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Kroll T, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. Monomeric bile acids modulate the ATPase activity of detergent-solubilized ABCB4/MDR3. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100087. [PMID: 34022183 PMCID: PMC8233136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABCB4, also called multidrug-resistant protein 3 (MDR3), is an ATP binding cassette transporter located in the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes that specifically translocates phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids from the cytoplasmic to the extracellular leaflet. Due to the harsh detergent effect of bile acids, PC lipids provided by ABCB4 are extracted into the bile. While it is well known that bile acids are the major extractor of PC lipids from the membrane into bile, it is unknown whether only PC lipid extraction is improved or whether bile acids also have a direct effect on ABCB4. Using in vitro experiments, we investigated the modulation of ATP hydrolysis of ABC by different bile acids commonly present in humans. We demonstrated that all tested bile acids stimulated ATPase activity except for taurolithocholic acid, which inhibited ATPase activity due to its hydrophobic nature. Additionally, we observed a nearly linear correlation between the critical micelle concentration and maximal stimulation by each bile acid, and that this modulation was maintained in the presence of PC lipids. This study revealed a large effect of 24-nor-ursodeoxycholic acid, suggesting a distinct mode of regulation of ATPase activity compared with other bile acids. In addition, it sheds light on the molecular cross talk of canalicular ABC transporters of the human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kroll
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Kluth M, Stindt J, Dröge C, Linnemann D, Kubitz R, Schmitt L. A mutation within the extended X loop abolished substrate-induced ATPase activity of the human liver ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter MDR3. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:4896-4907. [PMID: 25533467 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.588566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human multidrug resistance protein 3 (MDR3/ABCB4) belongs to the ubiquitous family of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and is located in the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. There it flops the phospholipids of the phosphatidylcholine (PC) family from the inner to the outer leaflet. Here, we report the characterization of wild type MDR3 and the Q1174E mutant, which was identified previously in a patient with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 (PFIC-3). We expressed different variants of MDR3 in the yeast Pichia pastoris, purified the proteins via tandem affinity chromatography, and determined MDR3-specific ATPase activity in the presence or absence of phospholipids. The ATPase activity of wild type MDR3 was stimulated 2-fold by liver PC or 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine lipids. Furthermore, the cross-linking of MDR3 with a thiol-reactive fluorophore blocked ATP hydrolysis and exhibited no PC stimulation. Similarly, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin lipids did not induce an increase of wild type MDR3 ATPase activity. The phosphate analogues beryllium fluoride and aluminum fluoride led to complete inhibition of ATPase activity, whereas orthovanadate inhibited exclusively the PC-stimulated ATPase activity of MDR3. The Q1174E mutation is located in the nucleotide-binding domain in direct proximity of the leucine of the ABC signature motif and extended the X loop, which is found in ABC exporters. Our data on the Q1174E mutant demonstrated basal ATPase activity, but PC lipids were incapable of stimulating ATPase activity highlighting the role of the extended X loop in the cross-talk of the nucleotide-binding domain and the transmembrane domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Kluth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf
| | - Jan Stindt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, University Hospital, 40225 Düsseldorf
| | - Carola Dröge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, University Hospital, 40225 Düsseldorf
| | - Doris Linnemann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, University Hospital, 40225 Düsseldorf
| | - Ralf Kubitz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, University Hospital, 40225 Düsseldorf
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Rosenberg MF, O'Ryan LP, Hughes G, Zhao Z, Aleksandrov LA, Riordan JR, Ford RC. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR): three-dimensional structure and localization of a channel gate. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:42647-42654. [PMID: 21931164 PMCID: PMC3234965 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.292268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis affects about 1 in 2500 live births and involves loss of transmembrane chloride flux due to a lack of a membrane protein channel termed the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). We have studied CFTR structure by electron crystallography. The data were compared with existing structures of other ATP-binding cassette transporters. The protein was crystallized in the outward facing state and resembled the well characterized Sav1866 transporter. We identified regions in the CFTR map, not accounted for by Sav1866, which were potential locations for the regulatory region as well as the channel gate. In this analysis, we were aided by the fact that the unit cell was composed of two molecules not related by crystallographic symmetry. We also identified regions in the fitted Sav1866 model that were missing from the map, hence regions that were either disordered in CFTR or differently organized compared with Sav1866. Apart from the N and C termini, this indicated that in CFTR, the cytoplasmic end of transmembrane helix 5/11 and its associated loop could be partly disordered (or alternatively located).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Rosenberg
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Liam P O'Ryan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Hughes
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Zhefeng Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Luba A Aleksandrov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - John R Riordan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Robert C Ford
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom.
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4
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Effect of progesterone and its synthetic analogues on the activity of mitochondrial permeability transition pore in isolated rat liver mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:1060-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lawson J, O'Mara ML, Kerr ID. Structure-based interpretation of the mutagenesis database for the nucleotide binding domains of P-glycoprotein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1778:376-91. [PMID: 18035039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is the most intensively studied eukaryotic ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter, due to its involvement in the multidrug resistance phenotype of a number of cancers. In common with most ABC transporters, P-gp is comprised of two transmembrane domains (TMDs) and two nucleotide binding domains (NBD), the latter coupling ATP hydrolysis with substrate transport (efflux in the case of P-gp). Biochemical investigations over the past twenty years have attempted to unlock mechanistic aspects of P-glycoprotein through scanning and site-directed mutagenesis of both the TMDs and the NBDs. Contemporaneously, crystallographers have elucidated the atomic structure of numerous ABC transporter NBDs, as well as the intact structure (i.e. NBDs and TMDs) of a distantly related ABC-exporter Sav1866. Significantly, the structure of P-gp remains unknown, and only low resolution electron microscopy data exists. Within the current manuscript we employ crystallographic data for homologous proteins, and a molecular model for P-gp, to perform a structural interpretation of the existing "mutagenesis database" for P-gp NBDs. Consequently, this will enable testable predictions to be made that will result in further in-roads into our understanding of this clinically important drug pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lawson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Rosenberg MF, Callaghan R, Modok S, Higgins CF, Ford RC. Three-dimensional structure of P-glycoprotein: the transmembrane regions adopt an asymmetric configuration in the nucleotide-bound state. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:2857-62. [PMID: 15485807 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410296200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance of cancer cells and pathogens is a serious clinical problem. A major factor contributing to drug resistance in cancer is the over-expression of P-glycoprotein, a plasma membrane ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug efflux pump. Three-dimensional structural data with a resolution limit of approximately 8 A have been obtained from two-dimensional crystals of P-glycoprotein trapped in the nucleotide-bound state. Each of the two transmembrane domains of P-glycoprotein consists of six long alpha-helical segments. Five of the alpha-helices from each transmembrane domain are related by a pseudo-2-fold symmetry, whereas the sixth breaks the symmetry. The two alpha-helices positioned closest to the (pseudo-) symmetry axis at the center of the molecule appear to be kinked. A large loop of density at the extracellular surface of the transporter is likely to correspond to the glycosylated first extracellular loop, whereas two globular densities at the cytoplasmic side correspond to the hydrophilic, nucleotide-binding domains. This is the first three-dimensional structure for an intact eukaryotic ABC transporter. Comparison with the structures of two prokaryotic ABC transporters suggests significant differences in the packing of the transmembrane alpha-helices within this protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Rosenberg
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Abstract
Members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily are integral membrane proteins that hydrolyze ATP to drive transport. In the last two decades these proteins have been extensively characterized on a genetic and biochemical level, and in recent years high-resolution crystal structures of several nucleotide-binding domains and full-length transporters have extended our knowledge. Here we discuss the possible mechanisms of transport that have been derived from these crystal structures and the extensive available biochemical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris van der Does
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biozentrum Frankfurt, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Marie-Curie-Str. 9, D-60439 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Rothnie A, Storm J, Campbell J, Linton KJ, Kerr ID, Callaghan R. The topography of transmembrane segment six is altered during the catalytic cycle of P-glycoprotein. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:34913-21. [PMID: 15192095 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405336200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural evidence has demonstrated that P-glycoprotein (P-gp) undergoes considerable conformational changes during catalysis, and these alterations are important in drug interaction. Knowledge of which regions in P-gp undergo conformational alterations will provide vital information to elucidate the locations of drug binding sites and the mechanism of coupling. A number of investigations have implicated transmembrane segment six (TM6) in drug-P-gp interactions, and a cysteine-scanning mutagenesis approach was directed to this segment. Introduction of cysteine residues into TM6 did not disturb basal or drug-stimulated ATPase activity per se. Under basal conditions the hydrophobic probe coumarin maleimide readily labeled all introduced cysteine residues, whereas the hydrophilic fluorescein maleimide only labeled residue Cys-343. The amphiphilic BODIPY-maleimide displayed a more complex labeling profile. The extent of labeling with coumarin maleimide did not vary during the catalytic cycle, whereas fluorescein maleimide labeling of F343C was lost after nucleotide binding or hydrolysis. BODIPY-maleimide labeling was markedly altered during the catalytic cycle and indicated that the adenosine 5'-(beta,gamma-imino)triphosphate-bound and ADP/vanadate-trapped intermediates were conformationally distinct. Our data are reconciled with a recent atomic scale model of P-gp and are consistent with a tilting of TM6 in response to nucleotide binding and ATP hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Rothnie
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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Martin C, Walker J, Rothnie A, Callaghan R. The expression of P-glycoprotein does influence the distribution of novel fluorescent compounds in solid tumour models. Br J Cancer 2003; 89:1581-9. [PMID: 14562035 PMCID: PMC2394330 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumours display a complex drug resistance phenotype that involves inherent and acquired mechanisms. Multicellular resistance is an inherent feature of solid tumours and is known to present significant barriers to drug permeation in tumours. Given this barrier, do acquired resistance mechanisms such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) contribute significantly to resistance? To address this question, the multicellular tumour spheroid (MCTS) model was used to examine the influence of P-gp on drug distribution in solid tissue. Tumour spheroids (TS) were generated from either drug-sensitive MCF7(WT) cells or a drug-resistant, P-gp-expressing derivative MCF7(Adr). Confocal microscopy was used to measure time courses and distribution patterns of three fluorescent compounds; calcein-AM, rhodamine123 and BODIPY-taxol. These compounds were chosen because they are all substrates for P-gp-mediated transport, exhibit high fluorescence and are chemically dissimilar. For example, BODIPY-taxol and rhodamine 123 showed high accumulation and distributed extensively throughout the TS(WT), whereas calcein-AM accumulation was restricted to the outermost layers. The presence of P-gp in TS(Adr) resulted in negligible accumulation, regardless of the compound. Moreover, the inhibition of P-gp by nicardipine restored intracellular accumulation and distribution patterns to levels observed in TS(WT). The results demonstrate the effectiveness of P-gp in modulating drug distribution in solid tumour models. However, the penetration of agents throughout the tissue is strongly determined by the physico-chemical properties of the individual compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Martin
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9OU, UK
| | - J Walker
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9OU, UK
| | - A Rothnie
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9OU, UK
| | - R Callaghan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9OU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9OU, UK. E-mail:
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