1
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Roterman I, Konieczny L, Stapor K, Słupina M. Hydrophobicity-Based Force Field In Enzymes. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8188-8203. [PMID: 38405467 PMCID: PMC10882594 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The biocatalysis process takes place with the participation of enzymes, which, depending on the reaction carried out, require, apart from the appropriate arrangement of catalytic residues, an appropriate external force field. It is generated by the protein body. The relatively small size of the part directly involved in the process itself is supported by the presence of an often complex structure of the protein body, the purpose of which is to provide an appropriate local force field, eliminating the influence of water. Very often, the large size of the enzyme is an expression of the complex form of this field. In this paper, a comparative analysis of arbitrarily selected enzymes, representatives of different enzyme classes, was carried out, focusing on the measurement of the diversity of the force field provided by a given protein. This analysis was based on the fuzzy oil drop model (FOD) and its modified version (FOD-M), which takes into account the participation of nonaqueous external factors in shaping the structure and thus the force field within the protein. The degree and type of ordering of the hydrophobicity distribution in the protein molecule is the result of the influence of the environment but also the supplier of the local environment for a given process, including the catalysis process in particular. Determining the share of a nonaqueous environment is important due to the ubiquity of polar water, whose participation in processes with high specificity requires control. It can be assumed that some enzymes in their composition have a permanently built-in part, the role of which is reduced to that of a permanent chaperone. It provides a specific external force field needed for the process. The proposed model, generalized to other types of proteins, may also provide a form of recording the environment model for the simulation of the in silico protein folding process, taking into account the impact of its differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Roterman
- Department
of Bioinformatics and Telemedicine, Jagiellonian
University—Medical College, Medyczna 7, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Leszek Konieczny
- Chair
of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University—Medical
College, Kopernika 7, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Stapor
- Faculty
of Automatic, Electronics and Computer Science, Department of Applied
Informatics, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Słupina
- ALSTOM
ZWUS Sp. z o.o, Modelarska
12, 40-142 Katowice, Poland
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2
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Juretić D, Bonačić Lošić Ž. Theoretical Improvements in Enzyme Efficiency Associated with Noisy Rate Constants and Increased Dissipation. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:151. [PMID: 38392406 PMCID: PMC10888251 DOI: 10.3390/e26020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed the extraordinarily large catalytic efficiency of some enzymes. High catalytic proficiency is an essential accomplishment of biological evolution. Natural selection led to the increased turnover number, kcat, and enzyme efficiency, kcat/KM, of uni-uni enzymes, which convert a single substrate into a single product. We added or multiplied random noise with chosen rate constants to explore the correlation between dissipation and catalytic efficiency for ten enzymes: beta-galactosidase, glucose isomerase, β-lactamases from three bacterial strains, ketosteroid isomerase, triosephosphate isomerase, and carbonic anhydrase I, II, and T200H. Our results highlight the role of biological evolution in accelerating thermodynamic evolution. The catalytic performance of these enzymes is proportional to overall entropy production-the main parameter from irreversible thermodynamics. That parameter is also proportional to the evolutionary distance of β-lactamases PC1, RTEM, and Lac-1 when natural or artificial evolution produces the optimal or maximal possible catalytic efficiency. De novo enzyme design and attempts to speed up the rate-limiting catalytic steps may profit from the described connection between kinetics and thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Juretić
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 45, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
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3
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Hill TD, Basnet S, Lepird HH, Rightnowar BW, Moran SD. Anisotropic dynamics of an interfacial enzyme active site observed using tethered substrate analogs and ultrafast 2D IR spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:165101. [PMID: 37870142 PMCID: PMC10597647 DOI: 10.1063/5.0167991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes accelerate the rates of biomolecular reactions by many orders of magnitude compared to bulk solution, and it is widely understood that this catalytic effect arises from a combination of polar pre-organization and electrostatic transition state stabilization. A number of recent reports have also implicated ultrafast (femtosecond-picosecond) timescale motions in enzymatic activity. However, complications arising from spatially-distributed disorder, the occurrence of multiple substrate binding modes, and the influence of hydration dynamics on solvent-exposed active sites still confound many experimental studies. Here we use ultrafast two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy and covalently-tethered substrate analogs to examine dynamical properties of the promiscuous Pyrococcus horikoshii ene-reductase (PhENR) active site in two binding configurations mimicking proposed "inactive" and "reactive" Michaelis complexes. Spectral diffusion measurements of aryl-nitrile substrate analogs reveal an end-to-end tradeoff between fast (sub-ps) and slow (>5 ps) motions. Fermi resonant aryl-azide analogs that sense interactions of coupled oscillators are described. Lineshape and quantum beat analyses of these probes reveal characteristics that correlate with aryl-nitrile frequency fluctuation correlation functions parameters, demonstrating that this anisotropy is an intrinsic property of the water-exposed active site, where countervailing gradients of fast dynamics and disorder in the reactant ground state are maintained near the hydration interface. Our results suggest several plausible factors leading to state-selective rate enhancement and promiscuity in PhENR. This study also highlights a strategy to detect perturbations to vibrational modes outside the transparent window of the mid-IR spectrum, which may be extended to other macromolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil Basnet
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 1245 Lincoln Drive MC 4409, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA
| | - Hannah H. Lepird
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 1245 Lincoln Drive MC 4409, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA
| | - Blaze W. Rightnowar
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 1245 Lincoln Drive MC 4409, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA
| | - Sean D. Moran
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 1245 Lincoln Drive MC 4409, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA
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4
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Li W, Kohne M, Warncke K. Reactivity Tracking of an Enzyme Progress Coordinate. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7157-7164. [PMID: 37540029 PMCID: PMC10440813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of individual solvent-coupled protein configurations is used to track and resolve the progress coordinate for the core reaction sequence of substrate radical rearrangement and hydrogen atom transfer in the ethanolamine ammonia-lyase (EAL) enzyme from Salmonella enterica. The first-order decay of the substrate radical intermediate is the monitored reaction. Heterogeneous confinement from sucrose hydrates in the mesophase solvent surrounding the cryotrapped protein introduces distributed kinetics in the non-native decay of the substrate radical pair capture substate, which arise from an ensemble of configurational microstates. Reaction rates increase by >103-fold across the distribution to approach that for the native enabled substate for radical rearrangement, which reacts with monotonic kinetics. The native progress coordinate thus involves a collapse of the configuration space to generate optimized reactivity. Reactivity tracking reveals fundamental features of solvent-protein-reaction configurational coupling and leads to a model that refines the ensemble paradigm of enzyme catalysis for strongly adiabatic chemical steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department
of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Meghan Kohne
- Department
of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kurt Warncke
- Department
of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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5
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Chan C, Yuan CC, McCoy JG, Ward PS, Grabarek Z. The mitochondrial calcium uniporter transports Ca 2+ via a ligand-relay mechanism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.17.545435. [PMID: 37398228 PMCID: PMC10312793 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.17.545435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial calcium uniporter (mtCU) is a multicomponent Ca 2+ -specific channel that imparts mitochondria with the capacity to sense the cytosolic calcium signals. The metazoan mtCU comprises the pore-forming subunit MCU and the essential regulator EMRE, arranged in a tetrameric channel complex, and the Ca 2+ sensing peripheral proteins MICU1-3. The mechanism of mitochondrial Ca 2+ uptake by mtCU and its regulation is poorly understood. Our analysis of MCU structure and sequence conservation, combined with molecular dynamics simulations, mutagenesis, and functional studies, led us to conclude that the Ca 2+ conductance of MCU is driven by a ligand-relay mechanism, which depends on stochastic structural fluctuations in the conserved DxxE sequence. In the tetrameric structure of MCU, the four glutamate side chains of DxxE (the E-ring) chelate Ca 2+ directly in a high-affinity complex (site 1), which blocks the channel. The four glutamates can also switch to a hydrogen bond-mediated interaction with an incoming hydrated Ca 2+ transiently sequestered within the D-ring of DxxE (site 2), thus releasing the Ca 2+ bound at site 1. This process depends critically on the structural flexibility of DxxE imparted by the adjacent invariant Pro residue. Our results suggest that the activity of the uniporter can be regulated through the modulation of local structural dynamics. A preliminary account of this work was presented at the 67 th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society in San Diego, CA, February 18-22, 2023.
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6
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Demchenko AP. Proton transfer reactions: from photochemistry to biochemistry and bioenergetics. BBA ADVANCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2023.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
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7
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Li Z, Li C, Cheng P, Yu G. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa-alternative sources of natural carotenoids, lipids, and enzymes for industrial use. Heliyon 2022. [PMID: 36419653 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotechnologically useful yeast strains have been receiving important attention worldwide for the demand of a wide range of industries. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa is recognized as a biotechnologically important yeast that has gained great interest as a promising platform strain, owing to the diverse substrate appetites, robust stress resistance, and other gratifying features. Due to its attractive properties, R. mucilaginosa has been regarded as an excellent candidate for the biorefinery of carotenoids, lipids, enzymes, and other functional bioproducts by utilizing low-cost agricultural waste materials as substrates. These compounds have aroused great interest as the potential alternative sources of health-promoting food products, substrates for so-called third-generation biodiesel, and dyes or functional ingredients for cosmetics. Furthermore, the use of R. mucilaginosa has rapidly increased as a result of advancements in fermentation for enhanced production of these valuable bioactive compounds. This review focuses on R. mucilaginosa in these advancements and summarizes its potential prospects as alternative sources of natural bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Li
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Chunji Li
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Guohui Yu
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
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8
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Li Z, Li C, Cheng P, Yu G. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa—alternative sources of natural carotenoids, lipids, and enzymes for industrial use. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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9
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Galenkamp NS, Maglia G. Single-Molecule Sampling of Dihydrofolate Reductase Shows Kinetic Pauses and an Endosteric Effect Linked to Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022; 12:1228-1236. [PMID: 35096468 PMCID: PMC8787752 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The ability to sample multiple reactions
on the same single enzyme
is important to link rare intermediates with catalysis and to unravel
the role of conformational changes. Despite decades of efforts, however,
the single-molecule characterization of nonfluorogenic enzymes during
multiple catalytic turnovers has been elusive. Here, we show that
nanopore currents allow sampling the dynamic exchange between five
structural intermediates during E. coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) catalysis. We found that an endosteric
effect promotes the binding of the substrate to the enzyme with a
specific hierarchy. The chemical step then switched the enzyme from
the closed to the occluded conformation, which in turn promotes the
release of the reduced cofactor NADP+. Unexpectedly, only
a few reactive complexes lead to catalysis. Furthermore, second-long
catalytic pauses were observed, possibly reflecting an off-path conformation
generated during the reaction. Finally, the free energy from multiple
cofactor binding events were required to release the product and switch
DHFR back to the reactive conformer. This catalytic fueled concerted
mechanism is likely to have evolved to improve the catalytic efficiency
of DHFR under the high concentrations of NADP+ in E. coli and might be a general feature for complex
enzymatic reactions where the binding and release of the products
must be tightly controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Stéphanie Galenkamp
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology (GBB) Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Maglia
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology (GBB) Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Prah A, Mavri J, Stare J. An electrostatic duel: subtle differences in the catalytic performance of monoamine oxidase A and B isoenzymes elucidated at the residue level using quantum computations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26459-26467. [PMID: 34806105 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03993h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The origin of the immense catalytic power of enzymes remains one of the biggest unresolved questions in biochemistry, with electrostatics being one of the main contenders. Herein, we report results that not only confirm that electrostatics is the driving force behind enzyme catalysis, but also that it is capable of tuning subtle differences in the catalytic performance between structurally similar enzymes, as demonstrated using the example of isoenzymes, monoamine oxidases A and B. Using our own computationally efficient multiscale model [A. Prah, et al., ACS Catal., 2019, 9, 1231] we analyzed the rate-limiting step of the reaction between phenylethylamine and both isoenzymes and deduced that the electrostatic environment provided by isoenzyme B has a perceivably higher catalytic influence on all the considered parameters of the reaction (energy barrier, charge transfer, dipole moment, and HOMO-LUMO gap). This is in full agreement with the available experimental kinetic data and with our own simulations of the reaction in question. In-depth analysis of individual amino acid contributions of both isoenzymes to the barrier (based on the interaction between the electric field provided by the enzyme and the dipole moment of the reacting moiety) shows that the majority of the difference between the isoenzymes can be attributed to a small number of sizable differences between the aligned amino acid pairs, whereas in most of the pairs the difference in contribution to the barrier is vanishingly small. These results suggest that electrostatics largely controls the substrate selectivity of enzymes and validates our approach as being capable of discerning fine nuances in the selectivity of structurally related isoenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alja Prah
- Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Slovenia. .,University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Slovenia
| | - Janez Mavri
- Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Slovenia.
| | - Jernej Stare
- Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Slovenia.
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11
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Jing Y, Cheng Y, Li F, Li Y, Liu F, Zhang J. Linkage of nanosecond protein motion with enzymatic methyl transfer by nicotinamide N-methyltransferase. Turk J Biol 2021; 45:333-341. [PMID: 34377057 PMCID: PMC8313939 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2101-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), a key cytoplasmic protein in the human body, is accountable to catalyze the nicotinamide (NCA) N1-methylation through S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) as a methyl donor, which has been linked to many diseases. Although extensive studies have concerned about the biological aspect, the detailed mechanism study of the enzyme function, especially in the part of protein dynamics is lacking. Here, wild-type nicotinamide N-methyltransferase together with the mutation at position 20 with Y20F, Y20G, and free tryptophan were carried out to explore the connection between protein dynamics and catalysis using time-resolved fluorescence lifetimes. The results show that wild-type nicotinamide N-methyltransferase prefers to adapt a less flexible protein conformation to achieve enzyme catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Jing
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin China
| | - Yiting Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin China
| | - Fangya Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin China
| | - Yuping Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin China.,Binzhou Institute for Food and Drug Control, Binzhou, Shandong China
| | - Fan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin China
| | - Jianyu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin China
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12
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Sarkar S, Maitra A, Lake WR, Warburton RE, Hammes-Schiffer S, Dawlaty JM. Mechanistic Insights about Electrochemical Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Derived from a Vibrational Probe. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8381-8390. [PMID: 34042429 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is a fundamental step in a wide range of electrochemical processes, including those of interest in energy conversion and storage. Despite its importance, several mechanistic details of such reactions remain unclear. Here, we have combined a proton donor (tertiary ammonium) with a vibrational Stark-shift probe (benzonitrile), to track the process from the entry of the reactants into the electrical double layer (EDL), to the PCET reaction associated with proton donation to the electrode, and the formation of products. We have used operando vibrational spectroscopy and periodic density functional theory under electrochemical bias to assign the reactant and product peaks and their Stark shifts. We have identified three main stages for the progress of the PCET reaction as a function of applied potential. First, we have determined the potential necessary for desolvation of the reactants and their entry into the polarizing environment of the EDL. Second, we have observed the appearance of product peaks prior to the onset of steady state electrochemical current, indicating formation of a stationary population of products that does not turn over. Finally, more negative of the onset potential, the electrode attracts additional reactants, displacing the stationary products and enabling steady state current. This work shows that the integration of a vibrational Stark-shift probe with a proton donor provides critical insight into the interplay between interfacial electrostatics and heterogeneous chemical reactions. Such insights cannot be obtained from electrochemical measurements alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Anwesha Maitra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - William R Lake
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Robert E Warburton
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jahan M Dawlaty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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13
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Iyer A, Reis RAG, Gannavaram S, Momin M, Spring-Connell AM, Orozco-Gonzalez Y, Agniswamy J, Hamelberg D, Weber IT, Gozem S, Wang S, Germann MW, Gadda G. A Single-Point Mutation in d-Arginine Dehydrogenase Unlocks a Transient Conformational State Resulting in Altered Cofactor Reactivity. Biochemistry 2021; 60:711-724. [PMID: 33630571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are inherently dynamic, and proper enzyme function relies on conformational flexibility. In this study, we demonstrated how an active site residue changes an enzyme's reactivity by modulating fluctuations between conformational states. Replacement of tyrosine 249 (Y249) with phenylalanine in the active site of the flavin-dependent d-arginine dehydrogenase yielded an enzyme with both an active yellow FAD (Y249F-y) and an inactive chemically modified green FAD, identified as 6-OH-FAD (Y249F-g) through various spectroscopic techniques. Structural investigation of Y249F-g and Y249F-y variants by comparison to the wild-type enzyme showed no differences in the overall protein structure and fold. A closer observation of the active site of the Y249F-y enzyme revealed an alternative conformation for some active site residues and the flavin cofactor. Molecular dynamics simulations probed the alternate conformations observed in the Y249F-y enzyme structure and showed that the enzyme variant with FAD samples a metastable conformational state, not available to the wild-type enzyme. Hybrid quantum/molecular mechanical calculations identified differences in flavin electronics between the wild type and the alternate conformation of the Y249F-y enzyme. The computational studies further indicated that the alternate conformation in the Y249F-y enzyme is responsible for the higher spin density at the C6 atom of flavin, which is consistent with the formation of 6-OH-FAD in the variant enzyme. The observations in this study are consistent with an alternate conformational space that results in fine-tuning the microenvironment around a versatile cofactor playing a critical role in enzyme function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Iyer
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Renata A G Reis
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Swathi Gannavaram
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Mohamed Momin
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | | | | | - Johnson Agniswamy
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Donald Hamelberg
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Irene T Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States.,Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Samer Gozem
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Siming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Markus W Germann
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States.,Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Giovanni Gadda
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States.,Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States.,Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
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14
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Planas-Iglesias J, Marques SM, Pinto GP, Musil M, Stourac J, Damborsky J, Bednar D. Computational design of enzymes for biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 47:107696. [PMID: 33513434 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are the natural catalysts that execute biochemical reactions upholding life. Their natural effectiveness has been fine-tuned as a result of millions of years of natural evolution. Such catalytic effectiveness has prompted the use of biocatalysts from multiple sources on different applications, including the industrial production of goods (food and beverages, detergents, textile, and pharmaceutics), environmental protection, and biomedical applications. Natural enzymes often need to be improved by protein engineering to optimize their function in non-native environments. Recent technological advances have greatly facilitated this process by providing the experimental approaches of directed evolution or by enabling computer-assisted applications. Directed evolution mimics the natural selection process in a highly accelerated fashion at the expense of arduous laboratory work and economic resources. Theoretical methods provide predictions and represent an attractive complement to such experiments by waiving their inherent costs. Computational techniques can be used to engineer enzymatic reactivity, substrate specificity and ligand binding, access pathways and ligand transport, and global properties like protein stability, solubility, and flexibility. Theoretical approaches can also identify hotspots on the protein sequence for mutagenesis and predict suitable alternatives for selected positions with expected outcomes. This review covers the latest advances in computational methods for enzyme engineering and presents many successful case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Planas-Iglesias
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sérgio M Marques
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gaspar P Pinto
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milos Musil
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic; IT4Innovations Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology, 61266 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Stourac
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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15
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Barragan AM, Soudackov AV, Luthey-Schulten Z, Hammes-Schiffer S, Schulten K, Solov'yov IA. Theoretical Description of the Primary Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Reaction in the Cytochrome bc1 Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:715-723. [PMID: 33397104 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome bc1 complex is a transmembrane enzymatic protein complex that plays a central role in cellular energy production and is present in both photosynthetic and respiratory chain organelles. Its reaction mechanism is initiated by the binding of a quinol molecule to an active site, followed by a series of charge transfer reactions between the quinol and protein subunits. Previous work hypothesized that the primary reaction was a concerted proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reaction because of the apparent absence of intermediate states associated with single proton or electron transfer reactions. In the present study, the kinetics of the primary bc1 complex PCET reaction is investigated with a vibronically nonadiabatic PCET theory in conjunction with all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and electronic structure calculations. The computed rate constants and relatively high kinetic isotope effects are consistent with experimental measurements on related biomimetic systems. The analysis implicates a concerted PCET mechanism with significant hydrogen tunneling and nonadiabatic effects in the bc1 complex. Moreover, the employed theoretical framework is shown to serve as a general strategy for describing PCET reactions in bioenergetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Barragan
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alexander V Soudackov
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Zaida Luthey-Schulten
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Klaus Schulten
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ilia A Solov'yov
- Department of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, Oldenburg 26111, Germany
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16
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Villarino L, Chordia S, Alonso-Cotchico L, Reddem E, Zhou Z, Thunnissen AMWH, Maréchal JD, Roelfes G. Cofactor Binding Dynamics Influence the Catalytic Activity and Selectivity of an Artificial Metalloenzyme. ACS Catal 2020; 10:11783-11790. [PMID: 33101759 PMCID: PMC7574625 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We present an artificial metalloenzyme based on the transcriptional regulator LmrR that exhibits dynamics involving the positioning of its abiological metal cofactor. The position of the cofactor, in turn, was found to be related to the preferred catalytic reactivity, which is either the enantioselective Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with β-substituted enones or the tandem Friedel-Crafts alkylation/enantioselective protonation of indoles with α-substituted enones. The artificial metalloenzyme could be specialized for one of these catalytic reactions introducing a single mutation in the protein. The relation between cofactor dynamics and activity and selectivity in catalysis has not been described for natural enzymes and, to date, appears to be particular for artificial metalloenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Villarino
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shreyans Chordia
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lur Alonso-Cotchico
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eswar Reddem
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andy Mark W. H. Thunnissen
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Didier Maréchal
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C.n., 08193,
Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Roelfes
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Hu QH, Williams MT, Shulgina I, Fossum CJ, Weeks KM, Adams LM, Reinhardt CR, Musier-Forsyth K, Hati S, Bhattacharyya S. Editing Domain Motions Preorganize the Synthetic Active Site of Prolyl-tRNA Synthetase. ACS Catal 2020; 10:10229-10242. [PMID: 34295570 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl-tRNA synthetases (ProRSs) catalyze the covalent attachment of proline onto cognate tRNAs, an indispensable step for protein synthesis in all living organisms. ProRSs are modular enzymes and the "prokaryotic-like" ProRSs are distinguished from "eukaryotic-like" ProRSs by the presence of an editing domain (INS) inserted between motifs 2 and 3 of the main catalytic domain. Earlier studies suggested the presence of coupled-domain dynamics could contribute to catalysis; however, the role that the distal, highly mobile INS domain plays in catalysis at the synthetic active site is not completely understood. In the present study, a combination of theoretical and experimental approaches has been used to elucidate the precise role of INS domain dynamics. Quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical simulations were carried out to model catalytic Pro-AMP formation by Enterococcus faecalis ProRS. The energetics of the adenylate formation by the wild-type enzyme was computed and contrasted with variants containing active site mutations, as well as a deletion mutant lacking the INS domain. The combined results revealed that two distinct types of dynamics contribute to the enzyme's catalytic power. One set of motions is intrinsic to the INS domain and leads to conformational preorganization that is essential for catalysis. A second type of motion, stemming from the electrostatic reorganization of active site residues, impacts the height and width of the energy profile and has a critical role in fine tuning the substrate orientation to facilitate reactive collisions. Thus, motions in a distal domain can preorganize the active site of an enzyme to optimize catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quin H. Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54701, United States
| | - Murphi T. Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54701, United States
| | - Irina Shulgina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Carl J. Fossum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54701, United States
| | - Katelyn M. Weeks
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54701, United States
| | - Lauren M. Adams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54701, United States
| | - Clorice R. Reinhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54701, United States
| | - Karin Musier-Forsyth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sanchita Hati
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54701, United States
| | - Sudeep Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, Wisconsin 54701, United States
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18
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Poberezhnyi V, Marchuk O, Katilov O, Shvydiuk O, Lohvinov O. Basic concepts and physical-chemical phenomena, that have conceptual meaning for the formation of systemic clinical thinking and formalization of the knowledge of systemic structural-functional organization of the human’s organism. PAIN MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.31636/pmjua.v5i2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
From the point of view of perception and generalization processes there are complex, logic and conceptual forms of thinking. Its conceptual form is the highest result of interaction between thinking and speech. While realizing it, human uses the concept, which are logically formed thoughts, that are the meaning of representation in thinking of unity of meaningful features, relations of subjects or phenomena of objective reality. Special concepts, that are used in the science and technique are called terms. They perform a function of corresponding, special, precise marking of subjects and phenomena, their features and interactions. Scientific knowledge are in that way an objective representation of material duality in our consciousness. Certain complex of terms forms a terminological system, that lies in the basis of corresponding sphere of scientific knowledge and conditions a corresponding form and way of thinking. Clinical thinking is a conceptual form, that manifests and represents by the specialized internal speech with gnostic motivation lying in its basis. Its structural elements are corresponding definitions, terms and concepts. Cardinal features of clinical systems are consistency, criticality, justification and substantiation. Principles of perception and main concepts are represented in the article along with short descriptions of physical and chemical phenomena, that have conceptual meaning for the formation of systematic clinical thinking and formalization of systemic structural-functional organization of the human’s organism
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19
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Xiao Z, Natarajan M, Zhong W, Liu X. Probing into the electrochemistry of four nickel(II) and cobalt(II) complexes with azadiphosphine ligands (PNP) and their catalysis on proton reduction. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Grayson KJ, Anderson JLR. Designed for life: biocompatible de novo designed proteins and components. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2018.0472. [PMID: 30158186 PMCID: PMC6127164 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A principal goal of synthetic biology is the de novo design or redesign of biomolecular components. In addition to revealing fundamentally important information regarding natural biomolecular engineering and biochemistry, functional building blocks will ultimately be provided for applications including the manufacture of valuable products and therapeutics. To fully realize this ambitious goal, the designed components must be biocompatible, working in concert with natural biochemical processes and pathways, while not adversely affecting cellular function. For example, de novo protein design has provided us with a wide repertoire of structures and functions, including those that can be assembled and function in vivo. Here we discuss such biocompatible designs, as well as others that have the potential to become biocompatible, including non-protein molecules, and routes to achieving full biological integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Grayson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - J L Ross Anderson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK .,BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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21
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Prah A, Frančišković E, Mavri J, Stare J. Electrostatics as the Driving Force Behind the Catalytic Function of the Monoamine Oxidase A Enzyme Confirmed by Quantum Computations. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alja Prah
- Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eric Frančišković
- Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Mavri
- Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Stare
- Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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22
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Chen TH, Sotomayor M, Gopalan V. Biochemical Studies Provide Insights into the Necessity for Multiple Arabidopsis thaliana Protein-Only RNase P Isoenzymes. J Mol Biol 2018; 431:615-624. [PMID: 30414965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RNase P catalyzes removal of the 5' leader from precursor tRNAs (pre-tRNAs) in all three domains of life. Some eukaryotic cells contain multiple forms of the protein-only RNase P (PRORP) variant, prompting efforts to unravel this seeming redundancy. Previous studies concluded that there were only modest differences in the processing of typical pre-tRNAs by the three isoforms in Arabidopsis thaliana [AtPRORP1 (organellar), AtPRORP2 and AtPRORP3 (nuclear)]. Here, we investigated if different physical attributes of the three isoforms might engender payoffs under specific conditions. Our temperature-activity profiling studies revealed that AtPRORPs display substrate-identity dependent behavior at elevated temperatures (37-45 °C), with the organellar variant outperforming the nuclear counterparts. Echoing these findings, molecular dynamics simulations revealed that AtPRORP2 relative to AtPRORP1 samples a wider conformational ensemble that deviates from the crystal structure. Results from our biochemical studies and molecular dynamics simulations support the idea that AtPRORPs have overlapping but not necessarily redundant attributes and inspire new perspectives on the suitability of each variant to perform its function(s) in a specific cellular locale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Venkat Gopalan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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23
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Saez DA, Zinovjev K, Tuñón I, Vöhringer-Martinez E. Catalytic Reaction Mechanism in Native and Mutant Catechol-O-methyltransferase from the Adaptive String Method and Mean Reaction Force Analysis. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:8861-8871. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b07339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Adrian Saez
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, 4070371 Concepcion, Chile
| | - Kirill Zinovjev
- Departament de Química Física, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Iñaki Tuñón
- Departament de Química Física, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Esteban Vöhringer-Martinez
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, 4070371 Concepcion, Chile
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24
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Schulte M, Petrović D, Neudecker P, Hartmann R, Pietruszka J, Willbold S, Willbold D, Panwalkar V. Conformational Sampling of the Intrinsically Disordered C-Terminal Tail of DERA Is Important for Enzyme Catalysis. ACS Catal 2018; 8:3971-3984. [PMID: 30101036 PMCID: PMC6080863 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b04408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
2-Deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase (DERA) catalyzes the reversible conversion of acetaldehyde and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into deoxyribose-5-phosphate. DERA is used as a biocatalyst for the synthesis of drugs such as statins and is a promising pharmaceutical target due to its involvement in nucleotide catabolism. Despite previous biochemical studies suggesting the catalytic importance of the C-terminal tyrosine residue found in several bacterial DERAs, the structural and functional basis of its participation in catalysis remains elusive because the electron density for the last eight to nine residues (i.e., the C-terminal tail) is absent in all available crystal structures. Using a combination of NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations, we conclusively show that the rarely studied C-terminal tail of E. coli DERA (ecDERA) is intrinsically disordered and exists in equilibrium between open and catalytically relevant closed states, where the C-terminal tyrosine (Y259) enters the active site. Nuclear Overhauser effect distance restraints, obtained due to the presence of a substantial closed state population, were used to derive the solution-state structure of the ecDERA closed state. Real-time NMR hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments reveal that Y259 is required for efficiency of the proton abstraction step of the catalytic reaction. Phosphate titration experiments show that, in addition to the phosphate-binding residues located near the active site, as observed in the available crystal structures, ecDERA contains previously unknown auxiliary phosphate-binding residues on the C-terminal tail which could facilitate in orienting Y259 in an optimal position for catalysis. Thus, we present significant insights into the structural and mechanistic importance of the ecDERA C-terminal tail and illustrate the role of conformational sampling in enzyme catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Schulte
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems 6 (ICS-6): Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dušan Petrović
- Institute of Complex Systems 6 (ICS-6): Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Philipp Neudecker
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems 6 (ICS-6): Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hartmann
- Institute of Complex Systems 6 (ICS-6): Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität im Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences 1 (IBG-1): Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Sabine Willbold
- Central Institute of Engineering, Electronics and Analytics (ZEA-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems 6 (ICS-6): Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Vineet Panwalkar
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems 6 (ICS-6): Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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25
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Shanmuganatham KK, Wallace RS, Ting-I Lee A, Plapp BV. Contribution of buried distal amino acid residues in horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase to structure and catalysis. Protein Sci 2018; 27:750-768. [PMID: 29271062 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of enzyme catalysis range from the slow time scale (∼ms) for substrate binding and conformational changes to the fast time (∼ps) scale for reorganization of substrates in the chemical step. The contribution of global dynamics to catalysis by alcohol dehydrogenase was tested by substituting five different, conserved amino acid residues that are distal from the active site and located in the hinge region for the conformational change or in hydrophobic clusters. X-ray crystallography shows that the structures for the G173A, V197I, I220 (V, L, or F), V222I, and F322L enzymes complexed with NAD+ and an analogue of benzyl alcohol are almost identical, except for small perturbations at the sites of substitution. The enzymes have very similar kinetic constants for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol and reduction of benzaldehyde as compared to the wild-type enzyme, and the rates of conformational changes are not altered. Less conservative substitutions of these amino acid residues, such as G173(V, E, K, or R), V197(G, S, or T), I220(G, S, T, or N), and V222(G, S, or T) produced unstable or poorly expressed proteins, indicating that the residues are critical for global stability. The enzyme scaffold accommodates conservative substitutions of distal residues, and there is no evidence that fast, global dynamics significantly affect the rate constants for hydride transfers. In contrast, other studies show that proximal residues significantly participate in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik K Shanmuganatham
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1109.,Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, USDA, Ames, IA, 50010
| | - Rachel S Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1109.,Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ann Ting-I Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1109.,No 92, Jing Mao 1st Rd., Taichung, Taiwan, 406, Republic of China
| | - Bryce V Plapp
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1109
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26
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Fast CS, Vahidi S, Konermann L. Changes in Enzyme Structural Dynamics Studied by Hydrogen Exchange-Mass Spectrometry: Ligand Binding Effects or Catalytically Relevant Motions? Anal Chem 2017; 89:13326-13333. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney S. Fast
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Siavash Vahidi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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27
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Zinovjev K, Tuñón I. Quantifying the limits of transition state theory in enzymatic catalysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:12390-12395. [PMID: 29101125 PMCID: PMC5703300 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710820114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While being one of the most popular reaction rate theories, the applicability of transition state theory to the study of enzymatic reactions has been often challenged. The complex dynamic nature of the protein environment raised the question about the validity of the nonrecrossing hypothesis, a cornerstone in this theory. We present a computational strategy to quantify the error associated to transition state theory from the number of recrossings observed at the equicommittor, which is the best possible dividing surface. Application of a direct multidimensional transition state optimization to the hydride transfer step in human dihydrofolate reductase shows that both the participation of the protein degrees of freedom in the reaction coordinate and the error associated to the nonrecrossing hypothesis are small. Thus, the use of transition state theory, even with simplified reaction coordinates, provides a good theoretical framework for the study of enzymatic catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Zinovjev
- Departament de Química Física, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Iñaki Tuñón
- Departament de Química Física, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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28
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Evidence for proton tunneling and a transient covalent flavin-substrate adduct in choline oxidase S101A. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:1470-1478. [PMID: 28843728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of temperature on the reaction of alcohol oxidation catalyzed by choline oxidase was investigated with the S101A variant of choline oxidase. Anaerobic enzyme reduction in a stopped-flow spectrophotometer was biphasic using either choline or 1,2-[2H4]-choline as a substrate. The limiting rate constants klim1 and klim2 at saturating substrate were well separated (klim1/klim2>9), and were >15-fold slower than for wild-type choline oxidase. Solvent deuterium kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) ~4 established that klim1 probes the proton transfer from the substrate hydroxyl to a catalytic base. Primary substrate deuterium KIEs ≥7 demonstrated that klim2 reports on hydride transfer from the choline alkoxide to the flavin. Between 15°C and 39°C the klim1 and klim2 values increased with increasing temperature, allowing for the analyses of H+ and H- transfers using Eyring and Arrhenius formalisms. Temperature-independent KIE on the klim1 value (H2Oklim1/D2Oklim1) suggests that proton transfer occurs within a highly reorganized tunneling-ready-state with a narrow distribution of donor-acceptor distances. Eyring analysis of the klim2 value gave lines with the slope(choline)>slope(D-choline), suggesting kinetic complexity. Spectral evidence for the transient occurrence of a covalent flavin-substrate adduct during the first phase of the anaerobic reaction of S101A CHO with choline is presented, supporting the notion that an important role of amino acid residues in the active site of flavin-dependent enzymes is to eliminate alternative reactions of the versatile enzyme-bound flavin for the reaction that needs to be catalyzed.
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29
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Duboué-Dijon E, Pluhařová E, Domin D, Sen K, Fogarty AC, Chéron N, Laage D. Coupled Valence-Bond State Molecular Dynamics Description of an Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction in a Non-Aqueous Organic Solvent. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:7027-7041. [PMID: 28675789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b03102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are widely used in nonaqueous solvents to catalyze non-natural reactions. While experimental measurements showed that the solvent nature has a strong effect on the reaction kinetics, the molecular details of the catalytic mechanism in nonaqueous solvents have remained largely elusive. Here we study the transesterification reaction catalyzed by the paradigm subtilisin Carlsberg serine protease in an organic apolar solvent. The rate-limiting acylation step involves a proton transfer between active-site residues and the nucleophilic attack of the substrate to form a tetrahedral intermediate. We design the first coupled valence-bond state model that simultaneously describes both reactions in the enzymatic active site. We develop a new systematic procedure to parametrize this model on high-level ab initio QM/MM free energy calculations that account for the molecular details of the active site and for both substrate and protein conformational fluctuations. Our calculations show that the reaction energy barrier changes dramatically with the solvent and protein conformational fluctuations. We find that the mechanism of the tetrahedral intermediate formation during the acylation step is similar to that determined under aqueous conditions, and that the proton transfer and nucleophilic attack reactions occur concertedly. We identify the reaction coordinate to be mostly due to the rearrangement of some residual water molecules close to the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Duboué-Dijon
- École Normale Supérieure - PSL Research University , Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eva Pluhařová
- École Normale Supérieure - PSL Research University , Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dominik Domin
- École Normale Supérieure - PSL Research University , Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Kakali Sen
- École Normale Supérieure - PSL Research University , Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aoife C Fogarty
- École Normale Supérieure - PSL Research University , Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Chéron
- École Normale Supérieure - PSL Research University , Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Damien Laage
- École Normale Supérieure - PSL Research University , Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
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30
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Kohne M, Zhu C, Warncke K. Two Dynamical Regimes of the Substrate Radical Rearrangement Reaction in B 12-Dependent Ethanolamine Ammonia-Lyase Resolve Contributions of Native Protein Configurations and Collective Configurational Fluctuations to Catalysis. Biochemistry 2017; 56:3257-3264. [PMID: 28548844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the substrate radical rearrangement reaction step in B12-dependent ethanolamine ammonia-lyase (EAL) from Salmonella typhimurium are measured over a 92 K temperature range. The observed first-order rate constants display a piecewise-continuous Arrhenius dependence, with linear regions over 295 → 220 K (monoexponential) and 214 → 203 K (biexponential) that are delineated by a kinetic bifurcation and kinks at 219 and 217 K, respectively. The results are interpreted by using a free energy landscape model and derived microscopic kinetic mechanism. The bifurcation and kink transitions correspond to the effective quenching of two distinct sets of native collective protein configurational fluctuations that (1) reconfigure the protein within the substrate radical free energy minimum, in a reaction-enabling step, and (2) create the protein configurations associated with the chemical step. Below 217 K, the substrate radical decay reaction persists. Increases in activation enthalpy and entropy of both the microscopic enabling and reaction steps indicate that this non-native reaction coordinate is conducted by local, incremental fluctuations. Continuity in the Arrhenius relations indicates that the same sets of protein groups and interactions mediate the rearrangement over the 295 to 203 K range, but with a repertoire of configurations below 217 K that is restricted, relative to the native configurations accessible above 219 K. The experimental features of a culled reaction step, first-order kinetic measurements, and wide room-to-cryogenic temperature range, allow the direct demonstration and kinetic characterization of protein dynamical contributions to the core adiabatic, bond-making/bond-breaking reaction in EAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Kohne
- Department of Physics, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Physics, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kurt Warncke
- Department of Physics, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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31
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Abstract
Theoretical design of effective catalysts, in conjunction with the identification of guiding design principles and strategies, is a Holy Grail in Chemistry. Although further progress will benefit from additional computational advances, theoretical studies have already enhanced the design of molecular electrocatalysts, photocatalysts, and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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32
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Reyes AC, Amyes TL, Richard JP. Structure-Reactivity Effects on Intrinsic Primary Kinetic Isotope Effects for Hydride Transfer Catalyzed by Glycerol-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:14526-14529. [PMID: 27769116 PMCID: PMC5105681 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Primary deuterium
kinetic isotope effects (1°DKIE) on (kcat/KGA, M–1 s–1) for dianion (X2–) activated
hydride transfer from NADL to glycolaldehyde (GA) catalyzed by glycerol-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase were determined over a 2100-fold range of enzyme reactivity:
(X2–, 1°DKIE); FPO32–, 2.8 ± 0.1; HPO32–, 2.5 ±
0.1; SO42–, 2.8 ± 0.2; HOPO32–, 2.5 ± 0.1; S2O32–, 2.9 ± 0.1; unactivated; 2.4 ± 0.2.
Similar 1°DKIEs were determined for kcat. The observed 1°DKIEs are essentially independent of changes
in enzyme reactivity with changing dianion activator. The results
are consistent with (i) fast and reversible ligand binding; (ii) the
conclusion that the observed 1°DKIEs are equal to the intrinsic
1°DKIE on hydride transfer from NADL to GA; (iii) similar intrinsic
1°DKIEs on GPDH-catalyzed reduction of the substrate pieces and
the whole physiological substrate dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The
ground-state binding interactions for different X2– are similar, but there are large differences in the transition state
interactions for different X2–. The changes in transition
state binding interactions are expressed as changes in kcat and are proposed to represent changes in stabilization
of the active closed form of GPDH. The 1°DKIEs are much smaller
than observed for enzyme-catalyzed hydrogen transfer that occurs mainly
by quantum-mechanical tunneling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archie C Reyes
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, SUNY , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Tina L Amyes
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, SUNY , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - John P Richard
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, SUNY , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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33
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Yamamoto M, Tanaka K. Artificial Molecular Photosynthetic Systems: Towards Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation. Chempluschem 2016; 81:1028-1044. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201600236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Advanced Chemical Technology Center in Kyoto; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences; Kyoto University; Jibucho 105, Fushimi-ku Kyoto 612-8374 Japan
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34
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Sowole MA, Simpson S, Skovpen YV, Palmer DRJ, Konermann L. Evidence of Allosteric Enzyme Regulation via Changes in Conformational Dynamics: A Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Investigation of Dihydrodipicolinate Synthase. Biochemistry 2016; 55:5413-22. [PMID: 27604304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dihydrodipicolinate synthase is a tetrameric enzyme of the diaminopimelate pathway in bacteria and plants. The protein catalyzes the condensation of pyruvate (Pyr) and aspartate semialdehyde en route to the end product lysine (Lys). Dihydrodipicolinate synthase from Campylobacter jejuni (CjDHDPS) is allosterically inhibited by Lys. CjDHDPS is a promising antibiotic target, as highlighted by the recent development of a potent bis-lysine (bisLys) inhibitor. The mechanism whereby Lys and bisLys allosterically inhibit CjDHDPS remains poorly understood. In contrast to the case for other allosteric enzymes, crystallographically detectable conformational changes in CjDHDPS upon inhibitor binding are very minor. Also, it is difficult to envision how Pyr can access the active site; the available X-ray data seemingly imply that each turnover step requires diffusion-based mass transfer through a narrow access channel. This study employs hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry for probing the structure and dynamics of CjDHDPS in a native solution environment. The deuteration kinetics reveal that the most dynamic protein regions are in the direct vicinity of the substrate access channel. This finding is consistent with the view that transient opening/closing fluctuations facilitate access of the substrate to the active site. Under saturating conditions, both Lys and bisLys cause dramatically reduced dynamics in the inhibitor binding region. In addition, rigidification extends to regions close to the substrate access channel. This finding strongly suggests that allosteric inhibitors interfere with conformational fluctuations that are required for CjDHDPS substrate turnover. In particular, our data imply that Lys and bisLys suppress opening/closing events of the access channel, thereby impeding diffusion of the substrate into the active site. Overall, this work illustrates why allosteric control does not have to be associated with crystallographically detectable large-scale transitions. Our experiments provide evidence that in CjDHDPS allostery is mediated by changes in the extent of thermally activated conformational fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modupeola A Sowole
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Sarah Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan , 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Yulia V Skovpen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan , 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - David R J Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan , 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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35
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Raich L, Nin-Hill A, Ardèvol A, Rovira C. Enzymatic Cleavage of Glycosidic Bonds: Strategies on How to Set Up and Control a QM/MM Metadynamics Simulation. Methods Enzymol 2016; 577:159-83. [PMID: 27498638 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates play crucial roles in many biological processes, from cell-cell adhesion to chemical signaling. Their complexity and diversity, related to α/β anomeric configuration, ring substituents, and conformational variations, require a diverse set of enzymes for their processing. Among them, glycoside hydrolases (GHs) are responsible for the hydrolysis of one of the strongest bonds in nature: the glycosidic bond. These highly specialized biological catalysts select particular conformations their carbohydrate substrates to enhance catalysis. The evolution of this conformation during the reaction of glycosidic bond cleavage, known as the conformational catalytic itinerary, is of fundamental interest in glycobiology, with impact on inhibitor and drug design. Here we review some of the aspects and the main strategies one needs to take into account when simulating a reaction in a GH enzyme using QM/MM metadynamics. Several specific aspects are highlighted, from the importance of the distortion of the substrate at the Michaelis complex to the variable control during the metadynamics simulation or the analysis of the reaction mechanism and conformational itinerary. The increasing speed of computer power and methodological advances have added a vital tool to the study of GH mechanisms, as shown here and recent reviews. It is hoped that this chapter will serve as a first guide for those attempting to perform a metadynamics simulation of these relevant and fascinating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Raich
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Nin-Hill
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Ardèvol
- Max-Planck Institut für Biophysik, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - C Rovira
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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36
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Shimada S, Wakayama K, Fukai M, Shimamura T, Ishikawa T, Fukumori D, Shibata M, Yamashita K, Kimura T, Todo S, Ohsawa I, Taketomi A. Hydrogen Gas Ameliorates Hepatic Reperfusion Injury After Prolonged Cold Preservation in Isolated Perfused Rat Liver. Artif Organs 2016; 40:1128-1136. [PMID: 27140066 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen gas reduces ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) in the liver and other organs. However, the precise mechanism remains elusive. We investigated whether hydrogen gas ameliorated hepatic I/R injury after cold preservation. Rat liver was subjected to 48-h cold storage in University of Wisconsin solution. The graft was reperfused with oxygenated buffer with or without hydrogen at 37° for 90 min on an isolated perfusion apparatus, comprising the H2 (+) and H2 (-) groups, respectively. In the control group (CT), grafts were reperfused immediately without preservation. Graft function, injury, and circulatory status were assessed throughout the perfusion. Tissue samples at the end of perfusion were collected to determine histopathology, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. In the H2 (-) group, IRI was indicated by a higher aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) leakage, portal resistance, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine-positive cell rate, apoptotic index, and endothelial endothelin-1 expression, together with reduced bile production, oxygen consumption, and GSH/GSSG ratio (vs. CT). In the H2 (+) group, these harmful changes were significantly suppressed [vs. H2 (-)]. Hydrogen gas reduced hepatic reperfusion injury after prolonged cold preservation via the maintenance of portal flow, by protecting mitochondrial function during the early phase of reperfusion, and via the suppression of oxidative stress and inflammatory cascades thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Moto Fukai
- Transplant Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimamura
- Central Clinical Facilities, Division of Organ Transplantation, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Fukumori
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Transplantation, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maki Shibata
- Department of Biological Process of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi, Tokyo
| | | | - Taichi Kimura
- Laboratory of Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido
| | - Satoru Todo
- St. Maria Hospital Laboratory, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ikuroh Ohsawa
- Department of Biological Process of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi, Tokyo
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37
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List NH, Jensen HJA, Kongsted J. Local electric fields and molecular properties in heterogeneous environments through polarizable embedding. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:10070-80. [PMID: 27007060 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00669h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In spectroscopies, the local field experienced by a molecule embedded in an environment will be different from the externally applied electromagnetic field, and this difference may significantly alter the response and transition properties of the molecule. The polarizable embedding (PE) model has previously been developed to model the local field contribution stemming from the direct molecule-environment coupling of the electromagnetic response properties of molecules in solution as well as in heterogeneous environments, such as proteins. Here we present an extension of this approach to address the additional effective external field effect, i.e., the manifestations of the environment polarization induced by the external field, which allows for the calculation of properties defined in terms of the external field. Within a response framework, we report calculations of the one- and two-photon absorption (1PA and 2PA, respectively) properties of PRODAN-methanol clusters as well as the fluorescent protein DsRed. Our results demonstrate the necessity of accounting for both the dynamical reaction field and effective external field contributions to the local field in order to reproduce full quantum chemical reference calculations. For the lowest π→π* transition in DsRed, inclusion of effective external field effects gives rise to a 1.9- and 3.5-fold reduction in the 1PA and 2PA cross-sections, respectively. The effective external field is, however, strongly influenced by the heterogeneity of the protein matrix, and the resulting effect can lead to either screening or enhancement depending on the nature of the transition under consideration.
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38
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Horsman ME, Hari TPA, Boddy CN. Polyketide synthase and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase thioesterase selectivity: logic gate or a victim of fate? Nat Prod Rep 2016; 33:183-202. [DOI: 10.1039/c4np00148f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thioesterases (TEs) are product offloading enzymes from FAS, PKS, and NRPS complexes. We review the diversity, structure, and mechanism of PKS and NRPS TEs and analyze TE loading and release steps as possible logic gates with a view to predicting TE function in new pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Horsman
- Department of chemistry
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation
- University of Ottawa
- Canada
| | - Taylor P. A. Hari
- Department of chemistry
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation
- University of Ottawa
- Canada
| | - Christopher N. Boddy
- Department of chemistry
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation
- University of Ottawa
- Canada
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39
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Konkle ME, Blobaum AL, Moth CW, Prusakiewicz JJ, Xu S, Ghebreselasie K, Akingbade D, Jacobs AT, Rouzer CA, Lybrand TP, Marnett LJ. Conservative Secondary Shell Substitution In Cyclooxygenase-2 Reduces Inhibition by Indomethacin Amides and Esters via Altered Enzyme Dynamics. Biochemistry 2015; 55:348-59. [PMID: 26704937 PMCID: PMC4721528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) are the therapeutic targets of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Neutralization of the carboxylic acid moiety of the NSAID indomethacin to an ester or amide functionality confers COX-2 selectivity, but the molecular basis for this selectivity has not been completely revealed through mutagenesis studies and/or X-ray crystallographic attempts. We expressed and assayed a number of divergent secondary shell COX-2 active site mutants and found that a COX-2 to COX-1 change at position 472 (Leu in COX-2, Met in COX-1) reduced the potency of enzyme inhibition by a series of COX-2-selective indomethacin amides and esters. In contrast, the potencies of indomethacin, arylacetic acid, propionic acid, and COX-2-selective diarylheterocycle inhibitors were either unaffected or only mildly affected by this mutation. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed identical equilibrium enzyme structures around residue 472; however, calculations indicated that the L472M mutation impacted local low-frequency dynamical COX constriction site motions by stabilizing the active site entrance and slowing constriction site dynamics. Kinetic analysis of inhibitor binding is consistent with the computational findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Konkle
- Departments of Biochemistry, ‡Chemistry, and §Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center for Structural Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Anna L Blobaum
- Departments of Biochemistry, ‡Chemistry, and §Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center for Structural Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Christopher W Moth
- Departments of Biochemistry, ‡Chemistry, and §Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center for Structural Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Jeffery J Prusakiewicz
- Departments of Biochemistry, ‡Chemistry, and §Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center for Structural Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Shu Xu
- Departments of Biochemistry, ‡Chemistry, and §Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center for Structural Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Kebreab Ghebreselasie
- Departments of Biochemistry, ‡Chemistry, and §Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center for Structural Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Dapo Akingbade
- Departments of Biochemistry, ‡Chemistry, and §Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center for Structural Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Aaron T Jacobs
- Departments of Biochemistry, ‡Chemistry, and §Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center for Structural Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Carol A Rouzer
- Departments of Biochemistry, ‡Chemistry, and §Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center for Structural Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Terry P Lybrand
- Departments of Biochemistry, ‡Chemistry, and §Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center for Structural Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Lawrence J Marnett
- Departments of Biochemistry, ‡Chemistry, and §Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center for Structural Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
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40
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List NH, Beerepoot MTP, Olsen JMH, Gao B, Ruud K, Jensen HJA, Kongsted J. Molecular quantum mechanical gradients within the polarizable embedding approach--application to the internal vibrational Stark shift of acetophenone. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:034119. [PMID: 25612701 DOI: 10.1063/1.4905909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We present an implementation of analytical quantum mechanical molecular gradients within the polarizable embedding (PE) model to allow for efficient geometry optimizations and vibrational analysis of molecules embedded in large, geometrically frozen environments. We consider a variational ansatz for the quantum region, covering (multiconfigurational) self-consistent-field and Kohn-Sham density functional theory. As the first application of the implementation, we consider the internal vibrational Stark effect of the C=O group of acetophenone in different solvents and derive its vibrational linear Stark tuning rate using harmonic frequencies calculated from analytical gradients and computed local electric fields. Comparisons to PE calculations employing an enlarged quantum region as well as to a non-polarizable embedding scheme show that the inclusion of mutual polarization between acetophenone and water is essential in order to capture the structural modifications and the associated frequency shifts observed in water. For more apolar solvents, a proper description of dispersion and exchange-repulsion becomes increasingly important, and the quality of the optimized structures relies to a larger extent on the quality of the Lennard-Jones parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Holmgaard List
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M, Odense DK-5230 Denmark
| | - Maarten T P Beerepoot
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jógvan Magnus Haugaard Olsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M, Odense DK-5230 Denmark
| | - Bin Gao
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kenneth Ruud
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hans Jørgen Aagaard Jensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M, Odense DK-5230 Denmark
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M, Odense DK-5230 Denmark
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41
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Reversible Regulation of Catalytic Activity of Gold Nanoparticles with DNA Nanomachines. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14402. [PMID: 26395968 PMCID: PMC4585782 DOI: 10.1038/srep14402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible catalysis regulation has gained much attention and traditional strategies utilized reversible ligand coordination for switching catalyst's conformations. However, it remains challenging to regulate the catalytic activity of metal nanoparticle-based catalysts. Herein, we report a new DNA nanomachine-driven reversible nano-shield strategy for circumventing this problem. The basic idea is based on the fact that the conformational change of surface-attached DNA nanomachines will cause the variation of the exposed surface active area on metal nanoparticles. As a proof-of-concept study, we immobilized G-rich DNA strands on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) which have glucose oxidase (GOx) like activity. Through the reversible conformational change of the G-rich DNA between a flexible single-stranded form and a compact G-quadruplex form, the catalytic activity of AuNPs has been regulated reversibly for several cycles. This strategy is reliable and robust, which demonstrated the possibility of reversibly adjusting catalytic activity with external surface coverage switching, rather than coordination interactions.
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42
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Carvalho HF, Roque ACA, Iranzo O, Branco RJF. Comparison of the Internal Dynamics of Metalloproteases Provides New Insights on Their Function and Evolution. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138118. [PMID: 26397984 PMCID: PMC4580569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metalloproteases have evolved in a vast number of biological systems, being one of the most diverse types of proteases and presenting a wide range of folds and catalytic metal ions. Given the increasing understanding of protein internal dynamics and its role in enzyme function, we are interested in assessing how the structural heterogeneity of metalloproteases translates into their dynamics. Therefore, the dynamical profile of the clan MA type protein thermolysin, derived from an Elastic Network Model of protein structure, was evaluated against those obtained from a set of experimental structures and molecular dynamics simulation trajectories. A close correspondence was obtained between modes derived from the coarse-grained model and the subspace of functionally-relevant motions observed experimentally, the later being shown to be encoded in the internal dynamics of the protein. This prompted the use of dynamics-based comparison methods that employ such coarse-grained models in a representative set of clan members, allowing for its quantitative description in terms of structural and dynamical variability. Although members show structural similarity, they nonetheless present distinct dynamical profiles, with no apparent correlation between structural and dynamical relatedness. However, previously unnoticed dynamical similarity was found between the relevant members Carboxypeptidase Pfu, Leishmanolysin, and Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A, despite sharing no structural similarity. Inspection of the respective alignments shows that dynamical similarity has a functional basis, namely the need for maintaining proper intermolecular interactions with the respective substrates. These results suggest that distinct selective pressure mechanisms act on metalloproteases at structural and dynamical levels through the course of their evolution. This work shows how new insights on metalloprotease function and evolution can be assessed with comparison schemes that incorporate information on protein dynamics. The integration of these newly developed tools, if applied to other protein families, can lead to more accurate and descriptive protein classification systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique F. Carvalho
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780–157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana C. A. Roque
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Olga Iranzo
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Ricardo J. F. Branco
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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43
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Tuñón I, Laage D, Hynes JT. Are there dynamical effects in enzyme catalysis? Some thoughts concerning the enzymatic chemical step. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 582:42-55. [PMID: 26087289 PMCID: PMC4560206 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We offer some thoughts on the much debated issue of dynamical effects in enzyme catalysis, and more specifically on their potential role in the acceleration of the chemical step. Since the term 'dynamics' has been used with different meanings, we find it useful to first return to the Transition State Theory rate constant, its assumptions and the choices it involves, and detail the various sources of deviations from it due to dynamics (or not). We suggest that much can be learned about the key current questions for enzyme catalysis from prior extensive studies of dynamical and other effects in the case of reactions in solution. We analyze dynamical effects both in the neighborhood of the transition state and far from it, together with the situation when quantum nuclear motion is central to the reaction, and we illustrate our discussion with various examples of enzymatic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Tuñón
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Valencia, Spain.
| | - Damien Laage
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Chemistry Department, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC University Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 Pasteur, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - James T Hynes
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Chemistry Department, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC University Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 Pasteur, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215, USA.
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44
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Reilly PJ, Rovira C. Computational Studies of Glycoside, Carboxylic Ester, and Thioester Hydrolase Mechanisms: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Reilly
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-2230, United States
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament de Química Orgànica
and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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45
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Dorner ME, McMunn RD, Bartholow TG, Calhoon BE, Conlon MR, Dulli JM, Fehling SC, Fisher CR, Hodgson SW, Keenan SW, Kruger AN, Mabin JW, Mazula DL, Monte CA, Olthafer A, Sexton AE, Soderholm BR, Strom AM, Hati S. Comparison of intrinsic dynamics of cytochrome p450 proteins using normal mode analysis. Protein Sci 2015; 24:1495-507. [PMID: 26130403 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes are hemeproteins that catalyze the monooxygenation of a wide-range of structurally diverse substrates of endogenous and exogenous origin. These heme monooxygenases receive electrons from NADH/NADPH via electron transfer proteins. The cytochrome P450 enzymes, which constitute a diverse superfamily of more than 8,700 proteins, share a common tertiary fold but < 25% sequence identity. Based on their electron transfer protein partner, cytochrome P450 proteins are classified into six broad classes. Traditional methods of pro are based on the canonical paradigm that attributes proteins' function to their three-dimensional structure, which is determined by their primary structure that is the amino acid sequence. It is increasingly recognized that protein dynamics play an important role in molecular recognition and catalytic activity. As the mobility of a protein is an intrinsic property that is encrypted in its primary structure, we examined if different classes of cytochrome P450 enzymes display any unique patterns of intrinsic mobility. Normal mode analysis was performed to characterize the intrinsic dynamics of five classes of cytochrome P450 proteins. The present study revealed that cytochrome P450 enzymes share a strong dynamic similarity (root mean squared inner product > 55% and Bhattacharyya coefficient > 80%), despite the low sequence identity (< 25%) and sequence similarity (< 50%) across the cytochrome P450 superfamily. Noticeable differences in Cα atom fluctuations of structural elements responsible for substrate binding were noticed. These differences in residue fluctuations might be crucial for substrate selectivity in these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah E Dorner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 54702
| | - Ryan D McMunn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 54702
| | - Thomas G Bartholow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 54702
| | - Brecken E Calhoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 54702
| | - Michelle R Conlon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 54702
| | - Jessica M Dulli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 54702
| | - Samuel C Fehling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 54702
| | - Cody R Fisher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 54702
| | - Shane W Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 54702
| | - Shawn W Keenan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 54702
| | - Alyssa N Kruger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 54702
| | - Justin W Mabin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 54702
| | - Daniel L Mazula
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 54702
| | - Christopher A Monte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 54702
| | - Augustus Olthafer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 54702
| | - Ashley E Sexton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 54702
| | - Beatrice R Soderholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 54702
| | - Alexander M Strom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 54702
| | - Sanchita Hati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 54702
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46
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Samet M, Kass SR. Preorganized Hydrogen Bond Donor Catalysts: Acidities and Reactivities. J Org Chem 2015; 80:7727-31. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Samet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Steven R. Kass
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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47
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Ardèvol A, Rovira C. Reaction Mechanisms in Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes: Glycoside Hydrolases and Glycosyltransferases. Insights from ab Initio Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Dynamic Simulations. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:7528-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Ardèvol
- Departament
de Química Orgànica and Institut de Química Teòrica
i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí
i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament
de Química Orgànica and Institut de Química Teòrica
i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí
i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
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48
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Osuna S, Jiménez-Osés G, Noey EL, Houk KN. Molecular dynamics explorations of active site structure in designed and evolved enzymes. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:1080-9. [PMID: 25738880 DOI: 10.1021/ar500452q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This Account describes the use of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to reveal how mutations alter the structure and organization of enzyme active sites. As proposed by Pauling about 70 years ago and elaborated by many others since then, biocatalysis is efficient when functional groups in the active site of an enzyme are in optimal positions for transition state stabilization. Changes in mechanism and covalent interactions are often critical parts of enzyme catalysis. We describe our explorations of the dynamical preorganization of active sites using MD, studying the fluctuations between active and inactive conformations normally concealed to static crystallography. MD shows how the various arrangements of active site residues influence the free energy of the transition state and relates the populations of the catalytic conformational ensemble to the enzyme activity. This Account is organized around three case studies from our laboratory. We first describe the importance of dynamics in evaluating a series of computationally designed and experimentally evolved enzymes for the Kemp elimination, a popular subject in the enzyme design field. We find that the dynamics of the active site is influenced not only by the original sequence design and subsequent mutations but also by the nature of the ligand present in the active site. In the second example, we show how microsecond MD has been used to uncover the role of remote mutations in the active site dynamics and catalysis of a transesterase, LovD. This enzyme was evolved by Tang at UCLA and Codexis, Inc., and is a useful commercial catalyst for the production of the drug simvastatin. X-ray analysis of inactive and active mutants did not reveal differences in the active sites, but relatively long time scale MD in solution showed that the active site of the wild-type enzyme preorganizes only upon binding of the acyl carrier protein (ACP) that delivers the natural acyl group to the active site. In the absence of bound ACP, a noncatalytic arrangement of the catalytic triad is dominant. Unnatural truncated substrates are inactive because of the lack of protein-protein interactions provided by the ACP. Directed evolution is able to gradually restore the catalytic organization of the active site by motion of the protein backbone that alters the active site geometry. In the third case, we demonstrate the key role of MD in combination with crystallography to identify the origins of substrate-dependent stereoselectivities in a number of Codexis-engineered ketoreductases, one of which is used commercially for the production of the antibiotic sulopenem. Here, mutations alter the shape of the active site as well as the accessibility of water to different regions of it. Each of these examples reveals something different about how mutations can influence enzyme activity and shows that directed evolution, like natural evolution, can increase catalytic activity in a variety of remarkable and often subtle ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Osuna
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi s/n, 17071 Girona, Spain
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Elizabeth L. Noey
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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49
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Abstract
Enzymatic transition states have lifetimes of a few femtoseconds (fs). Computational analysis of enzyme motions leading to transition state formation suggests that local catalytic site motions on the fs time scale provide the mechanism to locate transition states. An experimental test of protein fs motion and its relation to transition state formation can be provided by isotopically heavy proteins. Heavy enzymes have predictable mass-altered bond vibration states without altered electrostatic properties, according to the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. On-enzyme chemistry is slowed in most heavy proteins, consistent with altered protein bond frequencies slowing the search for the transition state. In other heavy enzymes, structural changes involved in reactant binding and release are also influenced. Slow protein motions associated with substrate binding and catalytic site preorganization are essential to allow the subsequent fs motions to locate the transition state and to facilitate the efficient release of products. In the catalytically competent geometry, local groups move in stochastic atomic motion on the fs time scale, within transition state-accessible conformations created by slower protein motions. The fs time scale for the transition state motions does not permit thermodynamic equilibrium between the transition state and stable enzyme states. Isotopically heavy enzymes provide a diagnostic tool for fast coupled protein motions to transition state formation and mass-dependent conformational changes. The binding of transition state analogue inhibitors is the opposite in catalytic time scale to formation of the transition state but is related by similar geometries of the enzyme-transition state and enzyme-inhibitor interactions. While enzymatic transition states have lifetimes as short as 10(-15) s, transition state analogues can bind tightly to enzymes with release rates greater than 10(3) s. Tight-binding transition state analogues stabilize the rare but evolved enzymatic geometry to form the transition state. Evolution to efficient catalysis optimized this geometry and its stabilization by a transition state mimic results in tight binding. Release rates of transition state analogues are orders of magnitude slower than product release in normal catalytic function. During catalysis, product release is facilitated by altered chemistry. Compared to the weak associations found in Michaelis complexes, transition state analogues involve strong interactions related to those in the transition state. Optimum binding of transition state analogues occurs when the complex retains the system motions intrinsic to transition state formation. Conserved dynamic motion retains the entropic components of inhibitor complexes, improving the thermodynamics of analogue binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vern L. Schramm
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris
Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
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50
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Hanoian P, Liu CT, Hammes-Schiffer S, Benkovic S. Perspectives on electrostatics and conformational motions in enzyme catalysis. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:482-9. [PMID: 25565178 PMCID: PMC4334233 DOI: 10.1021/ar500390e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Enzymes
are essential for all living organisms, and their effectiveness as
chemical catalysts has driven more than a half century of research
seeking to understand the enormous rate enhancements they provide.
Nevertheless, a complete understanding of the factors that govern
the rate enhancements and selectivities of enzymes remains elusive,
due to the extraordinary complexity and cooperativity that are the
hallmarks of these biomolecules. We have used a combination of site-directed
mutagenesis, pre-steady-state kinetics, X-ray crystallography, nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR), vibrational and fluorescence spectroscopies,
resonance energy transfer, and computer simulations to study the implications
of conformational motions and electrostatic interactions on enzyme
catalysis in the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). We have
demonstrated that modest equilibrium conformational changes are functionally
related to the hydride transfer reaction. Results obtained for mutant
DHFRs illustrated that reductions in hydride transfer rates are correlated
with altered conformational motions, and analysis of the evolutionary
history of DHFR indicated that mutations appear to have occurred to
preserve both the hydride transfer rate and the associated conformational
changes. More recent results suggested that differences in local electrostatic
environments contribute to finely tuning the substrate pKa in the initial protonation step. Using a combination
of primary and solvent kinetic isotope effects, we demonstrated that
the reaction mechanism is consistent across a broad pH range, and
computer simulations suggested that deprotonation of the active site
Tyr100 may play a crucial role in substrate protonation at high pH. Site-specific incorporation of vibrational thiocyanate probes into
the ecDHFR active site provided an experimental tool
for interrogating these microenvironments and for investigating changes
in electrostatics along the DHFR catalytic cycle. Complementary molecular
dynamics simulations in conjunction with mixed quantum mechanical/molecular
mechanical calculations accurately reproduced the vibrational frequency
shifts in these probes and provided atomic-level insight into the
residues influencing these changes. Our findings indicate that conformational
and electrostatic changes are intimately related and functionally
essential. This approach can be readily extended to the study of other
enzyme systems to identify more general trends in the relationship
between conformational fluctuations and electrostatic interactions.
These results are relevant to researchers seeking to design novel
enzymes as well as those seeking to develop therapeutic agents that
function as enzyme inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Hanoian
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - C. Tony Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Stephen Benkovic
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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