1
|
Onisuru O, Achilonu I. Describing the ligandin properties of Plasmodium falciparum and vivax glutathione transferase towards bromosulfophthalein from empirical and computational modelling viewpoints. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38506165 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2329291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Research has spotlighted glutathione transferase (GST) as a promising target for antimalarial drug development due to its pivotal role in cellular processes, including metabolizing toxins and managing oxidative stress. This interest arises from GST's potential to combat multidrug resistance in existing antimalarial drugs. Plasmodium falciparum GST (PfGST) and Plasmodium vivax GST (PvGST) are key targets; inhibiting them not only disrupt detoxification but also reduce their antioxidant capacity, a critical feature for potent antimalarials. Bromosulfophthalein (BSP), a clinical liver function dye, emerged as a potent cytosolic GST inhibitor. This study explored BSP's inhibitory properties on PfGST and PvGST, showcasing its binding capabilities through empirical and computational analyses. The study revealed BSP's ability to significantly inhibit GST activity, altering the proteins' structures and stability. Specifically, BSP binding induced spectral changes and impacted the proteins' thermal stability, reducing their melting temperatures. Computational simulations highlighted BSP's strong binding to PfGST and PvGST at their dimer interface, stabilized by various interactions, including hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. Notably, BSP's binding altered the proteins' compactness and conformational dynamics, suggesting a potential non-competitive, allosteric inhibition mechanism. This study provided novel insights into BSP's candidacy as an antimalarial drug by targeting PfGST and PvGST. Its ability to disrupt crucial functions of these enzymes' positions BSP as a promising candidate for further drug development in combating malariaCommunicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olalekan Onisuru
- Protein Structure-Function and Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ikechukwu Achilonu
- Protein Structure-Function and Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
A Novel Glutathione S-Transferase Gtt2 Class (VpGSTT2) Is Found in the Genome of the AHPND/EMS Vibrio parahaemolyticus Shrimp Pathogen. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090664. [PMID: 34564668 PMCID: PMC8472993 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases are a family of detoxifying enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of reduced glutathione (GSH) with different xenobiotic compounds using either Ser, Tyr, or Cys as a primary catalytic residue. We identified a novel GST in the genome of the shrimp pathogen V. parahaemolyticus FIM- S1708+, a bacterial strain associated with Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND)/Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) in cultured shrimp. This new GST class was named Gtt2. It has an atypical catalytic mechanism in which a water molecule instead of Ser, Tyr, or Cys activates the sulfhydryl group of GSH. The biochemical properties of Gtt2 from Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VpGSTT2) were characterized using kinetic and crystallographic methods. Recombinant VpGSTT2 was enzymatically active using GSH and CDNB as substrates, with a specific activity of 5.7 units/mg. Low affinity for substrates was demonstrated using both Michaelis–Menten kinetics and isothermal titration calorimetry. The crystal structure showed a canonical two-domain structure comprising a glutathione binding G-domain and a hydrophobic ligand H domain. A water molecule was hydrogen-bonded to residues Thr9 and Ser 11, as reported for the yeast Gtt2, suggesting a primary role in the reaction. Molecular docking showed that GSH could bind at the G-site in the vicinity of Ser11. G-site mutationsT9A and S11A were analyzed. S11A retained 30% activity, while T9A/S11A showed no detectable activity. VpGSTT2 was the first bacterial Gtt2 characterized, in which residues Ser11 and Thr9 coordinated a water molecule as part of a catalytic mechanism that was characteristic of yeast GTT2. The GTT2 family has been shown to provide protection against metal toxicity; in some cases, excess heavy metals appear in shrimp ponds presenting AHPND/EMS. Further studies may address whether GTT2 in V. parahaemolyticus pathogenic strains may provide a competitive advantage as a novel detoxification mechanism.
Collapse
|
3
|
Daneshian L, Schlachter C, Timmers LFSM, Radford T, Kapingidza B, Dias T, Liese J, Sperotto RA, Grbic V, Grbic M, Chruszcz M. Delta class glutathione S-transferase (TuGSTd01) from the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae is inhibited by abamectin. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 176:104873. [PMID: 34119218 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
GSTs (Glutathione S-transferases) are known to catalyze the nucleophilic attack of the sulfhydryl group of reduced glutathione (GSH) on electrophilic centers of xenobiotic compounds, including insecticides and acaricides. Genome analyses of the polyphagous spider mite herbivore Tetranychus urticae (two-spotted spider mite) revealed the presence of a set of 32 genes that code for secreted proteins belonging to the GST family of enzymes. To better understand the role of these proteins in T. urticae, we have functionally characterized TuGSTd01. Moreover, we have modeled the structure of the enzyme in apo form, as well as in the form with bound inhibitor. We demonstrated that this protein is a glutathione S-transferase that can conjugate glutathione to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). We have tested TuGSTd01 activity with a range of potential substrates such as cinnamic acid, cumene hydroperoxide, and allyl isothiocyanate; however, the enzyme was unable to process these compounds. Using mutagenesis, we showed that putative active site variants S11A, E66A, S67A, and R68A mutants, which were residues predicted to interact directly with GSH, have no measurable activity, and these residues are required for the enzymatic activity of TuGSTd01. There are several reports that associate some T. urticae acaricide resistance with increased activity of GSTs . However, we found that TuGSTd01 is not able to detoxify abamectin; in fact, the acaricide inhibits the enzyme with Ki = 101 μM. Therefore, we suggest that the increased GST activity observed in abamectin resistant T. urticae field populations is a part of the compensatory feedback loop. In this case, the increased production of GSTs and relatively high concentration of GSH in cells allow GSTs to maintain physiological functions despite the presence of the acaricide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leily Daneshian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Caleb Schlachter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | - Taylor Radford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Brenda Kapingidza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Travis Dias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Jana Liese
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Raul Antonio Sperotto
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Taquari Valley - Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vojislava Grbic
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada; The University of La Rioja, Logrono, Spain
| | - Miodrag Grbic
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada; The University of La Rioja, Logrono, Spain
| | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Valenzuela-Chavira I, Contreras-Vergara CA, Arvizu-Flores AA, Serrano-Posada H, Lopez-Zavala AA, García-Orozco KD, Hernandez-Paredes J, Rudiño-Piñera E, Stojanoff V, Sotelo-Mundo RR, Islas-Osuna MA. Insights into ligand binding to a glutathione S-transferase from mango: Structure, thermodynamics and kinetics. Biochimie 2017; 135:35-45. [PMID: 28104507 PMCID: PMC5346462 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We studied a mango glutathione S-transferase (GST) (Mangifera indica) bound to glutathione (GSH) and S-hexyl glutathione (GSX). This GST Tau class (MiGSTU) had a molecular mass of 25.5 kDa. MiGSTU Michaelis-Menten kinetic constants were determined for their substrates obtaining a Km, Vmax and kcat for CDNB of 0.792 mM, 80.58 mM min-1 and 68.49 s-1 respectively and 0.693 mM, 105.32 mM min-1 and 89.57 s-1, for reduced GSH respectively. MiGSTU had a micromolar affinity towards GSH (5.2 μM) or GSX (7.8 μM). The crystal structure of the MiGSTU in apo or bound to GSH or GSX generated a model that explains the thermodynamic signatures of binding and showed the importance of enthalpic-entropic compensation in ligand binding to Tau-class GST enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Valenzuela-Chavira
- Laboratorio de Estructura Biomolecular, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico; Laboratorio de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - Carmen A Contreras-Vergara
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Aldo A Arvizu-Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - Hugo Serrano-Posada
- CONACyT, Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Universidad de Colima, Coquimatlán, Colima 28629, Mexico
| | - Alonso A Lopez-Zavala
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - Karina D García-Orozco
- Laboratorio de Estructura Biomolecular, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | | | - Enrique Rudiño-Piñera
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología (IBT), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Vivian Stojanoff
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Photon Science Directorate, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Rogerio R Sotelo-Mundo
- Laboratorio de Estructura Biomolecular, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Maria A Islas-Osuna
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Asn112 in Plasmodium falciparum glutathione S-transferase is essential for induced reversible tetramerization by phosphate or pyrophosphate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:1427-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|