1
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Wang Z, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Lu Y. Roles of alcohol dehydrogenase 1 in the biological activities of Candida albicans. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38916139 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2024.2371510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Candida albicans stands as the foremost prevalent human commensal pathogen and a significant contributor to nosocomial fungal infections. In the metabolism of C. albicans, alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (Adh1) is one of the important enzymes that converts acetaldehyde produced by pyruvate decarboxylation into ethanol at the end of glycolysis. Leveraging the foundational processes of alcoholic fermentation, Adh1 plays an active role in multiple biological phenomena, including biofilm formation, interactions between different species, the development of drug resistance, and the potential initiation of gastrointestinal cancer. Additionally, Adh1 within C. albicans has demonstrated associations with regulating the cell cycle, stress responses, and various intracellular states. Furthermore, Adh1 is extracellularly localized on the cell wall surface, where it plays roles in processes such as tissue invasion and host immune responses. Drawing from an analysis of ADH1 gene structure, expression patterns, and fundamental functions, this review elucidates the intricate connections between Adh1 and various biological processes within C. albicans, underscoring its potential implications for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoying Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Herrera SA, Günther Pomorski T. Reconstitution of ATP-dependent lipid transporters: gaining insight into molecular characteristics, regulation, and mechanisms. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:BSR20221268. [PMID: 37417269 PMCID: PMC10412526 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20221268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid transporters play a crucial role in supporting essential cellular processes such as organelle assembly, vesicular trafficking, and lipid homeostasis by driving lipid transport across membranes. Cryo-electron microscopy has recently resolved the structures of several ATP-dependent lipid transporters, but functional characterization remains a major challenge. Although studies of detergent-purified proteins have advanced our understanding of these transporters, in vitro evidence for lipid transport is still limited to a few ATP-dependent lipid transporters. Reconstitution into model membranes, such as liposomes, is a suitable approach to study lipid transporters in vitro and to investigate their key molecular features. In this review, we discuss the current approaches for reconstituting ATP-driven lipid transporters into large liposomes and common techniques used to study lipid transport in proteoliposomes. We also highlight the existing knowledge on the regulatory mechanisms that modulate the activity of lipid transporters, and finally, we address the limitations of the current approaches and future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abad Herrera
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Günther Pomorski
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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3
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Shukla S, Baumgart T. Enzymatic trans-bilayer lipid transport: Mechanisms, efficiencies, slippage, and membrane curvature. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183534. [PMID: 33340491 PMCID: PMC8351443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic plasma membrane's lipid composition is found to be ubiquitously asymmetric comparing inner and outer leaflets. This membrane lipid asymmetry plays a crucial role in diverse cellular processes critical for cell survival. A specialized set of transmembrane proteins called translocases, or flippases, have evolved to maintain this membrane lipid asymmetry in an energy-dependent manner. One potential consequence of local variations in membrane lipid asymmetry is membrane remodeling, which is essential for cellular processes such as intracellular trafficking. Recently, there has been a surge in the identification and characterization of flippases, which has significantly advanced the understanding of their functional mechanisms. Furthermore, there are intriguing possibilities for a coupling between membrane curvature and flippase activity. In this review we highlight studies that link membrane shape and remodeling to differential stresses generated by the activity of lipid flippases with an emphasis on data obtained through model membrane systems. We review the common mechanistic models of flippase-mediated lipid flipping and discuss common techniques used to test lipid flippase activity. We then compare the existing data on lipid translocation rates by flippases and conclude with potential future directions for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankalp Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Tobias Baumgart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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4
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Rizzo J, Stanchev LD, da Silva VK, Nimrichter L, Pomorski TG, Rodrigues ML. Role of lipid transporters in fungal physiology and pathogenicity. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:1278-1289. [PMID: 31921394 PMCID: PMC6944739 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall and membrane are the most common targets of antifungal agents, but the potential of membrane lipid organization in regulating drug-target interactions has yet to be investigated. Energy-dependent lipid transporters have been recently associated with virulence and drug resistance in many pathogenic fungi. To illustrate this view, we discuss (i) the structural and biological aspects of ATP-driven lipid transporters, comprising P-type ATPases and ATP-binding cassette transporters, (ii) the role of these transporters in fungal physiology and virulence, and (iii) the potential of lipid transporters as targets for the development of novel antifungals. These recent observations indicate that the lipid-trafficking machinery in fungi is a promising target for studies on physiology, pathogenesis and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Rizzo
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lyubomir Dimitrov Stanchev
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C,Denmark
| | - Vanessa K.A. da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thomas Günther Pomorski
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C,Denmark
| | - Marcio L. Rodrigues
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil
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5
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Wagner M, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. In vitro NTPase activity of highly purified Pdr5, a major yeast ABC multidrug transporter. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7761. [PMID: 31123301 PMCID: PMC6533308 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ABC transporter Pdr5 of S. cerevisiae is a key player of the PDR network that works as a first line of defense against a wide range of xenobiotic compounds. As the first discovered member of the family of asymmetric PDR ABC transporters, extensive studies have been carried out to elucidate the molecular mechanism of drug efflux and the details of the catalytic cycle. Pdr5 turned out to be an excellent model system to study functional and structural characteristics of asymmetric, uncoupled ABC transporters. However, to date studies have been limited to in vivo or plasma membrane systems, as it was not possible to isolate Pdr5 in a functional state. Here, we describe the solubilization and purification of Pdr5 to homogeneity in a functional state as confirmed by in vitro assays. The ATPase deficient Pdr5 E1036Q mutant was used as a control and proves that detergent-purified wild-type Pdr5 is functional resembling in its activity the one in its physiological environment. Finally, we show that the isolated active Pdr5 is monomeric in solution. Taken together, our results described in this study will enable a variety of functional investigations on Pdr5 required to determine molecular mechanism of this asymmetric ABC transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Wagner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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6
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Abstract
Rhodopsin has been intensively characterized in its role as a visual pigment and G protein-coupled receptor responsible for dim-light vision. We recently discovered that it also functions as an ATP-independent phospholipid scramblase: when reconstituted into large unilamellar vesicles, rhodopsin accelerates the normally sluggish transbilayer translocation of common phospholipids by more than 1000-fold, to rates in excess of 10 000 phospholipids transported per rhodopsin per second. Here we summarize the work leading to this discovery and speculate on the mechanism by which rhodopsin scrambles phospholipids. We also present a hypothesis that rhodopsin's scramblase activity is necessary for the function of the ABC transporter ABCA4 that is responsible for mitigating the toxic accumulation of 11-cis-retinal and bis-retinoids in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P Ernst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8 and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8.
| | - Anant K Menon
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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7
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Abstract
In the light of multidrug resistance (MDR) among pathogenic microbes and cancer cells, membrane transporters have gained profound clinical significance. Chemotherapeutic failure, by far, has been attributed mainly to the robust and diverse array of these proteins, which are omnipresent in every stratum of the living world. Candida albicans, one of the major fungal pathogens affecting immunocompromised patients, also develops MDR during the course of chemotherapy. The pivotal membrane transporters that C. albicans has exploited as one of the strategies to develop MDR belongs to either the ATP binding cassette (ABC) or the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) class of proteins. The ABC transporter Candida drug resistance 1 protein (Cdr1p) is a major player among these transporters that enables the pathogen to outplay the battery of antifungals encountered by it. The promiscuous Cdr1 protein fulfills the quintessential need of a model to study molecular mechanisms of multidrug transporter regulation and structure-function analyses of asymmetric ABC transporters. In this review, we cover the highlights of two decades of research on Cdr1p that has provided a platform to study its structure-function relationships and regulatory circuitry for a better understanding of MDR not only in yeast but also in other organisms.
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8
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Cannon R, Holmes A. Learning the ABC of oral fungal drug resistance. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 30:425-37. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R.D. Cannon
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - A.R. Holmes
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
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9
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Structure and mechanism of ATP-dependent phospholipid transporters. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:461-75. [PMID: 24746984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and P4-ATPases are two large and seemingly unrelated families of primary active pumps involved in moving phospholipids from one leaflet of a biological membrane to the other. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review aims to identify common mechanistic features in the way phospholipid flipping is carried out by two evolutionarily unrelated families of transporters. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Both protein families hydrolyze ATP, although they employ different mechanisms to use it, and have a comparable size with twelve transmembrane segments in the functional unit. Further, despite differences in overall architecture, both appear to operate by an alternating access mechanism and during transport they might allow access of phospholipids to the internal part of the transmembrane domain. The latter feature is obvious for ABC transporters, but phospholipids and other hydrophobic molecules have also been found embedded in P-type ATPase crystal structures. Taken together, in two diverse groups of pumps, nature appears to have evolved quite similar ways of flipping phospholipids. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our understanding of the structural basis for phospholipid flipping is still limited but it seems plausible that a general mechanism for phospholipid flipping exists in nature. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Structural biochemistry and biophysics of membrane proteins.
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10
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Zhang X, Guo H, Gao L, Song Y, Li S, Zhang H. Molecular mechanisms underlying the tetrandrine-mediated reversal of the fluconazole resistance of Candida albicans. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:749-752. [PMID: 23527892 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.764537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Our previous study demonstrated that tetrandrine (TET) could reverse the resistance of Candida albicans to fluconazole. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying this action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) was performed to compare the expression levels of the drug resistance genes CDR1, CDR2, MDR1, FLU1 and ERG11 in fluconazole-sensitive CA-3 and resistant CA-16 cells that were either treated with FLC and/or TET or left as untreated controls. In addition, intracellular ATP levels were measured using an ATP assay kit, and the expression level of the energy metabolism gene ADH1 was measured by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Compared with FLC/TET-free conditions, FLC + TET treatment strains showed statistically different (p < 0.05) expression of CDR1 and CDR2 (increased in the FLC-sensitive strains, while decreased in the FLC-resistant strains), MDR1 (increased in the FLC-resistant strains), FLU1 and ERG11 (increased in the FLC-sensitive strains), ADH1 (decreased in both the FLC-sensitive and the FLC-resistant strains). And also, the FLC + TET treatment decreased the intracellular ATP levels in both the FLC-sensitive and the FLC-resistant strains (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These results suggest that changes in the expression levels of the drug resistance genes CDR1 and CDR2, the cellular ATP supply and the expression level of the energy metabolism gene ADH1 contribute to the TET-mediated reversal of the fluconazole resistance of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Mycology of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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11
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Buschart A, Burakowska A, Bilitewski U. The fungicide fludioxonil antagonizes fluconazole activity in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:1696-1703. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.050963-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Buschart
- Biological Systems Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anna Burakowska
- Biological Systems Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ursula Bilitewski
- Biological Systems Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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12
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Wang L, Jia Y, Tang RJ, Xu Z, Cao YB, Jia XM, Jiang YY. Proteomic analysis of Rta2p-dependent raft-association of detergent-resistant membranes in Candida albicans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37768. [PMID: 22662216 PMCID: PMC3360622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Candida albicans, lipid rafts (also called detergent-resistant membranes, DRMs) are involved in many cellular processes and contain many important proteins. In our previous study, we demonstrated that Rta2p was required for calcineurin-mediated azole resistance and sphingoid long-chain base release in C. albicans. Here, we found that Rta2p was co-localized with raft-constituted ergosterol on the plasma membrane of C. albicans. Furthermore, this membrane expression pattern was totally disturbed by inhibitors of either ergosterol or sphingolipid synthesis. Biochemical fractionation of DRMs together with immunoblot uncovered that Rta2p, along with well-known DRM-associated proteins (Pma1p and Gas1p homologue), was associated with DRMs and their associations were blocked by inhibitors of either ergosterol or sphingolipid synthesis. Finally, we used the proteomic analysis together with immunoblot and identified that Rta2p was required for the association of 10 proteins with DRMs. These 5 proteins (Pma1p, Gas1p homologue, Erg11p, Pmt2p and Ali1p) have been reported to be DRM-associated and also that Erg11p is a well-known target of azoles in C. albicans. In conclusion, our results showed that Rta2p was predominantly localized in lipid rafts and was required for the association of certain membrane proteins with lipid rafts in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ren-Jie Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Bing Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Ming Jia
- Department of Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (X-MJ); (Y-YJ)
| | - Yuan-Ying Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (X-MJ); (Y-YJ)
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13
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Snell SB, Foster TH, Haidaris CG. Miconazole induces fungistasis and increases killing of Candida albicans subjected to photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 88:596-603. [PMID: 22077904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.01039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous and mucocutaneous Candida infections are considered to be important targets for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT). Clinical application of antimicrobial PDT will require strategies that enhance microbial killing while minimizing damage to host tissue. Increasing the sensitivity of infectious agents to PDT will help achieve this goal. Our previous studies demonstrated that raising the level of oxidative stress in Candida by interfering with fungal respiration increased the efficiency of PDT. Therefore, we sought to identify compounds in clinical use that would augment the oxidative stress caused by PDT by contributing to reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation themselves. Based on the ability of the antifungal miconazole to induce ROS in Candida, we tested several azole antifungals for their ability to augment PDT in vitro. Although miconazole and ketoconazole both stimulated ROS production in Candida albicans, only miconazole enhanced the killing of C. albicans and induced prolonged fungistasis in organisms that survived PDT using the porphyrin TMP-1363 and the phenothiazine methylene blue as photosensitizers. The data suggest that miconazole could be used to increase the efficacy of PDT against C. albicans, and its mechanism of action is likely to be multifactorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B Snell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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14
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Sharom FJ. Flipping and flopping--lipids on the move. IUBMB Life 2011; 63:736-46. [PMID: 21793163 DOI: 10.1002/iub.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The rapid movement of polar lipids from one membrane leaflet to the other is facilitated by lipid flippases or translocases. Although their activity was first observed over 30 years ago, the structures, physiological roles, and molecular mechanisms of this group of proteins remain enigmatic. Lipid flippases maintain membrane lipid asymmetry, and in eukaryotes they are also intimately involved in membrane budding and vesicle trafficking. The ATP-dependent flippases are members of well-characterized protein families, whose other members transport nonlipid substrates across cell membranes. The P(4)-type ATPases carry out the inward translocation of phospholipids, and various ABC transporters are involved in outward lipid movement. The ATP-independent flippases move lipid substrates in both directions between membrane leaflets. With only a few exceptions, the molecular identity of these proteins is still unknown, despite their involvement in key biosynthetic pathways in both bacteria and eukaryotes. This review provides an overview of the different classes of flippases, and summarizes recent progress in their identification and functional characterization. The possible mechanisms of action of lipid flippases are discussed, and future directions explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances J Sharom
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biophysics Interdepartmental Group, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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15
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Barabote RD, Thekkiniath J, Strauss RE, Vediyappan G, Fralick JA, San Francisco MJ. Xenobiotic efflux in bacteria and fungi: a genomics update. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 77:237-306. [PMID: 21692371 DOI: 10.1002/9780470920541.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi D Barabote
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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16
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Analysis of physico-chemical properties of substrates of ABC and MFS multidrug transporters of pathogenic Candida albicans. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:4813-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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17
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Eckford PDW, Sharom FJ. ABC efflux pump-based resistance to chemotherapy drugs. Chem Rev 2009; 109:2989-3011. [PMID: 19583429 DOI: 10.1021/cr9000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D W Eckford
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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18
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Abstract
Pathogens must be able to overcome both host defenses and antimicrobial treatment in order to successfully infect and maintain colonization of the host. One way fungi accomplish this feat and overcome intercellular toxin accumulation is efflux pumps, in particular ATP-binding cassette transporters and transporters of the major facilitator superfamily. Members of these two superfamilies remove many toxic compounds by coupling transport with ATP hydrolysis or a proton gradient, respectively. Fungal genomes encode a plethora of members of these families of transporters compared to other organisms. In this review we discuss the role these two fungal superfamilies of transporters play in virulence and resistance to antifungal agents. These efflux transporters are responsible not only for export of compounds involved in pathogenesis such as secondary metabolites, but also export of host-derived antimicrobial compounds. In addition, we examine the current knowledge of these transporters in resistance of pathogens to clinically relevant antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Coleman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Puri N, Gaur M, Sharma M, Shukla S, Ambudkar SV, Prasad R. The amino acid residues of transmembrane helix 5 of multidrug resistance protein CaCdr1p of Candida albicans are involved in substrate specificity and drug transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:1752-61. [PMID: 19393219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In view of the importance of Candida Drug Resistance Protein (Cdr1p) of pathogenic Candida albicans in azole resistance, we have characterized its ability to efflux variety of substrates by subjecting its entire transmembrane segment (TMS) 5 to site directed mutagenesis. All the mutant variants of putative 21 amino acids of TMS 5 and native CaCdr1p were over expressed as a GFP-tagged protein in a heterologous host Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Based on the drug susceptibility pattern, the mutant variants could be grouped into two categories. The variants belonging to first category were susceptible to all the tested drugs, as compared to those belonging to second category which exhibited resistance to selective drugs. The mutant variants of both the categories were analyzed for their ATP catalysis and drug efflux properties. Irrespective of the categories, most of the mutant variants of TMS 5 showed an uncoupling between ATP hydrolysis and drug efflux. The mutant variants such as M667A, F673A, I675A and P678A were an exception since they reflected a sharp reduction in both K(m) and V(max) values of ATPase activity when compared with WT CaCdr1p-GFP. Based on the competition experiments, we could identify TMS 5 residues which are specific to interact with select drugs. TMS 5 residues of CaCdr1p thus not only impart substrate specificity but also selectively act as a communication link between ATP hydrolysis and drug transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Puri
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
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20
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Relative contributions of the Candida albicans ABC transporters Cdr1p and Cdr2p to clinical azole resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:1344-52. [PMID: 19223631 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00926-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans frequently develops resistance to treatment with azole drugs due to the acquisition of gain-of-function mutations in the transcription factor Tac1p. Tac1p hyperactivation in azole-resistant isolates results in the constitutive overexpression of several genes, including CDR1 and CDR2, which encode two homologous transporters of the ATP-binding cassette family. Functional studies of Cdr1p and Cdr2p have been carried out so far by heterologous expression in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and by gene deletion or overexpression in azole-sensitive C. albicans strains in which CDR1 expression is low and CDR2 expression is undetectable. Thus, the direct demonstration that CDR1 and CDR2 overexpression causes azole resistance in clinical strains is still lacking, as is our knowledge of the relative contribution of each transporter to clinical azole resistance. In the present study, we used the SAT1 flipper system to delete the CDR1 and CDR2 genes from clinical isolate 5674. This strain is resistant to several azole derivatives due to a strong hyperactive mutation in Tac1p and expresses high levels of Cdr1p and Cdr2p. We found that deleting CDR1 had a major effect, reducing resistance to fluconazole (FLC), ketoconazole (KTC), and itraconazole (ITC) by 6-, 4-, and 8-fold, respectively. Deleting CDR2 had a much weaker effect, reducing FLC or KTC resistance by 1.5-fold, and had no effect on ITC resistance. These results demonstrate that Cdr1p is a major determinant of azole resistance in strain 5674 and potentially in other clinical strains overexpressing Cdr1p and Cdr2p, while Cdr2p plays a more minor role.
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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