1
|
Liang Q, Liu Z, Liang Z, Zhu C, Li D, Kong Q, Mou H. Development strategies and application of antimicrobial peptides as future alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172150. [PMID: 38580107 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The use of in-feed antibiotics has been widely restricted due to the significant environmental pollution and food safety concerns they have caused. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have attracted widespread attention as potential future alternatives to in-feed antibiotics owing to their demonstrated antimicrobial activity and environment friendly characteristics. However, the challenges of weak bioactivity, immature stability, and low production yields of natural AMPs impede practical application in the feed industry. To address these problems, efforts have been made to develop strategies for approaching the AMPs with enhanced properties. Herein, we summarize approaches to improving the properties of AMPs as potential alternatives to in-feed antibiotics, mainly including optimization of structural parameters, sequence modification, selection of microbial hosts, fusion expression, and industrially fermentation control. Additionally, the potential for application of AMPs in animal husbandry is discussed. This comprehensive review lays a strong theoretical foundation for the development of in-feed AMPs to achieve the public health globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Zhemin Liu
- Fundamental Science R&D Center of Vazyme Biotech Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Ziyu Liang
- Section of Neurobiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Changliang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Dongyu Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Qing Kong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Haijin Mou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tyler TJ, Durek T, Craik DJ. Native and Engineered Cyclic Disulfide-Rich Peptides as Drug Leads. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073189. [PMID: 37049950 PMCID: PMC10096437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides are a highly abundant and diverse group of molecules that exhibit a wide range of structural and functional variation. Despite their immense therapeutic potential, bioactive peptides have been traditionally perceived as poor drug candidates, largely due to intrinsic shortcomings that reflect their endogenous heritage, i.e., short biological half-lives and poor cell permeability. In this review, we examine the utility of molecular engineering to insert bioactive sequences into constrained scaffolds with desired pharmaceutical properties. Applying lessons learnt from nature, we focus on molecular grafting of cyclic disulfide-rich scaffolds (naturally derived or engineered), shown to be intrinsically stable and amenable to sequence modifications, and their utility as privileged frameworks in drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan J. Tyler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas Durek
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Role of Defensins in Tumor Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065268. [PMID: 36982340 PMCID: PMC10049535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Defensins have long been considered as merely antimicrobial peptides. Throughout the years, more immune-related functions have been discovered for both the α-defensin and β-defensin subfamily. This review provides insights into the role of defensins in tumor immunity. Since defensins are present and differentially expressed in certain cancer types, researchers started to unravel their role in the tumor microenvironment. The human neutrophil peptides have been demonstrated to be directly oncolytic by permealizing the cell membrane. Further, defensins can inflict DNA damage and induce apoptosis of tumor cells. In the tumor microenvironment, defensins can act as chemoattractants for subsets of immune cells, such as T cells, immature dendritic cells, monocytes and mast cells. Additionally, by activating the targeted leukocytes, defensins generate pro-inflammatory signals. Moreover, immuno-adjuvant effects have been reported in a variety of models. Therefore, the action of defensins reaches beyond their direct antimicrobial effect, i.e., the lysis of microbes invading the mucosal surfaces. By causing an increase in pro-inflammatory signaling events, cell lysis (generating antigens) and attraction and activation of antigen presenting cells, defensins could have a relevant role in activating the adaptive immune system and generating anti-tumor immunity, and could thus contribute to the success of immune therapy.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao D, Zhao Y, He X, Ayers PW, Liu S. Efficient and accurate density-based prediction of macromolecular polarizabilities. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:2131-2141. [PMID: 36562468 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04690c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Accurately and efficiently predicting macromolecules' polarizabilities is an open problem. In this work, we employ a few simple density-based quantities from the information-theoretic approach (ITA) to predict polarizability of proteins. We first build quantitative structure/property relationships between molecular polarizabilities and ITA quantities. We then verify the broad applicability of ITA quantities for polarizability prediction for inorganic, organic, and biological systems with both localized and delocalized electronic structure. As a proof-of-concept application, we predict the molecular polarizabilities of complex proteins. Based on the linear regression equations for 20 natural amino acid residues, 400 dipeptides, and 8000 tripeptides, one then predicts the molecular polarizability of a larger peptide or even a protein once the molecular wavefunction is obtained. Because it is extremely costly to determine the wavefunction for a macromolecule like a protein, we propose to combine the ITA with the linear-scaling generalized energy-based fragmentation (GEBF) method to predict the macromolecular polarizability. In GEBF, the total molecular polarizability is obtained as a linear combination of the corresponding quantities from a series of small subsystems. We can predict them based on the subsystem wavefunction and linear regression equations rather than compute them from the nearly-intractable coupled-perturbed Hartree-Fock or Kohn-Sham equations for the whole macromolecule. Computational results showcase that the GEBF-ITA protocol should be an inexpensive yet accurate theoretical tool for predicting macromolecular polarizabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ONL8S 4M1, Canada.
| | - Xin He
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Paul W Ayers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ONL8S 4M1, Canada.
| | - Shubin Liu
- Research Computing Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3420, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li X, Zuo S, Wang B, Zhang K, Wang Y. Antimicrobial Mechanisms and Clinical Application Prospects of Antimicrobial Peptides. Molecules 2022; 27:2675. [PMID: 35566025 PMCID: PMC9104849 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are a type of small-molecule peptide that widely exist in nature and are components of the innate immunity of almost all living things. They play an important role in resisting foreign invading microorganisms. Antimicrobial peptides have a wide range of antibacterial activities against bacteria, fungi, viruses and other microorganisms. They are active against traditional antibiotic-resistant strains and do not easily induce the development of drug resistance. Therefore, they have become a hot spot of medical research and are expected to become a new substitute for fighting microbial infection and represent a new method for treating drug-resistant bacteria. This review briefly introduces the source and structural characteristics of antimicrobial peptides and describes those that have been used against common clinical microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and especially coronaviruses), focusing on their antimicrobial mechanism of action and clinical application prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (X.L.); (B.W.)
| | - Siyao Zuo
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (X.L.); (B.W.)
| | - Kaiyu Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (X.L.); (B.W.)
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (X.L.); (B.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lai Z, Yuan X, Chen H, Zhu Y, Dong N, Shan A. Strategies employed in the design of antimicrobial peptides with enhanced proteolytic stability. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107962. [PMID: 35452776 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to the alarming developing rate of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens, the development and modification of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are unprecedentedly active. Despite the fact that considerable efforts have been expended on the discovery and design strategies of AMPs, the clinical translation of peptide antibiotics remains inadequate. A large number of articles and reviews credited the limited success of AMPs to their poor stability in the biological environment, particularly their poor proteolytic stability. In the past forty years, various design strategies have been used to improve the proteolytic stability of AMPs, such as sequence modification, cyclization, peptidomimetics, and nanotechnology. Herein, we focus our discussion on the progress made in improving the proteolytic stability of AMPs and the principle, successes, and limitations of various anti-proteolytic design strategies. It is of prospective significance to extend current insights into the degradation-related inactivation of AMPs and also alleviate/overcome the problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenheng Lai
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaojie Yuan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yunhui Zhu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Na Dong
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Erdem Büyükkiraz M, Kesmen Z. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs): A promising class of antimicrobial compounds. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1573-1596. [PMID: 34606679 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are compounds, which have inhibitory activity against microorganisms. In the last decades, AMPs have become powerful alternative agents that have met the need for novel anti-infectives to overcome increasing antibiotic resistance problems. Moreover, recent epidemics and pandemics are increasing the popularity of AMPs, due to the urgent necessity for effective antimicrobial agents in combating the new emergence of microbial diseases. AMPs inhibit a wide range of microorganisms through diverse and special mechanisms by targeting mainly cell membranes or specific intracellular components. In addition to extraction from natural sources, AMPs are produced in various hosts using recombinant methods. More recently, the synthetic analogues of AMPs, designed with some modifications, are predicted to overcome the limitations of stability, toxicity and activity associated with natural AMPs. AMPs have potential applications as antimicrobial agents in food, agriculture, environment, animal husbandry and pharmaceutical industries. In this review, we have provided an overview of the structure, classification and mechanism of action of AMPs, as well as discussed opportunities for their current and potential applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mine Erdem Büyükkiraz
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cappadocia University, Nevsehir, Turkey
| | - Zülal Kesmen
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Food Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mechanism through Which Retrocyclin Targets Flavivirus Multiplication. J Virol 2021; 95:e0056021. [PMID: 33980602 PMCID: PMC8274595 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00560-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are no approved drugs for the treatment of flavivirus infection. Accordingly, we tested the inhibitory effects of the novel θ-defensin retrocyclin-101 (RC-101) against flavivirus infection and investigated the mechanism underlying the potential inhibitory effects. First, RC-101 robustly inhibited both Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) infections. RC-101 exerted inhibitory effects on the entry and replication stages. Results also indicated that the nonstructural protein NS2B-NS3 serine protease might serve as a potential viral target. Furthermore, RC-101 inhibited protease activity at the micromolar level. We also demonstrated that with respect to the glycoprotein E protein of flavivirus, the DE loop of domain III (DIII), which is the receptor-binding domain of the E protein, might serve as another viral target of RC-101. Moreover, a JEV DE mutant exhibited resistance to RC-101, which was associated with deceased binding affinity of RC-101 to DIII. These findings provide a basis for the development of RC-101 as a potential candidate for the treatment of flavivirus infection. IMPORTANCE Retrocyclin is an artificially humanized circular θ-defensin peptide, containing 18 residues, previously reported to possess broad antimicrobial activity. In this study, we found that retrocyclin-101 inhibited flavivirus (ZIKV and JEV) infections. Retrocyclin-101 inhibited NS2B-NS3 serine protease activity, suggesting that the catalytic triad of the protease is the target. Moreover, retrocyclin-101 bound to the DE loop of the E protein of flavivirus, which prevented its entry.
Collapse
|
9
|
Payne CD, Franke B, Fisher MF, Hajiaghaalipour F, McAleese CE, Song A, Eliasson C, Zhang J, Jayasena AS, Vadlamani G, Clark RJ, Minchin RF, Mylne JS, Rosengren KJ. A chameleonic macrocyclic peptide with drug delivery applications. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6670-6683. [PMID: 34040741 PMCID: PMC8132947 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00692d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Head-to-tail cyclized peptides are intriguing natural products with unusual properties. The PawS-Derived Peptides (PDPs) are ribosomally synthesized as part of precursors for seed storage albumins in species of the daisy family, and are post-translationally excised and cyclized during proteolytic processing. Here we report a PDP twice the typical size and with two disulfide bonds, identified from seeds of Zinnia elegans. In water, synthetic PDP-23 forms a unique dimeric structure in which two monomers containing two β-hairpins cross-clasp and enclose a hydrophobic core, creating a square prism. This dimer can be split by addition of micelles or organic solvent and in monomeric form PDP-23 adopts open or closed V-shapes, exposing different levels of hydrophobicity dependent on conditions. This chameleonic character is unusual for disulfide-rich peptides and engenders PDP-23 with potential for cell delivery and accessing novel targets. We demonstrate this by conjugating a rhodamine dye to PDP-23, creating a stable, cell-penetrating inhibitor of the P-glycoprotein drug efflux pump.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colton D Payne
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Bastian Franke
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Mark F Fisher
- The University of Western Australia, School of Molecular Sciences, The ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | | | - Courtney E McAleese
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Angela Song
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Carl Eliasson
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- The University of Western Australia, School of Molecular Sciences, The ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Achala S Jayasena
- The University of Western Australia, School of Molecular Sciences, The ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Grishma Vadlamani
- The University of Western Australia, School of Molecular Sciences, The ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Richard J Clark
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Rodney F Minchin
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Joshua S Mylne
- The University of Western Australia, School of Molecular Sciences, The ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - K Johan Rosengren
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
González-Castro R, Gómez-Lim MA, Plisson F. Cysteine-Rich Peptides: Hyperstable Scaffolds for Protein Engineering. Chembiochem 2020; 22:961-973. [PMID: 33095969 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs) are small proteins of less than 100 amino acids in length characterized by the presence of disulfide bridges and common end-to-end macrocyclization. These properties confer hyperstability against high temperatures, salt concentration, serum presence, and protease degradation to CRPs. Moreover, their intercysteine domains (loops) are susceptible to residue hypervariability. CRPs have been successfully applied as stable scaffolds for molecular grafting, a protein engineering process in which cysteine-rich structures provide higher thermodynamic and metabolic stability to an epitope and acquire new biological function(s). This review describes the successes and limitations of seven cysteine-rich scaffolds, their bioactive epitopes, and the resulting grafted peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael González-Castro
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV) Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio), Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, México.,Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Unidad Irapuato, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, México
| | - Miguel A Gómez-Lim
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Unidad Irapuato, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, México
| | - Fabien Plisson
- CONACYT, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV) Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio), Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, México
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jwad R, Weissberger D, Hunter L. Strategies for Fine-Tuning the Conformations of Cyclic Peptides. Chem Rev 2020; 120:9743-9789. [PMID: 32786420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides are promising scaffolds for drug development, attributable in part to their increased conformational order compared to linear peptides. However, when optimizing the target-binding or pharmacokinetic properties of cyclic peptides, it is frequently necessary to "fine-tune" their conformations, e.g., by imposing greater rigidity, by subtly altering certain side chain vectors, or by adjusting the global shape of the macrocycle. This review systematically examines the various types of structural modifications that can be made to cyclic peptides in order to achieve such conformational control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Jwad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Daniel Weissberger
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Luke Hunter
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Deplazes E, Chin YKY, King GF, Mancera RL. The unusual conformation of cross-strand disulfide bonds is critical to the stability of β-hairpin peptides. Proteins 2019; 88:485-502. [PMID: 31589791 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cross-strand disulfides (CSDs) found in β-hairpin antimicrobial peptides (β-AMPs) show a unique disulfide geometry that is characterized by unusual torsion angles and a short Cα-Cα distance. While the sequence and disulfide bond connectivity of disulfide-rich peptides is well studied, much less is known about the disulfide geometry found in CSDs and their role in the stability of β-AMPs. To address this, we solved the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure of the β-AMP gomesin (Gm) at 278, 298, and 310 K, examined the disulfide bond geometry of over 800 disulfide-rich peptides, and carried out extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the peptides Gm and protegrin. The NMR data suggests Cα-Cα distances characteristic for CSDs are independent of temperature. Analysis of disulfide-rich peptides from the Protein Data Bank revealed that right-handed and left-handed rotamers are equally likely in CSDs. The previously reported preference for right-handed rotamers was likely biased by restricting the analysis to peptides and proteins solved using X-ray crystallography. Furthermore, data from MD simulations showed that the short Cα-Cα distance is critical for the stability of these peptides. The unique disulfide geometry of CSDs poses a challenge to biomolecular force fields and to retain the stability of β-hairpin fold over long simulation times, restraints on the torsion angles might be required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Deplazes
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute and Curtin Institute for Computation, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yanni K-Y Chin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glenn F King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ricardo L Mancera
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute and Curtin Institute for Computation, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mishra B, Lakshmaiah Narayana J, Lushnikova T, Wang X, Wang G. Low cationicity is important for systemic in vivo efficacy of database-derived peptides against drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13517-13522. [PMID: 31209048 PMCID: PMC6613076 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821410116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As bacterial resistance to traditional antibiotics continues to emerge, new alternatives are urgently needed. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important candidates. However, how AMPs are designed with in vivo efficacy is poorly understood. Our study was designed to understand structural moieties of cationic peptides that would lead to their successful use as antibacterial agents. In contrast to the common perception, serum binding and peptide stability were not the major reasons for in vivo failure in our studies. Rather, our systematic study of a series of peptides with varying lysines revealed the significance of low cationicity for systemic in vivo efficacy against Gram-positive pathogens. We propose that peptides with biased amino acid compositions are not favored to associate with multiple host factors and are more likely to show in vivo efficacy. Thus, our results uncover a useful design strategy for developing potent peptides against multidrug-resistant pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Mishra
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900
| | - Jayaram Lakshmaiah Narayana
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900
| | - Tamara Lushnikova
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900
| | - Xiuqing Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900
- Department of Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 750004 Yinchuan, China
| | - Guangshun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Koehbach J, Craik DJ. The Vast Structural Diversity of Antimicrobial Peptides. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:517-528. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
15
|
Pires ÁS, Rigueiras PO, Dohms SM, Porto WF, Franco OL. Structure-guided identification of antimicrobial peptides in the spathe transcriptome of the non-model plant, arum lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica
). Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 93:1265-1275. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Állan S. Pires
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas; Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia; Universidade Católica de Brasília; Brasília Brazil
| | - Pietra O. Rigueiras
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas; Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia; Universidade Católica de Brasília; Brasília Brazil
| | - Stephan M. Dohms
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas; Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia; Universidade Católica de Brasília; Brasília Brazil
| | - William F. Porto
- Porto Reports; Brasília Brazil
- S-Inova Biotech; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia; Universidade Católica Dom Bosco; Campo Grande Brazil
| | - Octavio L. Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas; Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia; Universidade Católica de Brasília; Brasília Brazil
- S-Inova Biotech; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia; Universidade Católica Dom Bosco; Campo Grande Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lawrence N, Wu B, Ligutti J, Cheneval O, Agwa AJ, Benfield AH, Biswas K, Craik DJ, Miranda LP, Henriques ST, Schroeder CI. Peptide-Membrane Interactions Affect the Inhibitory Potency and Selectivity of Spider Toxins ProTx-II and GpTx-1. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:118-130. [PMID: 30507158 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gating modifier toxins (GMTs) from spider venom can inhibit voltage gated sodium channels (NaVs) involved in pain signal transmission, including the NaV1.7 subtype. GMTs have a conserved amphipathic structure that allow them to interact with membranes and also with charged residues in regions of NaV that are exposed at the cell surface. ProTx-II and GpTx-1 are GMTs able to inhibit NaV1.7 with high potency, but they differ in their ability to bind to membranes and in their selectivity over other NaV subtypes. To explore these differences and gain detailed information on their membrane-binding ability and how this relates to potency and selectivity, we examined previously described NaV1.7 potent/selective GpTx-1 analogues and new ProTx-II analogues designed to reduce membrane binding and improve selectivity for NaV1.7. Our studies reveal that the number and type of hydrophobic residues as well as how they are presented at the surface determine the affinity of ProTx-II and GpTx-1 for membranes and that altering these residues can have dramatic effects on NaV inhibitory activity. We demonstrate that strong peptide-membrane interactions are not essential for inhibiting NaV1.7 and propose that hydrophobic interactions instead play an important role in positioning the GMT at the membrane surface proximal to exposed NaV residues, thereby affecting peptide-channel interactions. Our detailed structure-activity relationship study highlights the challenges of designing GMT-based molecules that simultaneously achieve high potency and selectivity for NaV1.7, as single mutations can induce local changes in GMT structure that can have a major impact on NaV-inhibitory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lawrence
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | - Joseph Ligutti
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Olivier Cheneval
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Akello Joanna Agwa
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Aurélie H. Benfield
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Sónia Troeira Henriques
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Christina I. Schroeder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Baquero E, Fedry J, Legrand P, Krey T, Rey FA. Species-Specific Functional Regions of the Green Alga Gamete Fusion Protein HAP2 Revealed by Structural Studies. Structure 2018; 27:113-124.e4. [PMID: 30416037 PMCID: PMC6327110 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The cellular fusion protein HAP2, which is structurally homologous to viral class II fusion proteins, drives gamete fusion across several eukaryotic kingdoms. Gamete fusion is a highly controlled process in eukaryotes, and is allowed only between same species gametes. In spite of a conserved architecture, HAP2 displays several species-specific functional regions that were not resolved in the available X-ray structure of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii HAP2 ectodomain. Here we present an X-ray structure resolving these regions, showing a target membrane interaction surface made by three amphipathic helices in a horseshoe-shaped arrangement. HAP2 from green algae also features additional species-specific motifs inserted in regions that in viral class II proteins are critical for the fusogenic conformational change. Such insertions include a cystine ladder-like module evocative of EGF-like motifs responsible for extracellular protein-protein interactions in animals, and a mucin-like region. These features suggest potential HAP2 interaction sites involved in gamete fusion control. Unprecedented organization of amphipathic α helices in the algal HAP2 fusion loops An inserted EGF-like motif suggests a potential algal-specific fusion control site An adjacent mucin-like region potentially modulates algal-specific interactions Inter-chain stem/domain II interactions stabilize the post-fusion hairpin conformation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Baquero
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR 3569, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Juliette Fedry
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR 3569, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Pierre Legrand
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thomas Krey
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR 3569, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Felix A Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR 3569, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sousa SR, McArthur JR, Brust A, Bhola RF, Rosengren KJ, Ragnarsson L, Dutertre S, Alewood PF, Christie MJ, Adams DJ, Vetter I, Lewis RJ. Novel analgesic ω-conotoxins from the vermivorous cone snail Conus moncuri provide new insights into the evolution of conopeptides. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13397. [PMID: 30194442 PMCID: PMC6128854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cone snails are a diverse group of predatory marine invertebrates that deploy remarkably complex venoms to rapidly paralyse worm, mollusc or fish prey. ω-Conotoxins are neurotoxic peptides from cone snail venoms that inhibit Cav2.2 voltage-gated calcium channel, demonstrating potential for pain management via intrathecal (IT) administration. Here, we isolated and characterized two novel ω-conotoxins, MoVIA and MoVIB from Conus moncuri, the first to be identified in vermivorous (worm-hunting) cone snails. MoVIA and MoVIB potently inhibited human Cav2.2 in fluorimetric assays and rat Cav2.2 in patch clamp studies, and both potently displaced radiolabeled ω-conotoxin GVIA (125I-GVIA) from human SH-SY5Y cells and fish brain membranes (IC50 2–9 pM). Intriguingly, an arginine at position 13 in MoVIA and MoVIB replaced the functionally critical tyrosine found in piscivorous ω-conotoxins. To investigate its role, we synthesized MoVIB-[R13Y] and MVIIA-[Y13R]. Interestingly, MVIIA-[Y13R] completely lost Cav2.2 activity and MoVIB-[R13Y] had reduced activity, indicating that Arg at position 13 was preferred in these vermivorous ω-conotoxins whereas tyrosine 13 is preferred in piscivorous ω-conotoxins. MoVIB reversed pain behavior in a rat neuropathic pain model, confirming that vermivorous cone snails are a new source of analgesic ω-conotoxins. Given vermivorous cone snails are ancestral to piscivorous species, our findings support the repurposing of defensive venom peptides in the evolution of piscivorous Conidae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silmara R Sousa
- IMB Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R McArthur
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Andreas Brust
- IMB Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Rebecca F Bhola
- Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - K Johan Rosengren
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Lotten Ragnarsson
- IMB Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Sebastien Dutertre
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Université Montpellier - CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Paul F Alewood
- IMB Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Macdonald J Christie
- Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - David J Adams
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- IMB Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Richard J Lewis
- IMB Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Classes, Databases, and Prediction Methods of Pharmaceutically and Commercially Important Cystine-Stabilized Peptides. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10060251. [PMID: 29921767 PMCID: PMC6024828 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10060251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystine-stabilized peptides represent a large family of peptides characterized by high structural stability and bactericidal, fungicidal, or insecticidal properties. Found throughout a wide range of taxa, this broad and functionally important family can be subclassified into distinct groups dependent upon their number and type of cystine bonding patters, tertiary structures, and/or their species of origin. Furthermore, the annotation of proteins related to the cystine-stabilized family are under-represented in the literature due to their difficulty of isolation and identification. As a result, there are several recent attempts to collate them into data resources and build analytic tools for their dynamic prediction. Ultimately, the identification and delivery of new members of this family will lead to their growing inclusion into the repertoire of commercial viable alternatives to antibiotics and environmentally safe insecticides. This review of the literature and current state of cystine-stabilized peptide biology is aimed to better describe peptide subfamilies, identify databases and analytics resources associated with specific cystine-stabilized peptides, and highlight their current commercial success.
Collapse
|
20
|
Schaal JB, Tran DQ, Subramanian A, Patel R, Laragione T, Roberts KD, Trinh K, Tongaonkar P, Tran PA, Minond D, Fields GB, Beringer P, Ouellette AJ, Gulko PS, Selsted ME. Suppression and resolution of autoimmune arthritis by rhesus θ-defensin-1, an immunomodulatory macrocyclic peptide. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187868. [PMID: 29145473 PMCID: PMC5690597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
θ-defensins constitute a family of macrocyclic peptides expressed exclusively in Old World monkeys. The peptides are pleiotropic effectors of innate immunity, possessing broad spectrum antimicrobial activities and immunoregulatory properties. Here we report that rhesus θ-defensin 1 (RTD-1) is highly effective in arresting and reversing joint disease in a rodent model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Parenteral RTD-1 treatment of DA/OlaHsd rats with established pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) rapidly suppressed joint disease progression, restored limb mobility, and preserved normal joint architecture. RTD-1 significantly reduced joint IL-1β levels compared with controls. RTD-1 dose-dependently inhibited fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) invasiveness and FLS IL-6 production. Consistent with the inhibition of FLS invasiveness, RTD-1 was a potent inhibitor of arthritogenic proteases including ADAMs 17 and 10 which activate TNFα, and inhibited matrix metalloproteases, and cathepsin K. RTD-1 was non-toxic, non-immunogenic, and effective when administered as infrequently as once every five days. Thus θ-defensins, which are absent in humans, have potential as retroevolutionary biologics for the treatment of RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin B. Schaal
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dat Q. Tran
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Oryn Therapeutics, Vacaville, California, United States of America
| | - Akshay Subramanian
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Reshma Patel
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Teresina Laragione
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kevin D. Roberts
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Katie Trinh
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Prasad Tongaonkar
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Patti A. Tran
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dmitriy Minond
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paul Beringer
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - André J. Ouellette
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Percio S. Gulko
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Selsted
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Baxter AA, Lay FT, Poon IKH, Kvansakul M, Hulett MD. Tumor cell membrane-targeting cationic antimicrobial peptides: novel insights into mechanisms of action and therapeutic prospects. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3809-3825. [PMID: 28770291 PMCID: PMC11107634 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is an ongoing need for effective and targeted cancer treatments that can overcome the detrimental side effects presented by current treatment options. One class of novel anticancer molecules with therapeutic potential currently under investigation are cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAPs). CAPs are small innate immunity peptides found ubiquitously throughout nature that are typically membrane-active against a wide range of pathogenic microbes. A number of CAPs can also target mammalian cells and often display selective activity towards tumor cells, making them attractive candidates as novel anticancer agents warranting further investigation. This current and comprehensive review describes key examples of naturally occurring membrane-targeting CAPs and their modified derivatives that have demonstrated anticancer activity, across multiple species of origin and structural subfamilies. In addition, we address recent advances made in the field and the ongoing challenges faced in translating experimental findings into clinically relevant treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Baxter
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Fung T Lay
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Ivan K H Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Mark D Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Structure-Based Design of Hepatitis C Virus Vaccines That Elicit Neutralizing Antibody Responses to a Conserved Epitope. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01032-17. [PMID: 28794021 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01032-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in therapeutic options, hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a severe global disease burden, and a vaccine can substantially reduce its incidence. Due to its extremely high sequence variability, HCV can readily escape the immune response; thus, an effective vaccine must target conserved, functionally important epitopes. Using the structure of a broadly neutralizing antibody in complex with a conserved linear epitope from the HCV E2 envelope glycoprotein (residues 412 to 423; epitope I), we performed structure-based design of immunogens to induce antibody responses to this epitope. This resulted in epitope-based immunogens based on a cyclic defensin protein, as well as a bivalent immunogen with two copies of the epitope on the E2 surface. We solved the X-ray structure of a cyclic immunogen in complex with the HCV1 antibody and confirmed preservation of the epitope conformation and the HCV1 interface. Mice vaccinated with our designed immunogens produced robust antibody responses to epitope I, and their serum could neutralize HCV. Notably, the cyclic designs induced greater epitope-specific responses and neutralization than the native peptide epitope. Beyond successfully designing several novel HCV immunogens, this study demonstrates the principle that neutralizing anti-HCV antibodies can be induced by epitope-based, engineered vaccines and provides the basis for further efforts in structure-based design of HCV vaccines.IMPORTANCE Hepatitis C virus is a leading cause of liver disease and liver cancer, with approximately 3% of the world's population infected. To combat this virus, an effective vaccine would have distinct advantages over current therapeutic options, yet experimental vaccines have not been successful to date, due in part to the virus's high sequence variability leading to immune escape. In this study, we rationally designed several vaccine immunogens based on the structure of a conserved epitope that is the target of broadly neutralizing antibodies. In vivo results in mice indicated that these antigens elicited epitope-specific neutralizing antibodies, with various degrees of potency and breadth. These promising results suggest that a rational design approach can be used to generate an effective vaccine for this virus.
Collapse
|
23
|
Zarena D, Mishra B, Lushnikova T, Wang F, Wang G. The π Configuration of the WWW Motif of a Short Trp-Rich Peptide Is Critical for Targeting Bacterial Membranes, Disrupting Preformed Biofilms, and Killing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Biochemistry 2017; 56:4039-4043. [PMID: 28731688 PMCID: PMC5603908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan-rich peptides, being short and suitable for large-scale chemical synthesis, are attractive candidates for developing a new generation of antimicrobials to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria (superbugs). Although there are numerous pictures of the membrane-bound structure of a single tryptophan (W), how multiple Trp amino acids assemble themselves and interact with bacterial membranes is poorly understood. This communication presents the three-dimensional structure of an eight-residue Trp-rich peptide (WWWLRKIW-NH2 with 50% W) determined by the improved two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance method, which includes the measurements of 13C and 15N chemical shifts at natural abundance. This peptide forms the shortest two-turn helix with a distinct amphipathic feature. A unique structural arrangement is identified for the Trp triplet, WWW, that forms a π configuration with W2 as the horizontal bar and W1/W3 forming the two legs. An arginine scan reveals that the WWW motif is essential for killing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 and disrupting preformed bacterial biofilms. This unique π configuration for the WWW motif is stabilized by aromatic-aromatic interactions as evidenced by ring current shifts as well as nuclear Overhauser effects. Because the WWW motif is maintained, a change of I7 to R led to a potent antimicrobial and antibiofilm peptide with 4-fold improvement in cell selectivity. Collectively, this study elucidated the structural basis of antibiofilm activity of the peptide, identified a better peptide candidate via structure-activity relationship studies, and laid the foundation for engineering future antibiotics based on the WWW motif.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Zarena
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
- Department of Physics, JNTUA College of Engineering, Anantapur 515002, India
| | - Biswajit Mishra
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
| | - Tamara Lushnikova
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
| | - Fangyu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
- Henan Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Guangshun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Valeur E, Guéret SM, Adihou H, Gopalakrishnan R, Lemurell M, Waldmann H, Grossmann TN, Plowright AT. New Modalities for Challenging Targets in Drug Discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10294-10323. [PMID: 28186380 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our ever-increasing understanding of biological systems is providing a range of exciting novel biological targets, whose modulation may enable novel therapeutic options for many diseases. These targets include protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions, which are, however, often refractory to classical small-molecule approaches. Other types of molecules, or modalities, are therefore required to address these targets, which has led several academic research groups and pharmaceutical companies to increasingly use the concept of so-called "new modalities". This Review defines for the first time the scope of this term, which includes novel peptidic scaffolds, oligonucleotides, hybrids, molecular conjugates, as well as new uses of classical small molecules. We provide the most representative examples of these modalities to target large binding surface areas such as those found in protein-protein interactions and for biological processes at the center of cell regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Valeur
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie M Guéret
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden.,AstraZeneca MPI Satellite Unit, Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hélène Adihou
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden.,AstraZeneca MPI Satellite Unit, Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ranganath Gopalakrishnan
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden.,AstraZeneca MPI Satellite Unit, Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Malin Lemurell
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Dortmund, Germany.,Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tom N Grossmann
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alleyn T Plowright
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Valeur E, Guéret SM, Adihou H, Gopalakrishnan R, Lemurell M, Waldmann H, Grossmann TN, Plowright AT. Neue Modalitäten für schwierige Zielstrukturen in der Wirkstoffentwicklung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Valeur
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 Mölndal 431 83 Schweden
| | - Stéphanie M. Guéret
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 Mölndal 431 83 Schweden
- AstraZeneca MPI Satellite Unit; Abteilung Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Hélène Adihou
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 Mölndal 431 83 Schweden
- AstraZeneca MPI Satellite Unit; Abteilung Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Ranganath Gopalakrishnan
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 Mölndal 431 83 Schweden
- AstraZeneca MPI Satellite Unit; Abteilung Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Malin Lemurell
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 Mölndal 431 83 Schweden
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Dortmund Deutschland
- Fakultät für Chemie and Chemische Biologie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Deutschland
| | - Tom N. Grossmann
- Chemical Genomics Centre der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Dortmund Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences; VU University Amsterdam; Niederlande
| | - Alleyn T. Plowright
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 Mölndal 431 83 Schweden
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chairatana P, Nolan EM. Defensins, lectins, mucins, and secretory immunoglobulin A: microbe-binding biomolecules that contribute to mucosal immunity in the human gut. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 52:45-56. [PMID: 27841019 PMCID: PMC5233583 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2016.1243654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the intestine, the mucosal immune system plays essential roles in maintaining homeostasis between the host and microorganisms, and protecting the host from pathogenic invaders. Epithelial cells produce and release a variety of biomolecules into the mucosa and lumen that contribute to immunity. In this review, we focus on a subset of these remarkable host-defense factors - enteric α-defensins, select lectins, mucins, and secretory immunoglobulin A - that have the capacity to bind microbes and thereby contribute to barrier function in the human gut. We provide an overview of the intestinal epithelium, describe specialized secretory cells named Paneth cells, and summarize our current understanding of the biophysical and functional properties of these select microbe-binding biomolecules. We intend for this compilation to complement prior reviews on intestinal host-defense factors, highlight recent advances in the field, and motivate investigations that further illuminate molecular mechanisms as well as the interplay between these molecules and microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phoom Chairatana
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chairatana P, Nolan EM. Defensins, lectins, mucins, and secretory immunoglobulin A: microbe-binding biomolecules that contribute to mucosal immunity in the human gut. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27841019 DOI: 10,1080/10409238.2016.124365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the intestine, the mucosal immune system plays essential roles in maintaining homeostasis between the host and microorganisms, and protecting the host from pathogenic invaders. Epithelial cells produce and release a variety of biomolecules into the mucosa and lumen that contribute to immunity. In this review, we focus on a subset of these remarkable host-defense factors - enteric α-defensins, select lectins, mucins, and secretory immunoglobulin A - that have the capacity to bind microbes and thereby contribute to barrier function in the human gut. We provide an overview of the intestinal epithelium, describe specialized secretory cells named Paneth cells, and summarize our current understanding of the biophysical and functional properties of these select microbe-binding biomolecules. We intend for this compilation to complement prior reviews on intestinal host-defense factors, highlight recent advances in the field, and motivate investigations that further illuminate molecular mechanisms as well as the interplay between these molecules and microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phoom Chairatana
- a Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Elizabeth M Nolan
- a Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Thermodynamic instability of viral proteins is a pathogen-associated molecular pattern targeted by human defensins. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32499. [PMID: 27581352 PMCID: PMC5007486 DOI: 10.1038/srep32499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human defensins are innate immune defense peptides with a remarkably broad repertoire of anti-pathogen activities. In addition to modulating immune response, inflammation, and angiogenesis, disintegrating bacterial membranes, and inactivating bacterial toxins, defensins are known to intercept various viruses at different stages of their life cycles, while remaining relatively benign towards human cells and proteins. Recently we have found that human defensins inactivate proteinaceous bacterial toxins by taking advantage of their low thermodynamic stability and acting as natural “anti-chaperones”, i.e. destabilizing the native conformation of the toxins. In the present study we tested various proteins produced by several viruses (HIV-1, PFV, and TEV) and found them to be susceptible to destabilizing effects of human α-defensins HNP-1 and HD-5 and the synthetic θ-defensin RC-101, but not β-defensins hBD-1 and hBD-2 or structurally related plant-derived peptides. Defensin-induced unfolding promoted exposure of hydrophobic groups otherwise confined to the core of the viral proteins. This resulted in precipitation, an enhanced susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage, and a loss of viral protein activities. We propose, that defensins recognize and target a common and essential physico-chemical property shared by many bacterial toxins and viral proteins – the intrinsically low thermodynamic protein stability.
Collapse
|
30
|
Sable R, Durek T, Taneja V, Craik DJ, Pallerla S, Gauthier T, Jois S. Constrained Cyclic Peptides as Immunomodulatory Inhibitors of the CD2:CD58 Protein-Protein Interaction. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2366-74. [PMID: 27337048 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the cell-cell adhesion proteins CD2 and CD58 plays a crucial role in lymphocyte recruitment to inflammatory sites, and inhibitors of this interaction have potential as immunomodulatory drugs in autoimmune diseases. Peptides from the CD2 adhesion domain were designed to inhibit CD2:CD58 interactions. To improve the stability of the peptides, β-sheet epitopes from the CD2 region implicated in CD58 recognition were grafted into the cyclic peptide frameworks of sunflower trypsin inhibitor and rhesus theta defensin. The designed multicyclic peptides were evaluated for their ability to modulate cell-cell interactions in three different cell adhesion assays, with one candidate, SFTI-a, showing potent activity in the nanomolar range (IC50: 51 nM). This peptide also suppresses the immune responses in T cells obtained from mice that exhibit the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis. SFTI-a was resistant to thermal denaturation, as judged by circular dichroism spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, and had a half-life of ∼24 h in human serum. Binding of this peptide to CD58 was predicted by molecular docking studies and experimentally confirmed by surface plasmon resonance experiments. Our results suggest that cyclic peptides from natural sources are promising scaffolds for modulating protein-protein interactions that are typically difficult to target with small-molecule compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rushikesh Sable
- Basic
Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Thomas Durek
- The
University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Veena Taneja
- Department
of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - David J. Craik
- The
University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sandeep Pallerla
- Basic
Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Ted Gauthier
- LSU-Ag
Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Seetharama Jois
- Basic
Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kwon S, Bosmans F, Kaas Q, Cheneval O, Conibear AC, Rosengren KJ, Wang CK, Schroeder CI, Craik DJ. Efficient enzymatic cyclization of an inhibitory cystine knot-containing peptide. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2202-12. [PMID: 27093300 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide-rich peptides isolated from cone snails are of great interest as drug leads due to their high specificity and potency toward therapeutically relevant ion channels and receptors. They commonly contain the inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) motif comprising three disulfide bonds forming a knotted core. Here we report the successful enzymatic backbone cyclization of an ICK-containing peptide κ-PVIIA, a 27-amino acid conopeptide from Conus purpurascens, using a mutated version of the bacterial transpeptidase, sortase A. Although a slight loss of activity was observed compared to native κ-PVIIA, cyclic κ-PVIIA is a functional peptide that inhibits the Shaker voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel. Molecular modeling suggests that the decrease in potency may be related to the loss of crucial, but previously unidentified electrostatic interactions between the N-terminus of the peptide and the Shaker channel. This hypothesis was confirmed by testing an N-terminally acetylated κ-PVIIA, which shows a similar decrease in activity. We also investigated the conformational dynamics and hydrogen bond network of cyc-PVIIA, both of which are important factors to be considered for successful cyclization of peptides. We found that cyc-PVIIA has the same conformational dynamics, but different hydrogen bond network compared to those of κ-PVIIA. The ability to efficiently cyclize ICK peptides using sortase A will enable future protein engineering for this class of peptides and may help in the development of novel therapeutic molecules. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2202-2212. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soohyun Kwon
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Frank Bosmans
- Department of Physiology and Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Quentin Kaas
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Olivier Cheneval
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Anne C Conibear
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - K Johan Rosengren
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Conan K Wang
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Christina I Schroeder
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia.
| | - David J Craik
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Knyght I, Clifton L, Saaka Y, Lawrence MJ, Barlow DJ. Interaction of the Antimicrobial Peptides Rhesus θ-Defensin and Porcine Protegrin-1 with Anionic Phospholipid Monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:7403-10. [PMID: 27357217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A combination of Langmuir isotherm, Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), and neutron reflectivity studies have been performed to gain insight into the effects on model bacterial cell membranes of the antimicrobial peptides, Rhesus θ-defensin 1 (RTD-1), and porcine protegrin 1 (PG-1). The peptides were interacted with monolayers spread at the air-water interface and prepared from a 3:1 molar mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol used to approximate the cell membranes of Gram positive bacteria. The Langmuir film balance measurements show that both peptides perturb the lipid monolayers causing an increase in surface pressure, and the BAM studies show that each results in the formation of small domains within the lipid films, around 5 μm diameter. The overall change in monolayer surface pressure caused by PG-1, however, is a little more pronounced than that due to RTD-1 (+8.5 mN·m(-1) vs +5.5 mN·m(-1)), and the rate of its initial interaction with the monolayer is a little more rapid than that for RTD-1. The neutron reflectivity studies also show differences for PG-1 and RTD-1, with the model fits to these data showing that the more amphiphilic PG-1 becomes fully embedded within the lipid film-causing an extension of the lipid acyl chains but leaving the thickness of the lipid headgroup layer unaffected-while RTD-1 is seen to insert less deeply-causing the same extension of the lipid acyl chains as PG-1 but also causing a significant increase in thickness of the lipid headgroup layer. The various differing effects of the two peptides on anionic lipid monolayers are discussed in the context of their differing hemolytic activities, and their proposed differing propensities to form transmembrane pores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Knyght
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London , London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Clifton
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, ISIS Spallation Neutron Source, Harwell OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Yussif Saaka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London , London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - M Jayne Lawrence
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London , London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - David J Barlow
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London , London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Henriques ST, Deplazes E, Lawrence N, Cheneval O, Chaousis S, Inserra M, Thongyoo P, King GF, Mark AE, Vetter I, Craik DJ, Schroeder CI. Interaction of Tarantula Venom Peptide ProTx-II with Lipid Membranes Is a Prerequisite for Its Inhibition of Human Voltage-gated Sodium Channel NaV1.7. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17049-65. [PMID: 27311819 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.729095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ProTx-II is a disulfide-rich peptide toxin from tarantula venom able to inhibit the human voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 (hNaV1.7), a channel reported to be involved in nociception, and thus it might have potential as a pain therapeutic. ProTx-II acts by binding to the membrane-embedded voltage sensor domain of hNaV1.7, but the precise peptide channel-binding site and the importance of membrane binding on the inhibitory activity of ProTx-II remain unknown. In this study, we examined the structure and membrane-binding properties of ProTx-II and several analogues using NMR spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations. Our results show a direct correlation between ProTx-II membrane binding affinity and its potency as an hNaV1.7 channel inhibitor. The data support a model whereby a hydrophobic patch on the ProTx-II surface anchors the molecule at the cell surface in a position that optimizes interaction of the peptide with the binding site on the voltage sensor domain. This is the first study to demonstrate that binding of ProTx-II to the lipid membrane is directly linked to its potency as an hNaV1.7 channel inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelyne Deplazes
- From the Institute for Molecular Bioscience and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072 and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alan E Mark
- From the Institute for Molecular Bioscience and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072 and
| | - Irina Vetter
- From the Institute for Molecular Bioscience and the School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Swedberg JE, Schroeder CI, Mitchell JM, Fairlie DP, Edmonds DJ, Griffith DA, Ruggeri RB, Derksen DR, Loria PM, Price DA, Liras S, Craik DJ. Truncated Glucagon-like Peptide-1 and Exendin-4 α-Conotoxin pl14a Peptide Chimeras Maintain Potency and α-Helicity and Reveal Interactions Vital for cAMP Signaling in Vitro. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15778-87. [PMID: 27226591 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.724542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) signaling through the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a key regulator of normal glucose metabolism, and exogenous GLP-1R agonist therapy is a promising avenue for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. To date, the development of therapeutic GLP-1R agonists has focused on producing drugs with an extended serum half-life. This has been achieved by engineering synthetic analogs of GLP-1 or the more stable exogenous GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 (Ex-4). These synthetic peptide hormones share the overall structure of GLP-1 and Ex-4, with a C-terminal helical segment and a flexible N-terminal tail. Although numerous studies have investigated the molecular determinants underpinning GLP-1 and Ex-4 binding and signaling through the GLP-1R, these have primarily focused on the length and composition of the N-terminal tail or on how to modulate the helicity of the full-length peptides. Here, we investigate the effect of C-terminal truncation in GLP-1 and Ex-4 on the cAMP pathway. To ensure helical C-terminal regions in the truncated peptides, we produced a series of chimeric peptides combining the N-terminal portion of GLP-1 or Ex-4 and the C-terminal segment of the helix-promoting peptide α-conotoxin pl14a. The helicity and structures of the chimeric peptides were confirmed using circular dichroism and NMR, respectively. We found no direct correlation between the fractional helicity and potency in signaling via the cAMP pathway. Rather, the most important feature for efficient receptor binding and signaling was the C-terminal helical segment (residues 22-27) directing the binding of Phe(22) into a hydrophobic pocket on the GLP-1R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joakim E Swedberg
- From the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - Christina I Schroeder
- From the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin M Mitchell
- From the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- From the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - David J Edmonds
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and
| | - David A Griffith
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and
| | - Roger B Ruggeri
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and
| | - David R Derksen
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Paula M Loria
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - David A Price
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and
| | - Spiros Liras
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and
| | - David J Craik
- From the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia,
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang CK, King GJ, Conibear AC, Ramos MC, Chaousis S, Henriques ST, Craik DJ. Mirror Images of Antimicrobial Peptides Provide Reflections on Their Functions and Amyloidogenic Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:5706-13. [PMID: 27064294 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomeric forms of BTD-2, PG-1, and PM-1 were synthesized to delineate the structure and function of these β-sheet antimicrobial peptides. Activity and lipid-binding assays confirm that these peptides act via a receptor-independent mechanism involving membrane interaction. The racemic crystal structure of BTD-2 solved at 1.45 Å revealed a novel oligomeric form of β-sheet antimicrobial peptides within the unit cell: an antiparallel trimer, which we suggest might be related to its membrane-active form. The BTD-2 oligomer extends into a larger supramolecular state that spans the crystal lattice, featuring a steric-zipper motif that is common in structures of amyloid-forming peptides. The supramolecular structure of BTD-2 thus represents a new mode of fibril-like assembly not previously observed for antimicrobial peptides, providing structural evidence linking antimicrobial and amyloid peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Gordon J King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Anne C Conibear
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mariana C Ramos
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stephanie Chaousis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sónia Troeira Henriques
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Conibear AC, Chaousis S, Durek T, Johan Rosengren K, Craik DJ, Schroeder CI. Approaches to the stabilization of bioactive epitopes by grafting and peptide cyclization. Biopolymers 2016; 106:89-100. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne C. Conibear
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Stephanie Chaousis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Thomas Durek
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - K. Johan Rosengren
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Christina I. Schroeder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Defensins are a class of immune peptides with a broad range of activities against bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens. Besides exerting direct anti-microbial activity via dis-organization of bacterial membranes, defensins are also able to neutralize various unrelated bacterial toxins. Recently, we have demonstrated that in the case of human α- and β-defensins, this later ability is achieved through exploiting toxins' marginal thermodynamic stability, i.e. defensins act as molecular anti-chaperones unfolding toxin molecules and exposing their hydrophobic regions and thus promoting toxin precipitation and inactivation [Kudryashova et al. (2014) Immunity 41, 709-721]. Retrocyclins (RCs) are humanized synthetic θ-defensin peptides that possess unique cyclic structure, differentiating them from α- and β-defensins. Importantly, RCs are more potent against some bacterial and viral pathogens and more stable than their linear counterparts. However, the mechanism of bacterial toxin inactivation by RCs is not known. In the present study, we demonstrate that RCs facilitate unfolding of bacterial toxins. Using differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF), limited proteolysis and collisional quenching of internal tryptophan fluorescence, we show that hydrophobic regions of toxins normally buried in the molecule interior become more exposed to solvents and accessible to proteolytic cleavage in the presence of RCs. The RC-induced unfolding of toxins led to their precipitation and abrogated activity. Toxin inactivation by RCs was strongly diminished under reducing conditions, but preserved at physiological salt and serum concentrations. Therefore, despite significant structural diversity, α-, β- and θ-defensins employ similar mechanisms of toxin inactivation, which may be shared by anti-microbial peptides from other families.
Collapse
|
38
|
Engineered protease inhibitors based on sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1) provide insights into the role of sequence and conformation in Laskowski mechanism inhibition. Biochem J 2015; 469:243-53. [PMID: 25981970 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Laskowski inhibitors regulate serine proteases by an intriguing mode of action that involves deceiving the protease into synthesizing a peptide bond. Studies exploring naturally occurring Laskowski inhibitors have uncovered several structural features that convey the inhibitor's resistance to hydrolysis and exceptional binding affinity. However, in the context of Laskowski inhibitor engineering, the way that various modifications intended to fine-tune an inhibitor's potency and selectivity impact on its association and dissociation rates remains unclear. This information is important as Laskowski inhibitors are becoming increasingly used as design templates to develop new protease inhibitors for pharmaceutical applications. In this study, we used the cyclic peptide, sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1), as a model system to explore how the inhibitor's sequence and structure relate to its binding kinetics and function. Using enzyme assays, MD simulations and NMR spectroscopy to study SFTI variants with diverse sequence and backbone modifications, we show that the geometry of the binding loop mainly influences the inhibitor's potency by modulating the association rate, such that variants lacking a favourable conformation show dramatic losses in activity. Additionally, we show that the inhibitor's sequence (including both the binding loop and its scaffolding) influences its potency and selectivity by modulating both the association and the dissociation rates. These findings provide new insights into protease inhibitor function and design that we apply by engineering novel inhibitors for classical serine proteases, trypsin and chymotrypsin and two kallikrein-related peptidases (KLK5 and KLK14) that are implicated in various cancers and skin diseases.
Collapse
|
39
|
Cardoso FC, Dekan Z, Rosengren KJ, Erickson A, Vetter I, Deuis JR, Herzig V, Alewood PF, King GF, Lewis RJ. Identification and Characterization of ProTx-III [μ-TRTX-Tp1a], a New Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Inhibitor from Venom of the Tarantula Thrixopelma pruriens. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:291-303. [PMID: 25979003 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.098178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Spider venoms are a rich source of ion channel modulators with therapeutic potential. Given the analgesic potential of subtype-selective inhibitors of voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels, we screened spider venoms for inhibitors of human NaV1.7 (hNaV1.7) using a high-throughput fluorescent assay. Here, we describe the discovery of a novel NaV1.7 inhibitor, μ-TRTX-Tp1a (Tp1a), isolated from the venom of the Peruvian green-velvet tarantula Thrixopelma pruriens. Recombinant and synthetic forms of this 33-residue peptide preferentially inhibited hNaV1.7 > hNaV1.6 > hNaV1.2 > hNaV1.1 > hNaV1.3 channels in fluorescent assays. NaV1.7 inhibition was diminished (IC50 11.5 nM) and the association rate decreased for the C-terminal acid form of Tp1a compared with the native amidated form (IC50 2.1 nM), suggesting that the peptide C terminus contributes to its interaction with hNaV1.7. Tp1a had no effect on human voltage-gated calcium channels or nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at 5 μM. Unlike most spider toxins that modulate NaV channels, Tp1a inhibited hNaV1.7 without significantly altering the voltage dependence of activation or inactivation. Tp1a proved to be analgesic by reversing spontaneous pain induced in mice by intraplantar injection in OD1, a scorpion toxin that potentiates hNaV1.7. The structure of Tp1a as determined using NMR spectroscopy revealed a classic inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) motif. The molecular surface of Tp1a presents a hydrophobic patch surrounded by positively charged residues, with subtle differences from other ICK spider toxins that might contribute to its different pharmacological profile. Tp1a may help guide the development of more selective and potent hNaV1.7 inhibitors for treatment of chronic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda C Cardoso
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (F.C.C., Z.D., I.V., J.R.D., V.H., P.F.A., G.F.K., R.J.L.), School of Biomedical Sciences (K.J.R.), and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (A.E.), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zoltan Dekan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (F.C.C., Z.D., I.V., J.R.D., V.H., P.F.A., G.F.K., R.J.L.), School of Biomedical Sciences (K.J.R.), and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (A.E.), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - K Johan Rosengren
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (F.C.C., Z.D., I.V., J.R.D., V.H., P.F.A., G.F.K., R.J.L.), School of Biomedical Sciences (K.J.R.), and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (A.E.), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andelain Erickson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (F.C.C., Z.D., I.V., J.R.D., V.H., P.F.A., G.F.K., R.J.L.), School of Biomedical Sciences (K.J.R.), and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (A.E.), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (F.C.C., Z.D., I.V., J.R.D., V.H., P.F.A., G.F.K., R.J.L.), School of Biomedical Sciences (K.J.R.), and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (A.E.), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer R Deuis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (F.C.C., Z.D., I.V., J.R.D., V.H., P.F.A., G.F.K., R.J.L.), School of Biomedical Sciences (K.J.R.), and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (A.E.), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Volker Herzig
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (F.C.C., Z.D., I.V., J.R.D., V.H., P.F.A., G.F.K., R.J.L.), School of Biomedical Sciences (K.J.R.), and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (A.E.), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul F Alewood
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (F.C.C., Z.D., I.V., J.R.D., V.H., P.F.A., G.F.K., R.J.L.), School of Biomedical Sciences (K.J.R.), and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (A.E.), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glenn F King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (F.C.C., Z.D., I.V., J.R.D., V.H., P.F.A., G.F.K., R.J.L.), School of Biomedical Sciences (K.J.R.), and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (A.E.), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard J Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (F.C.C., Z.D., I.V., J.R.D., V.H., P.F.A., G.F.K., R.J.L.), School of Biomedical Sciences (K.J.R.), and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (A.E.), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Haugaard-Kedström LM, Hossain MA, Daly NL, Bathgate RAD, Rinderknecht E, Wade JD, Craik DJ, Rosengren KJ. Solution structure, aggregation behavior, and flexibility of human relaxin-2. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:891-900. [PMID: 25547165 DOI: 10.1021/cb500918v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin is a member of the relaxin/insulin peptide hormone superfamily and is characterized by a two-chain structure constrained by three disulfide bonds. Relaxin is a pleiotropic hormone and involved in a number of physiological and pathogenic processes, including collagen and cardiovascular regulation and tissue remodelling during pregnancy and cancer. Crystallographic and ultracentrifugation experiments have revealed that the human form of relaxin, H2 relaxin, self-associates into dimers, but the significance of this is poorly understood. Here, we present the NMR structure of a monomeric, amidated form of H2 relaxin and compare its features and behavior in solution to those of native H2 relaxin. The overall structure of H2 relaxin is retained in the monomeric form. H2 relaxin amide is fully active at the relaxin receptor RXFP1 and thus dimerization is not required for biological activity. Analysis of NMR chemical shifts and relaxation parameters identified internal motion in H2 relaxin at the pico-nanosecond and milli-microsecond time scales, which is commonly seen in other relaxin and insulin peptides and might be related to function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Norelle L. Daly
- Centre for
Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, AITHM, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | | | - Ernst Rinderknecht
- Corthera, c/o
Novartis Corporation, San Carlos, California 94070, United States
| | | | | | - K. Johan Rosengren
- School
of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Conibear AC, Wang CK, Bi T, Rosengren KJ, Camarero JA, Craik DJ. Insights into the molecular flexibility of θ-defensins by NMR relaxation analysis. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:14257-66. [PMID: 25375365 PMCID: PMC5811197 DOI: 10.1021/jp507754c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
θ-Defensins are mammalian cyclic peptides that have antimicrobial activity and show potential as stable scaffolds for peptide-based drug design. The cyclic cystine ladder structural motif of θ-defensins has been characterized using NMR spectroscopy and is important for their structure and stability. However, the effect of the pronounced elongated topology of θ-defensins on their molecular motion is not yet understood. Studies of molecular motion by NMR relaxation measurements have been facilitated by the recent development of a semirecombinant method for producing cyclic peptides that allows for isotopic labeling. Here we have undertaken a multifield (15)N NMR relaxation analysis of the anti-HIV θ-defensin, HTD-2, and interpreted the experimental data using various models of overall and internal molecular motion. We found that it was necessary to apply a model that includes internal motion to account for the variations in the experimental T1 and NOE data at different backbone amide sites in the peptide. Although an isotropic model with internal motion was the simplest model that provided a satisfactory fit with the experimental data, we cannot exclude the possibility that overall motion is anisotropic, especially considering the strikingly elongated topology of θ-defensins. The presence of flexible side chains, self-association, interactions with solvent, and internal motions are all potential contributors to the observed relaxation data. Internal motion consistent with the constraints imposed by the cyclic cystine ladder was observed in that the order parameters, S(2), show that residues in the turns are more flexible than those in the β-sheet. This study provides insights into the dynamics of θ-defensins and information that might be useful in their application as scaffolds in drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne C. Conibear
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Conan K. Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tao Bi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, PSC 616, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - K. Johan Rosengren
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Julio A. Camarero
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, PSC 616, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA9033, USA
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Human defensins facilitate local unfolding of thermodynamically unstable regions of bacterial protein toxins. Immunity 2014; 41:709-21. [PMID: 25517613 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Defensins are short cationic, amphiphilic, cysteine-rich peptides that constitute the front-line immune defense against various pathogens. In addition to exerting direct antibacterial activities, defensins inactivate several classes of unrelated bacterial exotoxins. To date, no coherent mechanism has been proposed to explain defensins' enigmatic efficiency toward various toxins. In this study, we showed that binding of neutrophil ?-defensin HNP1 to affected bacterial toxins caused their local unfolding, potentiated their thermal melting and precipitation, exposed new regions for proteolysis, and increased susceptibility to collisional quenchers without causing similar effects on tested mammalian structural and enzymatic proteins. Enteric ?-defensin HD5 and ?-defensin hBD2 shared similar toxin-unfolding effects with HNP1, albeit to different degrees. We propose that protein susceptibility to inactivation by defensins is contingent to their thermolability and conformational plasticity and that defensin-induced unfolding is a key element in the general mechanism of toxin inactivation by human defensins.
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang CK, Northfield SE, Swedberg JE, Harvey PJ, Mathiowetz AM, Price DA, Liras S, Craik DJ. Translational diffusion of cyclic peptides measured using pulsed-field gradient NMR. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:11129-36. [PMID: 25184622 DOI: 10.1021/jp506678f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides are increasingly being recognized as valuable templates for drug discovery or design. To facilitate efforts in the structural characterization of cyclic peptides, we explore the use of pulse-field gradient experiments as a convenient and noninvasive approach for characterizing their diffusion properties in solution. We present diffusion coefficient measurements of five cyclic peptides, including dichC, SFTI-1, cVc1.1, kB1, and kB2. These peptides range in size from six to 29 amino acids and have various therapeutically interesting activities. We explore the use of internal standards, such as dioxane and acetonitrile, to evaluate the hydrodynamic radius from the diffusion coefficient, and show that 2,2-dimethyl-2-silapentane-5-sulfonic acid, a commonly used chemical shift reference, can be used as an internal standard to avoid spectral overlap issues and simplify data analysis. The experimentally measured hydrodynamic radii correlate with increasing molecular weight and in silico predictions. We further applied diffusion measurements to characterize the self-association of kB2 and showed that it forms oligomers in a concentration-dependent manner, which may be relevant to its mechanism of action. Diffusion coefficient measurements appear to have broad utility in cyclic peptide structural biology, allowing for the rapid characterization of their molecular shape in solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Abstract
Cyclic peptides are found in a diverse range of organisms and are characterized by their stability and role in defense. Why is only one class of cyclic peptides found in mammals? Possibly we have not looked hard enough for them, or the technologies needed to identify them are not fully developed. We also do not yet understand their intriguing biosynthesis from two separate gene products. Addressing these challenges will require the application of chemical tools and insights from other classes of cyclic peptides. Herein, we highlight recent developments in the characterization of theta defensins and describe the important role that chemistry has played in delineating their modes of action. Furthermore, we emphasize the potential of theta defensins as antimicrobial agents and scaffolds for peptide drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Conibear
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 QLD (Australia) http://www.imb.uq.edu.au/index.html?page=11695
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Defensins are a major family of antimicrobial peptides expressed predominantly in neutrophils and epithelial cells, and play important roles in innate immune defense against infectious pathogens. Their biological functions in and beyond innate immunity, structure and activity relationships, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential continue to be interesting research topics. This review examines recent progress in our understanding of alpha and theta-defensins - the two structural classes composed of members of myeloid origin. RECENT FINDINGS A novel mode of antibacterial action is described for human enteric alpha-defensin 6, which forms structured nanonets to entrap bacterial pathogens and protect against bacterial invasion of the intestinal epithelium. The functional multiplicity and mechanistic complexity of defensins under different experimental conditions contribute to a debate over the role of enteric alpha-defensins in mucosal immunity against HIV-1 infection. Contrary to common belief, hydrophobicity rather than cationicity plays a dominant functional role in the action of human alpha-defensins; hydrophobicity-mediated high-order assembly endows human alpha-defensins with an extraordinary ability to acquire structural diversity and functional versatility. Growing evidence suggests that theta-defensins offer the best opportunity for therapeutic development as a novel class of broadly active anti-infective and anti-inflammatory agents. SUMMARY Defensins are the 'Swiss army knife' in innate immunity against microbial pathogens. Their modes of action are often reminiscent of the story of 'The Blind Men and the Elephant'. The functional diversity and mechanistic complexity, as well as therapeutic potential of defensins, will continue to attract attention to this important family of antimicrobial peptides.
Collapse
|
47
|
Northfield SE, Wang CK, Schroeder CI, Durek T, Kan MW, Swedberg JE, Craik DJ. Disulfide-rich macrocyclic peptides as templates in drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 77:248-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
48
|
Schroeder C, Swedberg J, Withka J, Rosengren K, Akcan M, Clayton D, Daly N, Cheneval O, Borzilleri K, Griffor M, Stock I, Colless B, Walsh P, Sunderland P, Reyes A, Dullea R, Ammirati M, Liu S, McClure K, Tu M, Bhattacharya S, Liras S, Price D, Craik D. Design and Synthesis of Truncated EGF-A Peptides that Restore LDL-R Recycling in the Presence of PCSK9 In Vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:284-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
49
|
Jia X, Kwon S, Wang CIA, Huang YH, Chan LY, Tan CC, Rosengren KJ, Mulvenna JP, Schroeder CI, Craik DJ. Semienzymatic cyclization of disulfide-rich peptides using Sortase A. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6627-6638. [PMID: 24425873 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.539262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide-rich cyclic peptides have generated great interest in the development of peptide-based therapeutics due to their exceptional stability toward chemical, enzymatic, or thermal attack. In particular, they have been used as scaffolds onto which bioactive epitopes can be grafted to take advantage of the favorable biophysical properties of disulfide-rich cyclic peptides. To date, the most commonly used method for the head-to-tail cyclization of peptides has been native chemical ligation. In recent years, however, enzyme-mediated cyclization has become a promising new technology due to its efficiency, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Sortase A (SrtA) is a bacterial enzyme with transpeptidase activity. It recognizes a C-terminal penta-amino acid motif, LPXTG, and cleaves the amide bond between Thr and Gly to form a thioacyl-linked intermediate. This intermediate undergoes nucleophilic attack by an N-terminal poly-Gly sequence to form an amide bond between the Thr and N-terminal Gly. Here, we demonstrate that sortase A can successfully be used to cyclize a variety of small disulfide-rich peptides, including the cyclotide kalata B1, α-conotoxin Vc1.1, and sunflower trypsin inhibitor 1. These peptides range in size from 14 to 29 amino acids and contain three, two, or one disulfide bond, respectively, within their head-to-tail cyclic backbones. Our findings provide proof of concept for the potential broad applicability of enzymatic cyclization of disulfide-rich peptides with therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Jia
- From QIMR Berghofer Medical Research, Brisbane 4000, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Soohyun Kwon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ching-I Anderson Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lai Y Chan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chia Chia Tan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - K Johan Rosengren
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason P Mulvenna
- From QIMR Berghofer Medical Research, Brisbane 4000, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christina I Schroeder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia.
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Conibear AC, Bochen A, Rosengren KJ, Stupar P, Wang C, Kessler H, Craik DJ. The Cyclic Cystine Ladder of Theta-Defensins as a Stable, Bifunctional Scaffold: A Proof-of-Concept Study Using the Integrin-Binding RGD Motif. Chembiochem 2014; 15:451-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|