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Polańska O, Szulc N, Stottko R, Olek M, Nadwodna J, Gąsior-Głogowska M, Szefczyk M. Challenges in Peptide Solubilization - Amyloids Case Study. CHEM REC 2024:e202400053. [PMID: 39023378 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202400053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Peptide science has been a rapidly growing research field because of the enormous potential application of these biocompatible and bioactive molecules. However, many factors limit the widespread use of peptides in medicine, and low solubility is among the most common problems that hamper drug development in the early stages of research. Solubility is a crucial, albeit poorly understood, feature that determines peptide behavior. Several different solubility predictors have been proposed, and many strategies and protocols have been reported to dissolve peptides, but none of them is a one-size-fits-all method for solubilization of even the same peptide. In this review, we look for the reasons behind the difficulties in dissolving peptides, analyze the factors influencing peptide aggregation, conduct a critical analysis of solubilization strategies and protocols available in the literature, and give some tips on how to deal with the so-called difficult sequences. We focus on amyloids, which are particularly difficult to dissolve and handle such as amyloid beta (Aβ), insulin, and phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliwia Polańska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Szulc
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Rafał Stottko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Gdanska 7/9, 50-344, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mateusz Olek
- Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Traugutta 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Julita Nadwodna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marlena Gąsior-Głogowska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Monika Szefczyk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
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2
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Sharma A, Cazade P, Hayden A, Khamar D, Thompson D, Hughes H. On the role of excipients in biopharmaceuticals manufacture: Modelling-guided formulation identifies the protective effect of arginine hydrochloride excipient on spray-dried Olipudase alfa recombinant protein. Int J Pharm 2024:124466. [PMID: 39009288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals are labile biomolecules that must be safeguarded to ensure the safety, quality, and efficacy of the product. Batch freeze-drying is an established means of manufacturing solid biopharmaceuticals but alternative technologies such as spray-drying may be more suitable for continuous manufacturing of inhalable biopharmaceuticals. Here we assessed the feasibility of spray-drying Olipudase alfa, a novel parenteral therapeutic enzyme, by evaluating some of its critical quality attributes (CQAs) in a range of excipients, namely, trehalose, arginine (Arg), and arginine hydrochloride (Arg-HCl) in the sucrose/methionine base formulation. The Arg-HCl excipient produced the best gain in CQAs of spray-dried Olipudase with a 63% reduction in reconstitution time and 83% reduction in the optical density of the solution. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed the atomic-scale mechanism of the protein-excipient interactions, substantiating the experimental results. The Arg-HCl effect was explained by the calculated thermal stability and structural order of the protein wherein Arg-HCl acted as a crowding agent to suppress protein aggregation and promote stabilization of Olipudase post-spray-drying. Therefore, by rational selection of appropriate excipients, our experimental and modelling dataset confirms spray-drying is a promising technology for the manufacture of Olipudase and demonstrates the potential to accelerate development of continuous manufacturing of parenteral biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Sharma
- Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre (PMBRC), South East Technological University (SETU), Main Campus, Cork Road, Waterford X91K0EK, Ireland
| | - Pierre Cazade
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Ambrose Hayden
- Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre (PMBRC), South East Technological University (SETU), Main Campus, Cork Road, Waterford X91K0EK, Ireland
| | - Dikshitkumar Khamar
- Sanofi, Manufacturing Science, Analytics and Technology (MSAT), IDA Industrial Park Waterford, X91TP27, Ireland
| | - Damien Thompson
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Helen Hughes
- Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre (PMBRC), South East Technological University (SETU), Main Campus, Cork Road, Waterford X91K0EK, Ireland.
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3
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Khorsand FR, Aziziyan F, Khajeh K. Factors influencing amyloid fibril formation. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 206:55-83. [PMID: 38811089 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is a complex process with several stages that lead to the formation of complex structures and shapes with a broad variability in stability and toxicity. The aggregation process is affected by various factors and environmental conditions that disrupt the protein's original state, including internal factors like mutations, expression levels, and polypeptide chain truncation, as well as external factors, such as dense molecular surroundings, post-translation modifications, and interactions with other proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules, metal ions, chaperones, and lipid membranes. During the aggregation process, the biological activity of an aggregating protein may be reduced or eliminated, whereas the resulting aggregates may have the potential to be immunogenic, or they may have other undesirable properties. Finding the cause(s) of protein aggregation and controlling it to an acceptable level is among the most crucial topics of research in academia and biopharmaceutical companies. This chapter aims to review intrinsic pathways of protein aggregation and potential extrinsic variables that influence this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Aziziyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosro Khajeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Meric G, Naik S, Hunter AK, Robinson AS, Roberts CJ. Challenges for design of aggregation-resistant variants of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Biophys Chem 2021; 277:106630. [PMID: 34119805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-native protein aggregation is a long-standing issue in pharmaceutical biotechnology. A rational design approach was used in order to identify variants of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) with lower aggregation propensity at solution conditions that are typical of commercial formulation. The approach used aggregation-prone-region (APR) predictors to select single amino acid substitutions that were predicted to decrease intrinsic aggregation propensity (IAP). The results of static light scattering temperature-ramps and chemical unfolding experiments demonstrated that none of the selected variants exhibited improved aggregation resistance, and the apparent conformational stability of each variant was lower than that of WT. Aggregation studies under partly denaturing conditions suggested that the IAP of at least one variant remained unaltered. Overall, this study highlights a general challenge in designing aggregation resistance for proteins, due to the need to accurately predict both APRs and conformational stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsum Meric
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
| | - Subhashchandra Naik
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
| | - Alan K Hunter
- Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States.
| | - Anne S Robinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
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5
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Austerberry JI, Thistlethwaite A, Fisher K, Golovanov AP, Pluen A, Esfandiary R, van der Walle CF, Warwicker J, Derrick JP, Curtis R. Arginine to Lysine Mutations Increase the Aggregation Stability of a Single-Chain Variable Fragment through Unfolded-State Interactions. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3413-3421. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James I. Austerberry
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Thistlethwaite
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Fisher
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander P. Golovanov
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Pluen
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Reza Esfandiary
- Dosage Form Design & Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | | | - Jim Warwicker
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy P. Derrick
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Curtis
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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6
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Calero-Rubio C, Saluja A, Sahin E, Roberts CJ. Predicting High-Concentration Interactions of Monoclonal Antibody Solutions: Comparison of Theoretical Approaches for Strongly Attractive Versus Repulsive Conditions. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:5709-5720. [PMID: 31241333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b03779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nonspecific protein-protein interactions of a monoclonal antibody were quantified experimentally using light scattering from low to high protein concentrations (c2) and compared with prior work for a different antibody that yielded qualitatively different behavior. The c2 dependence of the excess Rayleigh ratio (Rex) provided the osmotic second virial coefficient (B22) at low c2 and the static structure factor (Sq=0) at high c2, as a function of solution pH, total ionic strength (TIS), and sucrose concentration. Net repulsive interactions were observed at pH 5, with weaker repulsions at higher TIS. Conversely, attractive electrostatic interactions were observed at pH 6.5, with weaker attractions at higher TIS. Refined coarse-grained models were used to fit model parameters using experimental B22 versus TIS data. The parameters were used to predict high-c2 Rex values via Monte Carlo simulations and separately with Mayer-sampling calculations of higher-order virial coefficients. For both methods, predictions for repulsive to mildly attractive conditions were quantitatively accurate. However, only qualitatively accurate predictions were practical for strongly attractive conditions. An alternative, higher resolution model was used to show semiquantitatively and quantitatively accurate predictions of strong electrostatic attractions at low c2 and low ionic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Calero-Rubio
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
| | - Atul Saluja
- Drug Product Science and Technology , Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States
| | - Erinc Sahin
- Drug Product Science and Technology , Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
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7
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Gomes D, Kalman RK, Pagels RK, Rodrigues MA, Roberts CJ. Parallel chromatography and in situ scattering to interrogate competing protein aggregation pathways. Protein Sci 2018; 27:1325-1333. [PMID: 29717515 PMCID: PMC6032348 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein aggregation can follow different pathways, and these can result in different net aggregation rates and kinetic profiles. α-chymotypsinogen A (aCgn) was used as a model system to quantitatively and qualitatively assess an approach that combines ex situ size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with in situ laser scattering (LS) to monitor aggregation vs. time. Aggregation was monitored for a series of temperatures and initial dimer (ID) levels for starting conditions that were primarily (> 97%) monomer, and under initial-rate conditions (limited to low monomer conversion-less than 20% monomer mass loss), as these conditions are of most to interest to many pharmaceutical and biotechnology applications. SEC results show that modest decreases of ID levels can greatly reduce monomer loss rates, but do not affect the effective activation energy for aggregation. The normalized aggregation rates determined from LS were typically ∼ 1 order of magnitude higher than the corresponding rates from SEC. Furthermore, LS signals vs. time became variable and highly nonlinear with decreasing ID level, temperature, and/or total protein concentration. Temperature-cycling LS experiments showed this corresponded to conditions where dimer/oligomer "seeding" was suppressed, and high levels of reversible oligomers ("prenuclei") were formed prior to "nucleation" and growth of stable aggregates. In those conditions, aggregation rates inferred from LS and SEC are greatly different, as the techniques monitor different stages of the aggregation process. Overall, the results illustrate an approach for interrogating non-native protein aggregation pathways, and potential pitfalls if one relies on a single method to monitor aggregation-this holds more generally than the particular methods here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gomes
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of DelawareNewarkDelaware
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Department of Chemical EngineeringInstituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Rebecca K. Kalman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of DelawareNewarkDelaware
| | - Rebecca K. Pagels
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of DelawareNewarkDelaware
| | - Miguel A. Rodrigues
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Department of Chemical EngineeringInstituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de LisboaLisboaPortugal
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8
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Sorret LL, DeWinter MA, Schwartz DK, Randolph TW. Protein-protein interactions controlling interfacial aggregation of rhIL-1ra are not described by simple colloid models. Protein Sci 2018; 27:1191-1204. [PMID: 29388282 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of protein-protein interaction strength on interfacial viscoelastic properties and aggregation of recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (rhIL-1ra) at silicone oil-water interfaces. Osmotic second virial coefficients determined by static light scattering were used to quantify protein-protein interactions in bulk solution. Attractive protein-protein interactions dominated at low ionic strengths and their magnitude decreased with increasing ionic strength, in contrast to repulsive interactions that would be expected based on uniformly charged sphere models. Interfacial shear rheometry was used to characterize rhIL-1ra interfacial layers. More attractive protein-protein interactions in bulk solution correlated with stronger interfacial gels. Thioflavin-T fluorescence measurements indicated that the intermolecular β-sheet content of rhIL-1ra incubated in the presence of silicone oil-water interfaces correlated with gel strength. Siliconized syringes were used to probe the effects of mechanical perturbation of the interfacial gel layers. When rhIL-1ra solutions in siliconized glass syringes were subjected to end-over-end rotation, monomeric rhIL-1ra was lost from solution, and particles containing aggregated protein were released into the bulk aqueous phase. The loss of monomeric rhIL-1ra in response to mechanical perturbation was highest under the conditions where the strongest gels were observed. Aggregation of rhIL-1ra was strictly interface-induced and growth of aggregates in the bulk solution was not observed, even in the presence of particles released from silicone oil-water interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea L Sorret
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| | - Madison A DeWinter
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| | - Theodore W Randolph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
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9
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Fate of a Stressed Therapeutic Antibody Tracked by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy: Folded Monomers Survive Aggregation. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:8085-8093. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b05603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Calero-Rubio C, Strab C, Barnett GV, Roberts CJ. Protein Partial Molar Volumes in Multicomponent Solutions from the Perspective of Inverse Kirkwood-Buff Theory. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5897-5907. [PMID: 28525711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inverse Kirkwood-Buff (KB) solution theory can be used to relate macroscopic quantities with molecular scale interactions and correlation functions, in the form of KB integrals. Protein partial specific volumes ([Formula: see text]) from high-precision density measurements can be used to quantify solvent-solute and solute-solute KB integrals. Currently, general expressions for [Formula: see text] as a function of cosolute concentration (c3) have been provided for only binary and ternary solutions. We derive a general multicomponent expression for [Formula: see text] in terms of the relevant KB integrals for the case of low (infinite dilution) protein concentration but arbitrary cosolute concentrations. To test the utility of treating a quaternary system with a pseudoternary approximation, α-Chymotrypsinogen (aCgn) solutions with a series of solutes (NaCl, sucrose, and trehalose) were compared as a function of solute concentration with and without buffer present. Comparison between those ternary and quaternary solutions shows equivalent results within experimental uncertainty and suggests the pseudoternary approximation may be reasonable. In the case of aCgn, doing so also revealed that the preferential interactions can depend on pH. Analysis of steric contributions also provides an example that illustrates how KB integrals allow one to interpret [Formula: see text] in terms of contributions from molecular volume, excluded volume, and hydration/solvation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Calero-Rubio
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Curtis Strab
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Gregory V Barnett
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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11
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Rosa M, Roberts CJ, Rodrigues MA. Connecting high-temperature and low-temperature protein stability and aggregation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176748. [PMID: 28472066 PMCID: PMC5417562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation is a long-standing problem for preservation of proteins in both laboratory settings and for commercial biotechnology products. It is well established that heating (cooling) can accelerate (slow) aggregation by populating (depopulating) unfolded or partially unfolded monomer states that are key intermediates in aggregation processes. However, there is a long-standing question of whether the same mechanism(s) that lead to aggregation under high-temperature stress are relevant for low-temperature stress such as in refrigerated or supercooled liquids. This report shows the first direct comparison of “hot” and “cold” aggregation kinetics and folding/unfolding thermodynamics, using bovine hemoglobin as a model system. The results suggest that the same mechanism for non-native aggregation holds from “hot” to “cold” temperatures, with an aggregation temperature-of-maximum-stability slightly below 0°C. This highlights that sub-zero temperatures can induce cold-mediated aggregation, even in the absence of freezing stresses. From a practical perspective, the results suggests the possibility that cold-stress may be a useful alternative to heat-stress for extrapolating predictions of protein shelf life at refrigerated conditions, as well as providing a foundation for more mechanistic studies of cold-stress conditions in future work. A comparison between isochoric and isobaric methods is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Rosa
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Christopher J. Roberts
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Miguel A. Rodrigues
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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12
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Stratton A, Ericksen M, Harris TV, Symmonds N, Silverstein TP. Mercury(II) binds to both of chymotrypsin's histidines, causing inhibition followed by irreversible denaturation/aggregation. Protein Sci 2017; 26:292-305. [PMID: 27859834 PMCID: PMC5275735 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of mercury is often attributed to its tight binding to cysteine thiolate anions in vital enzymes. To test our hypothesis that Hg(II) binding to histidine could be a significant factor in mercury's toxic effects, we studied the enzyme chymotrypsin, which lacks free cysteine thiols; we found that chymotrypsin is not only inhibited, but also denatured by Hg(II). We followed the aggregation of denatured enzyme by the increase in visible absorbance due to light scattering. Hg(II)-induced chymotrypsin precipitation increased dramatically above pH 6.5, and free imidazole inhibited this precipitation, implicating histidine-Hg(II) binding in the process of chymotrypsin denaturation/aggregation. Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) blocked chymotrypsin's two histidines (his40 and his57 ) quickly and completely, with an IC50 of 35 ± 6 µM. DEPC at 350 µM reduced the hydrolytic activity of chymotrypsin by 90%, suggesting that low concentrations of DEPC react with his57 at the active site catalytic triad; furthermore, DEPC below 400 µM enhanced the Hg(II)-induced precipitation of chymotrypsin. We conclude that his57 reacts readily with DEPC, causing enzyme inhibition and enhancement of Hg(II)-induced aggregation. Above 500 µM, DEPC inhibited Hg(II)-induced precipitation, and [DEPC] >2.5 mM completely protected chymotrypsin against precipitation. This suggests that his40 reacts less readily with DEPC, and that chymotrypsin denaturation is caused by Hg(II) binding specifically to the his40 residue. Finally, we show that Hg(II)-histidine binding may trigger hemoglobin aggregation as well. Because of results with these two enzymes, we suggest that metal-histidine binding may be key to understanding all heavy metal-induced protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nick Symmonds
- Chemistry DepartmentWillamette UniversitySalemOregon97301
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13
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Calero-Rubio C, Paik B, Jia X, Kiick KL, Roberts CJ. Predicting unfolding thermodynamics and stable intermediates for alanine-rich helical peptides with the aid of coarse-grained molecular simulation. Biophys Chem 2016; 217:8-19. [PMID: 27486699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This report focuses on the molecular-level processes and thermodynamics of unfolding of a series of helical peptides using a coarse-grained (CG) molecular model. The CG model was refined to capture thermodynamics and structural changes as a function of temperature for a set of published peptide sequences. Circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) was used to experimentally monitor the temperature-dependent conformational changes and stability of published peptides and new sequences introduced here. The model predictions were quantitatively or semi-quantitatively accurate in all cases. The simulations and CD results showed that, as expected, in most cases the unfolding of helical peptides is well described by a simply 2-state model, and conformational stability increased with increased length of the helices. A notable exception in a 19-residue helix was when two Ala residues were each replaced with Phe. This stabilized a partly unfolded intermediate state via hydrophobic contacts, and also promoted aggregates at higher peptide concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Calero-Rubio
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Bradford Paik
- Material Science & Engineering Department, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Material Science & Engineering Department, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Kristi L Kiick
- Material Science & Engineering Department, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
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14
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Fitting bevacizumab aggregation kinetic data with the Finke–Watzky two-step model: Effect of thermal and mechanical stress. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 77:170-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Barnett GV, Qi W, Amin S, Neil Lewis E, Roberts CJ. Aggregate structure, morphology and the effect of aggregation mechanisms on viscosity at elevated protein concentrations. Biophys Chem 2015; 207:21-9. [PMID: 26284891 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-native aggregation is a common issue in a number of degenerative diseases and during manufacturing of protein-based therapeutics. There is a growing interest to monitor protein stability at intermediate to high protein concentrations, which are required for therapeutic dosing of subcutaneous injections. An understanding of the impact of protein structural changes and interactions on the protein aggregation mechanisms and resulting aggregate size and morphology may lead to improved strategies to reduce aggregation and solution viscosity. This report investigates non-native aggregation of a model protein, α-chymotrypsinogen, under accelerated conditions at elevated protein concentrations. Far-UV circular dichroism and Raman scattering show structural changes during aggregation. Size exclusion chromatography and laser light scattering are used to monitor the progression of aggregate growth and monomer loss. Monomer loss is concomitant with increased β-sheet structures as monomers are added to aggregates, which illustrate a transition from a native monomeric state to an aggregate state. Aggregates grow predominantly through monomer-addition, resulting in a semi-flexible polymer morphology. Analysis of aggregation growth kinetics shows that pH strongly affects the characteristic timescales for nucleation (τn) and growth (τg), while the initial protein concentration has only minor effects on τn or τg. Low-shear viscosity measurements follow a common scaling relationship between average aggregate molecular weight (Mw(agg)) and concentration (σ), which is consistent with semi-dilute polymer-solution theory. The results establish a link between aggregate growth mechanisms, which couple Mw(agg) and σ, to increases in solution viscosity even at these intermediate protein concentrations (less than 3w/v %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory V Barnett
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Wei Qi
- Malvern Biosciences Inc., Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Samiul Amin
- Malvern Biosciences Inc., Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - E Neil Lewis
- Malvern Biosciences Inc., Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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16
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Perevozchikova T, Nanda H, Nesta DP, Roberts CJ. Protein Adsorption, Desorption, and Aggregation Mediated by Solid-Liquid Interfaces. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:1946-1959. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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17
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Barnett GV, Razinkov VI, Kerwin BA, Laue TM, Woodka AH, Butler PD, Perevozchikova T, Roberts CJ. Specific-Ion Effects on the Aggregation Mechanisms and Protein–Protein Interactions for Anti-streptavidin Immunoglobulin Gamma-1. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:5793-804. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory V. Barnett
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | | | - Bruce A. Kerwin
- Drug
Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | - Thomas M. Laue
- Department
of Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Biosciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Andrea H. Woodka
- National Institutes of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Paul D. Butler
- National Institutes of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Tatiana Perevozchikova
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Christopher J. Roberts
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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18
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Liu P, Shang L, Li H, Cui Y, Qin Y, Wu Y, Hiltunen JK, Chen Z, Shen J. Synthesis of fluorescent α-chymotrypsin A-functionalized gold nanoclusters and their application to blot-based technology for Hg2+detection. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05686h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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19
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Roberts CJ. Therapeutic protein aggregation: mechanisms, design, and control. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:372-80. [PMID: 24908382 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well known that proteins are only marginally stable in their folded states, it is often less well appreciated that most proteins are inherently aggregation-prone in their unfolded or partially unfolded states, and the resulting aggregates can be extremely stable and long-lived. For therapeutic proteins, aggregates are a significant risk factor for deleterious immune responses in patients, and can form via a variety of mechanisms. Controlling aggregation using a mechanistic approach may allow improved design of therapeutic protein stability, as a complement to existing design strategies that target desired protein structures and function. Recent results highlight the importance of balancing protein environment with the inherent aggregation propensities of polypeptide chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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20
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Blanco MA, Perevozchikova T, Martorana V, Manno M, Roberts CJ. Protein-protein interactions in dilute to concentrated solutions: α-chymotrypsinogen in acidic conditions. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:5817-31. [PMID: 24810917 PMCID: PMC4051245 DOI: 10.1021/jp412301h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions were investigated for α-chymotrypsinogen by static and dynamic light scattering (SLS and DLS, respectively), as well as small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), as a function of protein and salt concentration at acidic conditions. Net protein-protein interactions were probed via the Kirkwood-Buff integral G22 and the static structure factor S(q) from SLS and SANS data. G22 was obtained by regressing the Rayleigh ratio versus protein concentration with a local Taylor series approach, which does not require one to assume the underlying form or nature of intermolecular interactions. In addition, G22 and S(q) were further analyzed by traditional methods involving fits to effective interaction potentials. Although the fitted model parameters were not always physically realistic, the numerical values for G22 and S(q → 0) were in good agreement from SLS and SANS as a function of protein concentration. In the dilute regime, fitted G22 values agreed with those obtained via the osmotic second virial coefficient B22 and showed that electrostatic interactions are the dominant contribution for colloidal interactions in α-chymotrypsinogen solutions. However, as protein concentration increases, the strength of protein-protein interactions decreases, with a more pronounced decrease at low salt concentrations. The results are consistent with an effective "crowding" or excluded volume contribution to G22 due to the long-ranged electrostatic repulsions that are prominent even at the moderate range of protein concentrations used here (<40 g/L). These apparent crowding effects were confirmed and quantified by assessing the hydrodynamic factor H(q → 0), which is obtained by combining measurements of the collective diffusion coefficient from DLS data with measurements of S(q → 0). H(q → 0) was significantly less than that for a corresponding hard-sphere system and showed that hydrodynamic nonidealities can lead to qualitatively incorrect conclusions regarding B22, G22, and static protein-protein interactions if one uses only DLS to assess protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Blanco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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21
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Weiss WF, Zhang A, Ivanova MI, Sahin E, Jordan JL, Fernandez EJ, Roberts CJ. Reduction of the C191-C220 disulfide of α-chymotrypsinogen A reduces nucleation barriers for aggregation. Biophys Chem 2013; 185:79-87. [PMID: 24374388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Proper disulfide formation can be essential for the conformational stability of natively folded proteins. For proteins that must unfold in order to aggregate, disruption of native disulfides may therefore promote aggregation. This study characterizes differences in the aggregation process for wild-type (WT) α-chymostrypsinogen A (aCgn) and the same molecule with one of its native disulfides (C191-C220) reduced to free thiols (aCgnSH) at acidic pH, where WT aCgn forms semi-flexible amyloid polymers. Loss of the disulfide leads to no discernable differences in folded monomer secondary or tertiary structure based on circular dichroism (CD) or intrinsic fluorescence (FL), and causes a small decrease in the free energy change upon unfolding. After unfolding-mediated aggregation, the resulting amyloid morphology and structure are similar or indistinguishable for aCgn and aCgnSH by CD, FL, ThT binding, multi-angle laser light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Aggregates of aCgn and aCgnSH are also able to cross-seed with monomers of the other species. However, aggregates of aCgnSH are more resistive than aCgn aggregates to urea-mediated dissociation, suggesting some degree of structural differences in the aggregated species that was not resolvable in detail without higher resolution methods. Mechanistic analyses of aggregation kinetics indicate that the initiation or nucleation of new aggregates from aCgnSH involves a mono-molecular rate limiting step, possibly the unfolding step. In contrast, that for aCgn involves an oligomeric intermediate, suggesting native disulfide linkages help to hinder non-native protein aggregation by providing conformational barriers to key nucleation event(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Weiss
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Aming Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States
| | - Magdalena I Ivanova
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Erinc Sahin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Jacob L Jordan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States
| | - Erik J Fernandez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States
| | - Christopher J Roberts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
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22
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Yu Z, Reid JC, Yang YP. Utilizing dynamic light scattering as a process analytical technology for protein folding and aggregation monitoring in vaccine manufacturing. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:4284-90. [PMID: 24122727 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is a common challenge in the manufacturing of biological products. It is possible to minimize the extent of aggregation through timely measurement and in-depth characterization of aggregation. In this study, we demonstrated the use of dynamic light scattering (DLS) to monitor inclusion body (IB) solubilization, protein refolding, and aggregation near the production line of a recombinant protein-based vaccine candidate. Our results were in good agreement with those measured by size-exclusion chromatography. DLS was also used to characterize the mechanism of aggregation. As DLS is a quick, nonperturbing technology, it can potentially be used as an at-line process analytical technology to ensure complete IB solubilization and aggregate-free refolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Yu
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Toronto, Ontario, M2R 3T4, Canada
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23
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Roberts CJ, Nesta DP, Kim N. Effects of Temperature and Osmolytes on Competing Degradation Routes for an IgG1 Antibody. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3556-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Kroetsch AM, Sahin E, Wang HY, Krizman S, Roberts CJ. Relating particle formation to salt- and pH-dependent phase separation of non-native aggregates of alpha-chymotrypsinogen A. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3651-60. [PMID: 22806414 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Visible and subvisible particle formation during the storage of protein solutions is of increasing concern for pharmaceutical products. Previous work (Li Y, Ogunnaike BA, Roberts CJ. 2010. J Pharm Sci 99:645-662) showed that the model protein, alpha-chymotrypsinogen A (aCgn), forms non-native aggregates under accelerated (heated) conditions, but the size and morphology of the resulting aggregates depended sensitively on pH and NaCl. Here, it is shown that aggregates created as high-molecular-weight soluble aggregates undergo a pH- and salt-dependent reversible phase transition to a condensed or insoluble phase of suspended microparticles, whereas monomers remain completely soluble in the same regime. The location of the phase boundary is quantitatively consistent with the different regimes of kinetic behavior observed previously for aCgn. This suggests that the while kinetics is important for controlling the rates of monomer loss during non-native aggregation, it may be possible to tune solution thermodynamics and phase behavior to suppress otherwise soluble aggregates from propagating to form visible or large subvisible particles. Interestingly, the aggregate phase boundary is sensitive to the identity of salt anions in solution, highlighting the importance of electrostatics and preferential salt interactions in mediating aggregate condensation and particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Kroetsch
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Center for Molecular Thermodynamics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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25
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Brummitt RK, Andrews JM, Jordan JL, Fernandez EJ, Roberts CJ. Thermodynamics of amyloid dissociation provide insights into aggregate stability regimes. Biophys Chem 2012; 168-169:10-8. [PMID: 22750559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid aggregates have been hypothesized as a global low free energy state for proteins at finite concentrations. Near its midpoint unfolding temperature, α-chymotrypsinogen A (aCgn) spontaneously forms amyloid polymers, indicating the free energy of aggregates (A) is significantly lower than that for unfolded (U) and native (N) monomers at those particular conditions. The relative thermodynamic stability of A, U, and N states was estimated semi-quantitatively as a function of temperature (T) and [urea] via a combination of calorimetry, urea-assisted unfolding and dissociation, aggregation kinetics, and changes in solvent-exposed surface area, combined with thermodynamic integration and a linear transfer free energy model. The results at first suggest that N is more thermodynamically stable than A at sufficiently low T and [urea], but this may be convoluted with kinetic effects. Interestingly, the kinetic stability of aggregates highlights that the practical measure of stability may be the free energy barrier(s) between A and U, as U serves as a key intermediate between N and A states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Brummitt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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26
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Sahin E, Weiss WF, Kroetsch AM, King KR, Kessler RK, Das TK, Roberts CJ. Aggregation and pH–Temperature Phase Behavior for Aggregates of an IgG2 Antibody. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1678-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Guo J, Yang XQ, He XT, Wu NN, Wang JM, Gu W, Zhang YY. Limited aggregation behavior of β-conglycinin and its terminating effect on glycinin aggregation during heating at pH 7.0. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:3782-3791. [PMID: 22429197 DOI: 10.1021/jf300409y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, different thermal aggregation behaviors of soy β-conglycinin and glycinin at pH 7.0 were characterized with size exclusion chromatography and low-angle light scattering. Limited aggregation that grew via the consumption of "monomers" was detected in β-conglycinin, forming soluble aggregates. For glycinin, the association between the aggregates that led to the appearance of insoluble materials was observed. Heated with β-conglycinin, the assembly between the glycinin aggregates was terminated and its solubility was recovered. The structure of the soluble and insoluble aggregates was analyzed by small-angle X-ray scattering and dynamic light scattering. Unlike the β-conglycinin soluble aggregates that possessed limited size and less compact conformation, particles with a denser core and a less dense outer shell were found in the glycinin insoluble aggregates. Evidence is presented to reveal the transition between the soluble and insoluble aggregates and the role of β-conglycinin in the solubilization of the soy protein aggregates during heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- Protein Research and Development Center, Department of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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28
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Sahin E, Roberts CJ. Size-exclusion chromatography with multi-angle light scattering for elucidating protein aggregation mechanisms. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 899:403-23. [PMID: 22735967 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-921-1_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, application of size exclusion chromatography with inline multi-angle light scattering (SEC-MALS) to protein systems is reviewed, in particular for its use in elucidating mechanistic details of net-irreversible aggregation processes. After motivating why SEC-MALS or analogous techniques are natural choices to interrogate such aggregating systems, the individual techniques (SEC and MALS) are reviewed briefly, as needed for the context of the remainder of the chapter. Illustrative examples are provided to highlight when and how SEC-MALS can be applied to test mass-action kinetic models for protein aggregation. Limitations of the technique, as well as recommendations for troubleshooting and potential errors in data interpretation are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinc Sahin
- Drug Product Science & Technology R&D, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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29
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Brummitt RK, Nesta DP, Roberts CJ. Predicting accelerated aggregation rates for monoclonal antibody formulations, and challenges for low-temperature predictions. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:4234-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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30
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Brummitt RK, Nesta DP, Chang L, Kroetsch AM, Roberts CJ. Nonnative Aggregation of an IgG1 Antibody in Acidic Conditions, Part 2: Nucleation and Growth Kinetics with Competing Growth Mechanisms. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:2104-19. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Revised: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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31
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Understanding protein adsorption phenomena at solid surfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 162:87-106. [PMID: 21295764 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 986] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein adsorption at solid surfaces plays a key role in many natural processes and has therefore promoted a widespread interest in many research areas. Despite considerable progress in this field there are still widely differing and even contradictive opinions on how to explain the frequently observed phenomena such as structural rearrangements, cooperative adsorption, overshooting adsorption kinetics, or protein aggregation. In this review recent achievements and new perspectives on protein adsorption processes are comprehensively discussed. The main focus is put on commonly postulated mechanistic aspects and their translation into mathematical concepts and model descriptions. Relevant experimental and computational strategies to practically approach the field of protein adsorption mechanisms and their impact on current successes are outlined.
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32
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Sahin E, Jordan JL, Spatara ML, Naranjo A, Costanzo JA, Weiss WF, Robinson AS, Fernandez EJ, Roberts CJ. Computational Design and Biophysical Characterization of Aggregation-Resistant Point Mutations for γD Crystallin Illustrate a Balance of Conformational Stability and Intrinsic Aggregation Propensity. Biochemistry 2011; 50:628-39. [DOI: 10.1021/bi100978r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erinc Sahin
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Center for Molecular and Engineering Thermodynamics
| | - Jacob L. Jordan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | | | | | - Joseph A. Costanzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | | | | | - Erik J. Fernandez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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33
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Zhang A, Jordan JL, Ivanova MI, Weiss WF, Roberts CJ, Fernandez EJ. Molecular level insights into thermally induced α-chymotrypsinogen A amyloid aggregation mechanism and semiflexible protofibril morphology. Biochemistry 2010; 49:10553-64. [PMID: 21067192 DOI: 10.1021/bi1014216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding nonnative protein aggregation is critical not only to a number of amyloidosis disorders but also for the development of effective and safe biopharmaceuticals. In a series of previous studies [Weiss et al. (2007) Biophys. J. 93, 4392-4403; Andrews et al. (2007) Biochemistry 46, 7558-7571; Andrews et al. (2008) Biochemistry 47, 2397-2403], α-chymotrypsinogen A (aCgn) and bovine granulocyte colony stimulating factor (bG-CSF) have been shown to exhibit the kinetic and morphological features of other nonnative aggregating proteins at low pH and ionic strength. In this study, we investigated the structural mechanism of aCgn aggregation. The resultant aCgn aggregates were found to be soluble and exhibited semiflexible filamentous aggregate morphology under transmission electron microscopy. In addition, the filamentous aggregates were demonstrated to possess amyloid characteristics by both Congo red binding and X-ray diffraction. Peptide level hydrogen exchange (HX) analysis suggested that a buried native β-sheet comprised of three peptide segments (39-46, 51-64, and 106-114) reorganizes into the cross-β amyloid core of aCgn aggregates and that at least ∼50% of the sequence adopts a disordered structure in the aggregates. Furthermore, the equimolar, bimodal HX labeling distribution observed for three reported peptides (65-102, 160-180, and 229-245) suggested a heterogeneous assembly of two molecular conformations in aCgn aggregates. This demonstrates that extended β-sheet interactions typical of the amyloid are sufficiently strong that a relatively small fraction of polypeptide sequence can drive formation of filamentous aggregates even under conditions favoring colloidal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aming Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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34
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Wang W, Nema S, Teagarden D. Protein aggregation—Pathways and influencing factors. Int J Pharm 2010; 390:89-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Kiese S, Pappenberger A, Friess W, Mahler HC. Equilibrium studies of protein aggregates and homogeneous nucleation in protein formulation. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:632-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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Li Y, Ogunnaike BA, Roberts CJ. Multi-variate approach to global protein aggregation behavior and kinetics: Effects of pH, NaCl, and temperature for α-chymotrypsinogen A. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:645-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Li Y, Weiss WF, Roberts CJ. Characterization of high-molecular-weight nonnative aggregates and aggregation kinetics by size exclusion chromatography with inline multi-angle laser light scattering. J Pharm Sci 2010; 98:3997-4016. [PMID: 19283773 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Size exclusion chromatography with an inline multi-angle light scattering detector (SEC-MALS) was assessed as a means to characterize and monitor the formation of soluble, high-molecular-weight (HMW) protein aggregates so as to better quantify and model nonnative aggregation kinetics. Assay configuration and robustness were tested with respect to sample preparation, column type, and assay variability. Independent comparison of SEC-MALS with batch light scattering analysis indicates good agreement between the two methods. Weight-average molecular weight (M(w)), radius of gyration (R(g)), apparent polydispersity, and mass fraction monomer (m) together are shown to provide qualitative and quantitative experimental signatures to distinguish high-MW aggregate growth via chain polymerization versus that via aggregate-aggregate condensation. Mechanistic treatment of aggregation kinetics monitored by SEC-MALS is illustrated by data regression using a recently developed Lumry-Eyring Nucleated Polymerization model that explicitly accounts for aggregate nucleation and competing growth via chain- and condensation-polymerization. The combination of time-dependent M(w) and m data are shown to provide a convenient and robust means to separate and quantify characteristic time scales or rate coefficients for concurrent stages of irreversible aggregation. In addition, the scaling of R(g) with M(w) for HMW aggregates provides useful insights into aggregate morphology and mechanisms of aggregate growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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38
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Li Y, Roberts CJ. Lumry-Eyring nucleated-polymerization model of protein aggregation kinetics. 2. Competing growth via condensation and chain polymerization. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:7020-32. [PMID: 19368365 PMCID: PMC2683240 DOI: 10.1021/jp8083088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Lumry-Eyring with nucleated polymerization (LENP) model from part 1 (Andrews, J. M.; Roberts, C. J. J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111, 7897-7913) is expanded to explicitly account for kinetic contributions from aggregate-aggregate condensation polymerization. Experimentally accessible quantities described by the resulting model include monomer mass fraction (m), weight-average molecular weight (Mw), and ratio of Mw to number-average molecular weight (Mn) as a function of time (t). Analysis of global model behavior illustrates ways to identify which steps in the overall aggregation process are kinetically important on the basis of the qualitative behavior of m, Mw, and Mw/Mn vs t, and on whether bulk phase separation or precipitation occurs. For cases in which all aggregates remain soluble, moment equations are provided that permit straightforward numerical regression of experimental data to give separate time scales or inverse rate coefficients for nucleation and for growth by chain and condensation polymerization. Analysis of simulated data indicates that it may be possible to neglect condensation reactions if only early time data are considered and also highlights difficulties in conclusively distinguishing between alternative mechanisms of condensation, even when kinetics are monitored with both m and Mw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 150 Academy St., Colburn Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Christopher J. Roberts
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 150 Academy St., Colburn Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
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Weiss WF, Young TM, Roberts CJ. Principles, approaches, and challenges for predicting protein aggregation rates and shelf life. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:1246-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Morris AM, Watzky MA, Finke RG. Protein aggregation kinetics, mechanism, and curve-fitting: A review of the literature. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:375-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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