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Díaz-Formoso L, Silva V, Contente D, Feito J, Hernández PE, Borrero J, Igrejas G, del Campo R, Muñoz-Atienza E, Poeta P, Cintas LM. Antibiotic Resistance Genes, Virulence Factors, and Biofilm Formation in Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus spp. Isolates from European Hakes ( Merluccius merluccius, L.) Caught in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Pathogens 2023; 12:1447. [PMID: 38133330 PMCID: PMC10745931 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of antibiotics has contributed to the dissemination of multiresistant bacteria, which represents a public health concern. The aim of this work was to characterize 27 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from eight wild Northeast Atlantic hakes (Merluccius merluccius, L.) and taxonomically identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 16), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (n = 4), Staphylococcus hominis (n = 3), Staphylococcus pasteuri (n = 2), Staphylococcus edaphicus (n = 1), and Staphylococcus capitis (n = 1). Biofilm formation was evaluated with a microtiter assay, antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method, and antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants were detected by PCR. Our results showed that all staphylococci produced biofilms and that 92.6% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, mainly penicillin (88.8%), fusidic acid (40.7%), and erythromycin (37%). The penicillin resistance gene (blaZ) was detected in 66.6% (18) of the isolates, of which 10 also carried resistance genes to macrolides and lincosamides (mphC, msr(A/B), lnuA, or vgaA), 4 to fusidic acid (fusB), and 3 to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (dfrA). At least one virulence gene (scn, hla, SCCmecIII, and/or SCCmecV) was detected in 48% of the isolates. This study suggests that wild European hake destined for human consumption could act as a vector of CoNS carrying antibiotic resistance genes and/or virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Díaz-Formoso
- Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias Lácticas, Bacteriocinas y Probióticos (Grupo SEGABALBP), Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Nutrición, Bromatología, Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.-F.); (D.C.); (P.E.H.); (J.B.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (P.P.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Diogo Contente
- Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias Lácticas, Bacteriocinas y Probióticos (Grupo SEGABALBP), Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Nutrición, Bromatología, Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.-F.); (D.C.); (P.E.H.); (J.B.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Javier Feito
- Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias Lácticas, Bacteriocinas y Probióticos (Grupo SEGABALBP), Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Nutrición, Bromatología, Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.-F.); (D.C.); (P.E.H.); (J.B.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Pablo E. Hernández
- Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias Lácticas, Bacteriocinas y Probióticos (Grupo SEGABALBP), Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Nutrición, Bromatología, Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.-F.); (D.C.); (P.E.H.); (J.B.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Juan Borrero
- Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias Lácticas, Bacteriocinas y Probióticos (Grupo SEGABALBP), Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Nutrición, Bromatología, Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.-F.); (D.C.); (P.E.H.); (J.B.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rosa del Campo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Estefanía Muñoz-Atienza
- Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias Lácticas, Bacteriocinas y Probióticos (Grupo SEGABALBP), Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Nutrición, Bromatología, Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.-F.); (D.C.); (P.E.H.); (J.B.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (P.P.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luis M. Cintas
- Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias Lácticas, Bacteriocinas y Probióticos (Grupo SEGABALBP), Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Nutrición, Bromatología, Higiene y Seguridad Alimentaria), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.-F.); (D.C.); (P.E.H.); (J.B.); (L.M.C.)
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2
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Naranjo-Lucena A, Slowey R. Invited review: Antimicrobial resistance in bovine mastitis pathogens: A review of genetic determinants and prevalence of resistance in European countries. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:1-23. [PMID: 36333144 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is an urgent and growing problem worldwide, both for human and animal health. In the animal health sector actions have been taken as concerns grow regarding the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Mastitis is the most common infection in dairy cattle. We aimed to summarize the genetic determinants found in staphylococci, streptococci, and Enterobacteriaceae isolated from mastitic milk samples and provide a comparison of percentage resistance to a variety of antimicrobials in European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Naranjo-Lucena
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Ireland W23 VW2C.
| | - Rosemarie Slowey
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Ireland W23 VW2C
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Alexander JAN, Worrall LJ, Hu J, Vuckovic M, Satishkumar N, Poon R, Sobhanifar S, Rosell FI, Jenkins J, Chiang D, Mosimann WA, Chambers HF, Paetzel M, Chatterjee SS, Strynadka NCJ. Structural basis of broad-spectrum β-lactam resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Nature 2023; 613:375-382. [PMID: 36599987 PMCID: PMC9834060 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05583-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus is a global healthcare burden1,2. In clinical strains, resistance is largely controlled by BlaR13, a receptor that senses β-lactams through the acylation of its sensor domain, inducing transmembrane signalling and activation of the cytoplasmic-facing metalloprotease domain4. The metalloprotease domain has a role in BlaI derepression, inducing blaZ (β-lactamase PC1) and mecA (β-lactam-resistant cell-wall transpeptidase PBP2a) expression3-7. Here, overcoming hurdles in isolation, we show that BlaR1 cleaves BlaI directly, as necessary for inactivation, with no requirement for additional components as suggested previously8. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of BlaR1-the wild type and an autocleavage-deficient F284A mutant, with or without β-lactam-reveal a domain-swapped dimer that we suggest is critical to the stabilization of the signalling loops within. BlaR1 undergoes spontaneous autocleavage in cis between Ser283 and Phe284 and we describe the catalytic mechanism and specificity underlying the self and BlaI cleavage. The structures suggest that allosteric signalling emanates from β-lactam-induced exclusion of the prominent extracellular loop bound competitively in the sensor-domain active site, driving subsequent dynamic motions, including a shift in the sensor towards the membrane and accompanying changes in the zinc metalloprotease domain. We propose that this enhances the expulsion of autocleaved products from the active site, shifting the equilibrium to a state that is permissive of efficient BlaI cleavage. Collectively, this study provides a structure of a two-component signalling receptor that mediates action-in this case, antibiotic resistance-through the direct cleavage of a repressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew N Alexander
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Liam J Worrall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- HRMEM Facility, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jinhong Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marija Vuckovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nidhi Satishkumar
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Raymond Poon
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Solmaz Sobhanifar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Federico I Rosell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joshua Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel Chiang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wesley A Mosimann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Henry F Chambers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Paetzel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Som S Chatterjee
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Natalie C J Strynadka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Centre for Blood Research, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- HRMEM Facility, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Comparison between Some Phenotypic and Genotypic Methods for Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance Trend of Bovine Mastitis Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Bulgaria. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080401. [PMID: 36006316 PMCID: PMC9416698 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of the study was to assess the resistance of bovine mastitis Staphylococcus aureus isolates to antimicrobials by comparison of laboratory methods and statistical analysis. For this, 546 mastitis milk samples at 14 farms from 9 districts in Bulgaria were examined. A total of 92 Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated and identified. The results showed high resistance to sulfadimethoxine (87%), followed by resistance to penicillin (33.7%), erythromycin (13%), streptomycin (8.7%), tetracycline (6.5%) and gentamicin (1.1%). The comparison of the methods demonstrated more than 90% agreement for 9 tested antimicrobial drugs, hence proving reliability of results from monitoring of resistance. Considering the detected discrepancies for some of isolates, an integral evaluation through standard and modern molecular methods for Staphylococcus aureus is recommended. The results from this study add to the microbiology laboratory experience and strategies for mastitis prevention and control programmes. Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the resistance of bovine mastitis S. aureus isolates from farms in Bulgaria to different classes of chemotherapeutic drugs by comparison of some phenotypic and genotypic methods by means of Cohen’s kappa statistics. The study comprised 546 milk samples from subclinical and clinical mastitis at 14 farms from 9 districts in the country. A total of 92 Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from tested samples and identified by nuc PCR. The results demonstrated high levels of resistance to sulfadimethoxine (87%), followed by resistance to penicillin (33.7%), erythromycin (13%), streptomycin (8.7%), tetracycline (6.5%) and gentamicin (1.1%). The comparison of both phenotypic tests with respect to 9 antimicrobials revealed strong agreement with kappa coefficient 0.836. An almost complete agreement was evidenced between phenotypic resistance to penicillin and blaZ gene presence, to methicillin with mecA gene, to tetracycline with tet genes, but the agreement between erythromycin resistance and erm genes presence was moderate. This study was the first to demonstrate discrepancy between the behaviour to cefoxitin in the disk diffusion test and oxacillin in the MIC test for an isolate shown to carry the mecA gene in the subsequent genetic analysis. Considering the detected discrepancies for some of isolates, an integral evaluation through phenotypic and molecular methods for monitoring of antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus is recommended.
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Fisher JF, Mobashery S. β-Lactams against the Fortress of the Gram-Positive Staphylococcus aureus Bacterium. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3412-3463. [PMID: 33373523 PMCID: PMC8653850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biological diversity of the unicellular bacteria-whether assessed by shape, food, metabolism, or ecological niche-surely rivals (if not exceeds) that of the multicellular eukaryotes. The relationship between bacteria whose ecological niche is the eukaryote, and the eukaryote, is often symbiosis or stasis. Some bacteria, however, seek advantage in this relationship. One of the most successful-to the disadvantage of the eukaryote-is the small (less than 1 μm diameter) and nearly spherical Staphylococcus aureus bacterium. For decades, successful clinical control of its infection has been accomplished using β-lactam antibiotics such as the penicillins and the cephalosporins. Over these same decades S. aureus has perfected resistance mechanisms against these antibiotics, which are then countered by new generations of β-lactam structure. This review addresses the current breadth of biochemical and microbiological efforts to preserve the future of the β-lactam antibiotics through a better understanding of how S. aureus protects the enzyme targets of the β-lactams, the penicillin-binding proteins. The penicillin-binding proteins are essential enzyme catalysts for the biosynthesis of the cell wall, and understanding how this cell wall is integrated into the protective cell envelope of the bacterium may identify new antibacterials and new adjuvants that preserve the efficacy of the β-lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, McCourtney Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, McCourtney Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame Indiana 46556, United States
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Fisher JF, Mobashery S. Constructing and deconstructing the bacterial cell wall. Protein Sci 2020; 29:629-646. [PMID: 31747090 PMCID: PMC7021008 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The history of modern medicine cannot be written apart from the history of the antibiotics. Antibiotics are cytotoxic secondary metabolites that are isolated from Nature. The antibacterial antibiotics disproportionately target bacterial protein structure that is distinct from eukaryotic protein structure, notably within the ribosome and within the pathways for bacterial cell-wall biosynthesis (for which there is not a eukaryotic counterpart). This review focuses on a pre-eminent class of antibiotics-the β-lactams, exemplified by the penicillins and cephalosporins-from the perspective of the evolving mechanisms for bacterial resistance. The mechanism of action of the β-lactams is bacterial cell-wall destruction. In the monoderm (single membrane, Gram-positive staining) pathogen Staphylococcus aureus the dominant resistance mechanism is expression of a β-lactam-unreactive transpeptidase enzyme that functions in cell-wall construction. In the diderm (dual membrane, Gram-negative staining) pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa a dominant resistance mechanism (among several) is expression of a hydrolytic enzyme that destroys the critical β-lactam ring of the antibiotic. The key sensing mechanism used by P. aeruginosa is monitoring the molecular difference between cell-wall construction and cell-wall deconstruction. In both bacteria, the resistance pathways are manifested only when the bacteria detect the presence of β-lactams. This review summarizes how the β-lactams are sensed and how the resistance mechanisms are manifested, with the expectation that preventing these processes will be critical to future chemotherapeutic control of multidrug resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F. Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameSouth BendIndiana
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Notre DameSouth BendIndiana
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Belluzo BS, Abriata LA, Giannini E, Mihovilcevic D, Dal Peraro M, Llarrull LI. An experiment-informed signal transduction model for the role of the Staphylococcus aureus MecR1 protein in β-lactam resistance. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19558. [PMID: 31862951 PMCID: PMC6925264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55923-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of hospital- and community-associated infections by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a perpetual challenge. This Gram-positive bacterium is resistant specifically to β-lactam antibiotics, and generally to many other antibacterial agents. Its resistance mechanisms to β-lactam antibiotics are activated only when the bacterium encounters a β-lactam. This activation is regulated by the transmembrane sensor/signal transducer proteins BlaR1 and MecR1. Neither the transmembrane/metalloprotease domain, nor the complete MecR1 and BlaR1 proteins, are isolatable for mechanistic study. Here we propose a model for full-length MecR1 based on homology modeling, residue coevolution data, a new extensive experimental mapping of transmembrane topology, partial structures, molecular simulations, and available NMR data. Our model defines the metalloprotease domain as a hydrophilic transmembrane chamber effectively sealed by the apo-sensor domain. It proposes that the amphipathic helices inserted into the gluzincin domain constitute the route for transmission of the β-lactam-binding event in the extracellular sensor domain, to the intracellular and membrane-embedded zinc-containing active site. From here, we discuss possible routes for subsequent activation of proteolytic action. This study provides the first coherent model of the structure of MecR1, opening routes for future functional investigations on how β-lactam binding culminates in the proteolytic degradation of MecI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno S Belluzo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET-UNR), Predio CONICET Rosario, 27 de Febrero 210 bis, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Luciano A Abriata
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Modeling - École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Estefanía Giannini
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET-UNR), Predio CONICET Rosario, 27 de Febrero 210 bis, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Damila Mihovilcevic
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET-UNR), Predio CONICET Rosario, 27 de Febrero 210 bis, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Matteo Dal Peraro
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Modeling - École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leticia I Llarrull
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET-UNR), Predio CONICET Rosario, 27 de Febrero 210 bis, 2000, Rosario, Argentina. .,Área Biofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, 2000, Rosario, Argentina.
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Speri E, Kim C, De Benedetti S, Qian Y, Lastochkin E, Fishovitz J, Fisher JF, Mobashery S. Cinnamonitrile Adjuvants Restore Susceptibility to β-Lactams against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1148-1153. [PMID: 31413798 PMCID: PMC6691485 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Lactams are used routinely to treat Staphylococcus aureus infections. However, the emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) renders them clinically precarious. We describe a class of cinnamonitrile adjuvants that restore the activity of oxacillin (a penicillin member of the β-lactams) against MRSA. The lead adjuvants were tested against six important strains of MRSA, one vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strain, and one linezolid-resistant S. aureus strain. Five compounds out of 84 total compounds showed broad potentiation. At 8 μM (E)-3-(5-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)acrylonitrile (26) potentiated oxacillin with a >4000-fold reduction of its MIC (from 256 to 0.06 mg·L-1). This class of adjuvants holds promise for reversal of the resistance phenotype of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Speri
- Department Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Choon Kim
- Department Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Stefania De Benedetti
- Department Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Qian
- Department Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Elena Lastochkin
- Department Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Jennifer Fishovitz
- Department Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Jed F. Fisher
- Department Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Speri E, Fishovitz J, Mobashery S. Structure-activity relationship of the cinnamamide family of antibiotic potentiators for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:2008-2016. [PMID: 30746061 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00479j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a global public health threat. MRSA has evolved a complex set of biochemical processes that mobilize the organism for inducible resistance on challenge by β-lactam antibiotics. Interfering pharmacologically with this machinery has the potential to reverse the β-lactam-resistance phenotype, whereby susceptibility to obsolete antibiotics would be restored. We describe herein our discovery of one class of such agents, the cinnamamide family of antibiotic potentiators. A hit compound of the class (compound 1) showed modest potentiation of the activity of oxacillin, a penicillin antibiotic, against an MRSA strain. A total of 50 analogues of compound 1 were prepared and screened. Seven of these compounds showed more dramatic potentiation of the antibacterial activity, which lowered the minimal-inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for the antibiotic by as much as 64- to 128-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Speri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA .
| | - Jennifer Fishovitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA .
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA .
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10
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Frederick TE, Peng JW. A gratuitous β-Lactamase inducer uncovers hidden active site dynamics of the Staphylococcus aureus BlaR1 sensor domain. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197241. [PMID: 29771929 PMCID: PMC5957439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that active sites of proteins have non-trivial conformational dynamics. These dynamics include active site residues sampling different local conformations that allow for multiple, and possibly novel, inhibitor binding poses. Yet, active site dynamics garner only marginal attention in most inhibitor design efforts and exert little influence on synthesis strategies. This is partly because synthesis requires a level of atomic structural detail that is frequently missing in current characterizations of conformational dynamics. In particular, while the identity of the mobile protein residues may be clear, the specific conformations they sample remain obscure. Here, we show how an appropriate choice of ligand can significantly sharpen our abilities to describe the interconverting binding poses (conformations) of protein active sites. Specifically, we show how 2-(2'-carboxyphenyl)-benzoyl-6-aminopenicillanic acid (CBAP) exposes otherwise hidden dynamics of a protein active site that binds β-lactam antibiotics. When CBAP acylates (binds) the active site serine of the β-lactam sensor domain of BlaR1 (BlaRS), it shifts the time scale of the active site dynamics to the slow exchange regime. Slow exchange enables direct characterization of inter-converting protein and bound ligand conformations using NMR methods. These methods include chemical shift analysis, 2-d exchange spectroscopy, off-resonance ROESY of the bound ligand, and reduced spectral density mapping. The active site architecture of BlaRS is shared by many β-lactamases of therapeutic interest, suggesting CBAP could expose functional motions in other β-lactam binding proteins. More broadly, CBAP highlights the utility of identifying chemical probes common to structurally homologous proteins to better expose functional motions of active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Frederick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey W. Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
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11
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Fisher JF, Mobashery S. β-Lactam Resistance Mechanisms: Gram-Positive Bacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:cshperspect.a025221. [PMID: 27091943 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The value of the β-lactam antibiotics for the control of bacterial infection has eroded with time. Three Gram-positive human pathogens that were once routinely susceptible to β-lactam chemotherapy-Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecium, and Staphylococcus aureus-now are not. Although a fourth bacterium, the acid-fast (but not Gram-positive-staining) Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has intrinsic resistance to earlier β-lactams, the emergence of strains of this bacterium resistant to virtually all other antibiotics has compelled the evaluation of newer β-lactam combinations as possible contributors to the multidrug chemotherapy required to control tubercular infection. The emerging molecular-level understanding of these resistance mechanisms used by these four bacteria provides the conceptual framework for bringing forward new β-lactams, and new β-lactam strategies, for the future control of their infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5670
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12
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References. Antibiotics (Basel) 2015. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819316.refs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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13
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Boudreau MA, Fishovitz J, Llarrull LI, Xiao Q, Mobashery S. Phosphorylation of BlaR1 in Manifestation of Antibiotic Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Its Abrogation by Small Molecules. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:454-9. [PMID: 27623311 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), an important human pathogen, has evolved an inducible mechanism for resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. We report herein that the integral membrane protein BlaR1, the β-lactam sensor/signal transducer protein, is phosphorylated on exposure to β-lactam antibiotics. This event is critical to the onset of the induction of antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, we document that BlaR1 phosphorylation and the antibiotic-resistance phenotype are both reversed in the presence of synthetic protein kinase inhibitors of our design, restoring susceptibility of the organism to a penicillin, resurrecting it from obsolescence in treatment of these intransigent bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A. Boudreau
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Jennifer Fishovitz
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Leticia I. Llarrull
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Qiaobin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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14
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Pence MA, Haste NM, Meharena HS, Olson J, Gallo RL, Nizet V, Kristian SA. Beta-Lactamase Repressor BlaI Modulates Staphylococcus aureus Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide Resistance and Virulence. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136605. [PMID: 26305782 PMCID: PMC4549145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BlaI is a repressor of BlaZ, the beta-lactamase responsible for penicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Through screening a transposon library in S. aureus Newman for susceptibility to cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, we discovered BlaI as a novel cathelicidin resistance factor. Additionally, through integrational mutagenesis in S. aureus Newman and MRSA Sanger 252 strains, we confirmed the role of BlaI in resistance to human and murine cathelidicin and showed that it contributes to virulence in human whole blood and murine infection models. We further demonstrated that BlaI could be a target for innate immune-based antimicrobial therapies; by removing BlaI through subinhibitory concentrations of 6-aminopenicillanic acid, we were able to sensitize S. aureus to LL-37 killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan A. Pence
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Nina M. Haste
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Hiruy S. Meharena
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Joshua Olson
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Richard L. Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VN); (SAK)
| | - Sascha A. Kristian
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VN); (SAK)
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15
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human and veterinary pathogen worldwide. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) poses a significant and enduring problem to the treatment of infection by such strains. Resistance is usually conferred by the acquisition of a nonnative gene encoding a penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a), with significantly lower affinity for β-lactams. This resistance allows cell-wall biosynthesis, the target of β-lactams, to continue even in the presence of typically inhibitory concentrations of antibiotic. PBP2a is encoded by the mecA gene, which is carried on a distinct mobile genetic element (SCCmec), the expression of which is controlled through a proteolytic signal transduction pathway comprising a sensor protein (MecR1) and a repressor (MecI). Many of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying methicillin resistance in S. aureus have been elucidated, including regulatory events and the structure of key proteins. Here we review recent advances in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon J. Peacock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin K. Paterson
- School of Biological, Biomedical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
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16
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Staude MW, Frederick TE, Natarajan SV, Wilson BD, Tanner CE, Ruggiero ST, Mobashery S, Peng JW. Investigation of signal transduction routes within the sensor/transducer protein BlaR1 of Staphylococcus aureus. Biochemistry 2015; 54:1600-10. [PMID: 25658195 DOI: 10.1021/bi501463k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane antibiotic sensor/signal transducer protein BlaR1 is part of a cohort of proteins that confer β-lactam antibiotic resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) [Fisher, J. F., Meroueh, S. O., and Mobashery, S. (2005) Chem. Rev. 105, 395-424; Llarrull, L. I., Fisher, J. F., and Mobashery, S. (2009) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53, 4051-4063; Llarrull, L. I., Toth, M., Champion, M. M., and Mobashery, S. (2011) J. Biol. Chem. 286, 38148-38158]. Specifically, BlaR1 regulates the inducible expression of β-lactamases that hydrolytically destroy β-lactam antibiotics. The resistance phenotype starts with β-lactam antibiotic acylation of the BlaR1 extracellular domain (BlaRS). The acylation activates the cytoplasmic protease domain through an obscure signal transduction mechanism. Here, we compare protein dynamics of apo versus antibiotic-acylated BlaRS using nuclear magnetic resonance. Our analyses reveal inter-residue interactions that relay acylation-induced perturbations within the antibiotic-binding site to the transmembrane helix regions near the membrane surface. These are the first insights into the process of signal transduction by BlaR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Staude
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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17
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Blázquez B, Llarrull LI, Luque-Ortega JR, Alfonso C, Boggess B, Mobashery S. Regulation of the expression of the β-lactam antibiotic-resistance determinants in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Biochemistry 2014; 53:1548-50. [PMID: 24564530 PMCID: PMC3971960 DOI: 10.1021/bi500074w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
![]()
β-Lactam
antibiotics have faced obsolescence with the emergence
of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
A complex set of events ensues upon exposure of MRSA to these antibiotics,
which culminates in proteolysis of BlaI or MecI, two gene repressors,
and results in the induction of resistance. We report studies on the
mechanism of binding of these gene repressors to the operator regions
by fluorescence anisotropy. Within the range of in vivo concentrations for BlaI and MecI, these proteins interact with their
regulatory elements in a reversible manner, as both a monomer and
a dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blas Blázquez
- Department Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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18
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Frederick TE, Wilson BD, Cha J, Mobashery S, Peng JW. Revealing cell-surface intramolecular interactions in the BlaR1 protein of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by NMR spectroscopy. Biochemistry 2013; 53:10-2. [PMID: 24359467 DOI: 10.1021/bi401552j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, β-lactam antibiotic resistance is mediated by the transmembrane protein BlaR1. The antibiotic sensor domain BlaR(S) and the L2 loop of BlaR1 are on the membrane surface. We used NMR to investigate interactions between BlaR(S) and a water-soluble peptide from L2. This peptide binds BlaR(S) proximal to the antibiotic acylation site as an amphipathic helix. Acylation of BlaR(S) by penicillin G does not disrupt binding. These results suggest a signal transduction mechanism whereby the L2 helix, partially embedded in the membrane, propagates conformational changes caused by BlaR(S) acylation through the membrane via transmembrane segments, leading to antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Frederick
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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19
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Cain JA, Solis N, Cordwell SJ. Beyond gene expression: the impact of protein post-translational modifications in bacteria. J Proteomics 2013; 97:265-86. [PMID: 23994099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins plays a critical role in the regulation of a broad range of cellular processes in eukaryotes. Yet their role in governing similar systems in the conventionally presumed 'simpler' forms of life has been largely neglected and, until recently, was thought to occur only rarely, with some modifications assumed to be limited to higher organisms alone. Recent developments in mass spectrometry-based proteomics have provided an unparalleled power to enrich, identify and quantify peptides with PTMs. Additional modifications to biological molecules such as lipids and carbohydrates that are essential for bacterial pathophysiology have only recently been detected on proteins. Here we review bacterial protein PTMs, focusing on phosphorylation, acetylation, proteolytic degradation, methylation and lipidation and the roles they play in bacterial adaptation - thus highlighting the importance of proteomic techniques in a field that is only just in its infancy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Trends in Microbial Proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Cain
- School of Molecular Bioscience, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Nestor Solis
- School of Molecular Bioscience, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Stuart J Cordwell
- School of Molecular Bioscience, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, 2006, Australia; Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, 2006, Australia.
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20
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López-Pelegrín M, Cerdà-Costa N, Martínez-Jiménez F, Cintas-Pedrola A, Canals A, Peinado JR, Marti-Renom MA, López-Otín C, Arolas JL, Gomis-Rüth FX. A novel family of soluble minimal scaffolds provides structural insight into the catalytic domains of integral membrane metallopeptidases. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21279-21294. [PMID: 23733187 PMCID: PMC3774397 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.476580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for structural models of integral-membrane metallopeptidases (MPs), we discovered three related proteins from thermophilic prokaryotes, which we grouped into a novel family called "minigluzincins." We determined the crystal structures of the zymogens of two of these (Pyrococcus abyssi proabylysin and Methanocaldococcus jannaschii projannalysin), which are soluble and, with ∼100 residues, constitute the shortest structurally characterized MPs to date. Despite relevant sequence and structural similarity, the structures revealed two unique mechanisms of latency maintenance through the C-terminal segments previously unseen in MPs as follows: intramolecular, through an extended tail, in proabylysin, and crosswise intermolecular, through a helix swap, in projannalysin. In addition, structural and sequence comparisons revealed large similarity with MPs of the gluzincin tribe such as thermolysin, leukotriene A4 hydrolase relatives, and cowrins. Noteworthy, gluzincins mostly contain a glutamate as third characteristic zinc ligand, whereas minigluzincins have a histidine. Sequence and structural similarity further allowed us to ascertain that minigluzincins are very similar to the catalytic domains of integral membrane MPs of the MEROPS database families M48 and M56, such as FACE1, HtpX, Oma1, and BlaR1/MecR1, which are provided with trans-membrane helices flanking or inserted into a minigluzincin-like catalytic domain. In a time where structural biochemistry of integral-membrane proteins in general still faces formidable challenges, the minigluzincin soluble minimal scaffold may contribute to our understanding of the working mechanisms of these membrane MPs and to the design of novel inhibitors through structure-aided rational drug design approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar López-Pelegrín
- From the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona
| | - Núria Cerdà-Costa
- From the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona
| | - Francisco Martínez-Jiménez
- the Genome Biology Group, Centre Nacional d'Anàlisi Genòmic, c/Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028 Barcelona,; the Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Cancer Program, Center for Genomic Regulation, c/Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona
| | - Anna Cintas-Pedrola
- From the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona
| | - Albert Canals
- the Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Institute for Research in Biomedicine, c/Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, and
| | - Juan R Peinado
- From the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona
| | - Marc A Marti-Renom
- the Genome Biology Group, Centre Nacional d'Anàlisi Genòmic, c/Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028 Barcelona,; the Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Cancer Program, Center for Genomic Regulation, c/Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Joan L Arolas
- From the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona,.
| | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- From the Proteolysis Laboratory, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona,.
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21
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Arêde P, Botelho T, Guevara T, Usón I, Oliveira DC, Gomis-Rüth FX. Structure-function studies of the staphylococcal methicillin resistance antirepressor MecR2. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21267-21278. [PMID: 23733184 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.448134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus is elicited by the MecI-MecR1-MecA axis encoded by the mec locus. Recently, MecR2 was also identified as a regulator of mec through binding of the methicillin repressor, MecI. Here we show that plasmid-encoded full-length MecR2 restores resistance in a sensitive S. aureus mecR2 deletion mutant of the resistant strain N315. The crystal structure of MecR2 reveals an N-terminal DNA-binding domain, an intermediate scaffold domain, and a C-terminal dimerization domain that contributes to oligomerization. The protein shows structural similarity to ROK (repressors, open reading frames, and kinases) family proteins, which bind DNA and/or sugar molecules. We found that functional cell-based assays of three point mutants affecting residues participating in sugar binding in ROK proteins had no effect on the resistance phenotype. By contrast, MecR2 bound short double-stranded DNA oligonucleotides nonspecifically, and a deletion mutant affecting the N-terminal DNA-binding domain showed a certain effect on activity, thus contributing to resistance less than the wild-type protein. Similarly, a deletion mutant, in which a flexible segment of intermediate scaffold domain had been replaced by four glycines, significantly reduced MecR2 function, thus indicating that this domain may likewise be required for activity. Taken together, these results provide the structural basis for the activity of a methicillin antirepressor, MecR2, which would sequester MecI away from its cognate promoter region and facilitate its degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Arêde
- the Center for Microbiological Resources, Department of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, P-2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, and
| | - Tiago Botelho
- From the Proteolysis Lab, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, E-08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Tibisay Guevara
- From the Proteolysis Lab, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, E-08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Isabel Usón
- the Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, E-08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Duarte C Oliveira
- the Center for Microbiological Resources, Department of Life Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, P-2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, and
| | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- From the Proteolysis Lab, Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, E-08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,.
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22
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Abstract
Many Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria recycle a significant proportion of the peptidoglycan components of their cell walls during their growth and septation. In many--and quite possibly all--bacteria, the peptidoglycan fragments are recovered and recycled. Although cell-wall recycling is beneficial for the recovery of resources, it also serves as a mechanism to detect cell-wall-targeting antibiotics and to regulate resistance mechanisms. In several Gram-negative pathogens, anhydro-MurNAc-peptide cell-wall fragments regulate AmpC β-lactamase induction. In some Gram-positive organisms, short peptides derived from the cell wall regulate the induction of both β-lactamase and β-lactam-resistant penicillin-binding proteins. The involvement of peptidoglycan recycling with resistance regulation suggests that inhibitors of the enzymes involved in the recycling might synergize with cell-wall-targeted antibiotics. Indeed, such inhibitors improve the potency of β-lactams in vitro against inducible AmpC β-lactamase-producing bacteria. We describe the key steps of cell-wall remodeling and recycling, the regulation of resistance mechanisms by cell-wall recycling, and recent advances toward the discovery of cell-wall-recycling inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod W Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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23
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2012; 25:718-28. [PMID: 23147811 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0b013e32835af239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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