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Bautista-Elivar N, Avilés-Trigueros M, Bueno JM. Quantification of Photoreceptors' Changes in a Diabetic Retinopathy Model with Two-Photon Imaging Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8756. [PMID: 39201444 PMCID: PMC11354294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that retinal neurodegeneration is an early event in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR), preceding the development of microvascular abnormalities. Here, we assessed the impact of neuroinflammation on the retina of diabetic-induced rats. For this aim we have used a two-photon microscope to image the photoreceptors (PRs) at different eccentricities in unstained retinas obtained from both control (N = 4) and pathological rats (N = 4). This technique provides high-resolution images where individual PRs can be identified. Within each image, every PR was located, and its transversal area was measured and used as an objective parameter of neuroinflammation. In control samples, the size of the PRs hardly changed with retinal eccentricity. On the opposite end, diabetic retinas presented larger PR transversal sections. The ratio of PRs suffering from neuroinflammation was not uniform across the retina. Moreover, the maximum anatomical resolving power (in cycles/deg) was also calculated. This presents a double-slope pattern (from the central retina towards the periphery) in both types of specimens, although the values for diabetic retinas were significantly lower across all retinal locations. The results show that chronic retinal inflammation due to diabetes leads to an increase in PR transversal size. These changes are not uniform and depend on the retinal location. Two-photon microscopy is a useful tool to accurately characterize and quantify PR inflammatory processes and retinal alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazario Bautista-Elivar
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Pachuca, Pachuca 42082, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Marcelino Avilés-Trigueros
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, “Campus Mare Nostrum” de Excelencia International, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan M. Bueno
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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2
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Hong M, Chong SZ, Goh YY, Tong L. Two-Photon and Multiphoton Microscopy in Anterior Segment Diseases of the Eye. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1670. [PMID: 38338948 PMCID: PMC10855705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Two-photon excitation microscopy (TPM) and multiphoton fluorescence microscopy (MPM) are advanced forms of intravital high-resolution functional microscopy techniques that allow for the imaging of dynamic molecular processes and resolve features of the biological tissues of interest. Due to the cornea's optical properties and the uniquely accessible position of the globe, it is possible to image cells and tissues longitudinally to investigate ocular surface physiology and disease. MPM can also be used for the in vitro investigation of biological processes and drug kinetics in ocular tissues. In corneal immunology, performed via the use of TPM, cells thought to be intraepithelial dendritic cells are found to resemble tissue-resident memory T cells, and reporter mice with labeled plasmacytoid dendritic cells are imaged to understand the protective antiviral defenses of the eye. In mice with limbal progenitor cells labeled by reporters, the kinetics and localization of corneal epithelial replenishment are evaluated to advance stem cell biology. In studies of the conjunctiva and sclera, the use of such imaging together with second harmonic generation allows for the delineation of matrix wound healing, especially following glaucoma surgery. In conclusion, these imaging models play a pivotal role in the progress of ocular surface science and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrelynn Hong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore;
- Training and Education Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
| | - Shu Zhen Chong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632, Singapore;
| | - Yun Yao Goh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, National Technical University, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
| | - Louis Tong
- Corneal and External Diseases Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Ocular Surface Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Eye Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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3
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Newman H, Perlman I, Pras E, Rozenberg A, Ben-Yosef T, Iovino C, Simonelli F, Di Iorio V, Rotenstreich Y, Katzburg E, Ehrenberg M, Iglicki M, Zur D. THE TARGET SIGN: A Near Infrared Feature and Multimodal Imaging in a Pluri-Ethnic Cohort with RDH5-Related Fundus Albipunctatus. Retina 2022; 42:1364-1369. [PMID: 35250012 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinol dehydrogenase 5 (RDH5)-related fundus albipunctatus can present with phenotypic variability. Our purpose was to investigate new clinical characteristics and multimodal imaging findings in patients from different ethnic origins, carrying different mutations. METHODS Multicenter international retrospective case series of 18 patients with genetically confirmed RDH5-related fundus albipunctatus. Patients' files were reviewed for fundus images, visual acuity, macular optical coherence tomography scans, near-infrared images, fundus autofluorescence, electroretinogram, and genetic mutations. Imaging and electroretinogram findings. RESULTS All eyes (n = 36, 100%) showed small circular findings seen on near-infrared images, termed as the "target sign," correlating to the yellowish dots seen clinically and to the distinct hyperreflective linear lesions on optical coherence tomography at the level between external limiting membrane and retinal pigment epithelium. Perifoveal atrophy with foveal sparing was seen in 4 eyes of 2 patients (both RDH5-c.160C>T, p.R54X mutation). Fundus autofluorescence revealed small hyperautofluorescent dots (n = 16, 44.4%). Scotopic electroretinograms were significantly reduced in all cases with an electronegative pattern, 66.7% displayed cone dysfunction. CONCLUSION Our results show distinct imaging findings present in all patients with fundus albipunctatus independent of ethnicity or genetic mutation. Our results can facilitate the current algorithm to diagnose RDH5-related fundus albipunctatus and allow for targeted genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Newman
- Ophthalmology Division, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ido Perlman
- Ophthalmology Division, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eran Pras
- Ophthalmology Department, Shamir Hospital, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Assaf Rozenberg
- Ophthalmology Department, Shamir Hospital, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamar Ben-Yosef
- Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Claudio Iovino
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical & Dental Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Simonelli
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical & Dental Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Iorio
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical & Dental Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Ygal Rotenstreich
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Etti Katzburg
- Ophthalmology Division, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Miriam Ehrenberg
- Ophthalmology Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel ; and
| | - Matias Iglicki
- Private Retina Practice, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dinah Zur
- Ophthalmology Division, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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4
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Pascal S, David S, Andraud C, Maury O. Near-infrared dyes for two-photon absorption in the short-wavelength infrared: strategies towards optical power limiting. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:6613-6658. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01221a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in the field of two-photon absorbing chromophores in the short-wavelength infrared spectral range (SWIR 1100–2500 nm) are summarized, highlighting the development of optical power limiting devices in this spectral range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pascal
- Univ. Lyon
- ENS Lyon
- CNRS UMR 5182
- Laboratoire de Chimie
- 69364 Lyon
| | - Sylvain David
- Univ. Lyon
- ENS Lyon
- CNRS UMR 5182
- Laboratoire de Chimie
- 69364 Lyon
| | - Chantal Andraud
- Univ. Lyon
- ENS Lyon
- CNRS UMR 5182
- Laboratoire de Chimie
- 69364 Lyon
| | - Olivier Maury
- Univ. Lyon
- ENS Lyon
- CNRS UMR 5182
- Laboratoire de Chimie
- 69364 Lyon
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5
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Bueno JM, Cruz-Castillo R, Avilés-Trigueros M, Bautista-Elivar N. Arrangement of the photoreceptor mosaic in a diabetic rat model imaged with multiphoton microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:4901-4914. [PMID: 33014589 PMCID: PMC7510868 DOI: 10.1364/boe.399835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is defined as a microvascular pathology. However, some data have suggested that the retinal photoreceptors (PRs) might be important in the pathogenesis of this ocular disease. In this study the organization of the PRs in control and diabetic-induced rats was compared using multiphoton microscopy. The PR mosaic was imaged at different locations in non-stained retinas. The density of PRs was directly quantified from cell counting. The spatially resolved density presents a double-slope pattern (from the central retina towards the periphery) in both healthy and pathological samples, although the values for the latter were significantly lower all across the retina. Moreover, Voronoi analysis was performed to explore changes in PR topography. In control specimens a hexagonally packed structure was dominant. However, despite the non-controlled effects of the disease in retinal structures, this PR regularity was fairly maintained in diabetic retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Bueno
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Cruz-Castillo
- Área Académica de Matemáticas y Física, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Marcelino Avilés-Trigueros
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, “Campus Mare Nostrum” de Excelencia International, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nazario Bautista-Elivar
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
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6
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Sokullu E, Pinsard M, Zhang J, Plathier J, Kolhatkar G, Blum AS, Légaré F, Ruediger A, Ozaki T, Gauthier MA. Plasmonic Enhancement of Two-Photon Excitation Fluorescence by Colloidal Assemblies of Very Small AuNPs Templated on M13 Phage. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:2705-2713. [PMID: 32551601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an engineered M13 bacteriophage was examined as a biological template to create a well-defined spacing between very small gold nanoparticles (AuNPs 3-13 nm). The effect of the AuNP particle size on the enhancement of the nonlinear process of two-photon excitation fluorescence (2PEF) was investigated. Compared to conventional (one-photon) microscopy techniques, such nonlinear processes are less susceptible to scattering given that the density of background-scattered photons is too low to generate a detectable signal. Besides this, the use of very small AuNPs in 2PEF microscopy becomes more advantageous because individual "isolated" AuNPs of this size do not sufficiently enhance 2PEF to produce a detectable signal, resulting in even less background signal. To investigate the 2PEF of the AuNP-M13 assemblies, a variety of sample preparation approaches are tested, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is employed to study the strength of plasmon coupling within the gaps of AuNPs assembled on the M13 template. Results indicate that assemblies prepared with 9-13 nm AuNP were able to clearly label Escherichia coli cells and produce a 2PEF signal that was orders of magnitude higher than the isolated AuNP (below the threshold of detection). This study thus provides a better understanding of the opportunities and limitations relevant to the use of such small AuNPs within colloidal plasmonic assemblies, for applications in biodetection or as imaging contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esen Sokullu
- EMT Research Center, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Maxime Pinsard
- EMT Research Center, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- EMT Research Center, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Julien Plathier
- EMT Research Center, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Gitanjali Kolhatkar
- EMT Research Center, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | | | - François Légaré
- EMT Research Center, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Andreas Ruediger
- EMT Research Center, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Tsuneyuki Ozaki
- EMT Research Center, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Marc A Gauthier
- EMT Research Center, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
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7
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Abstract
Dermal and transdermal drug therapy is increasing in importance nowadays in drug development. To completely utilize the potential of this administration route, it is necessary to optimize the drug release and skin penetration measurements. This review covers the most well-known and up-to-date methods for evaluating the cutaneous penetration of drugs in vitro as a supporting tool for pharmaceutical research scientists in the early stage of drug development. The aim of this article is to present various experimental models used in dermal/transdermal research and summarize the novel knowledge about the main in vitro methods available to study skin penetration. These techniques are: Diffusion cell, skin-PAMPA, tape stripping, two-photon microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and confocal Raman microscopic method.
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8
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AbdelAl O, Ashraf M, Sampani K, Sun JK. "For Mass Eye and Ear Special Issue" Adaptive Optics in the Evaluation of Diabetic Retinopathy. Semin Ophthalmol 2019; 34:189-197. [PMID: 31188056 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2019.1620794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Retinal imaging is a fundamental tool for clinical and research efforts in the evaluation and management of diabetic retinopathy. Adaptive optics (AO) is an imaging technique that enables correction of over 90% of the optical aberrations of an individual eye induced primarily by the tear film, cornea and lens. The two major tasks of any AO system are to measure the optical imperfections of the eye and to then compensate for these aberrations to generate a corrected wavefront of reflected light from the eye. AO scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) provides a theoretical lateral resolution limit of 1.4 μm, allowing the study of microscopic features of the retinal vascular and neural tissue. AOSLO studies have revealed irregularities of the photoreceptor mosaic, vascular loss, and details of vascular lesions in diabetic eyes that may provide new insight into development, regression, and response to therapy of diabetic eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar AbdelAl
- a Beetham Eye Institute , Joslin Diabetes Center , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Ophthalmology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Mohammed Ashraf
- a Beetham Eye Institute , Joslin Diabetes Center , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Ophthalmology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Konstantina Sampani
- a Beetham Eye Institute , Joslin Diabetes Center , Boston , MA , USA.,c Department of Medicine , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Jennifer K Sun
- a Beetham Eye Institute , Joslin Diabetes Center , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Ophthalmology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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9
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Jeong BC. Recent Technological Advances in Cystoscopy for the Detection of Bladder Cancer. Bladder Cancer 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809939-1.00010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Jun YW, Kim HR, Reo YJ, Dai M, Ahn KH. Addressing the autofluorescence issue in deep tissue imaging by two-photon microscopy: the significance of far-red emitting dyes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7696-7704. [PMID: 29568432 PMCID: PMC5851340 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03362a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a new class of two-photon absorbing dyes that are far-red emitting, water-soluble, and very bright inside cells as well as in tissue. The significant autofluorescence from yellow wavelength region in tissue imaging can be addressed by deep-red emitting dyes.
The fluorescence imaging of tissue is essential for studying biological events beyond the cellular level. Two-photon microscopy based on the nonlinear light absorption of fluorescent dyes is a viable tool for the high resolution imaging of tissue. A key limitation for deep tissue imaging is the autofluorescence from intrinsic biomolecules. Here, we report a systematic study that discloses relative autofluorescence interference, which is dependent on the type of tissue and the excitation and emission wavelengths in two-photon imaging. Among the brain, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen mouse tissues examined, the kidney tissue exhibited prominent autofluorescence followed by the liver and others. Notably, regardless of the tissue type, prominent autofluorescence is observed not only from the green emission channel but also from the yellow emission channel where common two-photon absorbing dyes also emit, whereas there is minimal autofluorescence from the red channel. The autofluorescence is slightly influenced by the excitation wavelength. Toward minimal autofluorescence, we developed a new class of two-photon absorbing dyes that are far-red emitting, water-soluble, and very bright inside cells as well as in tissue. A comparative assessment of the imaging depth, which is dependent on the three selected dyes that emit in the blue-green, yellow, and far-red regions, shows the importance of far-red emitting dyes for deep tissue imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Woong Jun
- Department of Chemistry , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , Pohang , Gyeongbuk , Republic of Korea 37673 .
| | - Hye Rim Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , Pohang , Gyeongbuk , Republic of Korea 37673 .
| | - Ye Jin Reo
- Department of Chemistry , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , Pohang , Gyeongbuk , Republic of Korea 37673 .
| | - Mingchong Dai
- Department of Chemistry , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , Pohang , Gyeongbuk , Republic of Korea 37673 .
| | - Kyo Han Ahn
- Department of Chemistry , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , Pohang , Gyeongbuk , Republic of Korea 37673 .
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11
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Yao S, Kim B, Yue X, Colon Gomez MY, Bondar MV, Belfield KD. Synthesis of Near-Infrared Fluorescent Two-Photon-Absorbing Fluorenyl Benzothiadiazole and Benzoselenadiazole Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:1149-1156. [PMID: 31457186 PMCID: PMC6640770 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A series of dyes 2-5 based on 5-thienyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole and 5-thienyl-2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole cores were synthesized as near-infrared-emitting two-photon-absorbing fluorophores. Fluorescence maxima wavelengths as long as 714 nm and quantum yields as high as 0.67 were realized. The fluorescence quantum yields of dyes 2-4 were nearly constant, regardless of solvent polarity. These diazoles exhibited large Stokes shifts (>110 nm) and high two-photon figure of merit. Cells incubated on a 3D scaffold with probe 4 (encapsulated in Pluronic micelles) exhibited bright fluorescence, enabling 3D two-photon fluorescence imaging to a depth of 100 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
| | - Bosung Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
| | - Xiling Yue
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
| | - Maria Y. Colon Gomez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
| | | | - Kevin D. Belfield
- Department
of Chemistry and Environmental Science, College of Science and Liberal
Arts, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 MLK Blvd.,
University Heights, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi
Normal University, Xi’an 710062, P. R. China
- E-mail: (K.D.B.)
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12
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Yang L, Zhu Y, Shui M, Zhou T, Cai Y, Wang W, Xu F, Niu Y, Wang C, Zhang JL, Xu P, Yuan L, Liang L. Rational Design of Fluorescent Phthalazinone Derivatives for One- and Two-Photon Imaging. Chemistry 2016; 22:12363-70. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing P. R. China
- Medical and Healthy Analysis Center; Peking University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yuanjun Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Mengyang Shui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Tongliang Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yuanbo Cai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing P. R.China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Fengrong Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yan Niu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jun-Long Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science; State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing P. R.China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Lan Yuan
- Medical and Healthy Analysis Center; Peking University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Lei Liang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing P. R. China
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13
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Nemet I, Ropelewski P, Imanishi Y. Applications of phototransformable fluorescent proteins for tracking the dynamics of cellular components. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 14:1787-806. [PMID: 26345171 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00174a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the past few decades, fluorescent proteins have revolutionized the field of cell biology. Phototransformable fluorescent proteins are capable of changing their excitation and emission spectra after being exposed to specific wavelength(s) of light. The majority of phototransformable fluorescent proteins have originated from marine organisms. Genetic engineering of these proteins has made available many choices for different colors, modes of conversion, and other biophysical properties. Their phototransformative property has allowed the highlighting and tracking of subpopulations of cells, organelles, and proteins in living systems. Furthermore, phototransformable fluorescent proteins have offered new methods for superresolution fluorescence microscopy and optogenetics manipulation of proteins. One of the major advantages of phototransformable fluorescent proteins is their applicability for visualizing newly synthesized proteins that are en route to their final destinations. In this paper, we will discuss the biological applications of phototransformable fluorescent proteins with special emphasis on the application of tracking membrane proteins in vertebrate photoreceptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Nemet
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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14
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Merino D, Loza-Alvarez P. Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope imaging: technology update. Clin Ophthalmol 2016; 10:743-55. [PMID: 27175057 PMCID: PMC4854423 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s64458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive optics (AO) retinal imaging has become very popular in the past few years, especially within the ophthalmic research community. Several different retinal techniques, such as fundus imaging cameras or optical coherence tomography systems, have been coupled with AO in order to produce impressive images showing individual cell mosaics over different layers of the in vivo human retina. The combination of AO with scanning laser ophthalmoscopy has been extensively used to generate impressive images of the human retina with unprecedented resolution, showing individual photoreceptor cells, retinal pigment epithelium cells, as well as microscopic capillary vessels, or the nerve fiber layer. Over the past few years, the technique has evolved to develop several different applications not only in the clinic but also in different animal models, thanks to technological developments in the field. These developments have specific applications to different fields of investigation, which are not limited to the study of retinal diseases but also to the understanding of the retinal function and vision science. This review is an attempt to summarize these developments in an understandable and brief manner in order to guide the reader into the possibilities that AO scanning laser ophthalmoscopy offers, as well as its limitations, which should be taken into account when planning on using it.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Merino
- The Institute of Photonic Sciences (ICFO), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Loza-Alvarez
- The Institute of Photonic Sciences (ICFO), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Ariyasu S, Too PC, Mu J, Goh CC, Ding Y, Tnay YL, Yeow EKL, Yang L, Ng LG, Chiba S, Xing B. Glycopeptide antibiotic analogs for selective inactivation and two-photon imaging of vancomycin-resistant strains. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:4667-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc10230h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Theranostic divalent vancomycin systems exhibit selective antibacterial activity against vancomycin-resistant strains and can be applied for two-photon fluorescence imaging.
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16
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Zhang Q, Tian X, Hu G, Shi P, Wu J, Li S, Zhou H, Jin BK, Yang J, Zhang S, Tian Y. Dual-Functional Analogous cis-Platinum Complex with High Antitumor Activities and Two-Photon Bioimaging. Biochemistry 2015; 54:2177-80. [DOI: 10.1021/bi5014062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province,
Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohe Tian
- Department
of Chemistry, The MRC/UCL Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Guiju Hu
- Key
Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province,
Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Shi
- Key
Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province,
Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, P. R. China
| | - Jieying Wu
- Key
Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province,
Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, P. R. China
| | - Shengli Li
- Key
Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province,
Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, P. R. China
| | - Hongping Zhou
- Key
Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province,
Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Kang Jin
- Key
Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province,
Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxiang Yang
- Key
Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province,
Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, P. R. China
| | - Shengyi Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province,
Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, P. R. China
| | - Yupeng Tian
- Key
Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province,
Department of Chemistry, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, P. R. China
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17
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Rhodopsin Trafficking and Mistrafficking: Signals, Molecular Components, and Mechanisms. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 132:39-71. [PMID: 26055054 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rhodopsin is a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and is the main component of the photoreceptor outer segment (OS), a ciliary compartment essential for vision. Because the OSs are incapable of protein synthesis, rhodopsin must first be synthesized in the inner segments (ISs) and subsequently trafficked across the connecting cilia to the OSs where it participates in the phototransduction cascade. Rapid turnover of the OS necessitates a high rate of synthesis and efficient trafficking of rhodopsin to the cilia. This cilia-targeting mechanism is shared among other ciliary-localized GPCRs. In this review, we will discuss the process of rhodopsin trafficking from the IS to the OS beginning with the trafficking signals present on the protein. Starting from the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus within the IS, we will cover the molecular components assisting the biogenesis and the proper sorting. We will also review the confirmed binding and interacting partners that help target rhodopsin toward the connecting cilium as well as the cilia-localized components which direct proteins into the proper compartments of the OS. While rhodopsin is the most critical and abundant component of the photoreceptor OS, mutations in the rhodopsin gene commonly lead to its mislocalization within the photoreceptors. In addition to covering the trafficking patterns of rhodopsin, we will also review some of the most common rhodopsin mutants which cause mistrafficking and subsequent death of photoreceptors. Toward the goal of understanding the pathogenesis, three major mechanisms of aberrant trafficking as well as putative mechanisms of photoreceptor degeneration will be discussed.
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18
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Murugan NA. Solvatochromism in a Pyridinium Cyclopentadienylide: Insights from a Sequential Car–Parrinello QM/MM and TD-DFT/Semicontinuum Approach. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:7358-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jp410854b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Arul Murugan
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry
and Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Nie L, Wang S, Wang X, Rong P, Ma Y, Liu G, Huang P, Lu G, Chen X. In vivo volumetric photoacoustic molecular angiography and therapeutic monitoring with targeted plasmonic nanostars. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:1585-93, 1441. [PMID: 24150920 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201302924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging promises deeper tissue penetration while maintaining rich optical contrast as compared to other high resolution optical imaging techniques. In this report, a near-infrared pulse laser serves as the excitation source, and 128 ultrasonic transducers are spirally distributed on a hemispherical surface to receive PA signals for three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction. With these attributes, the unique modality produces an isotropic and homogeneous spatial resolution (∼200 μm) with penetration depth of centimeters. Cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides conjugated plasmonic gold nanostars (RGD-GNS) are designed to specifically target over-expressed integrin α(v)β₃ on tumor neovasculature, enabling highly sensitive angiography and photothermal therapy (PTT). After the administration of RGD-GNS, tumor angiogenesis is clearly imaged with enhanced contrast, and the growth of tumor is effectively inhibited by PTT after laser irradiation. This study suggest that the PA angiography with plasmonic RGD-GNS can be applied as a triple functional platform for tumor diagnosis, PTT, and treatment monitoring. This PA technique offers deeper imaging depth with homogeneous resolution over existing optical imaging techniques for early diagnosis of tumor angiogenesis as well as on-the-spot nanotherapeutic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Nie
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN) National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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20
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Bueno JM, Palacios R, Giakoumaki A, Gualda EJ, Schaeffel F, Artal P. Retinal cell imaging in myopic chickens using adaptive optics multiphoton microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:664-674. [PMID: 24688804 PMCID: PMC3959843 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.000664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal eye growth induced by visual deprivation can modify the structure and density of the retinal cells. We have used an adaptive optics multiphoton microscope to image photoreceptors (PRs) and ganglion cells (GCs) at different retinal locations in unstained retinas of chicken eyes with about 10D of myopia and their normal-sighted fellow eyes. In all samples, the local averaged inter-PR distance increased with eccentricity. No significant differences in PR density were found between control and myopic eyes. GC density declined in myopic eyes compared to control eyes and the inter-cell distance increased. In normal eyes, the size of the GC cell bodies increased approximately two-fold between the area centralis and the peripheral retina. In myopic eyes, this trend was preserved but the GC bodies were larger at each retinal location, compared to control eyes. Obviously, GC morphology is changing when the retinal area is enlarged in myopic eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Bueno
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo (Ed.34), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Anastasia Giakoumaki
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo (Ed.34), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Emilio J. Gualda
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo (Ed.34), 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Frank Schaeffel
- Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, Calwerstrasse 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Pablo Artal
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo (Ed.34), 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case
Western Reserve University, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4965,
United States
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22
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Ramos de Carvalho JE, Verbraak FD, Aalders MC, van Noorden CJ, Schlingemann RO. Recent advances in ophthalmic molecular imaging. Surv Ophthalmol 2013; 59:393-413. [PMID: 24529711 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of molecular imaging techniques is the visualization of molecular processes and functional changes in living animals and human patients before morphological changes occur at the cellular and tissue level. Ophthalmic molecular imaging is still in its infancy and has mainly been used in small animals for pre-clinical research. The goal of most of these pre-clinical studies is their translation into ophthalmic molecular imaging techniques in clinical care. We discuss various molecular imaging techniques and their applications in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Emanuel Ramos de Carvalho
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank D Verbraak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice C Aalders
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J van Noorden
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reinier O Schlingemann
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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23
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Murugan NA, Kongsted J, Ågren H. pH-Induced Modulation of One- and Two-Photon Absorption Properties in a Naphthalene-Based Molecular Probe. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:3660-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ct400357t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Arul Murugan
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry
and Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry
and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Hans Ågren
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry
and Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Sharma R, Yin L, Geng Y, Merigan WH, Palczewska G, Palczewski K, Williams DR, Hunter JJ. In vivo two-photon imaging of the mouse retina. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:1285-93. [PMID: 24009992 PMCID: PMC3756587 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.001285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Though in vivo two-photon imaging has been demonstrated in non-human primates, improvements in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) would greatly improve its scientific utility. In this study, extrinsic fluorophores, expressed in otherwise transparent retinal ganglion cells, were imaged in the living mouse eye using a two-photon fluorescence adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope. We recorded two orders of magnitude greater signal levels from extrinsically labeled cells relative to previous work done in two-photon autofluorescence imaging of primates. Features as small as single dendrites in various layers of the retina could be resolved and predictions are made about the feasibility of measuring functional response from cells. In the future, two-photon imaging in the intact eye may allow us to monitor the function of retinal cell classes with infrared light that minimally excites the visual response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Sharma
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620, USA
| | - Lu Yin
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Ying Geng
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620, USA
- Currently at: Corning Incorporated, One Riverfront Plaza, Corning, New York 14831, USA
| | - William H. Merigan
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Grazyna Palczewska
- Polgenix, Inc., 11000 Cedar Avenue, Suite 260, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - David R. Williams
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14620, USA
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Jennifer J. Hunter
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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26
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Bonilha VL, Rayborn ME, Li Y, Grossman GH, Berson EL, Hollyfield JG. Histopathology and functional correlations in a patient with a mutation in RPE65, the gene for retinol isomerase. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:8381-92. [PMID: 21931134 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Here the authors describe the structural features of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in postmortem donor eyes of a 56-year-old patient with a homozygous missense RPE65 mutation (Ala132Thr) and correlate the pathology with the patient's visual function last measured at age 51. METHODS Eyes were enucleated within 13.5 hours after death. Representative areas from the macula and periphery were processed for light and electron microscopy. Immunofluorescence was used to localize the distribution of RPE65, rhodopsin, and cone arrestin. The autofluorescence in the RPE was compared with that of two normal eyes from age-similar donors. RESULTS Histologic examination revealed the loss of rods and cones across most areas of the retina, attenuated retinal vessels, and RPE thinning in both eyes. A small number of highly disorganized cones were present in the macula that showed simultaneous labeling with cone arrestin and red/green or blue opsin. RPE65 immunoreactivity and RPE autofluorescence were reduced compared with control eyes in all areas studied. Rhodopsin labeling was observed in rods in the far periphery. The optic nerve showed a reduced number of axons. CONCLUSIONS The clinical findings of reduced visual acuity, constricted fields, and reduced electroretinograms (ERGs) 5 years before death correlated with the small number of cones present in the macula and the extensive loss of photoreceptors in the periphery. The absence of autofluorescence in the RPE suggests that photoreceptor cells were probably missing across the retina for extended periods of time. Possible mechanisms that could lead to photoreceptor cell death are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Bonilha
- Cole Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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27
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Herbrich S, Gehder M, Krull R, Gericke KH. Label-free spatial analysis of free and enzyme-bound NAD(P)H in the presence of high concentrations of melanin. J Fluoresc 2011; 22:349-55. [PMID: 21894494 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-011-0965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of autofluorescence, often regarded as undesired noise during the imaging of biological samples, allows label free, unbiased detection of NAD(P)H and melanin in native samples. Because both the emission and absorption spectra of these fluorophores overlap and they can hence not be differentiated using emission filters or with different excitation wavelengths, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is used to differentiate between them. In the present paper the application of two-photon excitation microscopy is presented to investigate the autofluorescence of fungal spores. The model organism which was examined is Aspergillus ochraceus. Furthermore a strategy is developed which allows to quantitatively analyze the fluorescence lifetimes of melanin, free NAD(P)H and protein-bound NAD(P)H using forward convolution of a multiexponential decay function with the instrument response function (IRF) and subsequent fitting to the experimental fluorescence data. As a consequence proteins, which are able to bind NAD(P)H, are located with sub-cellular resolution. Furthermore a spatial differentiation of the fluorophores NAD(P)H and melanin inside the spores, is revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Herbrich
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommerstraße 10, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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28
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Lu RW, Li YC, Ye T, Strang C, Keyser K, Curcio CA, Yao XC. Two-photon excited autofluorescence imaging of freshly isolated frog retinas. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 2:1494-503. [PMID: 21698013 PMCID: PMC3114218 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.001494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate cellular sources of autofluorescence signals in freshly isolated frog (Rana pipiens) retinas. Equipped with an ultrafast laser, a laser scanning two-photon excitation fluorescence microscope was employed for sub-cellular resolution examination of both sliced and flat-mounted retinas. Two-photon imaging of retinal slices revealed autofluorescence signals over multiple functional layers, including the photoreceptor layer (PRL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), and ganglion cell layer (GCL). Using flat-mounted retinas, depth-resolved imaging of individual retinal layers further confirmed multiple sources of autofluorescence signals. Cellular structures were clearly observed at the PRL, ONL, INL, and GCL. At the PRL, the autofluorescence was dominantly recorded from the intracellular compartment of the photoreceptors; while mixed intracellular and extracellular autofluorescence signals were observed at the ONL, INL, and GCL. High resolution autofluorescence imaging clearly revealed mosaic organization of rod and cone photoreceptors; and sub-cellular bright autofluorescence spots, which might relate to connecting cilium, was observed in the cone photoreceptors only. Moreover, single-cone and double-cone outer segments could be directly differentiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Wen Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yi-Chao Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Tong Ye
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Christianne Strang
- Department of Vision Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Kent Keyser
- Department of Vision Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Christine A. Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Xin-Cheng Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Noninvasive multiphoton fluorescence microscopy resolves retinol and retinal condensation products in mouse eyes. Nat Med 2010; 16:1444-9. [PMID: 21076393 PMCID: PMC3057900 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multi–photon excitation fluorescence microscopy (MPM) can image certain molecular processes in vivo. In the eye, fluorescent retinyl esters in sub–cellular structures called retinosomes mediate regeneration of the visual chromophore, 11–cis–retinal, by the visual cycle. But harmful fluorescent condensation products were also identified previously. We report that in wild type mice, excitation with λ ~730 nm identified retinosomes in the retinal pigment epithelium, whereas excitation with λ ~910 nm revealed at least one additional retinal fluorophore. The latter fluorescence was absent in eyes of genetically modified mice lacking a functional visual cycle, but accentuated in eyes of older WT mice and mice with defective clearance of all–trans–retinal, an intermediate in the visual cycle. MPM, a noninvasive imaging modality that facilitates concurrent monitoring of retinosomes along with potentially harmful products in aging eyes, has the potential to detect early molecular changes due to age–related macular degeneration and other defects in retinoid metabolism.
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Filova E, Burdikova Z, Rampichova M, Bianchini P, Capek M, Kostakova E, Amler E, Kubinova L. Analysis and three-dimensional visualization of collagen in artificial scaffolds using nonlinear microscopy techniques. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:066011. [PMID: 21198185 DOI: 10.1117/1.3509112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Extracellularly distributed collagen and chondrocytes seeded in gelatine and poly-ɛ-caprolactone scaffolds are visualized by two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEM) and second-harmonic generation (SHG) imaging in both forward and backward nondescanned modes. Joint application of TPEM and SHG imaging in combination with stereological measurements of collagen enables us not only to take high-resolution 3-D images, but also to quantitatively analyze the collagen volume and a spatial arrangement of cell-collagen-scaffold systems, which was previously impossible. This novel approach represents a powerful tool for the analysis of collagen-containing scaffolds with applications in cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Filova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
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31
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Hovan SC, Howell S, Park PSH. Förster resonance energy transfer as a tool to study photoreceptor biology. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:067001. [PMID: 21198205 PMCID: PMC3014226 DOI: 10.1117/1.3505023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Vision is initiated in photoreceptor cells of the retina by a set of biochemical events called phototransduction. These events occur via coordinated dynamic processes that include changes in secondary messenger concentrations, conformational changes and post-translational modifications of signaling proteins, and protein-protein interactions between signaling partners. A complete description of the orchestration of these dynamic processes is still unavailable. Described in this work is the first step in the development of tools combining fluorescent protein technology, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), and transgenic animals that have the potential to reveal important molecular insights about the dynamic processes occurring in photoreceptor cells. We characterize the fluorescent proteins SCFP3A and SYFP2 for use as a donor-acceptor pair in FRET assays, which will facilitate the visualization of dynamic processes in living cells. We also demonstrate the targeted expression of these fluorescent proteins to the rod photoreceptor cells of Xenopus laevis, and describe a general method for detecting FRET in these cells. The general approaches described here can address numerous types of questions related to phototransduction and photoreceptor biology by providing a platform to visualize dynamic processes in molecular detail within a native context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Hovan
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Koutalos Y. Measurement of the mobility of all-trans-retinol with two-photon fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 652:115-27. [PMID: 20552425 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-325-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The mobility of all-trans-retinol makes a crucial contribution to the rate of the reactions in which it participates. This is even more so because of its low aqueous solubility, which makes the presence of carrier proteins and the spatial arrangement of cellular membranes especially relevant. In rod photoreceptor outer segments, all-trans-retinol is generated after light exposure from the reduction of all-trans-retinal that is released from bleached rhodopsin. The mobility of all-trans-retinol in rod outer segments was measured with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), using two-photon excitation of its fluorescence. The values of the lateral and axial diffusion coefficients indicate that most of the all-trans-retinol in rod outer segments move unrestricted and without being aided by carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiannis Koutalos
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Johnson D, Chen C, Koutalos Y. 2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin removes all-trans retinol from frog rod photoreceptors in a concentration-dependent manner. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2010; 26:245-8. [PMID: 20565310 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2010.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether a nonprotein lipophilic carrier, 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD), can remove all-trans retinol from rod photoreceptor outer segments. All-trans retinol is generated in rod outer segments after light exposure. It is highly insoluble, and its efficient transport across extra- and intracellular aqueous space requires specialized carriers. METHODS Experiments were carried out with isolated frog rod photoreceptor cells. The removal of all-trans retinol by different concentrations of this carrier was measured by imaging its fluorescence in single-rod photoreceptors. RESULTS HP-beta-CD concentrations >0.3 mM significantly increased the rate of all-trans retinol removal. The rate of removal increased linearly with carrier concentration, with a slope of 0.0058 min(-1)/mM. CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of HP-beta-CD shows that a specialized interaction with the cell membrane is not necessary for the efficient transfer of all-trans retinol between the cell membrane and the carrier. The transfer occurs through a collision-based mechanism, as indicated by the linear increase of the rate of removal with the carrier concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Johnson
- Department of Physics, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Gualda EJ, Bueno JM, Artal P. Wavefront optimized nonlinear microscopy of ex vivo human retinas. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:026007. [PMID: 20459252 DOI: 10.1117/1.3369001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A multiphoton microscope incorporating a Hartmann-Shack (HS) wavefront sensor to control the ultrafast laser beam's wavefront aberrations has been developed. This instrument allowed us to investigate the impact of the laser beam aberrations on two-photon autofluorescence imaging of human retinal tissues. We demonstrated that nonlinear microscopy images are improved when laser beam aberrations are minimized by realigning the laser system cavity while wavefront controlling. Nonlinear signals from several human retinal anatomical features have been detected for the first time, without the need of fixation or staining procedures. Beyond the improved image quality, this approach reduces the required excitation power levels, minimizing the side effects of phototoxicity within the imaged sample. In particular, this may be important to study the physiology and function of the healthy and diseased retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio J Gualda
- Universidad de Murcia, Laboratorio de Optica, Campus de Espinardo (CiOyN), Murcia, 30100 Spain
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Abstract
Vertebrate vision is maintained by the retinoid (visual) cycle, a complex enzymatic pathway that operates in the retina to regenerate the visual chromophore, 11-cis-retinal, a prosthetic group of rhodopsin that undergoes activation by light. Many different mutations in genes encoding retinoid cycle proteins can cause a variety of human blinding diseases. Two-photon microscopy is an evolving, non-invasive, and repetitive imaging technology that can be used to monitor biomolecules within the vertebrate retina at a subcellular resolution. This method has the great advantage of portraying endogenous retinoid fluorophores in their native state without the need for artificial staining. Such real-time retinal imaging permits rapid evaluation not only of various stages of retinal disease in live animal models of human retinopathies but also of the outcome from intended pharmacological therapies. Two-photon microscopy offers substantial potential for early detection of age- and disease-related changes in the eye, long before clinical or pathological manifestations become apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Imanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4965, USA
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Koutalos Y, Cornwall MC. Microfluorometric measurement of the formation of all-trans-retinol in the outer segments of single isolated vertebrate photoreceptors. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 652:129-47. [PMID: 20552426 PMCID: PMC3010976 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-325-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The first step in the detection of light by vertebrate photoreceptors is the photoisomerization of the retinyl chromophore of their visual pigment from 11-cis to the all-trans configuration. This initial reaction leads not only to an activated form of the visual pigment, meta II, that initiates reactions of the visual transduction cascade but also to the photochemical destruction of the visual pigment. By a series of reactions termed the visual cycle, native visual pigment is regenerated. These coordinated reactions take place in the photoreceptors themselves as well as the adjacent pigment epithelium and Müller cells. The critical initial steps in the visual cycle are the release of all-trans-retinal from the photoactivated pigment and its reduction to all-trans-retinol. The goal of this monograph is to describe methods of fluorescence imaging that allow the measurement of changes in the concentration of all-trans-retinol as it is reduced from all-trans-retinal in isolated intact salamander and mouse photoreceptors. The kinetics of all-trans-retinol formation depend on cellular factors that include the visual pigment and photoreceptor cell type, as well as the cytoarchitecture of outer segments. In general, all-trans-retinol forms much faster in cone cells than in rods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiannis Koutalos
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences Medical University of South Carolina 167 Ashley Avenue Charleston, SC 29425 Tel: (843)-792-9180 FAX: (843)-792-1723
| | - M. Carter Cornwall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics Boston University School of Medicine 715 Albany Street, L 714 Boston, MA 02118 Tel: (617)-638-4256 FAX: (617)-638-4273
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Chen SY, Yu HC, Wang IJ, Sun CK. Infrared-based third and second harmonic generation imaging of cornea. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:044012. [PMID: 19725724 DOI: 10.1117/1.3183805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The cornea functions as an optical lens and plays an important role in vision. For corneal diagnosis and treatment such as refractive surgery, a microscopic imaging system with a 3-D cellular resolution and retinal safety is strongly desired. Recently, confocal and multiphoton microscopies have been applied to corneal imaging with visible to near-infrared light sources. To increase retinal safety, an infrared light source is be needed. In this work, an infrared-based third and second harmonic generation microscopic study of mouse eyes is reported with approximately 700-mum penetrability and high cellular resolution. This study provides a critical reference for future development of infrared-based corneal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Yu Chen
- National Taiwan University, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, No 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Elsner AE, Muller MS. Laser applications and system considerations in ocular imaging. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 2008; 2:350-376. [PMID: 21052482 PMCID: PMC2967783 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.200810015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We review laser applications for primarily in vivo ocular imaging techniques, describing their constraints based on biological tissue properties, safety, and the performance of the imaging system. We discuss the need for cost effective sources with practical wavelength tuning capabilities for spectral studies. Techniques to probe the pathological changes of layers beneath the highly scattering retina and diagnose the onset of various eye diseases are described. The recent development of several optical coherence tomography based systems for functional ocular imaging is reviewed, as well as linear and nonlinear ocular imaging techniques performed with ultrafast lasers, emphasizing recent source developments and methods to enhance imaging contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Elsner
- Indiana University School of Optometry Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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Imanishi Y, Sun W, Maeda T, Maeda A, Palczewski K. Retinyl ester homeostasis in the adipose differentiation-related protein-deficient retina. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:25091-102. [PMID: 18606814 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802981200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) plays an essential role in vision, including storing and converting retinyl esters of the visual chromophore, 11-cis-retinal. Retinyl ester storage structures (RESTs), specialized lipid droplets within the RPE, take up retinyl esters synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Here we report studies of mice lacking exons 2 and 3 of the gene encoding adipose differentiation-related protein (Adfp), a structural component of RESTs. We found that dark adaptation was slower in Adfp(Delta2-3/Delta2-3) than in Adfp+/+ mice and that Adfp(Delta2-3/Delta2-3) mice had consistently delayed clearances of all-trans-retinal and all-trans-retinol from rod photoreceptor cells. Two-photon microscopy revealed aberrant trafficking of all-trans-retinyl esters in the RPE of Adfp(Delta2-3/Delta2-3) mice, a problem caused by abnormal maintenance of RESTs in the dark-adapted state. Retinyl ester accumulation was also reduced in Adfp(Delta2-3/Delta2-3) as compared with Adfp+/+ mice. These observations suggest that Adfp plays a unique role in vision by maintaining proper storage and trafficking of retinoids within the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Imanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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