1
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Novel MreB inhibitors with antibacterial activity against Gram (-) bacteria. Med Chem Res 2022; 31:1679-1704. [PMID: 37077288 PMCID: PMC10112653 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
MreB is a cytoskeleton protein present in rod-shaped bacteria that is both essential for bacterial cell division and highly conserved. Because most Gram (-) bacteria require MreB for cell division, chromosome segregation, cell wall morphogenesis, and cell polarity, it is an attractive target for antibacterial drug discovery. As MreB modulation is not associated with the activity of antibiotics in clinical use, acquired resistance to MreB inhibitors is also unlikely. Compounds, such as A22 and CBR-4830, are known to disrupt MreB function by inhibition of ATPase activity. However, the toxicity of these compounds has hindered efforts to assess the in vivo efficacy of these MreB inhibitors. The present study further examines the structure-activity of analogs related to CBR-4830 as it relates to relative antibiotic activity and improved drug properties. These data reveal that certain analogs have enhanced antibiotic activity. In addition, we evaluated several representative analogs (9, 10, 14, 26, and 31) for their abilities to target purified E. coli MreB (EcMreB) and inhibit its ATPase activity. Except for 14, all these analogs were more potent than CBR-4830 as inhibitors of the ATPase activity of EcMreB with corresponding IC50 values ranging from 6 ± 2 to 29 ± 9 μM.
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2
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Tan MF, Zou G, Wei Y, Liu WQ, Li HQ, Hu Q, Zhang LS, Zhou R. Protein-protein interaction network and potential drug target candidates of Streptococcus suis. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:658-670. [PMID: 33249680 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to explore potential drug targets of Streptococcus suis at the system level. METHODS AND RESULTS A homologous protein mapping method was used in the construction of a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of S. suis, which presented 1147 non-redundant interaction pairs among 286 proteins. The parameters of PPI networks were calculated and showed scale-free network properties. In all, 41 possibly essential proteins identified from 47 highly connected proteins were selected as potential drug target candidates. Of these proteins, 30 were already regarded as drug targets in other bacterial species. Six transporters with high connections to other functional proteins were identified as probably not essential but important functional proteins. Afterward, the subnetwork centred with cell division protein FtsZ was used in confirming the PPI network through bacterial two-hybrid analysis. CONCLUSIONS The predicted PPI network covers 13·04% of the proteome in S. suis. The selected 41 potential drug target candidates are conserved between S. suis and several model bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The predictions included proteins known to be drug targets, and a verifying experiment confirmed the reliability of predicted interactions. This work is the first to present systematic computational PPI data for S. suis and provides potential drug targets, which are valuable in exploring novel anti-streptococcus drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-F Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - G Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Wei
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - W-Q Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - H-Q Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Q Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - L-S Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - R Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science & Technology of China), Wuhan, China.,Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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3
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Li J, Gong S, Sun L, Grenier D, Li Y. Pdh is involved in the cell division and Normal septation of Streptococcus suis. Microbiol Res 2019; 228:126304. [PMID: 31422235 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes major economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. The S. suis cell division process is an integral part of its growth and reproduction, which is controlled by a complex regulatory network. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), which catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA, while reducing NAD + to NADH, plays an important role in energy metabolism. Recently, we reported that pdh regulates virulence by reducing stress tolerance and biofilm formation in S. suis serotype 2. In this study, we found that deletion of the pdh gene in S. suis resulted in abnormal cell chains, plump morphology and abnormal localization of the Z rings, indicating that the knockout mutant is impaired in its ability to divide. In addition, the interaction between FtsZ and PDH in vitro was confirmed by ELISA, and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the deletion of the pdh gene results in differential expression of the division-related genes ftsZ, ftsK, ftsl, zapA, divIC, pbp1a, rodA, mreD, and sepF. These results indicate that pdh is involved in the normal formation of Z rings and cell morphology during S. suis cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathogen and Immunology of Animal of Luoyang, Luoyang, China.
| | - Yuxin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathogen and Immunology of Animal of Luoyang, Luoyang, China
| | - Jinpeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathogen and Immunology of Animal of Luoyang, Luoyang, China
| | - Shenglong Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathogen and Immunology of Animal of Luoyang, Luoyang, China
| | - Liyun Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathogen and Immunology of Animal of Luoyang, Luoyang, China
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Yi Li
- College of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China.
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4
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Yuan W, Yu Z, Song W, Li Y, Fang Z, Zhu B, Li X, Wang H, Hong W, Sun N. Indole-core-based novel antibacterial agent targeting FtsZ. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:2283-2296. [PMID: 31413605 PMCID: PMC6662167 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s208757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of drug-resistant bacterial infections urges the development of new antibacterial agents that possess a mechanism of action different from traditional antibiotics. FtsZ has been recognized as a key functional protein in bacterial cell division and it is currently believed to be a potential target for the development of novel antibacterial agents. Purpose The primary aim of the study is to screen out an inhibitor targeting at FtsZ and followed to investigate its antibacterial activity and mode of action. Methods Cell-based cell division inhibitory screening assay, antimicrobial susceptibility test, minimum bactericidal concentration assay, time-killing curve determination, FtsZ polymerization assay, GTPase activity assay, and molecular modeling were performed in the present study. Results The screening study from a small library consisting of benzimidazole and indole derivatives discovered a compound (CZ74) with an indole-core structure. The compound exhibited strong cell division inhibitory effect. In addition, CZ74 shows high antibacterial potency against a number of tested Gram-positive bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus. The minimum inhibitory concentration values obtained were within the range of 2–4 µg/mL. The results of biological study revealed that CZ74 at 2 µg/mL is able to disrupt FtsZ polymerization and inhibit GTPase activity and cell division. From molecular modeling study, CZ74 is found possibly binding into the interdomain cleft of FtsZ protein and then leads to inhibitory effects. Conclusion This indole-cored molecule CZ74 could be a potential lead compound and could be further developed as a new generation of antibacterial agents targeting FtsZ to combat against multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchang Yuan
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 510700, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwu Yu
- Division of Laboratory Science, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqi Song
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 510700, People's Republic of China
| | - Baizhen Zhu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 510700, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 510700, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Hong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Sun
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 510700, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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5
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Araya G, Benites J, Reyes JS, Marcoleta AE, Valderrama JA, Lagos R, Monasterio O. Inhibition of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis FtsZ Polymerization and Bacillus subtilis Growth by Dihydroxynaphtyl Aryl Ketones. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1225. [PMID: 31249557 PMCID: PMC6582257 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing detection of virulent and/or multidrug resistant bacterial strains makes necessary the development of new antimicrobial agents acting through novel mechanisms and cellular targets. A good choice are molecules aimed to interfere with the cell division machinery or divisome, which is indispensable for bacterial survival and propagation. A key component of this machinery, and thus a good target, is FtsZ, a highly conserved GTPase protein that polymerizes in the middle of the cell on the inner face of the cytoplasmic membrane forming the Z ring, which acts as a scaffold for the recruitment of the divisome proteins at the division site. In this work, we tested the inhibitory effect of five diaryl naphtyl ketone (dNAK) molecules on the in vitro polymerization of both Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis FtsZ (EcFtsZ and BsFtsZ, respectively). Among these compounds, dNAK 4 showed the strongest inhibition of FtsZ polymerization in vitro, with an IC50 of 2.3 ± 0.06 μM for EcFtsZ and 9.13 ± 0.66 μM for BsFtsZ. We found that dNAK 4 binds to GDP-FtsZ polymers but not to the monomer in GTP or GDP state. This led to the polymerization of short and curved filaments, rings, open rings forming clusters, and in the case of BsFtsZ, a novel cylindrical structure of stacked open rings. In vivo, dNAK 4 had almost no effect on the growth of E. coli in liquid culture, in contrast to the strong inhibitory effect observed over B. subtilis growth. The insensitivity of E. coli to this compound is probably related to the impermeability of dNAK 4 to the outer membrane. The low amount of this compound required to inhibit several of the bacterial strains tested and the lack of a cytotoxic effect at the concentrations used, makes dNAK 4 a very good candidate as a starting molecule for the development of a new antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gissela Araya
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julio Benites
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile.,Instituto de EtnoFarmacología (IDE), Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Juan S Reyes
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés E Marcoleta
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime A Valderrama
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile.,Instituto de EtnoFarmacología (IDE), Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Rosalba Lagos
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Octavio Monasterio
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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6
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Vendeville JB, Matters RF, Chen A, Light ME, Tizzard GJ, Chai CLL, Harrowven DC. A synthetic approach to chrysophaentin F. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4837-4840. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01666j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic approach to chrysophaentin F is described featuring an array of metal catalysed coupling reactions (Cu, Ni, Pd, W, Mo).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Vendeville
- Chemistry, University of Southampton
- Highfield
- Southampton
- UK
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences
| | | | - Anqi Chen
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore
| | - Mark E. Light
- Chemistry, University of Southampton
- Highfield
- Southampton
- UK
| | | | - Christina L. L. Chai
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore
- Department of Pharmacy
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7
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Melzer ES, Sein CE, Chambers JJ, Siegrist MS. DivIVA concentrates mycobacterial cell envelope assembly for initiation and stabilization of polar growth. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 75:498-507. [PMID: 30160378 PMCID: PMC6644302 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In many model organisms, diffuse patterning of cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis by the actin homolog MreB enables the bacteria to maintain their characteristic rod shape. In Caulobacter crescentus and Escherichia coli, MreB is also required to sculpt this morphology de novo. Mycobacteria are rod-shaped but expand their cell wall from discrete polar or subpolar zones. In this genus, the tropomyosin-like protein DivIVA is required for the maintenance of cell morphology. DivIVA has also been proposed to direct peptidoglycan synthesis to the tips of the mycobacterial cell. The precise nature of this regulation is unclear, as is its role in creating rod shape from scratch. We find that DivIVA localizes nascent cell wall and covalently associated mycomembrane but is dispensable for the assembly process itself. Mycobacterium smegmatis rendered spherical by peptidoglycan digestion or by DivIVA depletion are able to regain rod shape at the population level in the presence of DivIVA. At the single cell level, there is a close spatiotemporal correlation between DivIVA foci, rod extrusion and concentrated cell wall synthesis. Thus, although the precise mechanistic details differ from other organisms, M. smegmatis also establish and propagate rod shape by cytoskeleton-controlled patterning of peptidoglycan. Our data further support the emerging notion that morphology is a hardwired trait of bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Melzer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Caralyn E Sein
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - James J Chambers
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - M Sloan Siegrist
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts.,Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
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8
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Puffal J, García-Heredia A, Rahlwes KC, Siegrist MS, Morita YS. Spatial control of cell envelope biosynthesis in mycobacteria. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4953754. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Puffal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Alam García-Heredia
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Kathryn C Rahlwes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - M Sloan Siegrist
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yasu S Morita
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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9
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Chan KF, Sun N, Yan SC, Wong ILK, Lui HK, Cheung KC, Yuan J, Chan FY, Zheng Z, Chan EWC, Chen S, Leung YC, Chan TH, Wong KY. Efficient Synthesis of Amine-Linked 2,4,6-Trisubstituted Pyrimidines as a New Class of Bacterial FtsZ Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:7281-7292. [PMID: 30023544 PMCID: PMC6044853 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We have recently identified a new class of filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z (FtsZ)-interacting compounds that possess a 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidine-quinuclidine scaffold with moderate antibacterial activity. Employing this scaffold as a molecular template, a compound library of amine-linked 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidines with 99 candidates was successfully established by employing an efficient convergent synthesis designed to explore their structure-activity relationship. The results of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay against Staphylococcus aureus strains and cytotoxicity assay against the mouse L929 cell line identified those compounds with potent antistaphylococcal properties (MIC ranges from 3 to 8 μg/mL) and some extent of cytotoxicity against normal cells (IC50 ranges from 6 to 27 μM). Importantly, three compounds also exhibited potent antibacterial activities against nine clinically isolated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. One of the compounds, 14av_amine16, exhibited low spontaneous frequency of resistance, low toxicity against Galleria mellonella larvae, and the ability to rescue G. mellonella larvae (20% survival rate at a dosage of 100 mg/kg) infected with a lethal dose of MRSA ATCC 43300 strain. Biological characterization of compound 14av_amine16 by saturation transfer difference NMR, light scattering assay, and guanosine triphosphatase hydrolysis assay with purified S. aureus FtsZ protein verified that it interacted with the FtsZ protein. Such a property of FtsZ inhibitors was further confirmed by observing iconic filamentous cell phenotype and mislocalization of the Z-ring formation of Bacillus subtilis. Taken together, these 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidine derivatives represent a novel scaffold of S. aureus FtsZ inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Fai Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ning Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siu-Cheong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Iris L K Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hok-Kiu Lui
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwan-Choi Cheung
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jian Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fung-Yi Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhiwei Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, The Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Edward W C Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, The Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yun-Chung Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tak Hang Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Kwok-Yin Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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10
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van Teeseling MCF, de Pedro MA, Cava F. Determinants of Bacterial Morphology: From Fundamentals to Possibilities for Antimicrobial Targeting. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1264. [PMID: 28740487 PMCID: PMC5502672 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial morphology is extremely diverse. Specific shapes are the consequence of adaptive pressures optimizing bacterial fitness. Shape affects critical biological functions, including nutrient acquisition, motility, dispersion, stress resistance and interactions with other organisms. Although the characteristic shape of a bacterial species remains unchanged for vast numbers of generations, periodical variations occur throughout the cell (division) and life cycles, and these variations can be influenced by environmental conditions. Bacterial morphology is ultimately dictated by the net-like peptidoglycan (PG) sacculus. The species-specific shape of the PG sacculus at any time in the cell cycle is the product of multiple determinants. Some morphological determinants act as a cytoskeleton to guide biosynthetic complexes spatiotemporally, whereas others modify the PG sacculus after biosynthesis. Accumulating evidence supports critical roles of morphogenetic processes in bacteria-host interactions, including pathogenesis. Here, we review the molecular determinants underlying morphology, discuss the evidence linking bacterial morphology to niche adaptation and pathogenesis, and examine the potential of morphological determinants as antimicrobial targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel C F van Teeseling
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Miguel A de Pedro
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Cava
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
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11
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Rashid R, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Gao IH, Nair ZJ, Kumar JK, Gao L, Kline KA, Wenk MR. Comprehensive analysis of phospholipids and glycolipids in the opportunistic pathogen Enterococcus faecalis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175886. [PMID: 28423018 PMCID: PMC5397010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive, opportunistic, pathogenic bacterium that causes a significant number of antibiotic-resistant infections in hospitalized patients. The development of antibiotic resistance in hospital-associated pathogens is a formidable public health threat. In E. faecalis and other Gram-positive pathogens, correlations exist between lipid composition and antibiotic resistance. Resistance to the last-resort antibiotic daptomycin is accompanied by a decrease in phosphatidylglycerol (PG) levels, whereas multiple peptide resistance factor (MprF) converts anionic PG into cationic lysyl-PG via a trans-esterification reaction, providing resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides. Unlike previous studies that relied on thin layer chromatography and spectrophotometry, we have performed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) directly on lipids extracted from E. faecalis, and quantified the phospholipids through multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). In the daptomycin-sensitive E. faecalis strain OG1RF, we have identified 17 PGs, 8 lysyl-PGs (LPGs), 23 cardiolipins (CL), 3 glycerophospho-diglucosyl-diacylglycerols (GPDGDAG), 5 diglucosyl-diacylglycerols (DGDAG), 3 diacylglycerols (DAGs), and 4 triacylglycerols (TAGs). We have quantified PG and shown that PG levels vary during growth of E. faecalis in vitro. We also show that two daptomycin-resistant (DapR) strains of E. faecalis have substantially lower levels of PG and LPG levels. Since LPG levels in these strains are lower, daptomycin resistance is likely due to the reduction in PG. This lipidome map is the first comprehensive analysis of membrane phospholipids and glycolipids in the important human pathogen E. faecalis, for which antimicrobial resistance and altered lipid homeostasis have been intimately linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafi Rashid
- Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Iris H. Gao
- Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zeus J. Nair
- Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jaspal K. Kumar
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Gao
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kimberly A. Kline
- Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (KAK); (MRW)
| | - Markus R. Wenk
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (KAK); (MRW)
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12
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Lin TY, Weibel DB. Organization and function of anionic phospholipids in bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4255-67. [PMID: 27026177 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In addition to playing a central role as a permeability barrier for controlling the diffusion of molecules and ions in and out of bacterial cells, phospholipid (PL) membranes regulate the spatial and temporal position and function of membrane proteins that play an essential role in a variety of cellular functions. Based on the very large number of membrane-associated proteins encoded in genomes, an understanding of the role of PLs may be central to understanding bacterial cell biology. This area of microbiology has received considerable attention over the past two decades, and the local enrichment of anionic PLs has emerged as a candidate mechanism for biomolecular organization in bacterial cells. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of anionic PLs in bacteria, including their biosynthesis, subcellular localization, and physiological relevance, discuss evidence and mechanisms for enriching anionic PLs in membranes, and conclude with an assessment of future directions for this area of bacterial biochemistry, biophysics, and cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti-Yu Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Douglas B Weibel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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13
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Hurley KA, Santos TMA, Nepomuceno GM, Huynh V, Shaw JT, Weibel DB. Targeting the Bacterial Division Protein FtsZ. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6975-98. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Hurley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Thiago M. A. Santos
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gabriella M. Nepomuceno
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Valerie Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jared T. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Douglas B. Weibel
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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14
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Chen X, Zhang B, Xiao J, Ju F, Li S, Ren C, An L, Chen T, Liu G, Facey P, Mullins JG, Dyson P. RfiA, a novel PAP2 domain-containing polytopic membrane protein that confers resistance to the FtsZ inhibitor PC190723. Future Microbiol 2016; 10:325-35. [PMID: 25812456 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an essential protein for bacterial cell division, the tubulin-like FtsZ protein has been selected as a target for development of next generation antimicrobials. PC190723 is a fluoride-containing benzamide compound developed as a FtsZ inhibitor that selectively inhibits growth of multidrug resistant Gram-positive bacteria. AIM Our aim was to investigate the mechanism of resistance to PC109723 conferred by over-expression of a gene, rfiA, in an environmental bacterium Arthrobacter A3. MATERIALS & METHODS The investigations included analysis of the effect of PC109723 on wild-type Arthrobacter A3 and a recombinant strain over-expressing rfiA, in vivo localization of RfiA, in vitro measurements of fluorine release from PC109723 by membrane extracts from the over-expression strain combined with mass spectrophotometric analysis of reaction products, and modelling of RfiA structure. RESULTS We describe a novel protein, RfiA, from Arthrobacter A3 that confers PC190723 resistance. RfiA is a PAP2 domain-containing polytopic transmembrane protein that can modify the fluoridated benzamide ring that is critical for high affinity binding of PC190723 with FtsZ. CONCLUSION RfiA-mediated modification of PC190723 is the first reported instance of resistance to this antibiotic involving a change to its structure. We predict that adoption of PC190723 or related benzamides as antimicrobials in clinical practice will lead to the acquisition by resistant pathogens of a gene encoding this subfamily of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources & Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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15
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Membrane Stored Curvature Elastic Stress Modulates Recruitment of Maintenance Proteins PspA and Vipp1. mBio 2015; 6:e01188-15. [PMID: 26330516 PMCID: PMC4556811 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01188-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage shock protein A (PspA), which is responsible for maintaining inner membrane integrity under stress in enterobacteria, and vesicle-inducting protein in plastids 1 (Vipp1), which functions for membrane maintenance and thylakoid biogenesis in cyanobacteria and plants, are similar peripheral membrane-binding proteins. Their homologous N-terminal amphipathic helices are required for membrane binding; however, the membrane features recognized and required for expressing their functionalities have remained largely uncharacterized. Rigorously controlled, in vitro methodologies with lipid vesicles and purified proteins were used in this study and provided the first biochemical and biophysical characterizations of membrane binding by PspA and Vipp1. Both proteins are found to sense stored curvature elastic (SCE) stress and anionic lipids within the membrane. PspA has an enhanced sensitivity for SCE stress and a higher affinity for the membrane than Vipp1. These variations in binding may be crucial for some of the proteins’ differing roles in vivo. Assays probing the transcriptional regulatory function of PspA in the presence of vesicles showed that a relief of transcription inhibition occurs in an SCE stress-specific manner. This in vitro recapitulation of membrane stress-dependent transcription control suggests that the Psp response may be mounted in vivo when a cell’s inner membrane experiences increased SCE stress. All cell types maintain the integrity of their membrane systems. One widely distributed membrane stress response system in bacteria is the phage shock protein (Psp) system. The central component, peripheral membrane protein PspA, which mitigates inner membrane stress in bacteria, has a counterpart, Vipp1, which functions for membrane maintenance and thylakoid biogenesis in plants and photosynthetic bacteria. Membrane association of both these proteins is accepted as playing a pivotal role in their functions. Here we show that direct membrane binding by PspA and Vipp1 is driven by two physio-chemical signals, one of which is membrane stress specific. Our work points to alleviation of membrane stored curvature elastic stress by amphipathic helix insertions as an attractive mechanism for membrane maintenance by PspA and Vipp1. Furthermore, the identification of a physical, stress-related membrane signal suggests a unilateral mechanism that promotes both binding of PspA and induction of the Psp response.
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16
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Gautam S, Kim T, Shoda T, Sen S, Deep D, Luthra R, Ferreira MT, Pinho MG, Spiegel DA. An Activity-Based Probe for Studying Crosslinking in Live Bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Gautam S, Kim T, Shoda T, Sen S, Deep D, Luthra R, Ferreira MT, Pinho MG, Spiegel DA. An Activity-Based Probe for Studying Crosslinking in Live Bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [PMID: 26204841 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) catalyze the crosslinking of peptidoglycan (PG), an essential process for bacterial growth and survival, and a common antibiotic target. Yet, despite its importance, little is known about the spatiotemporal aspects of crosslinking—largely because of a lack of experimental tools for studying the reaction in live bacteria. Here we introduce such a tool: an activity-based probe that enables visualization and relative quantitation of crosslinking in vivo. In Staphylococcus aureus, we show that fluorescent mimics of the natural substrate of PBPs (PG stem peptide) are covalently incorporated into the cell wall, installing fluorophores in place of natural crosslinks. These fluorescent stem peptide mimics (FSPMs) are selectively recognized by a single PBP in S. aureus: PBP4. Thus, we were able to use FSPM pulse-labeling to localize PBP4 activity in live cells, showing that it is recruited to the septum in a manner dependent on wall teichoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Gautam
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520 (USA).,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 (USA)
| | - Taehan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 (USA)
| | - Takuji Shoda
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 (USA).,National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501 (Japan)
| | - Sounok Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 (USA).,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114 (USA)
| | - Deeksha Deep
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 (USA)
| | - Ragini Luthra
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 (USA)
| | - Maria Teresa Ferreira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras (Portugal)
| | - Mariana G Pinho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras (Portugal)
| | - David A Spiegel
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 (USA). .,Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520 (USA).
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18
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Siegrist MS, Swarts BM, Fox DM, Lim SA, Bertozzi CR. Illumination of growth, division and secretion by metabolic labeling of the bacterial cell surface. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:184-202. [PMID: 25725012 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuu012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface is the essential interface between a bacterium and its surroundings. Composed primarily of molecules that are not directly genetically encoded, this highly dynamic structure accommodates the basic cellular processes of growth and division as well as the transport of molecules between the cytoplasm and the extracellular milieu. In this review, we describe aspects of bacterial growth, division and secretion that have recently been uncovered by metabolic labeling of the cell envelope. Metabolite derivatives can be used to label a variety of macromolecules, from proteins to non-genetically-encoded glycans and lipids. The embedded metabolite enables precise tracking in time and space, and the versatility of newer chemoselective detection methods offers the ability to execute multiple experiments concurrently. In addition to reviewing the discoveries enabled by metabolic labeling of the bacterial cell envelope, we also discuss the potential of these techniques for translational applications. Finally, we offer some guidelines for implementing this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sloan Siegrist
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin M Swarts
- Department of Chemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Douglas M Fox
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shion An Lim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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19
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Jovanovic G, Mehta P, Ying L, Buck M. Anionic lipids and the cytoskeletal proteins MreB and RodZ define the spatio-temporal distribution and function of membrane stress controller PspA in Escherichia coli. Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:2374-2386. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.078527-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
All cell types must maintain the integrity of their membranes. The conserved bacterial membrane-associated protein PspA is a major effector acting upon extracytoplasmic stress and is implicated in protection of the inner membrane of pathogens, formation of biofilms and multi-drug-resistant persister cells. PspA and its homologues in Gram-positive bacteria and archaea protect the cell envelope whilst also supporting thylakoid biogenesis in cyanobacteria and higher plants. In enterobacteria, PspA is a dual function protein negatively regulating the Psp system in the absence of stress and acting as an effector of membrane integrity upon stress. We show that in Escherichia coli the low-order oligomeric PspA regulatory complex associates with cardiolipin-rich, curved polar inner membrane regions. There, cardiolipin and the flotillin 1 homologue YqiK support the PspBC sensors in transducing a membrane stress signal to the PspA-PspF inhibitory complex. After stress perception, PspA high-order oligomeric effector complexes initially assemble in polar membrane regions. Subsequently, the discrete spatial distribution and dynamics of PspA effector(s) in lateral membrane regions depend on the actin homologue MreB and the peptidoglycan machinery protein RodZ. The consequences of loss of cytoplasmic membrane anionic lipids, MreB, RodZ and/or YqiK suggest that the mode of action of the PspA effector is closely associated with cell envelope organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Jovanovic
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Parul Mehta
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Liming Ying
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Martin Buck
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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20
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Sá MM, Ferreira M, Lima ES, dos Santos I, Orlandi PP, Fernandes L. Antimicrobial activity of allylic thiocyanates derived from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:807-12. [PMID: 25477911 PMCID: PMC4204962 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to commonly used antibiotics has been recognized as a significant global health issue. In this study, we carried out the screening of a family of allylic thiocyanates for their action against a diversity of bacteria and fungi with a view to developing new antimicrobial agents. Allylic thiocyanates bearing halogenated aryl groups, which were readily obtained in two steps from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts, showed moderate-to-high activity against selective pathogens, including a methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain. In particular cases, methyl (Z)-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(thiocyanomethyl)-2-propenoate exhibited antimicrobial activity comparable to the reference antibiotic Imipenem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Mandolesi Sá
- Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina FlorianópolisSC Brazil Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Misael Ferreira
- Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina FlorianópolisSC Brazil Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Emerson Silva Lima
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Federal do Amazonas ManausAM Brazil Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Ivanildes dos Santos
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade em Saúde Centro de Pesquisa Leônidas e Maria Deane Fundação Oswaldo Cruz ManausAM Brazil Coordenação de Biodiversidade em Saúde, Centro de Pesquisa Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Puccinelli Orlandi
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade em Saúde Centro de Pesquisa Leônidas e Maria Deane Fundação Oswaldo Cruz ManausAM Brazil Coordenação de Biodiversidade em Saúde, Centro de Pesquisa Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Luciano Fernandes
- Departamento de Engenharia Química Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná Ponta GrossaPR Brazil Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
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21
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Rajendram M, Hurley KA, Foss MH, Thornton KM, Moore JT, Shaw JT, Weibel DB. Gyramides prevent bacterial growth by inhibiting DNA gyrase and altering chromosome topology. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:1312-9. [PMID: 24712739 PMCID: PMC4068256 DOI: 10.1021/cb500154m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Antibiotics targeting DNA gyrase
have been a clinical success story
for the past half-century, and the emergence of bacterial resistance
has fueled the search for new gyrase inhibitors. In this paper we
demonstrate that a new class of gyrase inhibitors, the gyramides,
are bacteriostatic agents that competitively inhibit the ATPase activity
of Escherichia coli gyrase and produce supercoiled
DNA in vivo. E. coli cells treated with gyramide
A have abnormally localized, condensed chromosomes that blocks DNA
replication and interrupts chromosome segregation. The resulting alterations
in DNA topology inhibit cell division through a mechanism that involves
the SOS pathway. Importantly, gyramide A is a specific inhibitor of
gyrase and does not inhibit the closely related E. coli enzyme topoisomerase IV. E. coli mutants with reduced
susceptibility to gyramide A do not display cross-resistance to ciprofloxacin
and novobiocin. The results demonstrate that the gyramides prevent
bacterial growth by a mechanism in which the topological state of
chromosomes is altered and halts DNA replication and segregation.
The specificity and activity of the gyramides for inhibiting gyrase
makes these compounds important chemical tools for studying the mechanism
of gyrase and the connection between DNA topology and bacterial cell
division.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jared T. Moore
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jared T. Shaw
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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22
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Renner LD, Eswaramoorthy P, Ramamurthi KS, Weibel DB. Studying biomolecule localization by engineering bacterial cell wall curvature. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84143. [PMID: 24391905 PMCID: PMC3877235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we describe two techniques for exploring the relationship between bacterial cell shape and the intracellular organization of proteins. First, we created microchannels in a layer of agarose to reshape live bacterial cells and predictably control their mean cell wall curvature, and quantified the influence of curvature on the localization and distribution of proteins in vivo. Second, we used agarose microchambers to reshape bacteria whose cell wall had been chemically and enzymatically removed. By combining microstructures with different geometries and fluorescence microscopy, we determined the relationship between bacterial shape and the localization for two different membrane-associated proteins: i) the cell-shape related protein MreB of Escherichia coli, which is positioned along the long axis of the rod-shaped cell; and ii) the negative curvature-sensing cell division protein DivIVA of Bacillus subtilis, which is positioned primarily at cell division sites. Our studies of intracellular organization in live cells of E. coli and B. subtilis demonstrate that MreB is largely excluded from areas of high negative curvature, whereas DivIVA localizes preferentially to regions of high negative curvature. These studies highlight a unique approach for studying the relationship between cell shape and intracellular organization in intact, live bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars D. Renner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Technical University Dresden and the Max-Bergmann-Centre for Biomaterials, Dresden, Germany
| | - Prahathees Eswaramoorthy
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kumaran S. Ramamurthi
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Douglas B. Weibel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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23
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Mann PA, Müller A, Xiao L, Pereira PM, Yang C, Ho Lee S, Wang H, Trzeciak J, Schneeweis J, dos Santos MM, Murgolo N, She X, Gill C, Balibar CJ, Labroli M, Su J, Flattery A, Sherborne B, Maier R, Tan CM, Black T, Önder K, Kargman S, Monsma FJ, Pinho MG, Schneider T, Roemer T. Murgocil is a highly bioactive staphylococcal-specific inhibitor of the peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase enzyme MurG. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2442-51. [PMID: 23957438 DOI: 10.1021/cb400487f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Modern medicine is founded on the discovery of penicillin and subsequent small molecules that inhibit bacterial peptidoglycan (PG) and cell wall synthesis. However, the discovery of new chemically and mechanistically distinct classes of PG inhibitors has become exceedingly rare, prompting speculation that intracellular enzymes involved in PG precursor synthesis are not 'druggable' targets. Here, we describe a β-lactam potentiation screen to identify small molecules that augment the activity of β-lactams against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and mechanistically characterize a compound resulting from this screen, which we have named murgocil. We provide extensive genetic, biochemical, and structural modeling data demonstrating both in vitro and in whole cells that murgocil specifically inhibits the intracellular membrane-associated glycosyltransferase, MurG, which synthesizes the lipid II PG substrate that penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) polymerize and cross-link into the cell wall. Further, we demonstrate that the chemical synergy and cidality achieved between murgocil and the β-lactam imipenem is mediated through MurG dependent localization of PBP2 to the division septum. Collectively, these data validate our approach to rationally identify new target-specific bioactive β-lactam potentiation agents and demonstrate that murgocil now serves as a highly selective and potent chemical probe to assist our understanding of PG biosynthesis and cell wall biogenesis across Staphylococcal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Mann
- Infectious
Disease Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Anna Müller
- Institute
of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology—Pharmaceutical
Microbiology Section, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Li Xiao
- Computational
Chemistry, Global Structure Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Pedro M. Pereira
- Laboratory
of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química
e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Christine Yang
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- Infectious
Disease Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Infectious
Disease Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joanna Trzeciak
- Infectious
Disease Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jonathan Schneeweis
- In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Margarida Moreira dos Santos
- Laboratory
of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química
e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Nicholas Murgolo
- Research
Solutions, Bioinformatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xinwei She
- Informatics
IT, Merck Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02110, United States
| | - Charles Gill
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Carl J. Balibar
- Infectious
Disease Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Marc Labroli
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jing Su
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Amy Flattery
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Brad Sherborne
- Computational
Chemistry, Global Structure Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Richard Maier
- Procomcure Biotech GmbH, Krems a.d. Donau, Austria
- Division of Molecular
Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christopher M. Tan
- Infectious
Disease Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Todd Black
- Infectious
Disease Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kamil Önder
- Procomcure Biotech GmbH, Krems a.d. Donau, Austria
- Division of Molecular
Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stacia Kargman
- In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Frederick J Monsma
- In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mariana G. Pinho
- Laboratory
of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química
e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tanja Schneider
- Institute
of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology—Pharmaceutical
Microbiology Section, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site
Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Terry Roemer
- Infectious
Disease Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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24
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Marcelo F, Huecas S, Ruiz-Ávila LB, Cañada FJ, Perona A, Poveda A, Martín-Santamaría S, Morreale A, Jiménez-Barbero J, Andreu JM. Interactions of bacterial cell division protein FtsZ with C8-substituted guanine nucleotide inhibitors. A combined NMR, biochemical and molecular modeling perspective. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:16418-28. [PMID: 24079270 DOI: 10.1021/ja405515r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
FtsZ is the key protein of bacterial cell-division and target for new antibiotics. Selective inhibition of FtsZ polymerization without impairing the assembly of the eukaryotic homologue tubulin was demonstrated with C8-substituted guanine nucleotides. By combining NMR techniques with biochemical and molecular modeling procedures, we have investigated the molecular recognition of C8-substituted-nucleotides by FtsZ from Methanococcus jannaschii (Mj-FtsZ) and Bacillus subtilis (Bs-FtsZ). STD epitope mapping and trNOESY bioactive conformation analysis of each nucleotide were employed to deduce differences in their recognition mode by each FtsZ species. GMP binds in the same anti conformation as GTP, whereas 8-pyrrolidino-GMP binds in the syn conformation. However, the anti conformation of 8-morpholino-GMP is selected by Bs-FtsZ, while Mj-FtsZ binds both anti- and syn-geometries. The inhibitory potencies of the C8-modified-nucleotides on the assembly of Bs-FtsZ, but not of Mj-FtsZ, correlate with their binding affinities. Thus, MorphGTP behaves as a nonhydrolyzable analog whose binding induces formation of Mj-FtsZ curved filaments, resembling polymers formed by the inactive forms of this protein. NMR data, combined with molecular modeling protocols, permit explanation of the mechanism of FtsZ assembly impairment by C8-substituted GTP analogs. The presence of the C8-substituent induces electrostatic remodeling and small structural displacements at the association interface between FtsZ monomers to form filaments, leading to complete assembly inhibition or to formation of abnormal FtsZ polymers. The inhibition of bacterial Bs-FtsZ assembly may be simply explained by steric clashes of the C8-GTP-analogs with the incoming FtsZ monomer. This information may facilitate the design of antibacterial FtsZ inhibitors replacing GTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Marcelo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Ruiz-Avila LB, Huecas S, Artola M, Vergoñós A, Ramírez-Aportela E, Cercenado E, Barasoain I, Vázquez-Villa H, Martín-Fontecha M, Chacón P, López-Rodrı́guez ML, Andreu JM. Synthetic inhibitors of bacterial cell division targeting the GTP-binding site of FtsZ. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2072-83. [PMID: 23855511 DOI: 10.1021/cb400208z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell division protein FtsZ is the organizer of the cytokinetic Z-ring in most bacteria and a target for new antibiotics. FtsZ assembles with GTP into filaments that hydrolyze the nucleotide at the association interface between monomers and then disassemble. We have replaced FtsZ's GTP with non-nucleotide synthetic inhibitors of bacterial division. We searched for these small molecules among compounds from the literature, from virtual screening (VS), and from our in-house synthetic library (UCM), employing a fluorescence anisotropy primary assay. From these screens we have identified the polyhydroxy aromatic compound UCM05 and its simplified analogue UCM44 that specifically bind to Bacillus subtilis FtsZ monomers with micromolar affinities and perturb normal assembly, as examined with light scattering, polymer sedimentation, and negative stain electron microscopy. On the other hand, these ligands induce the cooperative assembly of nucleotide-devoid archaeal FtsZ into distinct well-ordered polymers, different from GTP-induced filaments. These FtsZ inhibitors impair localization of FtsZ into the Z-ring and inhibit bacterial cell division. The chlorinated analogue UCM53 inhibits the growth of clinical isolates of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. We suggest that these interfacial inhibitors recapitulate binding and some assembly-inducing effects of GTP but impair the correct structural dynamics of FtsZ filaments and thus inhibit bacterial division, possibly by binding to a small fraction of the FtsZ molecules in a bacterial cell, which opens a new approach to FtsZ-based antibacterial drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B. Ruiz-Avila
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, ‡Dpto. Química Orgánica
I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UCM, Madrid, §Instituto de Química-Física
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, and ∥Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital
General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Huecas
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, ‡Dpto. Química Orgánica
I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UCM, Madrid, §Instituto de Química-Física
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, and ∥Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital
General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Artola
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, ‡Dpto. Química Orgánica
I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UCM, Madrid, §Instituto de Química-Física
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, and ∥Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital
General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Vergoñós
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, ‡Dpto. Química Orgánica
I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UCM, Madrid, §Instituto de Química-Física
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, and ∥Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital
General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Erney Ramírez-Aportela
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, ‡Dpto. Química Orgánica
I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UCM, Madrid, §Instituto de Química-Física
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, and ∥Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital
General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia Cercenado
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, ‡Dpto. Química Orgánica
I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UCM, Madrid, §Instituto de Química-Física
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, and ∥Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital
General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Barasoain
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, ‡Dpto. Química Orgánica
I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UCM, Madrid, §Instituto de Química-Física
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, and ∥Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital
General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Henar Vázquez-Villa
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, ‡Dpto. Química Orgánica
I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UCM, Madrid, §Instituto de Química-Física
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, and ∥Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital
General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Martín-Fontecha
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, ‡Dpto. Química Orgánica
I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UCM, Madrid, §Instituto de Química-Física
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, and ∥Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital
General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Chacón
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, ‡Dpto. Química Orgánica
I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UCM, Madrid, §Instituto de Química-Física
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, and ∥Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital
General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María L. López-Rodrı́guez
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, ‡Dpto. Química Orgánica
I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UCM, Madrid, §Instituto de Química-Física
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, and ∥Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital
General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Andreu
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, ‡Dpto. Química Orgánica
I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UCM, Madrid, §Instituto de Química-Física
Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, and ∥Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital
General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Keffer JL, Huecas S, Hammill JT, Wipf P, Andreu JM, Bewley CA. Chrysophaentins are competitive inhibitors of FtsZ and inhibit Z-ring formation in live bacteria. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5673-8. [PMID: 23932448 PMCID: PMC3768135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial cell division protein FtsZ polymerizes in a GTP-dependent manner to form a Z-ring that marks the plane of division. As a validated antimicrobial target, considerable efforts have been devoted to identify small molecule FtsZ inhibitors. We recently discovered the chrysophaentins, a novel suite of marine natural products that inhibit FtsZ activity in vitro. These natural products along with a synthetic hemi-chrysophaentin exhibit strong antimicrobial activity toward a broad spectrum of Gram-positive pathogens. To define their mechanisms of FtsZ inhibition and determine their in vivo effects in live bacteria, we used GTPase assays and fluorescence anisotropy to show that hemi-chrysophaentin competitively inhibits FtsZ activity. Furthermore, we developed a model system using a permeable Escherichia coli strain, envA1, together with an inducible FtsZ-yellow fluorescent protein construct to show by fluorescence microscopy that both chrysophaentin A and hemi-chrysophaentin disrupt Z-rings in live bacteria. We tested the E. coli system further by reproducing phenotypes observed for zantrins Z1 and Z3, and demonstrate that the alkaloid berberine, a reported FtsZ inhibitor, exhibits auto-fluorescence, making it incompatible with systems that employ GFP or YFP tagged FtsZ. These studies describe unique examples of nonnucleotide, competitive FtsZ inhibitors that disrupt FtsZ in vivo, together with a model system that should be useful for in vivo testing of FtsZ inhibitor leads that have been identified through in vitro screens but are unable to penetrate the Gram-negative outer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Keffer
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sonia Huecas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jared T. Hammill
- Center for Chemical Methodologies and Library Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter Wipf
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M. Andreu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carole A. Bewley
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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27
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Zhou M, Eun YJ, Guzei IA, Weibel DB. Structure-activity studies of divin: an inhibitor of bacterial cell division. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:880-885. [PMID: 24044050 DOI: 10.1021/ml400234x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and SAR studies of divin-a small molecule that blocks bacterial division by perturbing the assembly of proteins at the site of cell septation. The bacteriostatic mechanism of action of divin is distinct from other reported inhibitors of bacterial cell division and provides an opportunity for assessing the therapeutic value of a new class of antimicrobial agents. We demonstrate a convenient synthetic route to divin and its analogs, and describe compounds with a 10-fold increase in solubility and a 4-fold improvement in potency. Divin analogs produce a phenotype that is identical to divin, suggesting that their biological activity comes from a similar mechanism of action. Our studies indicate that the 2-hydroxynaphthalenyl hydrazide portion of divin is essential for its activity and that alterations and substitution to the benzimidazole ring can increase its potency. The SAR study provides a critical opportunity to isolate drug resistant mutants and synthesize photoaffinity probes to determine the cellular target and biomolecular mechanism of divin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoquan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53706, United States
| | - Ye-Jin Eun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53706, United States
| | - Ilia A. Guzei
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53706, United States
| | - Douglas B. Weibel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53706, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
53706, United States
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28
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Herman A, Bochenek J, Herman AP. Effect of cinnamon and lavender oils on FtsZ gene expression in the Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683813050049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Parhi AK, Zhang Y, Saionz KW, Pradhan P, Kaul M, Trivedi K, Pilch DS, LaVoie EJ. Antibacterial activity of quinoxalines, quinazolines, and 1,5-naphthyridines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4968-74. [PMID: 23891185 PMCID: PMC3947850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Several phenyl substituted naphthalenes and isoquinolines have been identified as antibacterial agents that inhibit FtsZ-Zing formation. In the present study we evaluated the antibacterial of several phenyl substituted quinoxalines, quinazolines and 1,5-naphthyridines against methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus and vancomycin-sensitive and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcusfaecalis. Some of the more active compounds against S. aureus were evaluated for their effect on FtsZ protein polymerization. Further studies were also performed to assess their relative bactericidal and bacteriostatic activities. The notable differences observed between nonquaternized and quaternized quinoxaline derivatives suggest that differing mechanisms of action are associated with their antibacterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit K. Parhi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
- TAXIS Pharmaceuticals Inc., North Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Padmanava Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, The City College and City University of New York, New York, NY 10031-9198, USA
| | - Malvika Kaul
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kalkal Trivedi
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Daniel S. Pilch
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Edmond J. LaVoie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
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30
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Massidda O, Nováková L, Vollmer W. From models to pathogens: how much have we learned about Streptococcus pneumoniae cell division? Environ Microbiol 2013; 15:3133-57. [PMID: 23848140 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an oval-shaped Gram-positive coccus that lives in intimate association with its human host, both as a commensal and pathogen. The seriousness of pneumococcal infections and the spread of multi-drug resistant strains call for new lines of intervention. Bacterial cell division is an attractive target to develop antimicrobial drugs. This review discusses the recent advances in understanding S. pneumoniae growth and division, in comparison with the best studied rod-shaped models, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. To maintain their shape, these bacteria propagate by peripheral and septal peptidoglycan synthesis, involving proteins that assemble into distinct complexes called the elongasome and the divisome, respectively. Many of these proteins are conserved in S. pneumoniae, supporting the notion that the ovococcal shape is also achieved by rounds of elongation and division. Importantly, S. pneumoniae and close relatives with similar morphology differ in several aspects from the model rods. Overall, the data support a model in which a single large machinery, containing both the peripheral and septal peptidoglycan synthesis complexes, assembles at midcell and governs growth and division. The mechanisms generating the ovococcal or coccal shape in lactic-acid bacteria have likely evolved by gene reduction from a rod-shaped ancestor of the same group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orietta Massidda
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Porcell, 4, 09100, Cagliari, Italy
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31
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Eun YJ, Zhou M, Kiekebusch D, Schlimpert S, Trivedi RR, Bakshi S, Zhong Z, Wahlig TA, Thanbichler M, Weibel DB. Divin: a small molecule inhibitor of bacterial divisome assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9768-76. [PMID: 23738839 DOI: 10.1021/ja404640f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cell division involves the dynamic assembly of division proteins and coordinated constriction of the cell envelope. A wide range of factors regulates cell division--including growth and environmental stresses--and the targeting of the division machinery has been a widely discussed approach for antimicrobial therapies. This paper introduces divin, a small molecule inhibitor of bacterial cell division that may facilitate mechanistic studies of this process. Divin disrupts the assembly of late division proteins, reduces peptidoglycan remodeling at the division site, and blocks compartmentalization of the cytoplasm. In contrast to other division inhibitors, divin does not interact with the tubulin homologue FtsZ, affect chromosome segregation, or activate regulatory mechanisms that inhibit cell division indirectly. Our studies of bacterial cell division using divin as a probe suggest that dividing bacteria proceed through several morphological stages of the cell envelope, and FtsZ is required but not sufficient to compartmentalize the cytoplasmic membrane at the division site. Divin is only moderately toxic to mammalian cells at concentrations that inhibit the growth of clinical pathogens. These characteristics make divin a useful probe for studying bacterial cell division and a starting point for the development of new classes of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Jin Eun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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32
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Gautam S, Gniadek TJ, Kim T, Spiegel DA. Exterior design: strategies for redecorating the bacterial surface with small molecules. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:258-67. [PMID: 23490213 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant techniques for expressing heterologous proteins and sugars on the surface of bacteria have been known since the 1980s, and have proven useful in a variety of settings from biocatalysis to vaccinology. The past decade has also seen the emergence of novel methods that allow modification of bacterial surfaces with small non-biological compounds. Such technologies enable researchers to harness the unique properties of synthetic materials on a live bacterial platform, opening the door to an exciting new set of applications. Here we review strategies for bacterial surface display and describe how they have been applied thus far. We believe that chemical surface display holds great potential for advancing research in basic bacteriology and applied fields of biotechnology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Gautam
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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33
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Zhang Y, Giurleo D, Parhi A, Kaul M, Pilch DS, LaVoie EJ. Substituted 1,6-diphenylnaphthalenes as FtsZ-targeting antibacterial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2001-6. [PMID: 23481648 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cell division occurs in conjunction with the formation of a cytokinetic Z-ring structure comprised of FtsZ subunits. Agents that disrupt Z-ring formation have the potential, through this unique mechanism, to be effective against several of the newly emerging multidrug-resistant strains of infectious bacteria. Several 1-phenylbenzo[c]phenanthridines exhibit notable antibacterial activity. Based upon their structural similarity to these compounds, a distinct series of substituted 1,6-diphenylnaphthalenes were synthesized and evaluated for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. In addition, the effect of select 1,6-diphenylnaphthalenes on the polymerization dynamics of S. aureus FtsZ and mammalian β-tubulin was also assessed. The presence of a basic functional group or a quaternary ammonium substituent on the 6-phenylnaphthalene was required for significant antibacterial activity. Diphenylnaphthalene derivatives that were active as antibiotics, did exert a pronounced effect on bacterial FtsZ polymerization and do not appear to cross-react with mammalian tubulin to any significant degree.
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34
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Antimicrobial activity of various 4- and 5-substituted 1-phenylnaphthalenes. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 60:395-409. [PMID: 23314053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cell division occurs in conjunction with the formation of a cytokinetic Z-ring structure comprised of FtsZ subunits. Agents that can disrupt Z-ring formation have the potential, through this unique mechanism, to be effective against several of the newly emerging multi-drug resistant strains of infectious bacteria. 1- and 12-Aryl substituted benzo[c]phenanthridines have been identified as antibacterial agents that could exert their activity by disruption of Z-ring formation. Substituted 4- and 5-amino-1-phenylnaphthalenes represent substructures within the pharmacophore of these benzo[c]phenanthridines. Several 4- and 5-substituted 1-phenylnaphthalenes were synthesized and evaluated for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. The impact of select compounds on the polymerization dynamics of S. aureus FtsZ was also assessed.
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35
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Kelley C, Zhang Y, Parhi A, Kaul M, Pilch DS, LaVoie EJ. 3-Phenyl substituted 6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline derivatives as FtsZ-targeting antibacterial agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:7012-29. [PMID: 23127490 PMCID: PMC3947851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has created an urgent need for antibiotics with a novel mechanism of action. The bacterial cell division protein FtsZ is an attractive target for the development of novel antibiotics. The benzo[c]phenanthridinium sanguinarine and the dibenzo[a,g]quinolizin-7-ium berberine are two structurally similar plant alkaloids that alter FtsZ function. The presence of a hydrophobic functionality at either the 1-position of 5-methylbenzo[c]phenanthridinium derivatives or the 2-position of dibenzo[a,g]quinolizin-7-ium derivatives is associated with significantly enhanced antibacterial activity. 3-Phenylisoquinoline represents a subunit within the ring-systems of both of these alkaloids. Several 3-phenylisoquinolines and 3-phenylisoquinolinium derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis, including multidrug-resistant strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis (VRE). A number of derivatives were found to have activity against both MRSA and VRE. The binding of select compounds to S. aureus FtsZ (SaFtsZ) was demonstrated and characterized using fluorescence spectroscopy. In addition, the compounds were shown to act as stabilizers of SaFtsZ polymers and concomitant inhibitors of SaFtsZ GTPase activity. Toxicological assessment of select compounds revealed minimal cross-reaction mammalian β-tubulin as well as little or no human cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Kelley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
| | | | - Ajit Parhi
- TAXIS Pharmaceuticals Inc., North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
| | - Malvika Kaul
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Daniel S. Pilch
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Edmond J. LaVoie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
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36
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Abstract
Bacterial cell division is facilitated by the divisome, a dynamic multiprotein assembly localizing at mid-cell to synthesize the stress-bearing peptidoglycan and to constrict all cell envelope layers. Divisome assembly occurs in two steps and involves multiple interactions between more than 20 essential and accessory cell division proteins. Well before constriction and while the cell is still elongating, the tubulin-like FtsZ and early cell division proteins form a ring-like structure at mid-cell. Cell division starts once certain peptidoglycan enzymes and their activators have moved to the FtsZ-ring. Gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli simultaneously synthesize and cleave the septum peptidoglycan during division leading to a constriction. The outer membrane constricts together with the peptidoglycan layer with the help of the transenvelope spanning Tol-Pal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J F Egan
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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37
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Anderson DE, Kim MB, Moore JT, O’Brien TE, Sorto NA, Grove CI, Lackner LL, Ames JB, Shaw JT. Comparison of small molecule inhibitors of the bacterial cell division protein FtsZ and identification of a reliable cross-species inhibitor. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1918-28. [PMID: 22958099 DOI: 10.1021/cb300340j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
FtsZ is a guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) that mediates cytokinesis in bacteria. FtsZ is homologous in structure to eukaryotic tubulin and polymerizes in a similar head-to-tail fashion. The study of tubulin's function in eukaryotic cells has benefited greatly from specific and potent small molecule inhibitors, including colchicine and taxol. Although many small molecule inhibitors of FtsZ have been reported, none has emerged as a generally useful probe for modulating bacterial cell division. With the goal of establishing a useful and reliable small molecule inhibitor of FtsZ, a broad biochemical cross-comparison of reported FtsZ inhibitors was undertaken. Several of these molecules, including phenolic natural products, are unselective inhibitors that seem to derive their activity from the formation of microscopic colloids or aggregates. Other compounds, including the natural product viriditoxin and the drug development candidate PC190723, exhibit no inhibition of GTPase activity using protocols in this work or under published conditions. Of the compounds studied, only zantrin Z3 exhibits good levels of inhibition, maintains activity under conditions that disrupt small molecule aggregates, and provides a platform for exploration of structure-activity relationships (SAR). Preliminary SAR studies have identified slight modifications to the two side chains of this structure that modulate the inhibitory activity of zantrin Z3. Collectively, these studies will help focus future investigations toward the establishment of probes for FtsZ that fill the roles of colchicine and taxol in studies of tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616,
United States
| | - Michelle B. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616,
United States
| | - Jared T. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616,
United States
| | - Terrence E. O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616,
United States
| | - Nohemy A. Sorto
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616,
United States
| | - Charles I. Grove
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616,
United States
| | - Laura L. Lackner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616,
United States
| | - James B. Ames
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616,
United States
| | - Jared T. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616,
United States
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38
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Parhi A, Lu S, Kelley C, Kaul M, Pilch DS, LaVoie EJ. Antibacterial activity of substituted dibenzo[a,g]quinolizin-7-ium derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6962-6. [PMID: 23058886 PMCID: PMC3947829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Berberine is a substituted dibenzo[a,g]quinolizin-7-ium derivative whose modest antibiotic activity is derived from its disruptive impact on the function of the essential bacterial cell division protein FtsZ. The present study reveals that the presence of a biphenyl substituent at either the 2- or 12-position of structurally-related dibenzo[a,g]quinolizin-7-ium derivatives significantly enhances antibacterial potency versus Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Studies with purified S. aureus FtsZ demonstrate that both 2- and 12-biphenyl dibenzo[a,g]quinolizin-7-ium derivatives act as enhancers of FtsZ self-polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Parhi
- TAXIS Pharmaceuticals Inc., North Brunswick, NJ 08092, USA
| | - Songfeng Lu
- TAXIS Pharmaceuticals Inc., North Brunswick, NJ 08092, USA
| | - Cody Kelley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Malvika Kaul
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Daniel S. Pilch
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Edmond J. LaVoie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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39
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Kocaoglu O, Calvo RA, Sham LT, Cozy LM, Lanning BR, Francis S, Winkler ME, Kearns DB, Carlson EE. Selective penicillin-binding protein imaging probes reveal substructure in bacterial cell division. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1746-53. [PMID: 22909777 PMCID: PMC3663142 DOI: 10.1021/cb300329r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The peptidoglycan cell wall is a common target for antibiotic therapy, but its structure and assembly are only partially understood. Peptidoglycan synthesis requires a suite of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), the individual roles of which are difficult to determine because each enzyme is often dispensable for growth perhaps due to functional redundancy. To address this challenge, we sought to generate tools that would enable selective examination of a subset of PBPs. We designed and synthesized fluorescent and biotin derivatives of the β-lactam-containing antibiotic cephalosporin C. These probes facilitated specific in vivo labeling of active PBPs in both Bacillus subtilis PY79 and an unencapsulated derivative of D39 Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microscopy and gel-based analysis indicated that the cephalosporin C-based probes are more selective than BOCILLIN-FL, a commercially available penicillin V analogue, which labels all PBPs. Dual labeling of live cells performed by saturation of cephalosporin C-susceptible PBPs followed by tagging of the remaining PBP population with BOCILLIN-FL demonstrated that the two sets of PBPs are not co-localized. This suggests that even PBPs that are located at a particular site (e.g., septum) are not all intermixed, but rather that PBP subpopulations are discretely localized. Accordingly, the Ceph C probes represent new tools to explore a subset of PBPs and have the potential to facilitate a deeper understand of the roles of this critical class of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozden Kocaoglu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Calvo
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Lok-To Sham
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Loralyn M. Cozy
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Bryan R. Lanning
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Samson Francis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | | | - Daniel B. Kearns
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Erin E. Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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40
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Parhi A, Kelley C, Kaul M, Pilch DS, LaVoie EJ. Antibacterial activity of substituted 5-methylbenzo[c]phenanthridinium derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7080-3. [PMID: 23084900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has prompted efforts to discover antibiotics with novel mechanisms of action. FtsZ is an essential protein for bacterial cell division, and has been viewed as an attractive target for the development of new antibiotics. Sanguinarine is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid that prevents cytokinesis in bacteria by inhibiting FtsZ self-assembly. In this study, a series of 5-methylbenzo[c]phenanthridinium derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. The data indicate that the presence of a 1- or 12-phenyl substituent on 2,3,8,9-tetramethoxy-5-methylbenzo[c]phenanthridinium chloride significantly enhances antibacterial activity relative to the parent compound or sanguinarine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Parhi
- TAXIS Pharmaceuticals Inc., North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
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41
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Foss MH, Eun YJ, Grove CI, Pauw DA, Sorto NA, Rensvold JW, Pagliarini DJ, Shaw JT, Weibel DB. Inhibitors of bacterial tubulin target bacterial membranes in vivo.. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012; 4:112-119. [PMID: 23539337 DOI: 10.1039/c2md20127e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
FtsZ is a homolog of eukaryotic tubulin that is widely conserved among bacteria and coordinates the assembly of the cell division machinery. FtsZ plays a central role in cell replication and is a target of interest for antibiotic development. Several FtsZ inhibitors have been reported. We characterized the mechanism of these compounds in bacteria and found that many of them disrupt the localization of membrane-associated proteins, including FtsZ, by reducing the transmembrane potential or perturbing membrane permeability. We tested whether the reported phenotypes of a broad collection of FtsZ inhibitors disrupt the transmembrane potential in Bacillus subtilis strain 168. Using a combination of flow cytometry and microscopy, we found that zantrin Z1, cinnamaldehyde, totarol, sanguinarine, and viriditoxin decreased the B. subtilis transmembrane potential or perturbed membrane permeability, and influenced the localization of the membrane-associated, division protein MinD. These studies demonstrate that small molecules that disrupt membrane function in bacterial cells produce phenotypes that are similar to the inhibition of proteins associated with membranes in vivo, including bacterial cytoskeleton homologs, such as FtsZ. The results provide a new dimension for consideration in the design and testing of inhibitors of bacterial targets that are membrane-associated and provide additional insight into the structural characteristics of antibiotics that disrupt the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie H Foss
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Engineering, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Tel: +1 (608) 890-1342
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42
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Schaffner-Barbero C, Martín-Fontecha M, Chacón P, Andreu JM. Targeting the assembly of bacterial cell division protein FtsZ with small molecules. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:269-77. [PMID: 22047077 DOI: 10.1021/cb2003626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
FtsZ is the key protein of bacterial cell division and an emergent target for new antibiotics. It is a filament-forming GTPase and a structural homologue of eukaryotic tubulin. A number of FtsZ-interacting compounds have been reported, some of which have powerful antibacterial activity. Here we review recent advances and new approaches in modulating FtsZ assembly with small molecules. This includes analyzing their chemical features, binding sites, mechanisms of action, the methods employed, and computational insights, aimed at a better understanding of their molecular recognition by FtsZ and at rational antibiotic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schaffner-Barbero
- Tubulins and
FtsZ, Centro de
Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Martín-Fontecha
- Medicinal Chemistry, Dept. Química
Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UCM, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Chacón
- Structural Bioinformatics, Instituto
de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Andreu
- Tubulins and
FtsZ, Centro de
Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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43
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Hicks GR, Raikhel NV. Small molecules present large opportunities in plant biology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 63:261-82. [PMID: 22404475 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the introduction of chemical genomics to plant biology as a tool for basic research, the field has advanced significantly. There are now examples of important basic discoveries that demonstrate the power and untapped potential of this approach. Given the combination of protein and small-molecule complexity, new phenotypes can be described through the perturbation of cellular functions that can be linked to growth and developmental phenotypes. There are now clear examples of overcoming functional redundancy in plants to dissect molecular mechanisms or critical pathways such as hormone signaling and dynamic intracellular processes. Owing to ongoing advances, including more sophisticated high-content screening and rapid approaches for target identification, the field is beginning to move forward. However, there are also challenges to improve automation, imaging, and analysis and provide chemical biology resources to the broader plant biology community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn R Hicks
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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44
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Abstract
Viriditoxin is a secondary metabolite isolated from Aspergillus viridinutans that has been shown to inhibit FtsZ, the bacterial homologue of eukaryotic tubulin. A streamlined, scalable, and highly diastereoselective synthesis of this complex natural product is described. Key advances include a more efficient synthesis of the requisite unsaturated pyranone, scalable assembly of the naphthopyranone monomer, and improved diastereoselectivity in the biaryl-coupling reaction. In addition, we disclose a serendipitous ruthenium-catalyzed anion dimerization resulting from trace metal left by an RCM reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles I. Grove
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jared T. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616
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