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Zhang E, Healy L, Du G, Wu H. Cleavage-independent GSDME activation by UVC. Nat Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41556-024-01470-3. [PMID: 39085377 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Zhang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liam Healy
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gang Du
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Wei J, Zhang M, Wang X, Yang K, Xiao Q, Zhu X, Pan X. Role of Cardiolipin in regulating and treating atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 979:176853. [PMID: 39067567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, mainly caused by atherosclerosis, are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the discrepancies in clinical manifestations between different abnormalities, atherosclerosis shares similar pathophysiological processes, such as mitochondrial dysfunction. Cardiolipin (CL) is a conserved mitochondria-specific lipid that contributes to the cristae structure of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Alterations in the CL, including oxidative modification, reduced quantity, and abnormal localization, contribute to the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize the knowledge that CL is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. On the one hand, CL and its oxidative modification promote the progression of atherosclerosis via several mechanisms, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in response to stress. On the other hand, CL externalizes to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) and acts as the pivotal "eat-me" signal in mitophagy, removing dysfunctional mitochondria and safeguarding against the progression of atherosclerosis. Given the imbalance between proatherogenic and antiatherogenic effects, we provide our understanding of the roles of the CL and its oxidative modification in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, in addition to potential therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring the CL. Briefly, CL is far more than a structural IMM lipid; broader significances of the evolutionarily conserved lipid need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kaiying Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Xudong Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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3
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Silvaroli JA, Bisunke B, Kim JY, Stayton A, Jayne LA, Martinez SA, Nguyen C, Patel PS, Vanichapol T, Verma V, Akhter J, Bolisetty S, Madhavan SM, Kuscu C, Coss CC, Zepeda-Orozco D, Parikh SV, Satoskar AA, Davidson AJ, Eason JD, Szeto HH, Pabla NS, Bajwa A. Genome-Wide CRISPR Screen Identifies Phospholipid Scramblase 3 as the Biological Target of Mitoprotective Drug SS-31. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:681-695. [PMID: 38530359 PMCID: PMC11164119 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Points Szeto–Schiller-31–mediated mitoprotection is phospholipid scramblase 3–dependent. Phospholipid scramblase 3 is required for recovery after AKI. Background The synthetic tetrapeptide Szeto–Schiller (SS)-31 shows promise in alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction associated with common diseases. However, the precise pharmacological basis of its mitoprotective effects remains unknown. Methods To uncover the biological targets of SS-31, we performed a genome-scale clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats screen in human kidney-2, a cell culture model where SS-31 mitigates cisplatin-associated cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction. The identified hit candidate gene was functionally validated using knockout cell lines, small interfering RNA-mediated downregulation, and tubular epithelial–specific conditional knockout mice. Biochemical interaction studies were also performed to examine the interaction of SS-31 with the identified target protein. Results Our primary screen and validation studies in hexokinase 2 and primary murine tubular epithelial cells showed that phospholipid scramblase 3 (PLSCR3), an understudied inner mitochondrial membrane protein, was essential for the protective effects of SS-31. For in vivo validation, we generated tubular epithelial–specific knockout mice and found that Plscr3 gene ablation did not influence kidney function under normal conditions or affect the severity of cisplatin and rhabdomyolysis-associated AKI. However, Plscr3 gene deletion completely abrogated the protective effects of SS-31 during cisplatin and rhabdomyolysis-associated AKI. Biochemical studies showed that SS-31 directly binds to a previously uncharacterized N -terminal domain and stimulates PLSCR3 scramblase activity. Finally, PLSCR3 protein expression was found to be increased in the kidneys of patients with AKI. Conclusions PLSCR3 was identified as the essential biological target that facilitated the mitoprotective effects of SS-31 in vitro and in vivo .
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie A. Silvaroli
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bijay Bisunke
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amanda Stayton
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Laura A. Jayne
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shirely A. Martinez
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christopher Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Prisha S. Patel
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Thitinee Vanichapol
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vivek Verma
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Juheb Akhter
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Sethu M. Madhavan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Cem Kuscu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Transplant Research Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Christopher C. Coss
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Diana Zepeda-Orozco
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Kidney and Urinary Tract Research Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Samir V. Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Anjali A. Satoskar
- Division of Renal and Transplant Pathology, Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Alan J. Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James D. Eason
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Transplant Research Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Hazel H. Szeto
- Social Profit Network Research Lab, Menlo Park, California
| | - Navjot S. Pabla
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amandeep Bajwa
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Transplant Research Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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Palanirajan SK, Gummadi SN. Phospholipid scramblase 3: a latent mediator connecting mitochondria and heavy metal apoptosis. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:443-458. [PMID: 37341933 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Lead and mercury are the ubiquitous heavy metals triggering toxicity and initiating apoptosis in cells. Though the toxic effects of heavy metals on various organs are known, there is a paucity of information on the mechanisms that instigate the current study. A plausible role of phospholipid scramblase 3 (PLSCR3) in Pb2+ and Hg2+ induced apoptosis was investigated with human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells. After 12 h of exposure, ~30-40% of the cells were in the early stage of apoptosis with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased intracellular calcium levels. Also, ~20% of the cardiolipin localized within the inner mitochondrial membrane was translocated to the outer mitochondrial membrane along with the mobilization of truncated Bid (t-Bid) to the mitochondria and cytochrome c from the mitochondria. The endogenous expression levels of PLSCR3, caspase 8, and caspase 3 were upregulated in Pb2+ and Hg2+ induced apoptosis. The activation and upregulation of PLSCR3 mediate CL translocation playing a potential role in initiating the heavy metal-induced apoptosis. Therefore, PLSCR3 could be the linker between mitochondria and heavy metal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Palanirajan
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Sathyanarayana N Gummadi
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
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5
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Joshi A, Richard TH, Gohil VM. Mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism in health and disease. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260857. [PMID: 37655851 PMCID: PMC10482392 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of rare human genetic disorders of mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism have highlighted the crucial role that membrane phospholipids play in mitochondrial bioenergetics and human health. The phospholipid composition of mitochondrial membranes is highly conserved from yeast to humans, with each class of phospholipid performing a specific function in the assembly and activity of various mitochondrial membrane proteins, including the oxidative phosphorylation complexes. Recent studies have uncovered novel roles of cardiolipin and phosphatidylethanolamine, two crucial mitochondrial phospholipids, in organismal physiology. Studies on inter-organellar and intramitochondrial phospholipid transport have significantly advanced our understanding of the mechanisms that maintain mitochondrial phospholipid homeostasis. Here, we discuss these recent advances in the function and transport of mitochondrial phospholipids while describing their biochemical and biophysical properties and biosynthetic pathways. Additionally, we highlight the roles of mitochondrial phospholipids in human health by describing the various genetic diseases caused by disruptions in their biosynthesis and discuss advances in therapeutic strategies for Barth syndrome, the best-studied disorder of mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaumy Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Travis H. Richard
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Vishal M. Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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6
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Wang G, Zhang D, Orchard RC, Hancks DC, Reese TA. Norovirus MLKL-like protein initiates cell death to induce viral egress. Nature 2023; 616:152-158. [PMID: 36991121 PMCID: PMC10348409 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05851-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Non-enveloped viruses require cell lysis to release new virions from infected cells, suggesting that these viruses require mechanisms to induce cell death. Noroviruses are one such group of viruses, but there is no known mechanism that causes norovirus infection-triggered cell death and lysis1-3. Here we identify a molecular mechanism of norovirus-induced cell death. We found that the norovirus-encoded NTPase NS3 contains an N-terminal four-helix bundle domain homologous to the membrane-disruption domain of the pseudokinase mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL). NS3 has a mitochondrial localization signal and thus induces cell death by targeting mitochondria. Full-length NS3 and an N-terminal fragment of the protein bound the mitochondrial membrane lipid cardiolipin, permeabilized the mitochondrial membrane and induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Both the N-terminal region and the mitochondrial localization motif of NS3 were essential for cell death, viral egress from cells and viral replication in mice. These findings suggest that noroviruses have acquired a host MLKL-like pore-forming domain to facilitate viral egress by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxun Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Robert C Orchard
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dustin C Hancks
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Tiffany A Reese
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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7
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Iriondo MN, Etxaniz A, Varela YR, Ballesteros U, Hervás JH, Montes LR, Goñi FM, Alonso A. LC3 subfamily in cardiolipin-mediated mitophagy: a comparison of the LC3A, LC3B and LC3C homologs. Autophagy 2022; 18:2985-3003. [PMID: 35414338 PMCID: PMC9673933 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2062111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Externalization of the phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) to the outer mitochondrial membrane has been proposed to act as a mitophagy trigger. CL would act as a signal for binding the LC3 macroautophagy/autophagy proteins. As yet, the behavior of the LC3-subfamily members has not been directly compared in a detailed way. In the present contribution, an analysis of LC3A, LC3B and LC3C interaction with CL-containing model membranes, and of their ability to translocate to mitochondria, is described. Binding of LC3A to CL was stronger than that of LC3B; both proteins showed a similar ability to colocalize with mitochondria upon induction of CL externalization in SH-SY5Y cells. Besides, the double silencing of LC3A and LC3B proteins was seen to decrease CCCP-induced mitophagy. Residues 14 and 18 located in the N-terminal region of LC3A were shown to be important for its recognition of damaged mitochondria during rotenone- or CCCP-induced mitophagy. Moreover, the in vitro results suggested a possible role of LC3A, but not of LC3B, in oxidized-CL recognition as a counterweight to excessive apoptosis activation. In the case of LC3C, even if this protein showed a stronger CL binding than LC3B or LC3A, the interaction was less specific, and colocalization of LC3C with mitochondria was not rotenone dependent. These results suggest that, at variance with LC3A, LC3C does not participate in cargo recognition during CL-mediated-mitophagy. The data support the notion that the various LC3-subfamily members might play different roles during autophagy initiation, identifying LC3A as a novel stakeholder in CL-mediated mitophagy. Abbreviations: ACTB/β-actin: actin beta; Atg8: autophagy-related 8; CL: cardiolipin; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DOPE: 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine; DTT: DL-dithiothreitol; FKBP8: FKBP prolyl isomerase 8; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor associated protein; GABARAPL1: GABA type A receptor associated protein like 1; GABARAPL2: GABA type A receptor associated protein like 2; GFP: green fluorescent protein; IMM: inner mitochondrial membrane; LUV/LUVs: large unilamellar vesicle/s; MAP1LC3A/LC3A: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAP1LC3C/LC3C: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 gamma; NME4/NDPK-D/Nm23-H4: NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 4; O/A: oligomycin A + antimycin A; OMM: outer mitochondrial membrane; PA: phosphatidic acid; PC: phosphatidylcholine; PG: phosphatidylglycerol; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PtdIns4P: phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate; Rho-PE: lissamine rhodamine phosphatidylethanolamine; SUV/SUVs: small unilamellar vesicle/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina N. Iriondo
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Asier Etxaniz
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Yaiza R. Varela
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Uxue Ballesteros
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Javier H. Hervás
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain,The Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - L. Ruth Montes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Félix M. Goñi
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Alicia Alonso
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain,CONTACT Alicia Alonso Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
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Genome-Wide Gene Expression Profiling Defines the Mechanism of Anticancer Effect of Colorectal Cancer Cell-Derived Conditioned Medium on Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050883. [PMID: 35627268 PMCID: PMC9171579 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common type of leukemia in adults, accounting for 30% of all adult leukemia cases. While there have been recent improvements in the prognosis of the disease, the prognosis remains grim, and further understanding of AML and the development of new therapeutic agents is critical. This study aimed to investigate the potential interaction between colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and AML cells. Unexpectedly, we found that CRC cell-derived conditioned medium (CM) showed anticancer activities in AML cells by inducing apoptosis and differentiation. Mechanistic studies suggest that these phenotypes are closely associated with the suppression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK survival signaling, the upregulation of myeloid differentiation-promoting transcription factors c/EBPα and PU.1, and the augmentation of executioner caspases-3/7. Importantly, bioinformatic analyses of our gene expression profiling data, including that derived from principal component analysis (PCA), volcano plots, boxplots, heat maps, kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, which evaluate gene expression profiling data, provided deeper insight into the mechanism in which CRC-CM broadly modulates apoptosis-, cell cycle arrest-, and differentiation-related gene expression, such as BMF, PLSCR3, CDKN1C, and ID2, among others, revealing the genes that exert anticancer effects in AML cells at the genomic level. Collectively, our data suggest that it may be worthwhile to isolate and identify the molecules with tumor-suppressive effects in the CM, which may help to improve the prognosis of patients with AML.
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Mitochondrial DAMPs and altered mitochondrial dynamics in OxLDL burden in atherosclerosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:1915-1928. [PMID: 33492610 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis results in life-threatening cardiovascular pathologies, including ischemic heart disease, stroke, myocardial infarction, and peripheral arterial disease. The role of increased serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and resultant accumulation of oxidized-LDL (oxLDL) in atheroma formation is well established. Recent findings elucidate the significance of mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (mtDAMPs) in triggering sterile inflammation in concert with oxLDL. The mtDAMPs including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), cytochrome C, cardiolipin, heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and N-formyl peptides, are expected to possess proatherogenic roles. However, limited data are available in the literature. The mtDAMPs initiate sterile inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions via numerous signaling pathways, most of which converge to the NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Priming the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, mtDAMPs promote secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), implicated in atherosclerotic lesions through vascular smooth muscle and fibroblast proliferation, arterial wall thickening, and plaque formation. In this article we critically reviewed and discussed the central role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in mtDAMP-induced sterile inflammation in atherosclerosis with specific components including caspase-1, pregnane X receptor (PXR), adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), and downstream cytokines including IL-1β and IL-18 as potential mediators of atherosclerosis. Better understanding of the proinflammatory effects of mtDAMPs and its pathological association with oxLDL possess immense translational significance for novel therapeutic intervention.
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Lipid asymmetry of a model mitochondrial outer membrane affects Bax-dependent permeabilization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Tan JX, Finkel T. Mitochondria as intracellular signaling platforms in health and disease. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e202002179. [PMID: 32320464 PMCID: PMC7199861 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202002179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, long viewed solely in the context of bioenergetics, are increasingly emerging as critical hubs for intracellular signaling. Due to their bacterial origin, mitochondria possess their own genome and carry unique lipid components that endow these organelles with specialized properties to help orchestrate multiple signaling cascades. Mitochondrial signaling modulates diverse pathways ranging from metabolism to redox homeostasis to cell fate determination. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of how mitochondria serve as intracellular signaling platforms with a particular emphasis on lipid-mediated signaling, innate immune activation, and retrograde signaling. We further discuss how these signaling properties might potentially be exploited to develop new therapeutic strategies for a range of age-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay X. Tan
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Toren Finkel
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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Palanirajan SK, Gummadi SN. Heavy-Metals-Mediated Phospholipids Scrambling by Human Phospholipid Scramblase 3: A Probable Role in Mitochondrial Apoptosis. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:553-564. [PMID: 31769662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human phospholipid scramblases are a family of four homologous transmembrane proteins (hPLSCR1-4) mediating phospholipids (PLs) translocation in plasma membrane upon Ca2+ activation. hPLSCR3, the only homologue localized to mitochondria, plays a vital role in mitochondrial structure, function, maintenance, and apoptosis. Upon Ca2+ activation, hPLSCR3 mediates PL translocation at the mitochondrial membrane enhancing t-bid-induced cytochrome c release and apoptosis. Mitochondria are important target organelles for heavy-metals-induced apoptotic signaling cascade and are the central executioner of apoptosis to trigger. Pb2+ and Hg2+ toxicity mediates apoptosis by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytochrome c release from mitochondria. To discover the role of hPLSCR3 in heavy metal toxicity, hPLSCR3 was overexpressed as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) and purified by affinity chromatography. The biochemical assay using synthetic proteoliposomes demonstrated that hPLSCR3 translocated aminophospholipids in the presence of micromolar concentrations of Pb2+ and Hg2+. A point mutation in the Ca2+-binding motif (F258V) led to a ∼60% loss in the functional activity and decreased binding affinities for Pb2+ and Hg2+ implying that the divalent heavy metal ions bind to the Ca2+-binding motif. This was further affirmed by the characteristic spectra observed with stains-all dye. The conformational changes upon heavy metal binding were monitored by circular dichroism, intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, and light-scattering studies. Our results revealed that Pb2+ and Hg2+ bind to hPLSCR3 with higher affinity than Ca2+ thus mediating scramblase activity. To summarize, this is the first biochemical evidence for heavy metals binding to the mitochondrial membrane protein leading to bidirectional translocation of PLs specifically toward phosphatidylethanolamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Palanirajan
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036 , India
| | - Sathyanarayana N Gummadi
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600 036 , India
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13
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de la Ballina LR, Munson MJ, Simonsen A. Lipids and Lipid-Binding Proteins in Selective Autophagy. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:135-159. [PMID: 31202884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have the capacity to degrade intracellular components through a lysosomal degradation pathway called macroautophagy (henceforth referred to as autophagy) in which superfluous or damaged cytosolic entities are engulfed and separated from the rest of the cell constituents into double membraned vesicles known as autophagosomes. Autophagosomes then fuse with endosomes and lysosomes, where cargo is broken down into basic building blocks that are released to the cytoplasm for the cell to reuse. Autophagic degradation can target either cytoplasmic material in bulk (non-selective autophagy) or particular cargo in what is called selective autophagy. Proper autophagic turnover requires the orchestrated participation of several players that need to be tightly and temporally coordinated. Whereas a large number of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins have been identified and their functions and regulation are starting to be understood, there is substantially less knowledge regarding the specific lipids constituting the autophagic membranes as well as their role in initiating, enabling or regulating the autophagic process. This review focuses on lipids and their corresponding binding proteins that are crucial in the process of selective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R de la Ballina
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael J Munson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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14
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Abstract
Mitochondria are the source of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are molecules that play a key modulatory role in immune cells. These molecules include proteins and peptides, such as N-formyl peptides and TFAM, as well as lipids, and metabolites such as cardiolipin, succinate and ATP, and also mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Recent data indicate that somatic cells sense mitochondrial DAMPs and trigger protective mechanisms in response to these signals. In this review we focus on the well-described effects of mitochondrial DAMPs on immune cells and also how these molecules induce immunogenic responses in non-immune cells. Special attention will be paid to the response to mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Rodríguez-Nuevo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona). The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona). The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III
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15
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Enkavi G, Javanainen M, Kulig W, Róg T, Vattulainen I. Multiscale Simulations of Biological Membranes: The Challenge To Understand Biological Phenomena in a Living Substance. Chem Rev 2019; 119:5607-5774. [PMID: 30859819 PMCID: PMC6727218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biological membranes are tricky to investigate. They are complex in terms of molecular composition and structure, functional over a wide range of time scales, and characterized by nonequilibrium conditions. Because of all of these features, simulations are a great technique to study biomembrane behavior. A significant part of the functional processes in biological membranes takes place at the molecular level; thus computer simulations are the method of choice to explore how their properties emerge from specific molecular features and how the interplay among the numerous molecules gives rise to function over spatial and time scales larger than the molecular ones. In this review, we focus on this broad theme. We discuss the current state-of-the-art of biomembrane simulations that, until now, have largely focused on a rather narrow picture of the complexity of the membranes. Given this, we also discuss the challenges that we should unravel in the foreseeable future. Numerous features such as the actin-cytoskeleton network, the glycocalyx network, and nonequilibrium transport under ATP-driven conditions have so far received very little attention; however, the potential of simulations to solve them would be exceptionally high. A major milestone for this research would be that one day we could say that computer simulations genuinely research biological membranes, not just lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giray Enkavi
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy
of Sciences, Flemingovo naḿesti 542/2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Waldemar Kulig
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
- MEMPHYS-Center
for Biomembrane Physics
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16
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Chao H, Lin C, Zuo Q, Liu Y, Xiao M, Xu X, Li Z, Bao Z, Chen H, You Y, Kochanek PM, Yin H, Liu N, Kagan VE, Bayır H, Ji J. Cardiolipin-Dependent Mitophagy Guides Outcome after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurosci 2019; 39:1930-1943. [PMID: 30626699 PMCID: PMC6407296 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3415-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial energy production is essential for normal brain function. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases brain energy demands, results in the activation of mitochondrial respiration, associated with enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species. This chain of events triggers neuronal apoptosis via oxidation of a mitochondria-specific phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL). One pathway through which cells can avoid apoptosis is via elimination of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy. Previously, we showed that externalization of CL to the mitochondrial surface acts as an elimination signal in cells. Whether CL-mediated mitophagy occurs in vivo or its significance in the disease processes are not known. In this study, we showed that TBI leads to increased mitophagy in the human brain, which was also detected using TBI models in male rats. Knockdown of CL synthase, responsible for de novo synthesis of CL, or phospholipid scramblase-3, responsible for CL translocation to the outer mitochondrial membrane, significantly decreased TBI-induced mitophagy. Inhibition of mitochondrial clearance by 3-methyladenine, mdivi-1, or phospholipid scramblase-3 knockdown after TBI led to a worse outcome, suggesting that mitophagy is beneficial. Together, our findings indicate that TBI-induced mitophagy is an endogenous neuroprotective process that is directed by CL, which marks damaged mitochondria for elimination, thereby limiting neuronal death and behavioral deficits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases energy demands leading to activation of mitochondrial respiration associated with enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species and resultant damage to mitochondria. We demonstrate that the complete elimination of irreparably damaged organelles via mitophagy is activated as an early response to TBI. This response includes translocation of mitochondria phospholipid cardiolipin from the inner membrane to the outer membrane where externalized cardiolipin mediates targeted protein light chain 3-mediated autophagy of damaged mitochondria. Our data on targeting phospholipid scramblase and cardiolipin synthase in genetically manipulated cells and animals strongly support the essential role of cardiolipin externalization mechanisms in the endogenous reparative plasticity of injured brain cells. Furthermore, successful execution and completion of mitophagy is beneficial in the context of preservation of cognitive functions after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglu Chao
- Departments of Neurosurgery and
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | | | - Qiang Zuo
- Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | | | - Mengqing Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200031, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | | | | | | | - Huimei Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | | | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Huiyong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200031, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100022, China
| | | | - Valerian E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
- Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics and Department of Human Pathology, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation, and
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health,
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
- Children's Neuroscience Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Jing Ji
- Departments of Neurosurgery and
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
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17
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Wang L, Habib AA, Mintz A, Li KC, Zhao D. Phosphatidylserine-Targeted Nanotheranostics for Brain Tumor Imaging and Therapeutic Potential. Mol Imaging 2018; 16:1536012117708722. [PMID: 28654387 PMCID: PMC5470144 DOI: 10.1177/1536012117708722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS), the most abundant anionic phospholipid in cell membrane, is strictly confined to the inner leaflet in normal cells. However, this PS asymmetry is found disruptive in many tumor vascular endothelial cells. We discuss the underlying mechanisms for PS asymmetry maintenance in normal cells and its loss in tumor cells. The specificity of PS exposure in tumor vasculature but not normal blood vessels may establish it a useful biomarker for cancer molecular imaging. Indeed, utilizing PS-targeting antibodies, multiple imaging probes have been developed and multimodal imaging data have shown their high tumor-selective targeting in various cancers. There is a critical need for improved diagnosis and therapy for brain tumors. We have recently established PS-targeted nanoplatforms, aiming to enhance delivery of imaging contrast agents across the blood-brain barrier to facilitate imaging of brain tumors. Advantages of using the nanodelivery system, in particular, lipid-based nanocarriers, are discussed here. We also describe our recent research interest in developing PS-targeted nanotheranostics for potential image-guided drug delivery to treat brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Amyn A Habib
- 2 Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,3 North Texas VA Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Akiva Mintz
- 4 Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,5 Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - King C Li
- 4 Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,6 Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Dawen Zhao
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,3 North Texas VA Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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18
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Palanirajan SK, Sivagnanam U, Murugan S, Gummadi SN. In vitro reconstitution and biochemical characterization of human phospholipid scramblase 3: phospholipid specificity and metal ion binding studies. Biol Chem 2018; 399:361-374. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AbstractHuman phospholipid scramblase 3 (hPLSCR3) is a single pass transmembrane protein that plays a vital role in fat metabolism, mitochondrial function, structure, maintenance and apoptosis. The mechanism of action of scramblases remains still unknown, and the role of scramblases in phospholipid translocation is heavily debated. hPLSCR3 is the only member of scramblase family localized to mitochondria and is involved in cardiolipin translocation at the mitochondrial membrane. Direct biochemical evidence of phospholipid translocation by hPLSCR3 is yet to be reported. Functional assay in synthetic proteoliposomes upon Ca2+and Mg2+revealed that, apart from cardiolipin, recombinant hPLSCR3 translocates aminophospholipids such as NBD-PE and NBD-PS but not neutral phospholipids. Point mutation in hPLSCR3 (F258V) resulted in decreased Ca2+binding affinity. Functional assay with F258V-hPLSCR3 led to ~50% loss in scramblase activity in the presence of Ca2+and Mg2+. Metal ion-induced conformational changes were monitored by intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, circular dichroism, surface hydrophobicity changes and aggregation studies. Our results revealed that Ca2+and Mg2+bind to hPLSCR3 and trigger conformational changes mediated by aggregation. In summary, we suggest that the metal ion-induced conformational change and the aggregation of the protein are essential for the phospholipid translocation by hPLSCR3.
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19
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Luévano-Martínez LA, Kowaltowski AJ. Topological characterization of the mitochondrial phospholipid scramblase 3. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:4056-4066. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Luévano-Martínez
- Departamento de Parasitologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; Brazil
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20
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Basu Ball W, Neff JK, Gohil VM. The role of nonbilayer phospholipids in mitochondrial structure and function. FEBS Lett 2017; 592:1273-1290. [PMID: 29067684 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial structure and function are influenced by the unique phospholipid composition of its membranes. While mitochondria contain all the major classes of phospholipids, recent studies have highlighted specific roles of the nonbilayer-forming phospholipids phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and cardiolipin (CL) in the assembly and activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complexes. The nonbilayer phospholipids are cone-shaped molecules that introduce curvature stress in the bilayer membrane and have been shown to impact mitochondrial fusion and fission. In addition to their overlapping roles in these mitochondrial processes, each nonbilayer phospholipid also plays a unique role in mitochondrial function; for example, CL is specifically required for MRC supercomplex formation. Recent discoveries of mitochondrial PE- and CL-trafficking proteins and prior knowledge of their biosynthetic pathways have provided targets for precisely manipulating nonbilayer phospholipid levels in the mitochondrial membranes in vivo. Thus, the genetic mutants of these pathways could be valuable tools in illuminating molecular functions and biophysical properties of nonbilayer phospholipids in driving mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Writoban Basu Ball
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - John K Neff
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Vishal M Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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21
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Sivagnanam U, Palanirajan SK, Gummadi SN. The role of human phospholipid scramblases in apoptosis: An overview. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2261-2271. [PMID: 28844836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human phospholipid scramblases (hPLSCRs) are a family of four homologous single pass transmembrane proteins (hPLSCR1-4) initially identified as the proteins responsible for Ca2+ mediated bidirectional phospholipid translocation in plasma membrane. Though in-vitro assays had provided evidence, the role of hPLSCRs in phospholipid translocation is still debated. Recent reports revealed a new class of proteins, TMEM16 and Xkr8 to exhibit scramblase activity challenging the function of hPLSCRs. Apart from phospholipid scrambling, numerous reports have emphasized the multifunctional roles of hPLSCRs in key cellular processes including tumorigenesis, antiviral defense, protein and DNA interactions, transcriptional regulation and apoptosis. In this review, the role of hPLSCRs in mediating cell death through phosphatidylserine exposure, interaction with death receptors, cardiolipin exposure, heavy metal and radiation induced apoptosis and pathological apoptosis followed by their involvement in cancer cells are discussed. This review aims to connect the multifunctional characteristics of hPLSCRs to their decisive involvement in apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulaganathan Sivagnanam
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Palanirajan
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Sathyanarayana N Gummadi
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.
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22
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Intramitochondrial phospholipid trafficking. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:81-89. [PMID: 27542541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial functions and architecture rely on a defined lipid composition of their outer and inner membranes, which are characterized by a high content of non-bilayer phospholipids such as cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Mitochondrial membrane lipids are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or within mitochondria from ER-derived precursor lipids, are asymmetrically distributed within mitochondria and can relocate in response to cellular stress. Maintenance of lipid homeostasis thus requires multiple lipid transport processes to be orchestrated within mitochondria. Recent findings identified members of the Ups/PRELI family as specific lipid transfer proteins in mitochondria that shuttle phospholipids between mitochondrial membranes. They cooperate with membrane organizing proteins that preserve the spatial organization of mitochondrial membranes and the formation of membrane contact sites, unravelling an intimate crosstalk of membrane lipid transport and homeostasis with the structural organization of mitochondria. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipids of Mitochondria edited by Guenther Daum.
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23
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Cardiolipin or MTCH2 can serve as tBID receptors during apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1165-74. [PMID: 26794447 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During apoptosis, proapoptotic BAX and BAK trigger mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) permeabilization by a mechanism that is not yet fully understood. BH3-only proteins such as tBID, together with lipids of the MOM, are thought to play a key role in BAX and BAK activation. In particular, cardiolipin (CL) has been shown to stimulate tBID-induced BAX activation in vitro. However, it is still unclear whether this process also relies on CL in the cell, or whether it is more dependent on MTCH2, a proposed receptor for tBID present in the MOM. To address this issue, we deleted both alleles of cardiolipin synthase in human HCT116 cells by homologous recombination, which resulted in a complete absence of CL. The CL-deficient cells were fully viable in glucose but displayed impaired oxidative phosphorylation and an inability to grow in galactose. Using these cells, we found that CL was not required for either tBID-induced BAX activation, or for apoptosis in response to treatment with TRAIL. Downregulation of MTCH2 in HCT116 cells also failed to prevent recruitment of tBID to mitochondria in apoptotic conditions. However, when both CL and MTCH2 were depleted, a significant reduction in tBID recruitment was observed, suggesting that in HCT116 cells, CL and MTCH2 can have redundant functions in this process.
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24
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Tubby-like protein superfamily member PLSCR3 functions as a negative regulator of adipogenesis in mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by suppressing induction of late differentiation stage transcription factors. Biosci Rep 2015; 36:e00287. [PMID: 26677203 PMCID: PMC4725246 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Decrease in intracellular amount of phospholipid scramblase 3 (PLSCR3) is accompanied by enhanced unconventional secretion during differentiation of mouse preadipocytic 3T3-L1 cells. Forced overexpression of PLSCR3 in 3T3-L1 cells inhibited adipogenesis by suppressing induction of late stage pro-adipogenic transcription factors. PLSCR3 (phospholipid scramblase 3, Scr3) belongs to the superfamily of membrane-associated transcription regulators named Tubby-like proteins (TULPs). Physiological phospholipid scrambling activities of PLSCRs in vivo have been skeptically argued, and knowledge of the biological functions of Scr3 is limited. We investigated the expression of Scr3 during differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by Western blotting (WB) and by reverse-transcription and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The Scr3 protein decreased during 3T3-L1 differentiation accompanied by a reduction in the mRNA level, and there was a significant increase in the amount of Scr3 protein secreted into the culture medium in the form of extracellular microvesicles (exosomes). On the other hand, Scr3 expression did not significantly decrease, and the secretion of Scr3 in 3T3 Swiss-albino fibroblasts (a parental cell-line of 3T3-L1) was not increased by differentiation treatment. Overexpression of human Scr3 during 3T3-L1 differentiation suppressed triacylglycerol accumulation and inhibited induction of the mRNAs of late stage pro-adipogenic transcription factors [CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)] and X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1). Expression of early stage pro-adipogenic transcription factors (C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ) was not significantly affected. These results suggest that Scr3 functions as a negative regulator of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells at a specific differentiation stage and that decrease in the intracellular amount of Scr3 protein caused by reduction in Scr3 mRNA expression and enhanced secretion of Scr3 protein appears to be important for appropriate adipocyte differentiation.
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25
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Altered Traffic of Cardiolipin during Apoptosis: Exposure on the Cell Surface as a Trigger for "Antiphospholipid Antibodies". J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:847985. [PMID: 26491702 PMCID: PMC4603604 DOI: 10.1155/2015/847985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis has been reported to induce changes in the remodelling of membrane lipids; after death receptor engagement, specific changes of lipid composition occur not only at the plasma membrane, but also in intracellular membranes. This paper focuses on one important aspect of apoptotic changes in cellular lipids, namely, the redistribution of the mitochondria-specific phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL). CL predominantly resides in the inner mitochondrial membrane, even if the rapid remodelling of its acyl chains and the subsequent degradation occur in other membrane organelles. After death receptor stimulation, CL appears to concentrate into mitochondrial “raft-like” microdomains at contact sites between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, leading to local oligomerization of proapoptotic proteins, including Bid. Clustering of Bid in CL-enriched contacts sites is interconnected with pathways of CL remodelling that intersect membrane traffic routes dependent upon actin. In addition, CL association with cytoskeleton protein vimentin was observed. Such novel association also indicated that CL molecules may be expressed at the cell surface following apoptotic stimuli. This observation adds a novel implication of biomedical relevance. The association of CL with vimentin at the cell surface may represent a “new” target antigen in the context of the apoptotic origin of anti-vimentin/CL autoantibodies in Antiphospholipid Syndrome.
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26
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Li XX, Tsoi B, Li YF, Kurihara H, He RR. Cardiolipin and its different properties in mitophagy and apoptosis. J Histochem Cytochem 2015; 63:301-11. [PMID: 25673287 DOI: 10.1369/0022155415574818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a unique dimeric phospholipid that exists almost exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) in eukaryotic cells. Two chiral carbons and four fatty acyl chains in CL result in a flexible body allowing interactions with respiratory chain complexes and mitochondrial substrate carriers. Due to its high content of unsaturated fatty acids, CL is particularly prone to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative attacks. Under mild mitochondrial damage, CL is redistributed to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) and serves as a recognition signal for dysfunctional mitochondria, which are rapidly sequestered by autophagosomes. However, peroxidation of CL is far greater in response to severe stress than under normal or mild-damage conditions. The accumulation of oxidized CL on the OMM results in recruitment of Bax and formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), which releases Cytochrome c (Cyt c) from mitochondria. Over the past decade, the significance of CL in the function of mitochondrial bioenergy has been explored. Moreover, approaches to analyzing CL have become more effective and accurate. In this review, we discuss the unique structural features of CL as well as the current understanding of CL-based molecular mechanisms of mitophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Li
- Anti-stress and Health Research Center, Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (XXL, BT, YFL, HK, RRH)
| | - Bun Tsoi
- Anti-stress and Health Research Center, Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (XXL, BT, YFL, HK, RRH)
| | - Yi-Fang Li
- Anti-stress and Health Research Center, Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (XXL, BT, YFL, HK, RRH)
| | - Hiroshi Kurihara
- Anti-stress and Health Research Center, Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (XXL, BT, YFL, HK, RRH)
| | - Rong-Rong He
- Anti-stress and Health Research Center, Pharmacy College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (XXL, BT, YFL, HK, RRH)
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Yanamala N, Kapralov AA, Djukic M, Peterson J, Mao G, Klein-Seetharaman J, Stoyanovsky DA, Stursa J, Neuzil J, Kagan VE. Structural re-arrangement and peroxidase activation of cytochrome c by anionic analogues of vitamin E, tocopherol succinate and tocopherol phosphate. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32488-98. [PMID: 25278024 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.601377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c is a multifunctional hemoprotein in the mitochondrial intermembrane space whereby its participation in electron shuttling between respiratory complexes III and IV is alternative to its role in apoptosis as a peroxidase activated by interaction with cardiolipin (CL), and resulting in selective CL peroxidation. The switch from electron transfer to peroxidase function requires partial unfolding of the protein upon binding of CL, whose specific features combine negative charges of the two phosphate groups with four hydrophobic fatty acid residues. Assuming that other endogenous small molecule ligands with a hydrophobic chain and a negatively charged functionality may activate cytochrome c into a peroxidase, we investigated two hydrophobic anionic analogues of vitamin E, α-tocopherol succinate (α-TOS) and α-tocopherol phosphate (α-TOP), as potential inducers of peroxidase activity of cytochrome c. NMR studies and computational modeling indicate that they interact with cytochrome c at similar sites previously proposed for CL. Absorption spectroscopy showed that both analogues effectively disrupt the Fe-S(Met(80)) bond associated with unfolding of cytochrome c. We found that α-TOS and α-TOP stimulate peroxidase activity of cytochrome c. Enhanced peroxidase activity was also observed in isolated rat liver mitochondria incubated with α-TOS and tBOOH. A mitochondria-targeted derivative of TOS, triphenylphosphonium-TOS (mito-VES), was more efficient in inducing H2O2-dependent apoptosis in mouse embryonic cytochrome c(+/+) cells than in cytochrome c(-/-) cells. Essential for execution of the apoptotic program peroxidase activation of cytochrome c by α-TOS may contribute to its known anti-cancer pharmacological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveena Yanamala
- From the Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, the Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health
| | - Alexander A Kapralov
- From the Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, the Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health
| | - Mirjana Djukic
- From the Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, the Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health
| | - Jim Peterson
- the Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health
| | - Gaowei Mao
- From the Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, the Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health
| | - Judith Klein-Seetharaman
- the Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Detcho A Stoyanovsky
- From the Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, the Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health
| | - Jan Stursa
- the Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove 569810, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Neuzil
- the Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 14220, Czech Republic, and the School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- From the Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, the Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Radiation Oncology, and Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
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Bustillo-Zabalbeitia I, Montessuit S, Raemy E, Basañez G, Terrones O, Martinou JC. Specific interaction with cardiolipin triggers functional activation of Dynamin-Related Protein 1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102738. [PMID: 25036098 PMCID: PMC4103857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamin-Related Protein 1 (Drp1), a large GTPase of the dynamin superfamily, is required for mitochondrial fission in healthy and apoptotic cells. Drp1 activation is a complex process that involves translocation from the cytosol to the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) and assembly into rings/spirals at the MOM, leading to membrane constriction/division. Similar to dynamins, Drp1 contains GTPase (G), bundle signaling element (BSE) and stalk domains. However, instead of the lipid-interacting Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain present in the dynamins, Drp1 contains the so-called B insert or variable domain that has been suggested to play an important role in Drp1 regulation. Different proteins have been implicated in Drp1 recruitment to the MOM, although how MOM-localized Drp1 acquires its fully functional status remains poorly understood. We found that Drp1 can interact with pure lipid bilayers enriched in the mitochondrion-specific phospholipid cardiolipin (CL). Building on our previous study, we now explore the specificity and functional consequences of this interaction. We show that a four lysine module located within the B insert of Drp1 interacts preferentially with CL over other anionic lipids. This interaction dramatically enhances Drp1 oligomerization and assembly-stimulated GTP hydrolysis. Our results add significantly to a growing body of evidence indicating that CL is an important regulator of many essential mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsasne Bustillo-Zabalbeitia
- Biophysics Unit (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Sylvie Montessuit
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Etienne Raemy
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gorka Basañez
- Biophysics Unit (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Oihana Terrones
- Biophysics Unit (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
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Tamura Y, Sesaki H, Endo T. Phospholipid transport via mitochondria. Traffic 2014; 15:933-45. [PMID: 24954234 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, complex membrane structures called organelles are highly developed to exert specialized functions. Mitochondria are one of such organelles consisting of the outer and inner membranes (OM and IM) with characteristic protein and phospholipid compositions. Maintaining proper phospholipid compositions of the membranes is crucial for mitochondrial integrity, thereby contributing to normal cell activities. As cellular locations for phospholipid synthesis are restricted to specific compartments such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and the mitochondrial inner membrane, newly synthesized phospholipids have to be transported and distributed properly from the ER or mitochondria to other cellular membranes. Although understanding of molecular mechanisms of phospholipid transport are much behind those of protein transport, recent studies using yeast as a model system began to provide intriguing insights into phospholipid exchange between the ER and mitochondria as well as between the mitochondrial OM and IM. In this review, we summarize the latest findings of phospholipid transport via mitochondria and discuss the implicated molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Tamura
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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30
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Sutterwala FS, Haasken S, Cassel SL. Mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1319:82-95. [PMID: 24840700 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes continue to generate interest in an increasing number of disciplines owing to their unique ability to integrate a myriad of signals from pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns into a proinflammatory response. This potent caspase-1-dependent process is capable of activating the innate immune system, initiating pyroptosis (an inflammatory form of programmed cell death), and shaping adaptive immunity. The NLRP3 inflammasome is the most thoroughly studied of the inflammasome complexes that have been described thus far, perhaps owing to its disparate assortment of agonists. This review highlights our current understanding of the mechanisms of both priming and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayyaz S Sutterwala
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa
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31
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Raemy E, Martinou JC. Involvement of cardiolipin in tBID-induced activation of BAX during apoptosis. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 179:70-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Schlattner U, Tokarska-Schlattner M, Rousseau D, Boissan M, Mannella C, Epand R, Lacombe ML. Mitochondrial cardiolipin/phospholipid trafficking: the role of membrane contact site complexes and lipid transfer proteins. Chem Phys Lipids 2013; 179:32-41. [PMID: 24373850 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Historically, cellular trafficking of lipids has received much less attention than protein trafficking, mostly because its biological importance was underestimated, involved sorting and translocation mechanisms were not known, and analytical tools were limiting. This has changed during the last decade, and we discuss here some progress made in respect to mitochondria and the trafficking of phospholipids, in particular cardiolipin. Different membrane contact site or junction complexes and putative lipid transfer proteins for intra- and intermembrane lipid translocation have been described, involving mitochondrial inner and outer membrane, and the adjacent membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. An image emerges how cardiolipin precursors, remodeling intermediates, mature cardiolipin and its oxidation products could migrate between membranes, and how this trafficking is involved in cardiolipin biosynthesis and cell signaling events. Particular emphasis in this review is given to mitochondrial nucleoside diphosphate kinase D and mitochondrial creatine kinases, which emerge to have roles in both, membrane junction formation and lipid transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Schlattner
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA) and SFR Environmental and Systems Biology (BEeSy), Grenoble, France; Inserm, U1055, Grenoble, France.
| | - Malgorzata Tokarska-Schlattner
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA) and SFR Environmental and Systems Biology (BEeSy), Grenoble, France; Inserm, U1055, Grenoble, France
| | - Denis Rousseau
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA) and SFR Environmental and Systems Biology (BEeSy), Grenoble, France; Inserm, U1055, Grenoble, France
| | - Mathieu Boissan
- UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France; Inserm, UMRS938, Paris, France; Hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, Service de Biochimie et Hormonologie, Paris, France
| | - Carmen Mannella
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Richard Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Emerging roles of lipids in BCL-2 family-regulated apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1542-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Chu CT, Ji J, Dagda RK, Jiang JF, Tyurina YY, Kapralov AA, Tyurin VA, Yanamala N, Shrivastava IH, Mohammadyani D, Wang KZQ, Zhu J, Klein-Seetharaman J, Balasubramanian K, Amoscato AA, Borisenko G, Huang Z, Gusdon AM, Cheikhi A, Steer EK, Wang R, Baty C, Watkins S, Bahar I, Bayir H, Kagan VE. Cardiolipin externalization to the outer mitochondrial membrane acts as an elimination signal for mitophagy in neuronal cells. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:1197-1205. [PMID: 24036476 PMCID: PMC3806088 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 743] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of injured mitochondria for degradation by macroautophagy is essential for cellular health, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Cardiolipin is an inner mitochondrial membrane phospholipid. We found that rotenone, staurosporine, 6-hydroxydopamine and other pro-mitophagy stimuli caused externalization of cardiolipin to the mitochondrial surface in primary cortical neurons and SH-SY5Y cells. RNAi knockdown of cardiolipin synthase or of phospholipid scramblase-3, which transports cardiolipin to the outer mitochondrial membrane, decreased the delivery of mitochondria to autophagosomes. Furthermore, we found that the autophagy protein microtubule-associated-protein-1 light chain 3 (LC3), which mediates both autophagosome formation and cargo recognition, contains cardiolipin-binding sites important for the engulfment of mitochondria by the autophagic system. Mutation of LC3 residues predicted as cardiolipin-interaction sites by computational modelling inhibited its participation in mitophagy. These data indicate that redistribution of cardiolipin serves as an 'eat-me' signal for the elimination of damaged mitochondria from neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charleen T. Chu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Ruben K. Dagda
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Jian Fei Jiang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Yulia Y. Tyurina
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Alexandr A. Kapralov
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Vladimir A. Tyurin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Naveena Yanamala
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | | | - Dariush Mohammadyani
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | | | - Jianhui Zhu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | | | - Krishnakumar Balasubramanian
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Andrew A. Amoscato
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Grigory Borisenko
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Zhentai Huang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Aaron M. Gusdon
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Amin Cheikhi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Erin K. Steer
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Ruth Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Catherine Baty
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Simon Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Hülya Bayir
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Francis VG, Mohammed AM, Aradhyam GK, Gummadi SN. The single C-terminal helix of human phospholipid scramblase 1 is required for membrane insertion and scrambling activity. FEBS J 2013; 280:2855-69. [PMID: 23590222 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human phospholipid scramblase 1 (hPLSCR1) belongs to the ATP-independent class of phospholipid translocators which possess a single EF-hand-like Ca(2+)-binding motif and also a C-terminal helix (CTH). The CTH domain of hPLSCR1 was believed to be a putative single transmembrane helix at the C-terminus. Recent homology modeling studies by Bateman et al. predicted that the hydrophobic nature of this helix is due to its packing in the core of the protein domain and proposed that this is not a true transmembrane helix [Bateman A, Finn RD, Sims PJ, Wiedmer T, Biegert A & Johannes S. Bioinformatics 2008, 25, 159]. To determine the exact function of the CTH of hPLSCR1, we deleted the CTH domain and determined: (a) whether CTH plays any role beyond membrane anchorage, (b) the functional consequences of CTH deletion, and (c) any conformational changes associated with CTH in a lipid environment. In vitro reconstitution studies confirm that the predicted CTH is required for membrane insertion and scrambling activity. CTH deletion caused a 50% decrease in binding affinity of Ca(2+) for ∆CTH-hPLSCR1 (K(a) = 115 μM) compared with hPLSCR1 (K(a) = 249 μM). Far UV-CD studies revealed that the CTH peptide adopts α-helicity only in the presence of SDS micelles and negatively charged vesicles, indicating that electrostatic interactions are required for insertion of the peptide. CTH peptide-quenching studies confirm that the predicted CTH inserts into the membrane and its ability to interact with the membrane depends on the presence of charge interactions. TOXCAT assay revealed that CTH of hPLSCR1 does not oligomerize in the membrane. We conclude that CTH is required for membrane insertion and Ca(2+) coordination and also plays an important role in the functional conformation of hPLSCR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent G Francis
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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ALG-2-interacting Tubby-like protein superfamily member PLSCR3 is secreted by an exosomal pathway and taken up by recipient cultured cells. Biosci Rep 2013; 33:e00026. [PMID: 23350699 PMCID: PMC3590573 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20120123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PLSCRs (phospholipid scramblases) are palmitoylated membrane-associating proteins. Regardless of the given names, their physiological functions are not clear and thought to be unrelated to phospholipid scrambling activities observed in vitro. Using a previously established cell line of HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney-293) cells constitutively expressing human Scr3 (PLSCR3) that interacts with ALG-2 (apoptosis-linked gene 2) Ca2+-dependently, we found that Scr3 was secreted into the culture medium. Secretion of Scr3 was suppressed by 2-BP (2-bromopalmitate, a palmitoylation inhibitor) and by GW4869 (an inhibitor of ceramide synthesis). Secreted Scr3 was recovered in exosomal fractions by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Palmitoylation sites and the N-terminal Pro-rich region were necessary for efficient secretion, but ABSs (ALG-2-binding sites) were dispensable. Overexpression of GFP (green fluorescent protein)-fused VPS4BE235Q, a dominant negative mutant of an AAA (ATPase associated with various cellular activities) ATPase with a defect in disassembling ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport)-III subunits, significantly reduced secretion of Scr3. Immunofluorescence microscopic analyses showed that Scr3 was largely localized to enlarged endosomes induced by overexpression of a GFP-fused constitutive active mutant of Rab5A (GFP–Rab5AQ79L). Secreted Scr3 was taken up by HeLa cells, suggesting that Scr3 functions as a cell-to-cell transferable modulator carried by exosomes in a paracrine manner.
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Scharwey M, Tatsuta T, Langer T. Mitochondrial lipid transport at a glance. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:5317-23. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.134130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are the building blocks of cellular membranes and are synthesized at distinct parts of the cell. A precise control of lipid synthesis and distribution is crucial for cell function and survival. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the major lipid-synthesizing organelle. However, a subset of lipids is synthesized within mitochondria, and this aspect has become a focus of recent lipid research. Mitochondria form a dynamic membrane network that is reshaped by fusion and fission events. Their functionality therefore depends on a continuous lipid supply from the ER and the distribution of lipids between both mitochondrial membranes. The mechanisms of mitochondrial lipid trafficking are only now emerging and appear to involve membrane contact sites and lipid transfer proteins. In this Cell Science at a Glance article, we will discuss recent discoveries in the field of mitochondrial lipid trafficking that build on long-standing observations and shed new light on the shuttling of membrane lipids between mitochondria and other organelles.
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Metabolism, function and mass spectrometric analysis of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate and cardiolipin. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:556-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Korytowski W, Basova LV, Pilat A, Kernstock RM, Girotti AW. Permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane by Bax/truncated Bid (tBid) proteins as sensitized by cardiolipin hydroperoxide translocation: mechanistic implications for the intrinsic pathway of oxidative apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:26334-43. [PMID: 21642428 PMCID: PMC3143596 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.188516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c (cyt c) release upon oxidation of cardiolipin (CL) in the mitochondrial inner membrane (IM) under oxidative stress occurs early in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. We postulated that CL oxidation mobilizes not only cyt c but also CL itself in the form of hydroperoxide (CLOOH) species. Relatively hydrophilic CLOOHs could assist in apoptotic signaling by translocating to the outer membrane (OM), thus promoting recruitment of the pro-apoptotic proteins truncated Bid (tBid) and Bax for generation of cyt c-traversable pores. Initial testing of these possibilities showed that CLOOH-containing liposomes were permeabilized more readily by tBid plus Ca(2+) than CL-containing counterparts. Moreover, CLOOH translocated more rapidly from IM-mimetic to OM-mimetic liposomes than CL and permitted more extensive OM permeabilization. We found that tBid bound more avidly to CLOOH-containing membranes than to CL counterparts, and binding increased with increasing CLOOH content. Permeabilization of CLOOH-containing liposomes in the presence of tBid could be triggered by monomeric Bax, consistent with tBid/Bax cooperation in pore formation. Using CL-null mitochondria from a yeast mutant, we found that tBid binding and cyt c release were dramatically enhanced by transfer acquisition of CLOOH. Additionally, we observed a pre-apoptotic IM-to-OM transfer of oxidized CL in cardiomyocytes treated with the Complex III blocker, antimycin A. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into the role of CL oxidation in the intrinsic pathway of oxidative apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Korytowski
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
- the Institute of Molecular Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Liana V. Basova
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
| | - Anna Pilat
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
| | - Robert M. Kernstock
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
| | - Albert W. Girotti
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
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Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles whose functional integrity requires a coordinated supply of proteins and phospholipids. Defined functions of specific phospholipids, like the mitochondrial signature lipid cardiolipin, are emerging in diverse processes, ranging from protein biogenesis and energy production to membrane fusion and apoptosis. The accumulation of phospholipids within mitochondria depends on interorganellar lipid transport between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria as well as intramitochondrial lipid trafficking. The discovery of proteins that regulate mitochondrial membrane lipid composition and of a multiprotein complex tethering ER to mitochondrial membranes has unveiled novel mechanisms of mitochondrial membrane biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Osman
- Institute for Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Cologne Excellence Cluster: Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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41
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Jiang W, Bian L, Ma LJ, Tang RZ, Xun S, He YW. Hyperthermia-induced apoptosis in Tca8113 cells is inhibited by heat shock protein 27 through blocking phospholipid scramblase 3 phosphorylation. Int J Hyperthermia 2011; 26:523-37. [PMID: 20569108 DOI: 10.3109/02656731003793393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hyperthermia induces tumour cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway; however, the signal transduction mechanism underlying this process still needs to be fully elucidated. Phospholipid scramblase 3 (PLS3), a target of protein kinase C-delta (PKC-delta), resides in mitochondria and plays pivotal roles in regulating apoptotic response. Activated PLS3 facilitates cardiolipin (CL) translocation from the mitochondrial inner membrane to the outer leaflet of the mitochondrial outer membrane and triggers apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The tongue squamous cell carcinoma Tca8113 cells were transfected or co-transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 with plasmids pCMV-6xHis-PLS3, pCMV-6xHis-PLS3 (T21A), pHA-PKC-delta, pHA-PKC-delta-KD (K376R), pHA-Hsp27, and empty control plasmid pcDNA3.1. The transfected cells were heated in water bath at 43 degrees C for 20 min, 40 min and 60 min. Assessments of apoptosis and redistribution of mitochondrial cardiolipin were performed by flow cytometry. PLS3, PKC-delta, Hsp27, phosphorylation of PLS3 and PLS3/PKC-delta interaction were detected by western blotting. RESULTS In our study the results show that elevated levels of the wild-type PLS3, but not the PLS3 (T21A) mutant, is able to increase hyperthermia-induced CL translocation and apoptosis. Wild-type PKC-delta facilitates PLS3 phosphorylation, PKC-delta/PLS3 interaction, and CL translocation, which consequently promote apoptosis. In contrast, heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) blocks PKC-delta-induced PLS3 phosphorylation, suppresses PKC-delta/PLS3 interaction and CL translocation, and inhibits apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that phosphorylation of PLS3 by PKC-delta is involved in the hyperthermia-induced apoptotic signal transduction pathway in Tca8113 cells, and that Hsp27 blocks this pathway to suppress hyperthermia-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Kunming Medical College, Kunming, China
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Crimi M, Esposti MD. Apoptosis-induced changes in mitochondrial lipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1813:551-7. [PMID: 20888373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an active and tightly regulated form of cell death, which can also be considered a stress-induced process of cellular communication. Recent studies reveal that the lipid network within cells is involved in the regulation and propagation of death signalling. Despite the vast growth of our current knowledge on apoptosis, little is known of the specific role played by lipid molecules in the central event of apoptosis-the piercing of mitochondrial membranes. Here we review the information regarding changes in mitochondrial lipids that are associated with apoptosis and discuss whether they may be involved in the permeabilization of mitochondria to release their apoptogenic factors, or just lie downstream of this permeabilization leading to the amplification of caspase activation. We focus on the earliest changes that physiological apoptosis induces in mitochondrial membranes, which may derive from an upstream alteration of phospholipid metabolism that reverberates on the mitochondrial re-modelling of their characteristic lipid, cardiolipin. Hopefully, this review will lead to an increased understanding of the role of mitochondrial lipids in apoptosis and also help revealing new stress sensing mechanisms in cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Mitochondria: the deadly organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Crimi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Cà Vignal 1, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Fadeel B, Xue D. The ins and outs of phospholipid asymmetry in the plasma membrane: roles in health and disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 44:264-77. [PMID: 19780638 DOI: 10.1080/10409230903193307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A common feature of all eukaryotic membranes is the non-random distribution of different lipid species in the lipid bilayer (lipid asymmetry). Lipid asymmetry provides the two sides of the plasma membrane with different biophysical properties and influences numerous cellular functions. Alteration of lipid asymmetry plays a prominent role during cell fusion, activation of the coagulation cascade, and recognition and removal of apoptotic cell corpses by macrophages (programmed cell clearance). Here we discuss the origin and maintenance of phospholipid asymmetry, based on recent studies in mammalian systems as well as in Caenhorhabditis elegans and other model organisms, along with emerging evidence for a conserved role of mitochondria in the loss of lipid asymmetry during apoptosis. The functional significance of lipid asymmetry and its disruption during health and disease is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Fadeel
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
Robust lipid traffic within and among membranes is essential for cell growth and membrane biogenesis. Many of these transport reactions occur by nonvesicular pathways, and the genetic and biochemical details of these processes are now beginning to emerge. Intramembrane lipid transport reactions utilize P-type ATPases, ABC transporters, scramblases, and Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) family proteins. The intramembrane processes regulate the establishment and elimination of membrane lipid asymmetry, the cellular influx and efflux of sterols and phospholipids, and the egress of lysosomally deposited lipids. The intermembrane lipid transport processes play important roles in membrane biogenesis, sterol sequestration, and steroid hormone formation. The roles of soluble lipid carriers and membrane-bound lipid-transporting complexes, as well as the mechanisms for regulation of their targeting and assembly, are now becoming apparent. Elucidation of the details of these systems is providing new perspectives on the regulation of lipid traffic within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Voelker
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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Mitochondrial kinases and their molecular interaction with cardiolipin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:2032-47. [PMID: 19409873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial isoforms of creatine kinase (MtCK) and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK-D) are not phylogenetically related but share functionally important properties. They both use mitochondrially generated ATP with the ultimate goal of maintaining proper nucleotide pools, are located in the intermembrane/cristae space, have symmetrical oligomeric structures, and show high affinity binding to anionic phospholipids, in particular cardiolipin. The structural basis and functional consequences of the cardiolipin interaction have been studied and are discussed in detail in this review. They mainly result in a functional interaction of MtCK and NDPK-D with inner membrane adenylate translocator, probably by forming proteolipid complexes. These interactions allow for privileged exchange of metabolites (channeling) that ultimately regulate mitochondrial respiration. Further functions of the MtCK/membrane interaction include formation of cardiolipin membrane patches, stabilization of mitochondria and a role in apoptotic signaling, as well as in case of both kinases, a role in facilitating lipid transfer between two membranes. Finally, disturbed cardiolipin interactions of MtCK, NDPK-D and other proteins like cytochrome c and truncated Bid are discussed more generally in the context of apoptosis and necrosis.
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Kowalczyk JE, Beresewicz M, Gajkowska B, Zabłocka B. Association of protein kinase C delta and phospholipid scramblase 3 in hippocampal mitochondria correlates with neuronal vulnerability to brain ischemia. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:157-63. [PMID: 19428821 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings support the idea that mitochondrial integrity plays an important role in the propagation of excitotoxic ischemic signal and PKC is implicated in the regulation of mitochondrial membranes properties. One of the targets of PKC delta is phospholipid scramblase 3 (PLSCR3), an enzyme responsible for cardiolipin translocation from the inner to outer mitochondrial membrane. To get an insight into in vivo mechanism by which PKC delta mediates ischemia/reperfusion injury of hippocampal neurons, we examined the effects of transient brain ischemia in gerbil on association of PKC delta with mitochondria isolated from ischemia-vulnerable (CA1) and ischemia-resistant regions, and interactions between PKC delta and PLSCR3. Postischemic, biphasic and brain region-specific translocation of PKC delta to mitochondria was observed. First peak was at 30-60 min of reperfusion and the second was observed after 72-96 h following ischemia. PKC delta was translocated to mitochondria only in CA1 region. The PLSCR3 mRNA and protein was detected in brain by RT-PCR and sequence analysis, Western blotting and immunocytochemistry in electron microscopy (EM). Co-immunoprecipitation and double-labeled immuno-EM showed association of PKC delta and PLSCR3 in postischemic CA1 mitochondria. Additionally, the amount of tBid associated with mitochondria was elevated 96 h following ischemia. Our data suggest that in the postischemic brain PKC delta co-localizes with PLSCR3 in mitochondria and this event might influence the mitochondrial membranes architecture and delayed neurons degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E Kowalczyk
- Molecular Biology Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Etxebarria A, Terrones O, Yamaguchi H, Landajuela A, Landeta O, Antonsson B, Wang HG, Basañez G. Endophilin B1/Bif-1 stimulates BAX activation independently from its capacity to produce large scale membrane morphological rearrangements. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:4200-12. [PMID: 19074440 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808050200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophilin B1/BAX-interacting factor 1 (Bif-1) is a protein that cooperates with dynamin-like protein 1 (DLP1/Drp1) to maintain normal mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) dynamics in healthy cells and also contributes to BAX-driven MOM permeabilization (MOMP), the irreversible commitment point to cell death for the majority of apoptotic stimuli. However, despite its importance, exactly how Bif-1 fulfils its proapoptotic role is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the stimulatory effect of Bif-1 on BAX-driven MOMP and on BAX conformational activation observed in intact cells during apoptosis can be recapitulated in a simplified system consisting of purified proteins and MOM-like liposomes. In this reconstituted model system the N-BAR domain of Bif-1 reproduced the stimulatory effect of Bif-1 on functional BAX activation. This process was dependent on physical interaction between Bif-1 N-BAR and BAX as well as on the presence of the mitochondrion-specific lipid cardiolipin. Despite that Bif-1 N-BAR produced large scale morphological rearrangements in MOM-like liposomes, this phenomenon could be separated from functional BAX activation. Furthermore, DLP1 also caused global morphological changes in MOM-like liposomes, but DLP1 did not stimulate BAX-permeabilizing function in the absence or presence of Bif-1. Taken together, our findings not only provide direct evidence for a functional interplay between Bif-1, BAX, and cardiolipin during MOMP but also add significantly to the growing body of evidence indicating that components of the mitochondrial morphogenesis machinery possess proapoptotic functions that are independent from their recognized roles in normal mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Etxebarria
- Unidad de Biofísica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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Ndebele K, Gona P, Jin TG, Benhaga N, Chalah A, Degli-Esposti M, Khosravi-Far R. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induced mitochondrial pathway to apoptosis and caspase activation is potentiated by phospholipid scramblase-3. Apoptosis 2008; 13:845-56. [PMID: 18491232 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) initiate pathways of cell death in which caspase activation is mediated either directly (without mitochondrial amplification), or indirectly via the release of apoptogenic factors from mitochondria. Phospholipid scramblases (PLS) are enzymes that play a key role in cellular function by inducing bidirectional movement of membrane lipids. Changes in mitochondrial membrane lipids, cardiolipin, are critical for mediating apoptotic response in many cell-types. PLS3 is a phospholipid scramblase that is localized to mitochondria and is thought to be involved in the regulation of apoptotic signals. Here we report that exogenous-expression of PLS3 enhances apoptotic death induced by TRAIL. This is acheived by potentiating the mitochondrial arm of the death pathway. Thereby, PLS3 expression facilitates changes in mitochondrial membrane lipids that promote the release of apoptogenic factors and consequent full activation and processing of the caspase-9 and effector caspase-3. Moreover, we show that knock-down of endogenous PLS3 suppresses TRAIL-induced changes in cardiolipin. Finally, we demonstrate that TRAIL-induced activation of PKC-delta mediates regulation of the PLS3-induced changes in cardiolipin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Ndebele
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 99 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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