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Giraldo-Berrio D, Mendivil-Perez M, Velez-Pardo C, Jimenez-Del-Rio M. Rotenone Induces a Neuropathological Phenotype in Cholinergic-like Neurons Resembling Parkinson's Disease Dementia (PDD). Neurotox Res 2024; 42:28. [PMID: 38842585 PMCID: PMC11156752 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-024-00705-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) is a neurological disorder that clinically and neuropathologically overlaps with Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although it is assumed that alpha-synuclein ( α -Syn), amyloid beta (A β ), and the protein Tau might synergistically induce cholinergic neuronal degeneration, presently the pathological mechanism of PDD remains unclear. Therefore, it is essential to delve into the cellular and molecular aspects of this neurological entity to identify potential targets for prevention and treatment strategies. Cholinergic-like neurons (ChLNs) were exposed to rotenone (ROT, 10 μ M) for 24 h. ROT provokes loss of Δ Ψ m , generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phosphorylation of leucine-rich repeated kinase 2 (LRRK2 at Ser935) concomitantly with phosphorylation of α -synuclein ( α -Syn, Ser129), induces accumulation of intracellular A β (iA β ), oxidized DJ-1 (Cys106), as well as phosphorylation of TAU (Ser202/Thr205), increases the phosphorylation of c-JUN (Ser63/Ser73), and increases expression of proapoptotic proteins TP53, PUMA, and cleaved caspase 3 (CC3) in ChLNs. These neuropathological features resemble those reproduced in presenilin 1 (PSEN1) E280A ChLNs. Interestingly, anti-oxidant and anti-amyloid cannabidiol (CBD), JNK inhibitor SP600125 (SP), TP53 inhibitor pifithrin- α (PFT), and LRRK2 kinase inhibitor PF-06447475 (PF475) significantly diminish ROT-induced oxidative stress (OS), proteinaceous, and cell death markers in ChLNs compared to naïve ChLNs. In conclusion, ROT induces p- α -Syn, iA β , p-Tau, and cell death in ChLNs, recapitulating the neuropathology findings in PDD. Our report provides an excellent in vitro model to test for potential therapeutic strategies against PDD. Our data suggest that ROT induces a neuropathologic phenotype in ChLNs similar to that caused by the mutation PSEN1 E280A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giraldo-Berrio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Miguel Mendivil-Perez
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.
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2
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Eccles MK, Main N, Carlessi R, Armstrong AM, Sabale M, Roberts-Mok B, Tirnitz-Parker JEE, Agostino M, Groth D, Fraser PE, Verdile G. Quantitative comparison of presenilin protein expression reveals greater activity of PS2-γ-secretase. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23396. [PMID: 38156414 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300954rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
γ-secretase processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) has long been of interest in the pathological progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to its role in the generation of amyloid-β. The catalytic component of the enzyme is the presenilins of which there are two homologues, Presenilin-1 (PS1) and Presenilin-2 (PS2). The field has focussed on the PS1 form of this enzyme, as it is typically considered the more active at APP processing. However, much of this work has been completed without appropriate consideration of the specific levels of protein expression of PS1 and PS2. We propose that expression is an important factor in PS1- and PS2-γ-secretase activity, and that when this is considered, PS1 does not have greater activity than PS2. We developed and validated tools for quantitative assessment of PS1 and PS2 protein expression levels to enable the direct comparison of PS in exogenous and endogenous expression systems, in HEK-293 PS1 and/or PS2 knockout cells. We show that exogenous expression of Myc-PS1-NTF is 5.5-times higher than Myc-PS2-NTF. Quantitating endogenous PS protein levels, using a novel PS1/2 fusion standard we developed, showed similar results. When the marked difference in PS1 and PS2 protein levels is considered, we show that compared to PS1-γ-secretase, PS2-γ-secretase has equal or more activity on APP and Notch1. This study has implications for understanding the PS1- and PS2-specific contributions to substrate processing, and their potential influence in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Eccles
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nathan Main
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Carlessi
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ayeisha Milligan Armstrong
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Miheer Sabale
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brigid Roberts-Mok
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Janina E E Tirnitz-Parker
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark Agostino
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Groth
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul E Fraser
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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3
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Narlawar R, Serneels L, Gaffric C, Gijsen HJM, De Strooper B, Bischoff F. Discovery of brain permeable 2-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane sulfonamides as a novel class of presenilin-1 selective γ-secretase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115725. [PMID: 37657269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the rational design, synthesis, structure-activity relationship (SAR), and biological profile of presenilin-1 (PSEN-1) complex selective γ-secretase inhibitors, assessed for selectivity using a unique set of four γ-secretase subtype complexes. A set of known PSEN-1 selective γ-Secretase inhibitors (GSIs) was analyzed to understand the pharmacophoric features required for selective inhibition. Conformational modeling suggests that a characteristic 'U' shape orientation between aromatic sulfone/sulfonamide and aryl ring is crucial for PSEN-1 selectivity and potency. Using these insights, a series of brain-penetrant 2-azabicyclo[2,2,2]octane sulfonamides was devised and synthesized as a new class of PSEN-1 selective inhibitors. Compounds 13c and 13k displayed high potency towards PSEN1-APH1B complex but moderate selectivity towards PSEN2 complexes. However, compound (+)-13b displayed low nanomolar potency towards the PSEN1-APH1B complex, little (∼4-fold) selectivity towards PSEN1-APH1A, and high selectivity (>350-fold) versus PSEN2 complexes. Excellent brain penetration, no significant CYP inhibition, or cardiotoxicity, good solubility, and permeability make (+)-13b an excellent candidate for further lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwar Narlawar
- Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, (LIND), Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Celia Gaffric
- Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Harrie J M Gijsen
- Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, (LIND), Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - François Bischoff
- Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium.
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4
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Serneels L, Narlawar R, Benito LP, Municoy M, Guallar V, T'Syen D, Dewilde M, Bischoff F, Fraiponts E, Tresadern G, Roevens PWM, Gijsen HJM, De Strooper B. Selective inhibitors of the PSEN1-gamma-secretase complex. J Biol Chem 2023:104794. [PMID: 37164155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical development of γ-secretases, a family of intramembrane cleaving proteases, as therapeutic targets for a variety of disorders including cancer and Alzheimer's disease, was aborted because of serious mechanism based side effects in phase III trials of unselective inhibitors. Selective inhibition of specific γ-secretase complexes, containing either PSEN1 or PSEN2 as catalytic subunit and APH1A or APH1B as supporting subunits, do provide a feasible therapeutic window in preclinical models of these disorders. We explore here the pharmacophoric features required for PSEN1 versus PSEN2 selective inhibition. We synthesized a series of brain penetrant 2-azabicyclo[2,2,2]octane sulfonamides and identified a compound with low nanomolar potency and high selectivity (>250-fold) towards the PSEN1-APH1B sub-complex versus PSEN2 sub-complexes. We used modelling and site directed mutagenesis to identify critical amino acids along the entry part of this inhibitor into the catalytic site of PSEN1. Specific targeting one of the different γ-secretase complexes might provide safer drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutgarde Serneels
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research and KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rajeshwar Narlawar
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research and KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium; Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Laura Perez Benito
- Computational Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marti Municoy
- Nostrum Biodiscovery, Jordi Girona 29, Nexus II D128, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dries T'Syen
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research and KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Dewilde
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research and KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - François Bischoff
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Erwin Fraiponts
- Charles River Laboratories, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gary Tresadern
- Computational Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Peter W M Roevens
- Campus Strategy & Partnerships, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Harrie J M Gijsen
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research and KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium; Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.
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5
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Schmidt FC, Fitz K, Feilen LP, Okochi M, Steiner H, Langosch D. Different transmembrane domains determine the specificity and efficiency of the cleavage activity of the γ-secretase subunit presenilin. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104626. [PMID: 36944398 PMCID: PMC10164903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The γ-secretase complex catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of C99, a carboxy-terminal fragment of the amyloid precursor protein. Two paralogs of its catalytic subunit presenilin (PS1 and PS2) are expressed which are autocatalytically cleaved into an N-terminal and a C-terminal fragment during maturation of γ-secretase. In this study, we compared the efficiency and specificity of C99 cleavage by PS1- and PS2-containing γ-secretases. Mass spectrometric analysis of cleavage products obtained in cell-free and cell-based assays revealed that the previously described lower amyloid-β (Aβ)38 generation by PS2 is accompanied by a reciprocal increase in Aβ37 production. We further found PS1 and PS2 to show different preferences in the choice of the initial cleavage site of C99. However, the differences in Aβ38 and Aβ37 generation appear to mainly result from altered subsequent stepwise cleavage of Aβ peptides. Apart from these differences in cleavage specificity, we confirmed a lower efficiency of initial C99 cleavage by PS2 using a detergent-solubilized γ-secretase system. By investigating chimeric PS1/2 molecules, we show that the membrane-embedded, nonconserved residues of the N-terminal fragment mainly account for the differential cleavage efficiency and specificity of both presenilins. At the level of individual transmembrane domains (TMDs), TMD3 was identified as a major modulator of initial cleavage site specificity. The efficiency of endoproteolysis strongly depends on nonconserved TMD6 residues at the interface to TMD2, i.e., at a putative gate of substrate entry. Taken together, our results highlight the role of individual presenilin TMDs in the cleavage of C99 and the generation of Aβ peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian C Schmidt
- Biopolymer Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Katja Fitz
- Biopolymer Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Lukas P Feilen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Masayasu Okochi
- Neuropsychiatry, Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Integrated Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Harald Steiner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Division of Metabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Langosch
- Biopolymer Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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6
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Abedin Y, Gabrilovich S, Alpert E, Rego E, Begum S, Zhao Q, Heller D, Einstein MH, Douglas NC. Gamma Secretase Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Notch Signaling in Uterine Leiomyosarcoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115980. [PMID: 35682660 PMCID: PMC9180633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyosarcoma (uLMS) is a rare and aggressive cancer with few effective therapeutics. The Notch signaling pathway is evolutionarily conserved with oncogenic properties, but it has not been well studied in uLMS. The purpose of our study was to determine expression of Notch family genes and proteins and to investigate the therapeutic effect of γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs), indirect inhibitors of Notch signaling, in uLMS. We determined expression of Notch genes and proteins in benign uterine smooth muscle tissue, fibroids, and uLMS samples by immunostaining and in two uLMS cell lines, SK-UT-1B (uterine primary) and SK-LMS-1 (vulvar metastasis) by RT-PCR, Western blot and immunostaining. We exposed our cell lines to GSIs, DAPT and MK-0752, and measured expression of HES1, a downstream effector of Notch. Notch proteins were differentially expressed in uLMS. Expression of NOTCH3 and NOTCH4 was higher in uLMS samples than in benign uterine smooth muscle and fibroids. Expression of NOTCH4 was higher in SK-LMS-1 compared to SK-UT-1B. Exposure of SK-UT-1B and SK-LMS-1 to DAPT and MK-0752 decreased expression of HES1 and decreased uLMS cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner that was unique to each GSI. Our findings suggest that GSIs are potential therapeutics for uLMS, albeit with limited efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Abedin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (S.G.); (E.A.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (Q.Z.); (D.H.); (M.H.E.); (N.C.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sofia Gabrilovich
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (S.G.); (E.A.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (Q.Z.); (D.H.); (M.H.E.); (N.C.D.)
| | - Emily Alpert
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (S.G.); (E.A.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (Q.Z.); (D.H.); (M.H.E.); (N.C.D.)
| | - Erica Rego
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (S.G.); (E.A.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (Q.Z.); (D.H.); (M.H.E.); (N.C.D.)
| | - Salma Begum
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (S.G.); (E.A.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (Q.Z.); (D.H.); (M.H.E.); (N.C.D.)
| | - Qingshi Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (S.G.); (E.A.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (Q.Z.); (D.H.); (M.H.E.); (N.C.D.)
| | - Debra Heller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (S.G.); (E.A.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (Q.Z.); (D.H.); (M.H.E.); (N.C.D.)
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Mark H. Einstein
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (S.G.); (E.A.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (Q.Z.); (D.H.); (M.H.E.); (N.C.D.)
| | - Nataki C. Douglas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (S.G.); (E.A.); (E.R.); (S.B.); (Q.Z.); (D.H.); (M.H.E.); (N.C.D.)
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7
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Lessard CB, Rodriguez E, Ladd TB, Minter LM, Osborne BA, Miele L, Golde TE, Ran Y. Individual and combined presenilin 1 and 2 knockouts reveal that both have highly overlapping functions in HEK293T cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:11276-11285. [PMID: 31167792 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Presenilins 1 and 2 (PS1 and 2) are the catalytic subunits of γ-secretase, a multiprotein protease that cleaves amyloid protein precursor and other type I transmembrane proteins. Previous studies with mouse models or cells have indicated differences in PS1 and PS2 functions. We have recently reported that clinical γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs), initially developed to manage Alzheimer's disease and now being considered for other therapeutic interventions, are both pharmacologically and functionally distinct. Here, using CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing, we established human HEK 293T cell lines in which endogenous PS1, PS2, or both have been knocked out. Using these knockout lines to examine differences in PS1- and PS2-mediated cleavage events, we confirmed that PS2 generates more intracellular β-amyloid than does PS1. Moreover, we observed subtle differences in PS1- and PS2-mediated cleavages of select substrates. In exploring the question of whether differences in activity among clinical GSIs could be attributed to differential inhibition of PS1 or PS2, we noted that select GSIs inhibit PS1 and PS2 activities on specific substrates with slightly different potencies. We also found that endoproteolysis of select PS1 FAD-linked variants in human cells is more efficient than what has been previously reported for mouse cell lines. Overall, these results obtained with HEK293T cells suggest that selective PS1 or PS2 inhibition by a given GSI does not explain the previously observed differences in functional and pharmacological properties among various GSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B Lessard
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Edgardo Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Thomas B Ladd
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Lisa M Minter
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Barbara A Osborne
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Lucio Miele
- Department of Genetics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Yong Ran
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
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8
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Zhao Z, Pissarnitski DA, Huang X, Palani A, Zhu Z, Greenlee WJ, Hyde LA, Song L, Terracina G, Zhang L, Parker EM. Discovery of a Tetrahydrobenzisoxazole Series of γ-Secretase Modulators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1002-1006. [PMID: 29057041 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a new series of tetrahydrobenzisoxazoles as modulators of γ-secretase activity and their structure-activity relationship (SAR) will be detailed. Several compounds are active γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) with good to excellent selectivity for the reduction of Aβ42 in the cellular assay. Compound 14a was tested in vivo in a nontransgenic rat model and was found to significantly reduce Aβ42 in the CNS compartment compared to vehicle-treated animals (up to 58% reduction of cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42 as measured 3 h after an acute oral dosing at 30 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dmitri A. Pissarnitski
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xianhai Huang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Anandan Palani
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhaoning Zhu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - William J. Greenlee
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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9
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Stanga S, Vrancx C, Tasiaux B, Marinangeli C, Karlström H, Kienlen-Campard P. Specificity of presenilin-1- and presenilin-2-dependent γ-secretases towards substrate processing. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:823-833. [PMID: 28994238 PMCID: PMC5783875 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The two presenilin‐1 (PS1) and presenilin‐2 (PS2) homologs are the catalytic core of the γ‐secretase complex, which has a major role in cell fate decision and Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Understanding the precise contribution of PS1‐ and PS2‐dependent γ‐secretases to the production of β‐amyloid peptide (Aβ) from amyloid precursor protein (APP) remains an important challenge to design molecules efficiently modulating Aβ release without affecting the processing of other γ‐secretase substrates. To that end, we studied PS1‐ and PS2‐dependent substrate processing in murine cells lacking presenilins (PSs) (PS1KO, PS2KO or PS1‐PS2 double‐KO noted PSdKO) or stably re‐expressing human PS1 or PS2 in an endogenous PS‐null (PSdKO) background. We characterized the processing of APP and Notch on both endogenous and exogenous substrates, and we investigated the effect of pharmacological inhibitors targeting the PSs activity (DAPT and L‐685,458). We found that murine PS1 γ‐secretase plays a predominant role in APP and Notch processing when compared to murine PS2 γ‐secretase. The inhibitors blocked more efficiently murine PS2‐ than murine PS1‐dependent processing. Human PSs, especially human PS1, expression in a PS‐null background efficiently restored APP and Notch processing. Strikingly, and contrary to the results obtained on murine PSs, pharmacological inhibitors appear to preferentially target human PS1‐ than human PS2‐dependent γ‐secretase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Stanga
- Alzheimer Research group, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Céline Vrancx
- Alzheimer Research group, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernadette Tasiaux
- Alzheimer Research group, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claudia Marinangeli
- Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Helena Karlström
- Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pascal Kienlen-Campard
- Alzheimer Research group, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Gu K, Li Q, Lin H, Zhu J, Mo J, He S, Lu X, Jiang X, Sun H. Gamma secretase inhibitors: a patent review (2013 - 2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:851-866. [PMID: 28350212 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1313231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gamma secretase (GS) is an intricate and multi-subunits complex, and it can cut various transmembrane proteins. Now it is a therapeutic target for a number of diseases. However, due to some side effects, the clinical development of GSI is not successful. Therefore, searching for effective GSIs has become a key point in drug discovery. Areas covered: This review discusses the structure and function of GS and various types of GSIs. And this article seeks to give an overview of the patents or applications published from 2013 to 2015 in which novel chemical classes are claimed to inhibit the GS. Expert opinion: Firstly, further understanding the structure and function of GS to elucidate the disease mechanism and develop AD therapies is urgent. Secondly, if the bioequivalence, pharmacokinetics and selectivity can be improved greatly, some failed clinical inhibitors still can become the promising compounds for clinical trials. Thirdly, some weaknesses are exposed during the development of GSI, especially the insufficient potency, low brain penetration and poor selectivity. Finally, to find potent and selective GSI is the major direction in future. Moreover, to find new indications and dosing regimens in a trial of GSIs also can be seen as new ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Gu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qi Li
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Hongzhi Lin
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jie Zhu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jun Mo
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Siyu He
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xin Lu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xueyang Jiang
- b Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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11
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Verhelst SHL. Intramembrane proteases as drug targets. FEBS J 2017; 284:1489-1502. [PMID: 27889944 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are considered attractive drug targets. Various drugs targeting classical, soluble proteases have been approved for treatment of human disease. Intramembrane proteases (IMPs) are a more recently discovered group of proteolytic enzymes. They are embedded in lipid bilayers and their active sites are located in the plane of a membrane. All four mechanistic families of IMPs have been linked to disease, but currently, no drugs against IMPs have entered the market. In this review, I will outline the function of IMPs with a focus on the ones involved in human disease, which includes Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and infectious diseases by microorganisms. Inhibitors of IMPs are known for all mechanistic classes, but are not yet very potent or selective - aside from those targeting γ-secretase. I will here describe the different features of IMP inhibitors and discuss a list of issues that need attention in the near future in order to improve the drug development for IMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H L Verhelst
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium.,AG Chemical Proteomics, Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences ISAS, Dortmund, Germany
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12
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Wu WL, Burnett DA, Clader J, Greenlee WJ, Jiang Q, Hyde LA, Del Vecchio RA, Cohen-Williams ME, Song L, Lee J, Terracina G, Zhang Q, Nomeir A, Parker EM, Zhang L. Design and synthesis of water soluble β-aminosulfone analogues of SCH 900229 as γ-secretase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5836-5841. [PMID: 27836402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we describe our strategy to improve the aqueous solubility of SCH 900229, a potent PS1-selective γ-secretase inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Incorporation of ionizable amino groups into the side chain terminal generates water soluble β-aminosulfone analogues of SCH 900229 that maintain robust in vitro potency and in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lian Wu
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Duane A Burnett
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - John Clader
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - William J Greenlee
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Qin Jiang
- Albany Molecular Research, Inc., 26 Corporate Cir, Albany, NY 12212, USA
| | - Lynn A Hyde
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | | | - Lixin Song
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Julie Lee
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Giuseppe Terracina
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Amin Nomeir
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Eric M Parker
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Lili Zhang
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Aguayo-Ortiz
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Laura Dominguez
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México 04510 México
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14
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Meckler X, Checler F. Presenilin 1 and Presenilin 2 Target γ-Secretase Complexes to Distinct Cellular Compartments. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12821-12837. [PMID: 27059953 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.708297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase complexes achieve the production of amyloid peptides playing a key role in Alzheimer disease. These proteases have many substrates involved in important physiological functions. They are composed of two constant subunits, nicastrin and PEN2, and two variable ones, presenilin (PS1 or PS2) and APH1 (APH1aL, APH1aS, or APH1b). Whether the composition of a given γ-secretase complex determines a specific cellular targeting remains unsolved. Here we combined a bidirectional inducible promoter and 2A peptide technology to generate constructs for the temporary, stoichiometric co-expression of six different combinations of the four γ-secretase subunits including EGFP-tagged nicastrin. These plasmids allow for the formation of functional γ-secretase complexes displaying specific activities and maturations. We show that PS1-containing γ-secretase complexes were targeted to the plasma membrane, whereas PS2-containing ones were addressed to the trans-Golgi network, to recycling endosomes, and, depending on the APH1-variant, to late endocytic compartments. Overall, these novel constructs unravel a presenilin-dependent subcellular targeting of γ-secretase complexes. These tools should prove useful to determine whether the cellular distribution of γ-secretase complexes contributes to substrate selectivity and to delineate regulations of their trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Meckler
- From the Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS UMR7275, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Frédéric Checler
- From the Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS UMR7275, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France.
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15
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Zhao Z, Pissarnitski DA, Josien HB, Wu WL, Xu R, Li H, Clader JW, Burnett DA, Terracina G, Hyde L, Lee J, Song L, Zhang L, Parker EM. Discovery of a Novel, Potent Spirocyclic Series of γ-Secretase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8806-17. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dmitri A. Pissarnitski
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hubert B. Josien
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Wen-Lian Wu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ruo Xu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John W. Clader
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Duane A. Burnett
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Giuseppe Terracina
- Department
of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lynn Hyde
- Department
of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Julie Lee
- Department
of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lixin Song
- Department
of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department
of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Eric M. Parker
- Department
of Neurobiology, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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16
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Near-infrared fluorescence molecular imaging of amyloid beta species and monitoring therapy in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015. [PMID: 26199414 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1505420112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) molecular imaging has been widely applied to monitoring therapy of cancer and other diseases in preclinical studies; however, this technology has not been applied successfully to monitoring therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although several NIRF probes for detecting amyloid beta (Aβ) species of AD have been reported, none of these probes has been used to monitor changes of Aβs during therapy. In this article, we demonstrated that CRANAD-3, a curcumin analog, is capable of detecting both soluble and insoluble Aβ species. In vivo imaging showed that the NIRF signal of CRANAD-3 from 4-mo-old transgenic AD (APP/PS1) mice was 2.29-fold higher than that from age-matched wild-type mice, indicating that CRANAD-3 is capable of detecting early molecular pathology. To verify the feasibility of CRANAD-3 for monitoring therapy, we first used the fast Aβ-lowering drug LY2811376, a well-characterized beta-amyloid cleaving enzyme-1 inhibitor, to treat APP/PS1 mice. Imaging data suggested that CRANAD-3 could monitor the decrease in Aβs after drug treatment. To validate the imaging capacity of CRANAD-3 further, we used it to monitor the therapeutic effect of CRANAD-17, a curcumin analog for inhibition of Aβ cross-linking. The imaging data indicated that the fluorescence signal in the CRANAD-17-treated group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the result correlated with ELISA analysis of brain extraction and Aβ plaque counting. It was the first time, to our knowledge, that NIRF was used to monitor AD therapy, and we believe that our imaging technology has the potential to have a high impact on AD drug development.
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17
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Teranishi Y, Inoue M, Yamamoto NG, Kihara T, Wiehager B, Ishikawa T, Winblad B, Schedin-Weiss S, Frykman S, Tjernberg LO. Proton myo-inositol cotransporter is a novel γ-secretase associated protein that regulates Aβ production without affecting Notch cleavage. FEBS J 2015; 282:3438-51. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Teranishi
- Division for Neurogeriatrics; Department of NVS; Center for Alzheimer Research; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
- Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd; Drug Development Research Laboratories; Osaka Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Inoue
- Division for Neurogeriatrics; Department of NVS; Center for Alzheimer Research; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
- Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd; Drug Development Research Laboratories; Osaka Japan
| | - Natsuko Goto Yamamoto
- Division for Neurogeriatrics; Department of NVS; Center for Alzheimer Research; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
- Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd; Drug Development Research Laboratories; Osaka Japan
| | - Takahiro Kihara
- Division for Neurogeriatrics; Department of NVS; Center for Alzheimer Research; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
- Dainippon-Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd; Genomic Science Laboratories; Osaka Japan
| | - Birgitta Wiehager
- Division for Neurogeriatrics; Department of NVS; Center for Alzheimer Research; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Taizo Ishikawa
- Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd; Innovative Drug Discovery Research Laboratories; Osaka Japan
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Division for Neurogeriatrics; Department of NVS; Center for Alzheimer Research; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Sophia Schedin-Weiss
- Division for Neurogeriatrics; Department of NVS; Center for Alzheimer Research; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Susanne Frykman
- Division for Neurogeriatrics; Department of NVS; Center for Alzheimer Research; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Lars O. Tjernberg
- Division for Neurogeriatrics; Department of NVS; Center for Alzheimer Research; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
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18
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Gertsik N, Chiu D, Li YM. Complex regulation of γ-secretase: from obligatory to modulatory subunits. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 6:342. [PMID: 25610395 PMCID: PMC4285130 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a four subunit, 19-pass transmembrane enzyme that cleaves amyloid precursor protein (APP), catalyzing the formation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides that form amyloid plaques, which contribute to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. γ-Secretase also cleaves Notch, among many other type I transmembrane substrates. Despite its seemingly promiscuous enzymatic capacity, γ-secretase activity is tightly regulated. This regulation is a function of many cellular entities, including but not limited to the essential γ-secretase subunits, nonessential (modulatory) subunits, and γ-secretase substrates. Regulation is also accomplished by an array of cellular events, such as presenilin (active subunit of γ-secretase) endoproteolysis and hypoxia. In this review we discuss how γ-secretase is regulated with the hope that an advanced understanding of these mechanisms will aid in the development of effective therapeutics for γ-secretase-associated diseases like AD and Notch-addicted cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Gertsik
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA ; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University New York, NY, USA
| | - Danica Chiu
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA ; Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University New York, NY, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA ; Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University New York, NY, USA
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19
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De Strooper B, Chávez Gutiérrez L. Learning by Failing: Ideas and Concepts to Tackle γ-Secretases in Alzheimer's Disease and Beyond. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 55:419-37. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, KU Leuven, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; ,
| | - Lucía Chávez Gutiérrez
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, KU Leuven, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; ,
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20
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Kipanyula MJ, Kimaro WH, Yepnjio FN, Aldebasi YH, Farahna M, Nwabo Kamdje AH, Abdel-Magied EM, Seke Etet PF. Signaling pathways bridging fate determination of neural crest cells to glial lineages in the developing peripheral nervous system. Cell Signal 2013; 26:673-82. [PMID: 24378534 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fate determination of neural crest cells is an essential step for the development of different crest cell derivatives. Peripheral glia development is marked by the choice of the neural crest cells to differentiate along glial lineages. The molecular mechanism underlying fate acquisition is poorly understood. However, recent advances have identified different transcription factors and genes required for the complex instructive signaling process that comprise both local environmental and cell intrinsic cues. Among others, at least the roles of Sox10, Notch, and neuregulin 1 have been documented in both in vivo and in vitro models. Cooperative interactions of such factors appear to be necessary for the switch from multipotent neural crest cells to glial lineage precursors in the peripheral nervous system. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of fate determination of neural crest cells into different glia subtypes, together with the potential implications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulilio John Kipanyula
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3016, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Wahabu Hamisi Kimaro
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3016, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Faustin N Yepnjio
- Neurology Department, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 1937, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Yousef H Aldebasi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Farahna
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Eltuhami M Abdel-Magied
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul Faustin Seke Etet
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
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21
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Golde TE, Koo EH, Felsenstein KM, Osborne BA, Miele L. γ-Secretase inhibitors and modulators. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1828:2898-907. [PMID: 23791707 PMCID: PMC3857966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a fascinating, multi-subunit, intramembrane cleaving protease that is now being considered as a therapeutic target for a number of diseases. Potent, orally bioavailable γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) have been developed and tested in humans with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancer. Preclinical studies also suggest the therapeutic potential for GSIs in other disease conditions. However, due to inherent mechanism based-toxicity of non-selective inhibition of γ-secretase, clinical development of GSIs will require empirical testing with careful evaluation of benefit versus risk. In addition to GSIs, compounds referred to as γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) remain in development as AD therapeutics. GSMs do not inhibit γ-secretase, but modulate γ-secretase processivity and thereby shift the profile of the secreted amyloid β peptides (Aβ) peptides produced. Although GSMs are thought to have an inherently safe mechanism of action, their effects on substrates other than the amyloid β protein precursor (APP) have not been extensively investigated. Herein, we will review the current state of development of GSIs and GSMs and explore pertinent biological and pharmacological questions pertaining to the use of these agents for select indications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Intramembrane Proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd E Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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22
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Alzheimer's disease: presenilin 2-sparing γ-secretase inhibition is a tolerable Aβ peptide-lowering strategy. J Neurosci 2013. [PMID: 23197721 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1451-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase inhibition represents a major therapeutic strategy for lowering amyloid β (Aβ) peptide production in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Progress toward clinical use of γ-secretase inhibitors has, however, been hampered due to mechanism-based adverse events, primarily related to impairment of Notch signaling. The γ-secretase inhibitor MRK-560 represents an exception as it is largely tolerable in vivo despite displaying only a small selectivity between Aβ production and Notch signaling in vitro. In exploring the molecular basis for the observed tolerability, we show that MRK-560 displays a strong preference for the presenilin 1 (PS1) over PS2 subclass of γ-secretases and is tolerable in wild-type mice but causes dose-dependent Notch-related side effect in PS2-deficient mice at drug exposure levels resulting in a substantial decrease in brain Aβ levels. This demonstrates that PS2 plays an important role in mediating essential Notch signaling in several peripheral organs during pharmacological inhibition of PS1 and provide preclinical in vivo proof of concept for PS2-sparing inhibition as a novel, tolerable and efficacious γ-secretase targeting strategy for AD.
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23
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Wu WL, Asberom T, Bara T, Bennett C, Burnett DA, Clader J, Domalski M, Greenlee WJ, Josien H, McBriar M, Rajagopalan M, Vicarel M, Xu R, Hyde LA, Del Vecchio RA, Cohen-Williams ME, Song L, Lee J, Terracina G, Zhang Q, Nomeir A, Parker EM, Zhang L. Structure activity relationship studies of tricyclic bispyran sulfone γ-secretase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:844-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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24
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Wu WL, Domalski M, Burnett DA, Josien H, Bara T, Rajagopalan M, Xu R, Clader J, Greenlee WJ, Brunskill A, Hyde LA, Del Vecchio RA, Cohen-Williams ME, Song L, Lee J, Terracina G, Zhang Q, Nomeir A, Parker EM, Zhang L. Discovery of SCH 900229, a Potent Presenilin 1 Selective γ-Secretase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:892-6. [PMID: 24900404 DOI: 10.1021/ml300044f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An exploration of the SAR of the side chain of a novel tricyclic series of γ-secretase inhibitors led to the identification of compound (-)-16 (SCH 900229), which is a potent and PS1 selective inhibitor of γ-secretase (Aβ40 IC50 = 1.3 nM). Compound (-)-16 demonstrated excellent lowering of Aβ after oral administration in preclinical animal models and was advanced to human clinical trials for further development as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lian Wu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Martin Domalski
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Duane A. Burnett
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hubert Josien
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Thomas Bara
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Murali Rajagopalan
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ruo Xu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John Clader
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - William J. Greenlee
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew Brunskill
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lynn A. Hyde
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert A. Del Vecchio
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mary E. Cohen-Williams
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lixin Song
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Julie Lee
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Giuseppe Terracina
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Amin Nomeir
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Eric M. Parker
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and §Department of
Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth,
New Jersey 07033, United States
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25
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Secretase Inhibitors and Modulators as a Disease-Modifying Approach Against Alzheimer's Disease. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396492-2.00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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26
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Sun ZY, Asberom T, Bara T, Bennett C, Burnett D, Chu I, Clader J, Cohen-Williams M, Cole D, Czarniecki M, Durkin J, Gallo G, Greenlee W, Josien H, Huang X, Hyde L, Jones N, Kazakevich I, Li H, Liu X, Lee J, MacCoss M, Mandal MB, McCracken T, Nomeir A, Mazzola R, Palani A, Parker EM, Pissarnitski DA, Qin J, Song L, Terracina G, Vicarel M, Voigt J, Xu R, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Zhao Z, Zhu X, Zhu Z. Cyclic Hydroxyamidines as Amide Isosteres: Discovery of Oxadiazolines and Oxadiazines as Potent and Highly Efficacious γ-Secretase Modulators in Vivo. J Med Chem 2011; 55:489-502. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201407j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yue Sun
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Theodros Asberom
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Thomas Bara
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Chad Bennett
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Duane Burnett
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Inhou Chu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John Clader
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mary Cohen-Williams
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - David Cole
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Czarniecki
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - James Durkin
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Gioconda Gallo
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - William Greenlee
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hubert Josien
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xianhai Huang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lynn Hyde
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Nicholas Jones
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Irina Kazakevich
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoxiang Liu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Julie Lee
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Malcolm MacCoss
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mihir B. Mandal
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Troy McCracken
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Amin Nomeir
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert Mazzola
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Anandan Palani
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Eric M. Parker
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dmitri A. Pissarnitski
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jun Qin
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lixin Song
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Giuseppe Terracina
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Monica Vicarel
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Johannes Voigt
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ruo Xu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaohong Zhu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhaoning Zhu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, §Department of Neuroscience, ∥Department of Structural Chemistry, ⊥Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, and #Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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27
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Jung CKE, Fuhrmann M, Honarnejad K, Van Leuven F, Herms J. Role of presenilin1 in structural plasticity of cortical dendritic spines in vivo. J Neurochem 2011; 119:1064-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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