1
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Sobrado P. Role of reduced flavin in dehalogenation reactions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 697:108696. [PMID: 33245912 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Halogenated organic compounds are extensively used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Several naturally occurring halogen-containing natural products are also produced, mainly by marine organisms. These compounds accumulate in the environment due to their chemical stability and lack of biological pathways for their degradation. However, a few enzymes have been identified that perform dehalogenation reactions in specific biological pathways and others have been identified to have secondary activities toward halogenated compounds. Various mechanisms for dehalogenation of I, Cl, Br, and F containing compounds have been elucidated. These have been grouped into reductive, oxidative, and hydrolytic mechanisms. Flavin-dependent enzymes have been shown to catalyze oxidative dehalogenation reactions utilizing the C4a-hydroperoxyflavin intermediate. In addition, flavoenzymes perform reductive dehalogenation, forming transient flavin semiquinones. Recently, flavin-dependent enzymes have also been shown to perform dehalogenation reactions where the reduced form of the flavin produces a covalent intermediate. Here, recent studies on the reactions of flavoenzymes in dehalogenation reactions, with a focus on covalent catalytic dehalogenation mechanisms, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sobrado
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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2
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Chen L, Li J, Yang G. A comparative review of intelectins. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12882. [PMID: 32243627 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intelectin (ITLN) is a new type of glycan-binding lectin. It has been demonstrated to agglutinate bacteria probably due to its carbohydrate-binding capacity, suggesting its role in an innate immune response. It is involved not only in many physiological processes but also in some human diseases such as asthma, heart disease, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer. Up to now, intelectin orthologs have been identified in placozoans, urochordatas, cephalochordates and several vertebrates, such as cyclostomata, fish, amphibians and mammals. Although the sequences of intelectins in different species are conserved, their expression patterns, quaternary structures and functions differ considerably among and within species. We summarize the evolution of the intelectin gene family, the tissue distribution, structure and functions of intelectins. We conclude that intelectin plays a role in innate immune response and there are still potential functions of intelectin awaiting discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinyi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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3
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Winton VJ, Justen AM, Deng H, Kiessling LL. Deleterious Consequences of UDP-Galactopyranose Mutase Inhibition for Nematodes. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2354-2361. [PMID: 28732158 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes pose a serious threat to agriculture, livestock, and human health. Increasing resistance to antiparasitic agents underscores the need to replenish our anthelmintic arsenal. The nonpathogenic Caenorhabditis elegans, which serves as an effective model of parasitic helminths, has been used to search for new anthelmintic leads. We previously reported small-molecule inhibitors of the essential C. elegans protein UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM or Glf). This enzyme is required for the generation of galactofuranose (Galf)-containing glycans and is needed in nematodes for proper cuticle formation. Though our first-generation inhibitors were effective in vitro, they elicited no phenotypic effects. These findings are consistent with the known difficulty of targeting nematodes. C. elegans is recalcitrant to pharmacological modulation; typically, less than 0.02% of small molecules elicit a phenotypic effect, even at 40 μM. We postulated that the lack of activity of the UGM inhibitors was due to their carboxylic acid group, which can be exploited by nematodes for detoxification. We therefore tested whether replacement of the carboxylate with an N-acylsulfonamide surrogate would result in active compounds. UGM inhibitors with the carboxylate mimetic can phenocopy the deleterious consequences of UGM depletion in C. elegans. These findings support the use of UGM inhibitors as anthelmintic agents. They also outline a strategy to render small-molecule carboxylates more effective against nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J. Winton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Alexander M. Justen
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1544, United States
| | - Helen Deng
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1544, United States
| | - Laura L. Kiessling
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1544, United States
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4
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Wangkanont K, Winton VJ, Forest KT, Kiessling LL. Conformational Control of UDP-Galactopyranose Mutase Inhibition. Biochemistry 2017; 56:3983-3992. [PMID: 28608671 PMCID: PMC5739916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
UDP-galactopyranose mutase (Glf or UGM) catalyzes the formation of uridine 5'-diphosphate-α-d-galactofuranose (UDP-Galf) from UDP-galactopyranose (UDP-Galp). The enzyme is required for the production of Galf-containing glycans. UGM is absent in mammals, but members of the Corynebacterineae suborder require UGM for cell envelope biosynthesis. The need for UGM in some pathogens has prompted the search for inhibitors that could serve as antibiotic leads. Optimizing inhibitor potency, however, has been challenging. The UGM from Klebsiella pneumoniae (KpUGM), which is not required for viability, is more effectively impeded by small-molecule inhibitors than are essential UGMs from species such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Why KpUGM is more susceptible to inhibition than other orthologs is not clear. One potential source of difference is UGM ortholog conformation. We previously determined a structure of CdUGM bound to a triazolothiadiazine inhibitor in the open form, but it was unclear whether the small-molecule inhibitor bound this form or to the closed form. By varying the terminal tag (CdUGM-His6 and GSG-CdUGM), we crystallized CdUGM to capture the enzyme in different conformations. These structures reveal a pocket in the active site that can be exploited to augment inhibitor affinity. Moreover, they suggest the inhibitor binds the open form of most prokaryotic UGMs but can bind the closed form of KpUGM. This model and the structures suggest strategies for optimizing inhibitor potency by exploiting UGM conformational flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittikhun Wangkanont
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Valerie J. Winton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Katrina T. Forest
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA,Department of Bacteriology University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA,Corresponding authors: Katrina T. Forest (Tel. 608-265-3566, ) and Laura L. Kiessling (Tel. 608-262-0541, )
| | - Laura L. Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA,Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA,Corresponding authors: Katrina T. Forest (Tel. 608-265-3566, ) and Laura L. Kiessling (Tel. 608-262-0541, )
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5
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Villaume SA, Fu J, N'Go I, Liang H, Lou H, Kremer L, Pan W, Vincent SP. Natural and Synthetic Flavonoids as Potent
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
UGM Inhibitors. Chemistry 2017; 23:10423-10429. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sydney A. Villaume
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Namur Rue de Bruxelles 61 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Jian Fu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Namur Rue de Bruxelles 61 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Inès N'Go
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Namur Rue de Bruxelles 61 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Hui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal PlantsGuizhou Medical University 3491 Baijin Road Guiyang 550014 P. R. China
| | - Huayong Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal PlantsGuizhou Medical University 3491 Baijin Road Guiyang 550014 P. R. China
| | - Laurent Kremer
- IRIM (ex-CPBS)-UMR 9004Infectious Disease Research Institute of Montpellier (IDRIM)Université de Montpellier, CNRS 34293 Montpellier France
- INSERMIRIM 34293 Montpellier France
| | - Weidong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal PlantsGuizhou Medical University 3491 Baijin Road Guiyang 550014 P. R. China
| | - Stéphane P. Vincent
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Namur Rue de Bruxelles 61 5000 Namur Belgium
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6
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Deciphering the sugar biosynthetic pathway and tailoring steps of nucleoside antibiotic A201A unveils a GDP-l-galactose mutase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4948-4953. [PMID: 28438999 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620191114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactose, a monosaccharide capable of assuming two possible configurational isomers (d-/l-), can exist as a six-membered ring, galactopyranose (Galp), or as a five-membered ring, galactofuranose (Galf). UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM) mediates the conversion of pyranose to furanose thereby providing a precursor for d-Galf Moreover, UGM is critical to the virulence of numerous eukaryotic and prokaryotic human pathogens and thus represents an excellent antimicrobial drug target. However, the biosynthetic mechanism and relevant enzymes that drive l-Galf production have not yet been characterized. Herein we report that efforts to decipher the sugar biosynthetic pathway and tailoring steps en route to nucleoside antibiotic A201A led to the discovery of a GDP-l-galactose mutase, MtdL. Systematic inactivation of 18 of the 33 biosynthetic genes in the A201A cluster and elucidation of 10 congeners, coupled with feeding and in vitro biochemical experiments, enabled us to: (i) decipher the unique enzyme, GDP-l-galactose mutase associated with production of two unique d-mannose-derived sugars, and (ii) assign two glycosyltransferases, four methyltransferases, and one desaturase that regiospecifically tailor the A201A scaffold and display relaxed substrate specificities. Taken together, these data provide important insight into the origin of l-Galf-containing natural product biosynthetic pathways with likely ramifications in other organisms and possible antimicrobial drug targeting strategies.
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7
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Abstract
Bioinformatic analysis can not only accelerate drug target identification and drug candidate screening and refinement, but also facilitate characterization of side effects and predict drug resistance. High-throughput data such as genomic, epigenetic, genome architecture, cistromic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and ribosome profiling data have all made significant contribution to mechanismbased drug discovery and drug repurposing. Accumulation of protein and RNA structures, as well as development of homology modeling and protein structure simulation, coupled with large structure databases of small molecules and metabolites, paved the way for more realistic protein-ligand docking experiments and more informative virtual screening. I present the conceptual framework that drives the collection of these high-throughput data, summarize the utility and potential of mining these data in drug discovery, outline a few inherent limitations in data and software mining these data, point out news ways to refine analysis of these diverse types of data, and highlight commonly used software and databases relevant to drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Xia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
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8
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Wesener DA, Levengood MR, Kiessling LL. Comparing Galactan Biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:2944-2955. [PMID: 28039359 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.759340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The suborder Corynebacterineae encompasses species like Corynebacterium glutamicum, which has been harnessed for industrial production of amino acids, as well as Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which cause devastating human diseases. A distinctive component of the Corynebacterineae cell envelope is the mycolyl-arabinogalactan (mAG) complex. The mAG is composed of lipid mycolic acids, and arabinofuranose (Araf) and galactofuranose (Galf) carbohydrate residues. Elucidating microbe-specific differences in mAG composition could advance biotechnological applications and lead to new antimicrobial targets. To this end, we compare and contrast galactan biosynthesis in C. diphtheriae and M. tuberculosis In each species, the galactan is constructed from uridine 5'-diphosphate-α-d-galactofuranose (UDP-Galf), which is generated by the enzyme UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM or Glf). UGM and the galactan are essential in M. tuberculosis, but their importance in Corynebacterium species was not known. We show that small molecule inhibitors of UGM impede C. glutamicum growth, suggesting that the galactan is critical in corynebacteria. Previous cell wall analysis data suggest the galactan polymer is longer in mycobacterial species than corynebacterial species. To explore the source of galactan length variation, a C. diphtheriae ortholog of the M. tuberculosis carbohydrate polymerase responsible for the bulk of galactan polymerization, GlfT2, was produced, and its catalytic activity was evaluated. The C. diphtheriae GlfT2 gave rise to shorter polysaccharides than those obtained with the M. tuberculosis GlfT2. These data suggest that GlfT2 alone can influence galactan length. Our results provide tools, both small molecule and genetic, for probing and perturbing the assembly of the Corynebacterineae cell envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew R Levengood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Laura L Kiessling
- From the Department of Biochemistry and .,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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9
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Misra S, Valicherla GR, Mohd Shahab, Gupta J, Gayen JR, Misra-Bhattacharya S. UDP-galactopyranose mutase, a potential drug target against human pathogenic nematodeBrugia malayi. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw072. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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10
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Mehra-Chaudhary R, Dai Y, Sobrado P, Tanner JJ. In Crystallo Capture of a Covalent Intermediate in the UDP-Galactopyranose Mutase Reaction. Biochemistry 2016; 55:833-6. [PMID: 26836146 PMCID: PMC4819441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM)
plays an essential role in galactofuranose
biosynthesis in pathogens by catalyzing the conversion of UDP-galactopyranose
to UDP-galactofuranose. Here we report the first crystal structure
of a covalent intermediate in the UGM reaction. The 2.3 Å resolution
structure reveals UDP bound in the active site and galactopyranose
linked to the FAD through a covalent bond between the anomeric C of
galactopyranose and N5 of the FAD. The structure confirms the role
of the flavin as nucleophile and supports the hypothesis that the
proton destined for O5 of galactofuranose is shuttled from N5 of the
FAD via O4 of the FAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritcha Mehra-Chaudhary
- Structural Biology Core, University of Missouri-Columbia , Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Yumin Dai
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Pablo Sobrado
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - John J Tanner
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia , Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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11
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Kincaid VA, London N, Wangkanont K, Wesener DA, Marcus SA, Héroux A, Nedyalkova L, Talaat AM, Forest KT, Shoichet BK, Kiessling LL. Virtual Screening for UDP-Galactopyranose Mutase Ligands Identifies a New Class of Antimycobacterial Agents. ACS Chem Biol 2015. [PMID: 26214585 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Galactofuranose (Galf) is present in glycans critical for the virulence and viability of several pathogenic microbes, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, yet the monosaccharide is absent from mammalian glycans. Uridine 5'-diphosphate-galactopyranose mutase (UGM) catalyzes the formation of UDP-Galf, which is required to produce Galf-containing glycoconjugates. Inhibitors of UGM have therefore been sought, both as antimicrobial leads and as tools to delineate the roles of Galf in cells. Obtaining cell permeable UGM probes by either design or high throughput screens has been difficult, as has elucidating how UGM binds small molecule, noncarbohydrate inhibitors. To address these issues, we employed structure-based virtual screening to uncover new inhibitor chemotypes, including a triazolothiadiazine series. These compounds are among the most potent antimycobacterial UGM inhibitors described. They also facilitated determination of a UGM-small molecule inhibitor structure, which can guide optimization. A comparison of results from the computational screen and a high-throughput fluorescence polarization (FP) screen indicated that the scaffold hits from the former had been evaluated in the FP screen but missed. By focusing on promising compounds, the virtual screen rescued false negatives, providing a blueprint for generating new UGM probes and therapeutic leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia A. Kincaid
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nir London
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Kittikhun Wangkanont
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Darryl A. Wesener
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sarah A. Marcus
- Department
of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Annie Héroux
- Photon
Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratories, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Lyudmila Nedyalkova
- Ontario Institute
of Cancer Research and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adel M. Talaat
- Department
of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Katrina T. Forest
- Department
of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Brian K. Shoichet
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Ontario Institute
of Cancer Research and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Laura L. Kiessling
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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12
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Wesener DA, Wangkanont K, McBride R, Song X, Kraft MB, Hodges HL, Zarling LC, Splain RA, Smith DF, Cummings RD, Paulson JC, Forest KT, Kiessling LL. Recognition of microbial glycans by human intelectin-1. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2015; 22:603-10. [PMID: 26148048 PMCID: PMC4526365 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The glycans displayed on mammalian cells can differ markedly from those on microbes. Such differences could, in principle, be 'read' by carbohydrate-binding proteins, or lectins. We used glycan microarrays to show that human intelectin-1 (hIntL-1) does not bind known human glycan epitopes but does interact with multiple glycan epitopes found exclusively on microbes: β-linked D-galactofuranose (β-Galf), D-phosphoglycerol-modified glycans, heptoses, D-glycero-D-talo-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KO) and 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KDO). The 1.6-Å-resolution crystal structure of hIntL-1 complexed with β-Galf revealed that hIntL-1 uses a bound calcium ion to coordinate terminal exocyclic 1,2-diols. N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), a sialic acid widespread in human glycans, has an exocyclic 1,2-diol but does not bind hIntL-1, probably owing to unfavorable steric and electronic effects. hIntL-1 marks only Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes that display surface glycans with terminal 1,2-diol groups. This ligand selectivity suggests that hIntL-1 functions in microbial surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl A Wesener
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kittikhun Wangkanont
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ryan McBride
- 1] Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xuezheng Song
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. [2] Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew B Kraft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Heather L Hodges
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lucas C Zarling
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rebecca A Splain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David F Smith
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. [2] Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. [2] Glycomics Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- 1] Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Katrina T Forest
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Laura L Kiessling
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. [2] Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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13
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Eppe G, El Bkassiny S, Vincent SP. Galactofuranose Biosynthesis: Discovery, Mechanisms and Therapeutic Relevance. CARBOHYDRATES IN DRUG DESIGN AND DISCOVERY 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849739993-00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Galactofuranose, the atypical and thermodynamically disfavored form of d-galactose, has in reality a very old history in chemistry and biochemistry. The purpose of this book chapter is to give an overview on the fundamental aspects of the galactofuranose biosynthesis, from the biological occurrence to the search of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Eppe
- University of Namur, Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique rue de Bruxelles 61 B-5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Sandy El Bkassiny
- University of Namur, Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique rue de Bruxelles 61 B-5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Stéphane P. Vincent
- University of Namur, Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique rue de Bruxelles 61 B-5000 Namur Belgium
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14
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Kuppala R, Borrelli S, Slowski K, Sanders DAR, Ravindranathan Kartha KP, Pinto BM. Synthesis and biological evaluation of nonionic substrate mimics of UDP-Galp as candidate inhibitors of UDP galactopyranose mutase (UGM). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1995-7. [PMID: 25819094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 1-[5-O-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-glucityl]pyrimidine-2,4(3H)-dione and 1-[(5-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-glucityl]pyrimidine-2,4(3H)-dione as non-ionic substrate mimics of UDP-Galp are described. UDP-Galp is a precursor of Galf, which is a primary component of the cell-wall glycans of several microorganisms. The interconversion of UDP-Galp and UDP-Galf is catalyzed by UDP galactopyranose mutase (UGM); its inhibition comprises a mode of compromising the microorganisms. The nonionic polyhydroxylated chain was intended to mimic the ionic pyrophosphate group and the ribose moiety in UDP-Galp and increase the bioavailabilities of the candidate inhibitors. Inhibition assays with UGM of Mycobacterium tuberculosis showed only weak inhibition of the enzyme by these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna Kuppala
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Silvia Borrelli
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Kathryn Slowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - David A R Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - K P Ravindranathan Kartha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - B Mario Pinto
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Lo Fiego MJ, Marino C, Varela O. Synthesis of galactofuranosyl-(1 → 5)-thiodisaccharide glycomimetics as inhibitors of a β-d-galactofuranosidase. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06899a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Description of the synthesis, molecular modeling and inhibitory properties of furanosyl thiodisaccharides that are mimetics of the motif β-d-Galf-(1 → 5)-d-Galf, found in glycoconjugates of pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos J. Lo Fiego
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET-UBA
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Argentina
| | - Carla Marino
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET-UBA
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Argentina
| | - Oscar Varela
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET-UBA
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Argentina
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Tilve MJ, Gallo-Rodriguez C. Conformationally restricted 3,5-O-(di-tert-butylsilylene)-d-galactofuranosyl thioglycoside donor for 1,2-cis α-d-galactofuranosylation. Carbohydr Res 2014; 397:7-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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17
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El Bkassiny S, N'Go I, Sevrain CM, Tikad A, Vincent SP. Synthesis of a novel UDP-carbasugar as UDP-galactopyranose mutase inhibitor. Org Lett 2014; 16:2462-5. [PMID: 24746099 DOI: 10.1021/ol500848q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The multistep synthesis of a novel UDP-C-cyclohexene, designed as a high energy intermediate analogue of the UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM) catalyzed isomerization reaction, is reported. The synthesis of the central carbasugar involved the preparation of a galactitol derivative bearing two olefins necessary for the construction of the cyclohexene ring by a ring-closing metathesis as a key step. Further successive phosphonylation, deprotection, and UMP coupling provided the target molecule. The final molecule was assayed against UGM and compared with UDP-C-Galf, the C-glycosidic UGM substrate analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy El Bkassiny
- University of Namur , Département de Chimie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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Guillotin L, Lafite P, Daniellou R. Unraveling the substrate recognition mechanism and specificity of the unusual glycosyl hydrolase family 29 BT2192 from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Biochemistry 2014; 53:1447-55. [PMID: 24527659 DOI: 10.1021/bi400951q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 29 (CAZy database) consists of retaining α-l-fucosidases. We have identified BT2192, a protein from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, as the first GH29 representative exhibiting both weak α-l-fucosidase and β-d-galactosidase activities. Determination and analysis of X-ray structures of BT2192 in complex with β-d-galactoside competitive inhibitors showed a new binding mode different from that of known GH29 enzymes. Three point mutations, specific to BT2192, prevent the canonical GH29 substrate α-l-fucose from binding efficiently to the fucosidase-like active site relative to other GH29 enzymes. β-d-Galactoside analogues bind and interact in a second pocket, which is not visible in other reported GH29 structures. Molecular simulations helped in the assessment of the flexibility of both substrates in their respective pocket. Hydrolysis of the fucosyl moiety from the putative natural substrates like 3-fucosyllactose or Lewis(X) antigen would be mainly due to the efficient interactions with the galactosyl moiety, in the second binding site, located more than 6-7 Å apart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Guillotin
- Université Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311 , F-45067 Orleans, France
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Fonseca IO, Kizjakina K, Sobrado P. UDP-galactopyranose mutases from Leishmania species that cause visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 538:103-10. [PMID: 24012809 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne, neglected tropical disease caused by parasites from the genus Leishmania. Galactofuranose (Galf) is found on the cell surface of Leishmania parasites and is important for virulence. The flavoenzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of UDP-galactopyranose to UDP-Galf, UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM), is a validated drug target in protozoan parasites. UGMs from L. mexicana and L. infantum were recombinantly expressed, purified, and characterized. The isolated enzymes contained tightly bound flavin cofactor and were active only in the reduced form. NADPH is the preferred redox partner for both enzymes. A kcat value of 6 ± 0.4s(-1) and a Km value of 252 ± 42 μM were determined for L. infantum UGM. For L. mexicana UGM, these values were ∼4-times lower. Binding of UDP-Galp is enhanced 10-20 fold in the reduced form of the enzymes. Changes in the spectra of the reduced flavin upon interaction with the substrate are consistent with formation of a flavin-iminium ion intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel O Fonseca
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States; Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
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