activity, but reduced GCL holoenzyme activity and formation of the GCL holoenzyme complex. In silico molecular modeling studies also indicate these residues are likely to be functionally relevant. Within a cellular context, this novel posttranslational regulation of GCL activity could significantly affect cellular GSH homeostasis and GSH-dependent detoxification during periods of oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald S. Backos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate Program in Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kristofer S. Fritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate Program in Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - James R. Roede
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Dennis R. Petersen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate Program in Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Christopher C. Franklin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate Program in Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
- to whom correspondence should be addressed: University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, C238-P15, Research-2, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Room 3009, Aurora, CO 80045, Phone: 303-724-6124, FAX: 303-724-7266,
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Maller C, Schröder E, Eaton P. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase is unlikely to mediate hydrogen peroxide signaling: studies with a novel anti-dimedone sulfenic acid antibody. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:49-60. [PMID: 20518697 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein sulfenic acids (SOHs) are the principal oxidation products formed when redox active proteins interact with peroxide molecules. We have developed a new antibody reagent that detects protein SOHs derivatized with dimedone. Using this new antibody, we found that glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is the predominant protein sulfenate present in isolated rat ventricular myocytes under basal conditions. During oxidative stress with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), GAPDH SOH labeling is lost, but a number of secondary dimedone-reactive protein sulfenates then appear. As the sulfenate labeling is lost, the Cys-149 sulfinic/sulfonic acid oxidation states of GAPDH appear. This hyperoxidized GAPDH is associated with both the inhibition of glycolysis and its ability to reduce H(2)O(2). We examined whether inactivation of GAPDH was causative in the generation of secondary protein sulfenates that coincide with its hyperoxidation. The selective GAPDH inhibitor koningic acid (which functions by forming a covalent adduct at Cys-149) fully prevented basal SOH labeling, as well as subsequent peroxide-induced hyperoxidation. However, koningic acid-mediated inhibition of GAPDH alone did not induce the formation of intracellular H(2)O(2) or secondary protein sulfenates and also failed to potentiate their peroxide-induced formation. Overall, GAPDH appears to have peroxidase-like properties, but its inhibition failed to impact on downstream oxidant signaling involving secondary protein sulfenation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Maller
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The Rayne Institute, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Cysteine is arguably the most reactive amino acid in protein. A wide range of cysteine derivatives is formed in vivo, resulting from oxidation, nitrosation, alkylation and acylation reactions. This review describes succination of proteins, an irreversible chemical modification of cysteine by the Krebs cycle intermediate, fumarate, yielding S-(2-succinyl)cysteine (2SC). Intracellular fumarate concentration and succination of proteins are increased by hyperpolarization of the inner mitochondrial membrane and develop in concert with mitochondrial and oxidative stress in diabetes. Increased succination of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase explains the loss in specific activity of this enzyme in muscle of streptozotocin-diabetic rats and increased succination of adiponectin may explain the decreased secretion of adiponectin from adipose tissue in type 2 diabetes. In addition to GAPDH and adiponectin, other succinated proteins identified in adipocytes include cytoskeletal proteins (tubulin, actin) and chaperone proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Succination of adipocyte protein in vitro is inhibited by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation and by inhibitors of ER stress. 2SC serves as a biomarker of mitochondrial stress and recent studies suggest that succination is the mechanistic link between mitochondrial and ER stress in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norma Frizzell
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Quantitative structure–activity relationship for 4-hydroxy-2-alkenal induced cytotoxicity in L6 muscle cells. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 188:171-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
48
|
Abstract
Excessive oxidative stress leaves a protein carbonylation fingerprint in biological systems. Carbonylation is an irreversible post-translational modification (PTM) that often leads to the loss of protein function and can be a component of multiple diseases. Protein carbonyl groups can be generated directly (by amino acids oxidation and the alpha-amidation pathway) or indirectly by forming adducts with lipid peroxidation products or glycation and advanced glycation end-products. Studies of oxidative stress are complicated by the low concentration of oxidation products and a wide array of routes by which proteins are carbonylated. The development of new selection and enrichment techniques coupled with advances in mass spectrometry are allowing the identification of hundreds of new carbonylated protein products from a broad range of proteins located at many sites in biological systems. The focus of this review is on the use of proteomics tools and methods to identify oxidized proteins along with specific sites of oxidative damage and the consequences of protein oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf G. Madian
- Chemistry Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA, 47907
| | - Fred E. Regnier
- Chemistry Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA, 47907
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sundar IK, Caito S, Yao H, Rahman I. Oxidative stress, thiol redox signaling methods in epigenetics. Methods Enzymol 2010; 474:213-44. [PMID: 20609913 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(10)74013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is referred to as heritable changes in gene expression but not encoded in the DNA sequence itself which occurs during posttranslational modifications in DNA and histones. These epigenetic modifications include histone acetylation, deacetylation, and methylation. Acetylation by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) of specific lysine residues on the N-terminal tail of core histones results in uncoiling of the DNA and increased accessibility to transcription factor binding. In contrast, histone deacetylation by histone deacetylases (HDACs) represses gene transcription by promoting DNA winding thereby limiting access to transcription factors. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in cellular redox alterations, such as amplification of proinflammatory and immunological responses, signaling pathways, activation of transcription factors (NF-kappaB and AP-1), chromatin remodeling (histone acetylation and deacetylation), histone/protein deacetylation by sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and gene expression. The glutathione redox status plays an important role in protein modifications and signaling pathways, including effects on redox-sensitive transcription factors. Protein S-glutathiolation and mixed disulfide formation as candidate mechanisms for protein regulation during intracellular oxidative stress have gained a renewed impetus in view of their involvements in redox regulation of signaling proteins. A variety of methods are applied to study the epigenetic processes to elucidate the molecular mysteries underlying epigenetic inheritance. These include chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), which is a powerful tool to study protein-DNA interaction and is widely used in many fields to study protein associated with chromatin, such as histone and its isoforms and transcription factors, across a defined DNA domain. Here, we describe some of the contemporary methods used to study oxidative stress and thiol redox signaling involved in epigenetic (histone acetylation, deacetylation, and methylation) and chromatin remodeling (HAT, HDAC, SIRT1) research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac K Sundar
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhu X, Tang X, Anderson VE, Sayre LM. Mass spectrometric characterization of protein modification by the products of nonenzymatic oxidation of linoleic acid. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 22:1386-97. [PMID: 19537826 DOI: 10.1021/tx9000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoxidation of linoleic acid (LA) enhanced by Fe(II)/ascorbate generates unsaturated hydroperoxides which undergo further oxidative evolution resulting in a mixture of electrophiles, including epoxyketooctadecenoic acid and dienones with intact C-18 chains as well as oxidative cleavage products such as 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal (HNE), 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal (ONE), 2(E)-octenal, 9-hydroxy-12-oxo-10(E)-dodecenoic acid, 9,12-dioxo-10(E)-dodecenoic acid, and 11-oxoundec-9(E)-enoic acid. Mass spectrometric (MALDI-TOF-MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS) studies have been performed following incubation of the model protein beta-lactoglobulin with LA, Fe(II), and ascorbate, which identified adducts of these electrophiles with three different protein nucleophiles. Deuterium labeled linoleic acid 17,17,18,18,18-d(5)-(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid (d(5)-LA) was synthesized to facilitate the detection and characterization of the protein modifications by mass spectrometry. Reduction by NaBH(4) served to trap reversible adducts and to quantify the number of reducible functional groups in each adduct. This study, which mimics the distribution of reactive lipid peroxidation products generated by a continuous low level flux of reactive oxygen species present in vivo under conditions of oxidative stress, confirms that many irreversibly formed adducts previously identified following exposure of model proteins to pure electrophilic modifiers such as HNE and ONE are also generated during in situ oxidation of LA. These adducts include HNE-His Michael adducts (MA), ONE-Lys 4-ketoamide, ONE-Lys pyrrolinone, and a Cys/His-ONE-Lys pyrrole cross-link. However, reversibly formed adducts, such as the HNE-Lys Schiff base, are not present at detectable levels. The isotopic labeling allowed less commonly identified mirror-image adducts derived from the carboxy terminus of LA to be identified. A novel 2-octenoic acid-His MA was discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|