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Crystal structure of IspF from Bacillus subtilis and absence of protein complex assembly amongst IspD/IspE/IspF enzymes in the MEP pathway. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171370. [PMID: 29335298 PMCID: PMC5821942 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
2-C-Methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (IspF) is a key enzyme in the 2-C-Methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. This enzyme catalyzes the 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2-phosphate (CDPME2P) to 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcDP) with concomitant release of cytidine 5'-diphospate (CMP). Bacillus subtilis is a potential host cell for the production of isoprenoids, but few studies are performed on the key enzymes of MEP pathway in B. subtilis In this work, the high-resolution crystal structures of IspF in native and complex with CMP from B. subtilis have been determined. Structural comparisons indicate that there is a looser packing of the subunits of IspF in B. subtilis, whereas the solvent accessible surface of its active pockets is smaller than that in Escherichia coli. Meanwhile, the protein-protein associations of 2-C-Methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphatecytidyltransferase (IspD), CDPME kinase (IspE) and IspF from B. subtilis and E. coli, which catalyze three consecutive steps in the MEP pathway, are analyzed by native gel shift and size exclusion chromatography methods. The data here show that protein complex assembly is not detectable. These results will be useful for isoprenoid biosynthesis by metabolic engineering.
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Frank
- Center for Integrated Protein
Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Groll
- Center for Integrated Protein
Science Munich (CIPSM) at the Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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3
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Lin Y, Boese CJ, St Maurice M. The urea carboxylase and allophanate hydrolase activities of urea amidolyase are functionally independent. Protein Sci 2016; 25:1812-24. [PMID: 27452902 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Urea amidolyase (UAL) is a multifunctional biotin-dependent enzyme that contributes to both bacterial and fungal pathogenicity by catalyzing the ATP-dependent cleavage of urea into ammonia and CO2 . UAL is comprised of two enzymatic components: urea carboxylase (UC) and allophanate hydrolase (AH). These enzyme activities are encoded on separate but proximally related genes in prokaryotes while, in most fungi, they are encoded by a single gene that produces a fusion enzyme on a single polypeptide chain. It is unclear whether the UC and AH activities are connected through substrate channeling or other forms of direct communication. Here, we use multiple biochemical approaches to demonstrate that there is no substrate channeling or interdomain/intersubunit communication between UC and AH. Neither stable nor transient interactions can be detected between prokaryotic UC and AH and the catalytic efficiencies of UC and AH are independent of one another. Furthermore, an artificial fusion of UC and AH does not significantly alter the AH enzyme activity or catalytic efficiency. These results support the surprising functional independence of AH from UC in both the prokaryotic and fungal UAL enzymes and serve as an important reminder that the evolution of multifunctional enzymes through gene fusion events does not always correlate with enhanced catalytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201
| | - Cody J Boese
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201
| | - Martin St Maurice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201.
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4
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Davies FK, Jinkerson RE, Posewitz MC. Toward a photosynthetic microbial platform for terpenoid engineering. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 123:265-84. [PMID: 24510550 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-9979-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant terpenoids are among the most diverse group of naturally-occurring organic compounds known, and several are used in contemporary consumer products. Terpene synthase enzymes catalyze complex rearrangements of carbon skeleton precursors to yield thousands of unique chemical structures that range in size from the simplest five carbon isoprene unit to the long polymers of rubber. Such chemical diversity has established plant terpenoids as valuable commodity chemicals with applications in the pharmaceutical, neutraceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. More recently, terpenoids have received attention as a renewable alternative to petroleum-derived fuels and as the building blocks of synthetic biopolymers. However, the current plant- and petrochemical-based supplies of commodity terpenoids have major limitations. Photosynthetic microorganisms provide an opportunity to generate terpenoids in a renewable manner, employing a single consolidated host organism that is able to use solar energy, H2O and CO2 as the primary inputs for terpenoid biosynthesis. Advances in synthetic biology have seen important breakthroughs in microbial terpenoid engineering, traditionally via fermentative pathways in yeast and Escherichia coli. This review draws on the knowledge obtained from heterotrophic microbial engineering to propose strategies for the development of microbial photosynthetic platforms for industrial terpenoid production. The importance of utilizing the wealth of genetic information provided by nature to unravel the regulatory mechanisms of terpenoid biosynthesis is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona K Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA,
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5
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Krasutsky S, Urbansky M, Davis CE, Lherbet C, Coates RM, Poulter CD. Synthesis of methylerythritol phosphate analogues and their evaluation as alternate substrates for IspDF and IspE from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9170-8. [PMID: 25184438 PMCID: PMC4184463 DOI: 10.1021/jo501529k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The methylerythritol phosphate biosynthetic pathway, found in most Bacteria, some parasitic protists, and plant chloroplasts, converts D-glyceraldehyde phosphate and pyruvate to isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), where it intersects with the mevalonate pathway found in some Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, including the cytosol of plants. D-3-Methylerythritol-4-phosphate (MEP), the first pathway-specific intermediate in the pathway, is converted to IPP and DMAPP by the consecutive action of the IspD-H proteins. We synthesized five D-MEP analogues-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (EP), D-3-methylthrietol-4-phosphate (MTP), D-3-ethylerythritol-4-phosphate (EEP), D-1-amino-3-methylerythritol-4-phosphate (NMEP), and D-3-methylerythritol-4-thiolophosphate (MESP)-and studied their ability to function as alternative substrates for the reactions catalyzed by the IspDF fusion and IspE proteins from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which covert MEP to the corresponding eight-membered cyclic diphosphate. All of the analogues, except MTP, and their products were substrates for the three consecutive enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy
G. Krasutsky
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Marek Urbansky
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chad E. Davis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christian Lherbet
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Robert M. Coates
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - C. Dale Poulter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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6
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Saladié M, Wright LP, Garcia-Mas J, Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Phillips MA. The 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway in melon is regulated by specialized isoforms for the first and last steps. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5077-92. [PMID: 25013119 PMCID: PMC4144782 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway provides the precursors for the biosynthesis of plastidial isoprenoids, which include the carotenoid pigments of many fruits. We have analysed the genes encoding the seven enzymes of the MEP pathway in melon (Cucumis melo L.) and determined that the first one, 1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), and the last one, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate reductase (HDR), are represented in the genome as a small gene family and paralogous pair, respectively. In the case of DXS, three genes encode functional DXS activities which fall into previously established type I (CmDXS1) and II (CmDXS2a and CmDXS2b) categories, while a fourth DXS-like gene belonging to the type III group did not encode a protein with DXS activity. Their expression patterns and phylogenies suggest that CmDXS1 is functionally specialized for developmental and photosynthetic processes, while CmDXS2a and CmDXS2b are induced in flowers and ripening fruit of orange- (but not white-) fleshed varieties, coinciding with β-carotene accumulation. This is the first instance connecting type II DXS genes to specialized isoprenoid biosynthesis in the fruit of an agronomically important species. Two HDR paralogues were shown to encode functional enzymes, although only CmHDR1 was highly expressed in the tissues and developmental stages tested. Phylogenetic analysis showed that in cucurbits such as melon, these HDR paralogues probably arose through individual gene duplications in a common angiosperm ancestor, mimicking a prior division in gymnosperms, while other flowering plants, including apple, soy, canola, and poplar, acquired HDR duplicates recently as homoeologues through large-scale genome duplications. We report the influence of gene duplication history on the regulation of the MEP pathway in melon and the role of specialized MEP-pathway isoforms in providing precursors for β-carotene production in orange-fleshed melon varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Saladié
- Plant and Animal Genomics Programme, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries and Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Louwrance P Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans Knöll Street 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jordi Garcia-Mas
- Plant and Animal Genomics Programme, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries and Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Programme, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael A Phillips
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Programme, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Hemmerlin A. Post-translational events and modifications regulating plant enzymes involved in isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 203-204:41-54. [PMID: 23415327 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Identification of regulatory enzymes is fundamental for engineering metabolic pathways such as the isoprenoid one. All too often, investigation of gene expression remains the major trend in unraveling regulation mechanisms of the isoprenoid cytosolic mevalonate and the plastid-localized methylerythritol phosphate metabolic pathways. But such metabolic regulatory enzymes are frequently multilevel-regulated, especially at a post-translational level. A prominent example is the endoplasmic reticulum-bound 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase catalyzing the synthesis of mevalonic acid. Despite the discovery and the intense efforts made to understand regulation of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway, this enzyme remains a leading player in the regulation of the whole isoprenoid pathway. Strict correlation between this enzyme's gene expression, protein level and enzyme activity is not observed, thus confirming multilevel-regulation. In this context, besides post-translational modifications of proteins, we have to consider feedback of metabolic flow and allosteric regulation, alternative protein structures, targeted proteolysis and/or redox regulation. Such multilevel-regulation processes deliver a range of benefits including rapid response to environmental and physiological challenges or metabolic fluctuations. This review specially emphasizes essential functions of these post-translational events that permit the close regulation of key enzymes involved in plant isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Hemmerlin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBMP-CNRS-UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 28 rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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Odejinmi SI, Rascon RG, Chen W, Lai K. Formal Synthesis of 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl D-erythritol From D-(+)-Arabitol. Tetrahedron 2012; 68:8937-8941. [PMID: 23049145 PMCID: PMC3462025 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) is a key chemical intermediate of the non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis employed by many pathogenic microbes. MEP is also the precursor for the synthesis of 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl D-erythritol (CDP-ME), another key intermediate of the non-mevalonate pathway. As this pathway is non-existent in higher animals, including humans, it represents great opportunities for novel antimicrobial development. To facilitate the in-depth studies of this pathway, we reported here a formal synthesis of CDP-ME through a new synthesis of 2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphoric acid from D-(+)-arabitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina I. Odejinmi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, U.S.A
| | - Rafael G. Rascon
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, U.S.A
| | - Wyman Chen
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, U.S.A
| | - Kent Lai
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, U.S.A
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9
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Bitok JK, Meyers CF. 2C-Methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate enhances and sustains cyclodiphosphate synthase IspF activity. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1702-10. [PMID: 22839733 DOI: 10.1021/cb300243w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is significant progress toward understanding catalysis throughout the essential MEP pathway to isoprenoids in human pathogens; however, little is known about pathway regulation. The present study begins by testing the hypothesis that isoprenoid biosynthesis is regulated via feedback inhibition of the fifth enzyme cyclodiphosphate synthase IspF by downstream isoprenoid diphosphates. Here, we demonstrate recombinant E. coli IspF is not inhibited by downstream metabolites isopentenyl diphosphate (IDP), dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP), geranyl diphosphate (GDP), and farnesyl diphosphate (FDP) under standard assay conditions. However, 2C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP), the product of reductoisomerase IspC and first committed MEP pathway intermediate, activates and sustains this enhanced IspF activity, and the IspF-MEP complex is inhibited by FDP. We further show that the methylerythritol scaffold itself, which is unique to this pathway, drives the activation and stabilization of active IspF. Our results suggest a novel feed-forward regulatory mechanism for 2C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcDP) production and support an isoprenoid biosynthesis regulatory mechanism via feedback inhibition of the IspF-MEP complex by FDP. The results have important implications for development of inhibitors against the IspF-MEP complex, which may be the physiologically relevant form of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Kipchirchir Bitok
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore,
Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Caren Freel Meyers
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore,
Maryland 21205, United States
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10
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Hunter WN. Isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis offers potential targets for drug discovery against diseases caused by apicomplexan parasites. Curr Top Med Chem 2011; 11:2048-59. [PMID: 21619509 DOI: 10.2174/156802611796575867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Two, simple, C5 compounds, dimethylally diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate, are the universal precursors of isoprenoids, a large family of natural products involved in numerous important biological processes. Two distinct biosynthetic pathways have evolved to supply these precursors. Humans use the mevalonate route whilst many species of bacteria including important pathogens, plant chloroplasts and apicomplexan parasites exploit the non-mevalonate pathway. The absence from humans, combined with genetic and chemical validation suggests that the non-mevalonate pathway holds the potential to support new drug discovery programmes targeting Gram-negative bacteria and the apicomplexan parasites responsible for causing serious human diseases, and also infections of veterinary importance. The non-mevalonate pathway relies on eight enzyme-catalyzed stages exploiting a range of cofactors and metal ions. A wealth of structural and mechanistic data, mainly derived from studies of bacterial enzymes, now exists for most components of the pathway and these will be described. Particular attention will be paid to how these data inform on the apicomplexan orthologues concentrating on the enzymes from Plasmodium spp. these cause malaria, one the most important parasitic diseases in the world today.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N Hunter
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK.
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Gräwert T, Groll M, Rohdich F, Bacher A, Eisenreich W. Biochemistry of the non-mevalonate isoprenoid pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3797-814. [PMID: 21744068 PMCID: PMC11114746 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0753-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid (terpenoid) biosynthesis is essential in many eubacteria including the major human pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in apicomplexan protozoa including the Plasmodium spp. causing malaria, and in the plastids of plants. The metabolic route is absent in humans and is therefore qualified as a promising target for new anti-infective drugs and herbicides. Biochemical and structural knowledge about all enzymes involved in the pathway established the basis for discovery and development of inhibitors by high-throughput screening of compound libraries and/or structure-based rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Gräwert
- Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Center for Integrated Protein Science München, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Groll
- Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Center for Integrated Protein Science München, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Adelbert Bacher
- Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Center for Integrated Protein Science München, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Center for Integrated Protein Science München, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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Pérez-Gil J, Bergua M, Boronat A, Imperial S. Cloning and functional characterization of an enzyme from Helicobacter pylori that catalyzes two steps of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1800:919-28. [PMID: 20600626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The methylerythritol phosphate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis is an attractive target for the design of new specific antibiotics for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases associated with the presence of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori since this pathway which is essential to the bacterium is absent in humans. RESULTS This work reports the molecular cloning of one of the genes of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway form H. pylori (ispDF; HP_1440) its expression in Escherichia coli and the functional characterization of the recombinant enzyme. As shown by genetic complementation and in vitro functional assays the product of the ispDF gene form H. pylori is a bifunctional enzyme which can replace both CDP-methylerythritol synthase and methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate synthase from E. coli. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Designing inhibitors that affect at the same time both enzyme activities of the H. pylori bifunctional enzyme (i.e. by disrupting protein oligomerization) would result in more effective antibiotics which would be able to continue their action even if the bacterium acquired a resistance to another antibiotic directed against one of the individual activities. CONCLUSION The bifunctional enzyme would be an excellent target for the design of new, selective antibiotics for the treatment of H. pylori associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Pérez-Gil
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular. Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 645. 08028-Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
The recently discovered non-mevalonate biosynthetic route to isoprenoid precursors is an essential metabolic pathway in plants, apicomplexan parasites, and many species of bacteria. The pathway relies on eight enzymes exploiting different cofactors and metal ions. Structural and mechanistic data now exist for most components of the pathway though there remain some gaps in our knowledge. The individual enzymes represent new, validated targets for broad spectrum antimicrobial drug and herbicide development. Detailed knowledge of the pathway may also be exploited to genetically modify microorganisms and plants to produce compounds of agricultural and medical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N Hunter
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK.
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14
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Ershov YV. 2-C-methylerythritol phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis as a target in identifying new antibiotics, herbicides, and immunomodulators: A review. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683807020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Koumbis AE, Kotoulas SS, Gallos JK. A convenient synthesis of 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate and isotopomers of its precursor. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
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