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Yoshida T, Tsuge H. Common Mechanism for Target Specificity of Protein- and DNA-Targeting ADP-Ribosyltransferases. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010040. [PMID: 33430384 PMCID: PMC7827354 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens utilize ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs) as virulence factors. The critical aspect of ARTs is their target specificity. Each individual ART modifies a specific residue of its substrates, which could be proteins, DNA, or antibiotics. However, the mechanism underlying this specificity is poorly understood. Here, we review the substrate recognition mechanism and target residue specificity based on the available complex structures of ARTs and their substrates. We show that there are common mechanisms of target residue specificity among protein- and DNA-targeting ARTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yoshida
- Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan;
| | - Hideaki Tsuge
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
- Institute for Protein Dynamics, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
- Center for Molecular Research in Infectious Diseases, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-705-3117
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2
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Tremblay O, Thow Z, Merrill AR. Several New Putative Bacterial ADP-Ribosyltransferase Toxins Are Revealed from In Silico Data Mining, Including the Novel Toxin Vorin, Encoded by the Fire Blight Pathogen Erwinia amylovora. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E792. [PMID: 33322547 PMCID: PMC7764402 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase (mART) toxins are secreted by several pathogenic bacteria that disrupt vital host cell processes in deadly diseases like cholera and whooping cough. In the last two decades, the discovery of mART toxins has helped uncover the mechanisms of disease employed by pathogens impacting agriculture, aquaculture, and human health. Due to the current abundance of mARTs in bacterial genomes, and an unprecedented availability of genomic sequence data, mART toxins are amenable to discovery using an in silico strategy involving a series of sequence pattern filters and structural predictions. In this work, a bioinformatics approach was used to discover six bacterial mART sequences, one of which was a functional mART toxin encoded by the plant pathogen, Erwinia amylovora, called Vorin. Using a yeast growth-deficiency assay, we show that wild-type Vorin inhibited yeast cell growth, while catalytic variants reversed the growth-defective phenotype. Quantitative mass spectrometry analysis revealed that Vorin may cause eukaryotic host cell death by suppressing the initiation of autophagic processes. The genomic neighbourhood of Vorin indicated that it is a Type-VI-secreted effector, and co-expression experiments showed that Vorin is neutralized by binding of a cognate immunity protein, VorinI. We demonstrate that Vorin may also act as an antibacterial effector, since bacterial expression of Vorin was not achieved in the absence of VorinI. Vorin is the newest member of the mART family; further characterization of the Vorin/VorinI complex may help refine inhibitor design for mART toxins from other deadly pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. Rod Merrill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (O.T.); (Z.T.)
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3
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Liu ZW, Li H, Liu JX, Wang Y, Zhuang J. Integrative transcriptome, proteome, and microRNA analysis reveals the effects of nitrogen sufficiency and deficiency conditions on theanine metabolism in the tea plant ( Camellia sinensis). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:65. [PMID: 32377356 PMCID: PMC7192918 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is associated with amino acid metabolism in higher plants. Theanine is an important amino acid in tea plants. To explore the relationship between theanine metabolism and N conditions, we examined the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), proteins (DEPs), and microRNAs (DEMs) involved in theanine metabolism in tea plant shoots and roots under N sufficiency and deficiency conditions. Transcriptome, proteome, and microRNA analyses were performed on tea plant shoots and roots under N sufficiency and deficiency conditions. The contents of theanine, expression levels of genes involved in theanine metabolism, contents of proteinogenic amino acids, and activity of enzymes were analyzed. The DEP-DEG correlation pairs and negative DEM-DEG interactions related to theanine metabolism were identified based on correlation analyses. The expression profiles of DEGs and negative DEM-DEG pairs related to theanine biosynthesis were consistent with the sequencing results. Our results suggest that the molecular and physiological mechanism of theanine accumulation is significantly affected by N sufficiency and deficiency conditions. The DEGs, DEPs, and DEMs and the activity of the enzymes involved in theanine biosynthesis might play vital roles in theanine accumulation under N sufficiency and deficiency conditions in the shoots and roots of tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Liu
- Tea Science Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Tea Science Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Jie-Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tea Science Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Tea Science Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
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4
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Turner M, Tremblay O, Heney K, Lugo M, Ebeling J, Genersch E, Merrill A. Characterization of C3larvinA, a novel RhoA-targeting ADP-ribosyltransferase toxin produced by the honey bee pathogen, Paenibacillus larvae. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20193405. [PMID: 31844879 PMCID: PMC6954368 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
C3larvinA is a putative virulence factor produced by Paenibacillus larvae enterobacterial-repetitive-intergenic-consensus (ERIC) III/IV (strain 11-8051). Biochemical, functional and structural analyses of C3larvinA revealed that it belongs to the C3-like mono-ADP-ribosylating toxin subgroup. Mammalian RhoA was the target substrate for its transferase activity suggesting that it may be the biological target of C3larvinA. The kinetic parameters of the NAD+ substrate for the transferase (KM = 75 ± 10 µM) and glycohydrolase (GH) (KM = 107 ± 20 µM) reactions were typical for a C3-like bacterial toxin, including the Plx2A virulence factor from Paenibacillus larvae ERIC I. Upon cytoplasmic expression in yeast, C3larvinA caused a growth-defective phenotype indicating that it is an active C3-like toxin and is cytotoxic to eukaryotic cells. The catalytic variant of the Q187-X-E189 motif in C3larvinA showed no cytotoxicity toward yeast confirming that the cytotoxicity of this factor depends on its enzymatic activity. A homology consensus model of C3larvinA with NAD+ substrate was built on the structure of Plx2A, provided additional confirmation that C3larvinA is a member of the C3-like mono-ADP-ribosylating toxin subgroup. A homology model of C3larvinA with NADH and RhoA was built on the structure of the C3cer-NADH-RhoA complex which provided further evidence that C3larvinA is a C3-like toxin that shares an identical catalytic mechanism with C3cer from Bacillus cereus. C3larvinA induced actin cytoskeleton reorganization in murine macrophages, whereas in insect cells, vacuolization and bi-nucleated cells were observed. These cellular effects are consistent with C3larvinA disrupting RhoA function by covalent modification that is shared among C3-like bacterial toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Turner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Olivier Tremblay
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kayla A. Heney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Miguel R. Lugo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Julia Ebeling
- Institute for Bee Research, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Hohen Neuendorf 16540, Germany
| | - Elke Genersch
- Institute for Bee Research, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bee Diseases, Hohen Neuendorf 16540, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen, Berlin 14163, Germany
| | - A. Rod Merrill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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5
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Lugo MR, Merrill AR. An In-Silico Sequence-Structure-Function Analysis of the N-Terminal Lobe in CT Group Bacterial ADP-Ribosyltransferase Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060365. [PMID: 31234283 PMCID: PMC6628389 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The C3-like toxins are single-domain proteins that represent a minimal mono-ADP-ribosyl transferase (mART) enzyme with a simple model scaffold for the entire cholera toxin (CT)-group. These proteins possess a single (A-domain) that modifies Rho proteins. In contrast, C2-like toxins require a binding/translocation partner (B-component) for intoxication. These are A-only toxins that contain the E-x-E motif, modify G-actin, but are two-domains with a C-domain possessing enzymatic activity. The N-domain of the C2-like toxins is unstructured, and its function is currently unknown. A sequence-structure-function comparison was performed on the N-terminal region of the mART domain of the enzymatic component of the CT toxin group in the CATCH fold (3.90.210.10). Special consideration was given to the N-domain distal segment, the α-lobe (α1–α4), and its different roles in these toxin sub-groups. These results show that the role of the N-terminal α-lobe is to provide a suitable configuration (i) of the α2–α3 helices to feature the α3-motif that has a role in NAD+ substrate binding and possibly in the interaction with the protein target; (ii) the α3–α4 helices to provide the α3/4-loop with protein-protein interaction capability; and (iii) the α1-Ntail that features specialized motif(s) according to the toxin type (A-only or A-B toxins) exhibiting an effect on the catalytic activity via the ARTT-loop, with a role in the inter-domain stability, and with a function in the binding and/or translocation steps during the internalization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel R Lugo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - A Rod Merrill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada.
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6
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Insights into the biogenesis, function, and regulation of ADP-ribosylation. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 14:236-243. [PMID: 29443986 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation-the transfer of ADP-ribose (ADPr) from NAD+ onto target molecules-is catalyzed by members of the ADP-ribosyltransferase (ART) superfamily of proteins, found in all kingdoms of life. Modification of amino acids in protein targets by ADPr regulates critical cellular pathways in eukaryotes and underlies the pathogenicity of certain bacteria. Several members of the ART superfamily are highly relevant for disease; these include the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), recently shown to be important cancer targets, and the bacterial toxins diphtheria toxin and cholera toxin, long known to be responsible for the symptoms of diphtheria and cholera that result in morbidity. In this Review, we discuss the functions of amino acid ADPr modifications and the ART proteins that make them, the nature of the chemical linkage between ADPr and its targets and how this impacts function and stability, and the way that ARTs select specific amino acids in targets to modify.
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7
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Sung VMH. Mechanistic overview of ADP-ribosylation reactions. Biochimie 2015; 113:35-46. [PMID: 25828806 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation reactions consist of mono-ADP-ribosylation, poly-ADP-ribosylation and cyclic ADP-ribosylation. These reactions play essential roles in many important physiological and pathophysiological events. The types of chemical linkages, the evolutionarily conserved motif within the enzymes to determine the target specificity, stereochemistry of the ADP-ribosylated products, and the chemical reactions taking place among the enzymes and substrates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky M-H Sung
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, MA 02115, USA.
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8
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The Effects of Botulinum Toxin A on Survival of Rat TRAM Flap With Vertical Midline Scar. Ann Plast Surg 2015; 74:100-6. [DOI: 10.1097/sap.0b013e31828d706f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Krska D, Ravulapalli R, Fieldhouse RJ, Lugo MR, Merrill AR. C3larvin toxin, an ADP-ribosyltransferase from Paenibacillus larvae. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:1639-53. [PMID: 25477523 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.589846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
C3larvin toxin was identified by a bioinformatic strategy as a putative mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase and a possible virulence factor from Paenibacillus larvae, which is the causative agent of American Foulbrood in honey bees. C3larvin targets RhoA as a substrate for its transferase reaction, and kinetics for both the NAD(+) (Km = 34 ± 12 μm) and RhoA (Km = 17 ± 3 μm) substrates were characterized for this enzyme from the mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 toxin subgroup. C3larvin is toxic to yeast when expressed in the cytoplasm, and catalytic variants of the enzyme lost the ability to kill the yeast host, indicating that the toxin exerts its lethality through its enzyme activity. A small molecule inhibitor of C3larvin enzymatic activity was discovered called M3 (Ki = 11 ± 2 μm), and to our knowledge, is the first inhibitor of transferase activity of the C3 toxin family. C3larvin was crystallized, and its crystal structure (apoenzyme) was solved to 2.3 Å resolution. C3larvin was also shown to have a different mechanism of cell entry from other C3 toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Krska
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ravikiran Ravulapalli
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Robert J Fieldhouse
- the Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, and the Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Miguel R Lugo
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A Rod Merrill
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada,
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10
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Pfaumann V, Lang AE, Schwan C, Schmidt G, Aktories K. The actin and Rho-modifying toxins PTC3 and PTC5 ofPhotorhabdus luminescens: enzyme characterization and induction of MAL/SRF-dependent transcription. Cell Microbiol 2014; 17:579-94. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Pfaumann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Alexander E. Lang
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Carsten Schwan
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Gudula Schmidt
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Klaus Aktories
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS); University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
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11
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Picchianti M, Del Vecchio M, Di Marcello F, Biagini M, Veggi D, Norais N, Rappuoli R, Pizza M, Balducci E. Auto ADP-ribosylation of NarE, a Neisseria meningitidis ADP-ribosyltransferase, regulates its catalytic activities. FASEB J 2013; 27:4723-30. [PMID: 23964075 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-229955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
NarE is an arginine-specific mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase identified in Neisseria meningitidis that requires the presence of iron in a structured cluster for its enzymatic activities. In this study, we show that NarE can perform auto-ADP-ribosylation. This automodification occurred in a time- and NAD-concentration-dependent manner; was inhibited by novobiocin, an ADP-ribosyltransferase inhibitor; and did not occur when NarE was heat inactivated. No reduction in incorporation was evidenced in the presence of high concentrations of ATP, GTP, ADP-ribose, or nicotinamide, which inhibits NAD-glycohydrolase, impeding the formation of free ADP-ribose. Based on the electrophoretic profile of NarE on auto-ADP-ribosylation and on the results of mutagenesis and mass spectrometry analysis, the auto-ADP-ribosylation appeared to be restricted to the addition of a single ADP-ribose. Chemical stability experiments showed that the ADP-ribosyl linkage was sensitive to hydroxylamine, which breaks ADP-ribose-arginine bonds. Site-directed mutagenesis suggested that the auto-ADP-ribosylation site occurred preferentially on the R(7) residue, which is located in the region I of the ADP-ribosyltransferase family. After auto-ADP-ribosylation, NarE showed a reduction in ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, while NAD-glycohydrolase activity was increased. Overall, our findings provide evidence for a novel intramolecular mechanism used by NarE to regulate its enzymatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Picchianti
- 1Centro Ricerche Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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12
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Visschedyk D, Rochon A, Tempel W, Dimov S, Park HW, Merrill AR. Certhrax toxin, an anthrax-related ADP-ribosyltransferase from Bacillus cereus. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41089-102. [PMID: 22992735 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.412809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified Certhrax, the first anthrax-like mART toxin from the pathogenic G9241 strain of Bacillus cereus. Certhrax shares 31% sequence identity with anthrax lethal factor from Bacillus anthracis; however, we have shown that the toxicity of Certhrax resides in the mART domain, whereas anthrax uses a metalloprotease mechanism. Like anthrax lethal factor, Certhrax was found to require protective antigen for host cell entry. This two-domain enzyme was shown to be 60-fold more toxic to mammalian cells than anthrax lethal factor. Certhrax localizes to distinct regions within mouse RAW264.7 cells by 10 min postinfection and is extranuclear in its cellular location. Substitution of catalytic residues shows that the mART function is responsible for the toxicity, and it binds NAD(+) with high affinity (K(D) = 52.3 ± 12.2 μM). We report the 2.2 Å Certhrax structure, highlighting its structural similarities and differences with anthrax lethal factor. We also determined the crystal structures of two good inhibitors (P6 (K(D) = 1.7 ± 0.2 μM, K(i) = 1.8 ± 0.4 μM) and PJ34 (K(D) = 5.8 ± 2.6 μM, K(i) = 9.6 ± 0.3 μM)) in complex with Certhrax. As with other toxins in this family, the phosphate-nicotinamide loop moves toward the NAD(+) binding site with bound inhibitor. These results indicate that Certhrax may be important in the pathogenesis of B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Visschedyk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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13
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Park TH. Letter regarding "the effect of botulinum neurotoxin-a on blood flow in rats: a potential mechanism for treatment of Raynaud phenomenon". J Hand Surg Am 2012; 37:1104-5; author reply 1105. [PMID: 22541158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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14
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Icenogle LM, Hengel SM, Coye LH, Streifel A, Collins CM, Goodlett DR, Moseley SL. Molecular and biological characterization of Streptococcal SpyA-mediated ADP-ribosylation of intermediate filament protein vimentin. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:21481-91. [PMID: 22549780 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.370791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive bacterial pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes produces a C3 family ADP-ribosyltransferase designated SpyA (S. pyogenes ADP-ribosyltransferase). Our laboratory has identified a number of eukaryotic protein targets for SpyA, prominent among which are the cytoskeletal proteins actin and vimentin. Because vimentin is an unusual target for modification by bacterial ADP-ribosyltransferases, we quantitatively compared the activity of SpyA on vimentin and actin. Vimentin was the preferred substrate for SpyA (k(cat), 58.5 ± 3.4 min(-1)) relative to actin (k(cat), 10.1 ± 0.6 min(-1)), and vimentin was modified at a rate 9.48 ± 1.95-fold greater than actin. We employed tandem mass spectrometry analysis to identify sites of ADP-ribosylation on vimentin. The primary sites of modification were Arg-44 and -49 in the head domain, with several additional secondary sites identified. Because the primary sites are located in a domain of vimentin known to be important for the regulation of polymerization by phosphorylation, we investigated the effects of SpyA activity on vimentin polymerization, utilizing an in vitro NaCl-induced filamentation assay. SpyA inhibited vimentin filamentation, whereas a catalytic site mutant of SpyA had no effect. Additionally, we demonstrated that expression of SpyA in HeLa cells resulted in collapse of the vimentin cytoskeleton, whereas expression in RAW 264.7 cells impeded vimentin reorganization upon stimulation of this macrophage-like cell line with LPS. We conclude that SpyA modification of vimentin occurs in an important regulatory region of the head domain and has significant functional effects on vimentin assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Icenogle
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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15
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Namazi H. Letter regarding "Prevention of anastomotic thrombosis by botulinum toxin B after acute injury in a rat model". J Hand Surg Am 2011; 36:2076; author reply 2076-7. [PMID: 22123051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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16
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Deželak M, Bavec A. Glucagon like-peptide-1 receptor is covalently modified by endogenous mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:4375-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Laing S, Unger M, Koch-Nolte F, Haag F. ADP-ribosylation of arginine. Amino Acids 2010; 41:257-69. [PMID: 20652610 PMCID: PMC3102197 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0676-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Arginine adenosine-5′-diphosphoribosylation (ADP-ribosylation) is an enzyme-catalyzed, potentially reversible posttranslational modification, in which the ADP-ribose moiety is transferred from NAD+ to the guanidino moiety of arginine. At 540 Da, ADP-ribose has the size of approximately five amino acid residues. In contrast to arginine, which, at neutral pH, is positively charged, ADP-ribose carries two negatively charged phosphate moieties. Arginine ADP-ribosylation, thus, causes a notable change in size and chemical property at the ADP-ribosylation site of the target protein. Often, this causes steric interference of the interaction of the target protein with binding partners, e.g. toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of actin at R177 sterically blocks actin polymerization. In case of the nucleotide-gated P2X7 ion channel, ADP-ribosylation at R125 in the vicinity of the ligand-binding site causes channel gating. Arginine-specific ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs) carry a characteristic R-S-EXE motif that distinguishes these enzymes from structurally related enzymes which catalyze ADP-ribosylation of other amino acid side chains, DNA, or small molecules. Arginine-specific ADP-ribosylation can be inhibited by small molecule arginine analogues such as agmatine or meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), which themselves can serve as targets for arginine-specific ARTs. ADP-ribosylarginine specific hydrolases (ARHs) can restore target protein function by hydrolytic removal of the entire ADP-ribose moiety. In some cases, ADP-ribosylarginine is processed into secondary posttranslational modifications, e.g. phosphoribosylarginine or ornithine. This review summarizes current knowledge on arginine-specific ADP-ribosylation, focussing on the methods available for its detection, its biological consequences, and the enzymes responsible for this modification and its reversal, and discusses future perspectives for research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Laing
- Campus Forschung, 2. OG Rm 02.0058, Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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Visschedyk DD, Perieteanu AA, Turgeon ZJ, Fieldhouse RJ, Dawson JF, Merrill AR. Photox, a novel actin-targeting mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase from Photorhabdus luminescens. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:13525-34. [PMID: 20181945 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.077339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Photorhabdus luminescens is a pathogenic bacterium that produces many toxic proteins. The mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases (mARTs) are an enzyme class produced by numerous pathogenic bacteria and participate in disease in plants and animals, including humans. Herein we report a novel mART from P. luminescens called Photox. This 46-kDa toxin shows high homology to other actin-targeting mARTs in hallmark catalytic regions and a similar core catalytic fold. Furthermore, Photox shows in vivo cytotoxic activity against yeast, with protection occurring when catalytic residues are substituted with alanine. In vitro, enzymatic activity (k(cat), 1680 +/- 75 min(-1)) is higher than that of the related iota toxin, and diminishes by nearly 14,000-fold following substitution of the catalytic Glu (E355A). This toxin specifically ADP-ribosylates monomeric alpha-skeletal actin and nonmuscle beta- and gamma-actin at Arg(177), inhibiting regular polymerization of actin filaments. These results indicate that Photox is indeed an ADP-ribosyltransferase, making it the newest member of the actin-targeting mART family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle D Visschedyk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Hottiger MO, Hassa PO, Lüscher B, Schüler H, Koch-Nolte F. Toward a unified nomenclature for mammalian ADP-ribosyltransferases. Trends Biochem Sci 2010; 35:208-19. [PMID: 20106667 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 643] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is a post-translational modification of proteins catalyzed by ADP-ribosyltransferases. It comprises the transfer of the ADP-ribose moiety from NAD+ to specific amino acid residues on substrate proteins or to ADP-ribose itself. Currently, 22 human genes encoding proteins that possess an ADP-ribosyltransferase catalytic domain are known. Recent structural and enzymological evidence of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) family members demonstrate that earlier proposed names and classifications of these proteins are no longer accurate. Here we summarize these new findings and propose a new consensus nomenclature for all ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs) based on the catalyzed reaction and on structural features. A unified nomenclature would facilitate communication between researchers both inside and outside the ADP-ribosylation field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Hottiger
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Vogelsgesang M, Stieglitz B, Herrmann C, Pautsch A, Aktories K. Crystal structure of theClostridium limosumC3 exoenzyme. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:1032-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sha J, Wang SF, Suarez G, Sierra JC, Fadl AA, Erova TE, Foltz SM, Khajanchi BK, Silver A, Graf J, Schein CH, Chopra AK. Further characterization of a type III secretion system (T3SS) and of a new effector protein from a clinical isolate of Aeromonas hydrophila--part I. Microb Pathog 2007; 43:127-46. [PMID: 17644303 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A type III secretion system (T3SS)-associated cytotoxin, AexT, with ADP-ribosyltransferase activity and homology to Pseudomonas aeruginosa bifuncational toxins ExoT/S, was recently identified from a fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida. In this study, we reported the molecular characterization of an aexT-like toxin gene (designated as aexU) from a diarrheal isolate SSU of A. hydrophila. The aexU gene was 1539bp in length and encoded a protein of 512 amino acid (aa) residues. The NH(2)-terminus of AexU (aa residues 1-231) exhibited a 67% homology with the NH(2)-terminus of AexT from A. salmonicida. Importantly, its COOH-terminus (aa residues 232-512) had no homology with any known functional proteins in the database; however, the full-length AexU retained ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. The expression and subsequent secretion of AexU was T3SS dependent, as inactivation of the ascV gene that codes for an inner-membrane component of the T3SS channel from the wild-type (WT) bacterium, blocked translocation of AexU in HT-29 human colonic epithelial cells. We provided evidence that inactivation of acrV and axsE genes (homologs of lcrV and exsE in Yersinia species and P. aeruginosa, respectively) from A. hydrophila SSU, altered expression and/or secretion of AexU. We deleted an aexU gene from the WT, as well as from the DeltaaopB mutant, of A. hydrophila, generating a single knockout (DeltaaexU) and a double knockout mutant, DeltaaopB/DeltaaexU. Increased phagocytosis was observed in RAW264.7 murine macrophages infected with the DeltaaopB/DeltaaexU mutant, as compared to macrophages when infected with the parental DeltaaopB strain. Further, mice infected with the DeltaaexU mutant had a 60% survival rate, compared to animals infected with the WT or the DeltaaexU-complemented strain that caused 90-100% of the animals to die at a 2-3 LD(50s) dose. Immunization of mice with the recombinant AexU protected them from subsequent lethal challenge dose by the WT bacterium. Finally, we detected specific anti-AexU antibodies in the sera of mice that survived challenge by the WT bacterium, which may indicate that AexU plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Aeromonas infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sha
- Department of Microbiology , The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., UTMB Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA
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Vogelsgesang M, Pautsch A, Aktories K. C3 exoenzymes, novel insights into structure and action of Rho-ADP-ribosylating toxins. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2006; 374:347-60. [PMID: 17146673 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-006-0113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The family of C3-like exoenzymes comprises seven bacterial ADP-ribosyltransferases of different origin. The common hallmark of these exoenzymes is the selective N-ADP-ribosylation of the low molecular mass GTP-binding proteins RhoA, B, and C and inhibition of signal pathways controlled by Rho GTPases. Therefore, C3-like exoenzymes were applied as pharmacological tools for analyses of cellular functions of Rho protein in numerous studies. Recent structural and functional analyses of C3-like exoenzymes provide detailed information on the molecular mechanisms and functional consequences of ADP-ribosylation catalyzed by these toxins. More recently additional non-enzymatic actions of C3-like ADP-ribosyltransferases have been identified showing that C3 transferases from Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium limosum form a GDI-like complex with the Ras-like low molecular mass GTPase Ral without ADP-ribosylation. These results add novel information on the molecular mode of action(s) of C3-like exoenzymes and are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vogelsgesang
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Otto-Krayer-Haus, Albertstrasse 25, Freiburg, Germany
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Holbourn KP, Shone CC, Acharya KR. A family of killer toxins. Exploring the mechanism of ADP-ribosylating toxins. FEBS J 2006; 273:4579-93. [PMID: 16956368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ADP-ribosylating toxins (ADPRTs) are a family of toxins that catalyse the hydrolysis of NAD and the transfer of the ADP-ribose moiety onto a target. This family includes many notorious killers, responsible for thousands of deaths annually including: cholera, enterotoxic Escherichia coli, whooping cough, diphtheria and a plethora of Clostridial binary toxins. Despite their notoriety as pathogens, the ADPRTs have been extensively used as cellular tools to study and elucidate the functions of the small GTPases that they target. There are four classes of ADPRTs and at least one structure representative of each of these classes has been determined. They all share a common fold and several motifs around the active site that collectively facilitate the binding and transfer of the ADP-ribose moiety of NAD to their protein targets. In this review, we present an overview of the physiology and cellular qualities of the bacterial ADPRTs and take an in-depth look at the structural motifs that differentiate the different classes of bacterial ADPRTs in relation to their function.
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