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Yuan Z, De La Cruz LK, Yang X, Wang B. Carbon Monoxide Signaling: Examining Its Engagement with Various Molecular Targets in the Context of Binding Affinity, Concentration, and Biologic Response. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:823-873. [PMID: 35738683 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) has been firmly established as an endogenous signaling molecule with a variety of pathophysiological and pharmacological functions, including immunomodulation, organ protection, and circadian clock regulation, among many others. In terms of its molecular mechanism(s) of action, CO is known to bind to a large number of hemoproteins with at least 25 identified targets, including hemoglobin, myoglobin, neuroglobin, cytochrome c oxidase, cytochrome P450, soluble guanylyl cyclase, myeloperoxidase, and some ion channels with dissociation constant values spanning the range of sub-nM to high μM. Although CO's binding affinity with a large number of targets has been extensively studied and firmly established, there is a pressing need to incorporate such binding information into the analysis of CO's biologic response in the context of affinity and dosage. Especially important is to understand the reservoir role of hemoglobin in CO storage, transport, distribution, and transfer. We critically review the literature and inject a sense of quantitative assessment into our analyses of the various relationships among binding affinity, CO concentration, target occupancy level, and anticipated pharmacological actions. We hope that this review presents a picture of the overall landscape of CO's engagement with various targets, stimulates additional research, and helps to move the CO field in the direction of examining individual targets in the context of all of the targets and the concentration of available CO. We believe that such work will help the further understanding of the relationship of CO concentration and its pathophysiological functions and the eventual development of CO-based therapeutics. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The further development of carbon monoxide (CO) as a therapeutic agent will significantly rely on the understanding of CO's engagement with therapeutically relevant targets of varying affinity. This review critically examines the literature by quantitatively analyzing the intricate relationships among targets, target affinity for CO, CO level, and the affinity state of carboxyhemoglobin and provide a holistic approach to examining the molecular mechanism(s) of action for CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengnan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ladie Kimberly De La Cruz
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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2
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Pagare PP, Rastegar A, Abdulmalik O, Omar AM, Zhang Y, Fleischman A, Safo MK. Modulating hemoglobin allostery for treatment of sickle cell disease: current progress and intellectual property. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2022; 32:115-130. [PMID: 34657559 PMCID: PMC8881396 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.1994945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a debilitating inherited disorder that affects millions worldwide. Four novel SCD therapeutics have been approved, including the hemoglobin (Hb) modulator Voxelotor. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of discovery efforts toward modulating Hb allosteric behavior as a treatment for SCD, with a focus on aromatic aldehydes that increase Hb oxygen affinity to prevent the primary pathophysiology of hypoxia-induce erythrocyte sickling. EXPERT OPINION The quest to develop small molecules, especially aromatic aldehydes, to modulate Hb allosteric properties for SCD began in the 1970s; however, early promise was dogged by concerns that stalled support for research efforts. Persistent efforts eventually culminated in the discovery of the anti-sickling agent 5-HMF in the 2000s, and reinvigorated interest that led to the discovery of vanillin analogs, including Voxelotor, the first FDA approved Hb modulator for the treatment of SCD. With burgeoning interest in the field of Hb modulation, there is a growing landscape of intellectual property, including drug candidates at various stages of preclinical and clinical investigations. Hb modulators could provide not only the best chance for a highly effective oral therapy for SCD, especially in the under-developed world, but also a way to treat a variety of other human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyusha P. Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Aref Rastegar
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Abdelsattar M. Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | | | - Martin K. Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
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3
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Abstract
This chapter reviews how allosteric (heterotrophic) effectors and natural mutations impact hemoglobin (Hb) primary physiological function of oxygen binding and transport. First, an introduction about the structure of Hb is provided, including the ensemble of tense and relaxed Hb states and the dynamic equilibrium of Hb multistate. This is followed by a brief review of Hb variants with altered Hb structure and oxygen binding properties. Finally, a review of different endogenous and exogenous allosteric effectors of Hb is presented with particular emphasis on the atomic interactions of synthetic ligands with altered allosteric function of Hb that could potentially be harnessed for the treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa H Ahmed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Mohini S Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA.,Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Martin K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA. .,Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA.
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4
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Yamada M, Matsuhira T, Yamamoto K, Sakai H. Antioxidative Pseudoenzymatic Mechanism of NAD(P)H Coexisting with Oxyhemoglobin for Suppressed Methemoglobin Formation. Biochemistry 2019; 58:1400-1410. [PMID: 30789715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) coexisting with equimolar NADH retards autoxidation and oxidant-induced metHb formation based on the pseudocatalase (CAT) and pseudosuperoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. In this work, we compared the effects of NADH with those of NADPH and estimated the binding site of NAD(P)H to HbO2 to elucidate the antioxidative mechanisms. The results clarified that pseudo-CAT and pseudo-SOD activities of HbO2 coexisting with NADPH were similar to activities obtained with NADH. Prompt MetHb formation (<40 min) facilitated by oxidants (H2O2, NO, and NaNO2) was hindered by NADPH. These effects were similar to those of NADH. However, we found that NADPH is thermally unstable compared to NADH and that NADPH cannot sustain antioxidative effects for a long period of autoxidation to metHb such as 24 h. Lineweaver-Burk plots clarified that the Michaelis constants of these pseudoenzymatic activities are in the millimolar range. Addition of inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG), which are known to bind not only with deoxyHb but also weakly with HbO2, showed competitive inhibition of pseudoenzymatic activities. These results suggest that the binding site of NADH and NADPH on HbO2 is the same as those of IHP and DPG. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance definitively showed 1:1 stoichiometric binding of NADH to HbO2. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that NADH preferentially inhibited autoxidation of α-subunit heme. Docking simulations also predicted that the binding site of relaxed-state HbO2 with NAD(P)H is the same as those with IHP and DPG. Collectively, the pseudoenzymatic activities of HbO2 coexisting with NAD(P)H are induced by the 1:1 stoichiometric binding of NAD(P)H to HbO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magohei Yamada
- Department of Chemistry , Nara Medical University , 840 Shijo-cho , Kashihara , Nara 634-8521 , Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuhira
- Department of Chemistry , Nara Medical University , 840 Shijo-cho , Kashihara , Nara 634-8521 , Japan
| | - Keizo Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry , Nara Medical University , 840 Shijo-cho , Kashihara , Nara 634-8521 , Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakai
- Department of Chemistry , Nara Medical University , 840 Shijo-cho , Kashihara , Nara 634-8521 , Japan
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5
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Gell DA. Structure and function of haemoglobins. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2017; 70:13-42. [PMID: 29126700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Haemoglobin (Hb) is widely known as the iron-containing protein in blood that is essential for O2 transport in mammals. Less widely recognised is that erythrocyte Hb belongs to a large family of Hb proteins with members distributed across all three domains of life-bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. This review, aimed chiefly at researchers new to the field, attempts a broad overview of the diversity, and common features, in Hb structure and function. Topics include structural and functional classification of Hbs; principles of O2 binding affinity and selectivity between O2/NO/CO and other small ligands; hexacoordinate (containing bis-imidazole coordinated haem) Hbs; bacterial truncated Hbs; flavohaemoglobins; enzymatic reactions of Hbs with bioactive gases, particularly NO, and protection from nitrosative stress; and, sensor Hbs. A final section sketches the evolution of work on the structural basis for allosteric O2 binding by mammalian RBC Hb, including the development of newer kinetic models. Where possible, reference to historical works is included, in order to provide context for current advances in Hb research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Gell
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS 7000, Australia.
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6
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Lal J, Maccarini M, Fouquet P, Ho NT, Ho C, Makowski L. Modulation of hemoglobin dynamics by an allosteric effector. Protein Sci 2017; 26:505-514. [PMID: 27977887 PMCID: PMC5326564 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) is an extensively studied paradigm of proteins that alter their function in response to allosteric effectors. Models of its action have been used as prototypes for structure‐function relationships in many proteins, and models for the molecular basis of its function have been deeply studied and extensively argued. Recent reports suggest that dynamics may play an important role in its function. Relatively little is known about the slow, correlated motions of hemoglobin subunits in various structural states because experimental and computational strategies for their characterization are challenging. Allosteric effectors such as inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) bind to both deoxy‐Hb and HbCO, albeit at different sites, leading to a lowered oxygen affinity. The manner in which these effectors impact oxygen binding is unclear and may involve changes in structure, dynamics or both. Here we use neutron spin echo measurements accompanied by wide‐angle X‐ray scattering to show that binding of IHP to HbCO results in an increase in the rate of coordinated motions of Hb subunits relative to one another with little if any change in large scale structure. This increase of large‐scale dynamics seems to be coupled with a decrease in the average magnitude of higher frequency modes of individual residues. These observations indicate that enhanced dynamic motions contribute to the functional changes induced by IHP and suggest that they may be responsible for the lowered oxygen affinity triggered by these effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsana Lal
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, 60439
| | - Marco Maccarini
- Institut Laue-Langevin, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Peter Fouquet
- Institut Laue-Langevin, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Nancy T Ho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213
| | - Chien Ho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213
| | - Lee Makowski
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, 60439.,Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
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7
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Nagatomo S, Nagai Y, Aki Y, Sakurai H, Imai K, Mizusawa N, Ogura T, Kitagawa T, Nagai M. An Origin of Cooperative Oxygen Binding of Human Adult Hemoglobin: Different Roles of the α and β Subunits in the α2β2 Tetramer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135080. [PMID: 26244770 PMCID: PMC4526547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human hemoglobin (Hb), which is an α2β2 tetramer and binds four O2 molecules, changes its O2-affinity from low to high as an increase of bound O2, that is characterized by 'cooperativity'. This property is indispensable for its function of O2 transfer from a lung to tissues and is accounted for in terms of T/R quaternary structure change, assuming the presence of a strain on the Fe-histidine (His) bond in the T state caused by the formation of hydrogen bonds at the subunit interfaces. However, the difference between the α and β subunits has been neglected. To investigate the different roles of the Fe-His(F8) bonds in the α and β subunits, we investigated cavity mutant Hbs in which the Fe-His(F8) in either α or β subunits was replaced by Fe-imidazole and F8-glycine. Thus, in cavity mutant Hbs, the movement of Fe upon O2-binding is detached from the movement of the F-helix, which is supposed to play a role of communication. Recombinant Hb (rHb)(αH87G), in which only the Fe-His in the α subunits is replaced by Fe-imidazole, showed a biphasic O2-binding with no cooperativity, indicating the coexistence of two independent hemes with different O2-affinities. In contrast, rHb(βH92G), in which only the Fe-His in the β subunits is replaced by Fe-imidazole, gave a simple high-affinity O2-binding curve with no cooperativity. Resonance Raman, 1H NMR, and near-UV circular dichroism measurements revealed that the quaternary structure change did not occur upon O2-binding to rHb(αH87G), but it did partially occur with O2-binding to rHb(βH92G). The quaternary structure of rHb(αH87G) appears to be frozen in T while its tertiary structure is changeable. Thus, the absence of the Fe-His bond in the α subunit inhibits the T to R quaternary structure change upon O2-binding, but its absence in the β subunit simply enhances the O2-affinity of α subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenori Nagatomo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (SN); (TK); (MN)
| | - Yukifumi Nagai
- Research Center for Micro-Nano Technology, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan,3 School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan,4 Department of Frontier Biosciences, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan,5 Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, RSC-UH Leading Program Center, Sayo, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yayoi Aki
- Research Center for Micro-Nano Technology, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan,3 School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan,4 Department of Frontier Biosciences, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan,5 Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, RSC-UH Leading Program Center, Sayo, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakurai
- Research Center for Micro-Nano Technology, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan,3 School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan,4 Department of Frontier Biosciences, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan,5 Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, RSC-UH Leading Program Center, Sayo, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Imai
- Research Center for Micro-Nano Technology, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan,3 School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan,4 Department of Frontier Biosciences, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan,5 Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, RSC-UH Leading Program Center, Sayo, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Naoki Mizusawa
- Research Center for Micro-Nano Technology, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan,3 School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan,4 Department of Frontier Biosciences, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan,5 Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, RSC-UH Leading Program Center, Sayo, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogura
- Research Center for Micro-Nano Technology, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan,3 School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan,4 Department of Frontier Biosciences, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan,5 Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, RSC-UH Leading Program Center, Sayo, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Teizo Kitagawa
- Research Center for Micro-Nano Technology, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan,3 School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan,4 Department of Frontier Biosciences, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan,5 Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, RSC-UH Leading Program Center, Sayo, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, Japan
- * E-mail: (SN); (TK); (MN)
| | - Masako Nagai
- Research Center for Micro-Nano Technology, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan,3 School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan,4 Department of Frontier Biosciences, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan,5 Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, RSC-UH Leading Program Center, Sayo, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, Japan
- * E-mail: (SN); (TK); (MN)
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yuan
- Department of Biological Sciences Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Ming F. Tam
- Department of Biological Sciences Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Virgil Simplaceanu
- Department of Biological Sciences Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Chien Ho
- Department of Biological Sciences Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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9
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Tellone E, De Rosa MC, Pirolli D, Russo A, Giardina B, Galtieri A, Ficarra S. Molecular interactions of hemoglobin with resveratrol: potential protective antioxidant role and metabolic adaptations of the erythrocyte. Biol Chem 2015; 395:347-54. [PMID: 24150206 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This article reports the role of resveratrol in the erythrocyte as a result of its interaction with hemoglobin and describes the effect of this interaction on the metabolism, the redox state, and the release of ATP. The drug crosses the erythrocyte membrane and binds to hemoglobin, altering its modulation and the release of ATP. Our study correlates the variation of the phosphorylation balance induced by resveratrol with the change in the intracellular concentration of ATP and with the decrease in ATP release from red blood cell and the consequent paracrine alteration on the vascular epithelium. Molecular docking calculations indicate larger specificity of binding for oxy-hemoglobin that correlates well with the stabilization of the R-quaternary structure and with the functional modulation of resveratrol on the protein. Finally, we locate a putative binding site at the central cavity of hemoglobin and characterize its key interacting residues with the drug. Computational results support the assumption that resveratrol may act as a protector agent against oxidative protein damage by interacting with hemoglobin.
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10
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Okonjo KO, Olatunde AM, Fodeke AA, Babalola JO. Bohr effect of human hemoglobin A: Magnitude of negative contributions determined by the equilibrium between two tertiary structures. Biophys Chem 2014; 190-191:41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
The pathophysiology of sickle cell disease involves the polymerization of sickle hemoglobin in its T state, which develops under low oxygen saturation. One therapeutic strategy is to develop pharmacologic agents to stabilize the R state of hemoglobin, which has higher oxygen affinity and is expected to have slower kinetics of polymerization, potentially delaying the sickling of red cells during circulation. This strategy has stimulated the investigation of aromatic aldehydes, aspirin derivatives, thiols, and isothiocyanates that can stabilize the R state of hemoglobin in vitro. One representative aromatic aldehyde agent, 5-hydoxymethyl-2-furfural, protects sickle cell mice from the effects of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, P.O. Box 980540, Richmond, VA 23219-1540, USA
| | - Gregory J Kato
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, BST E1240, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Fan JS, Zheng Y, Choy WY, Simplaceanu V, Ho NT, Ho C, Yang D. Solution structure and dynamics of human hemoglobin in the carbonmonoxy form. Biochemistry 2013; 52:5809-20. [PMID: 23901897 DOI: 10.1021/bi4005683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The solution structure of human adult carbonmonoxy hemoglobin (HbCO A) was refined using stereospecifically assigned methyl groups and residual dipolar couplings based on our previous nuclear magnetic resonance structure. The tertiary structures of individual chains were found to be very similar to the X-ray structures, while the quaternary structures in solution at low salt concentrations resembled the X-ray R structure more than the R2 structure. On the basis of chemical shift perturbation by inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) titration and docking, we identified five possible IHP binding sites in HbCO A. Amide-water proton exchange experiments demonstrated that αThr38 located in the α1β2 interface and several loop regions in both α- and β-chains were dynamic on the subsecond time scale. Side chain methyl dynamics revealed that methyl groups in the α1β2 interface were dynamic, but those in the α1β1 interface were quite rigid on the nanosecond to picosecond and millisecond to microsecond time scales. All the data strongly suggest a dynamic α1β2 interface that allows conformational changes among different forms (like T, R, and R2) easily in solution. Binding of IHP to HbCO A induced small structural and dynamic changes in the α1β2 interface and the regions around the hemes but did not increase the conformational entropy of HbCO A. The binding also caused conformational changes on the millisecond time scale, very likely arising from the relative motion of the α1β1 dimer with respect to the α2β2 dimer. Heterotropic effectors like IHP may change the oxygen affinity of Hb through modulating the relative motion of the two dimers and then further altering the structure of heme binding regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Song Fan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore
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13
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How does hemoglobin generate such diverse functionality of physiological relevance? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:1873-84. [PMID: 23643742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The absolute values of the O2-affinities (P50, Klow, and Khigh) of hemoglobin (Hb) are regulated neither by changes in the static T-/R-quaternary and associated tertiary structures nor the ligation states. They are pre-determined and regulated by the extrinsic environmental factors such as pH, buffers, and heterotropic effectors. The effect and role of O2 on Hb are reversibly to drive the structural allosteric equilibrium between the T(deoxy)- and R(oxy)-Hb toward R(oxy)-Hb (the structural allostery). R(oxy)-Hb has a higher O2-affinity (Khigh) relative to that (Klow) of the T(deoxy)-Hb (Khigh>Klow) under any fixed environmental conditions. The apparent O2-affinity of Hb is high, as the globin matrix interferes with the dissociation process of O2, forcing the dissociated O2 geminately to re-bind to the heme Fe. This artificially increases [oxy-Hb] and concomitantly decreases [deoxy-Hb], leading to the apparent increases of the O2-affinity of Hb. The effector-linked high-frequency thermal fluctuations of the globin matrix act as a gating mechanism to modulate such physical, energetic, and kinetic barriers to enhance the dissociation process of O2, resulted in increases in [deoxy-Hb] and concomitant decrease in [oxy-Hb], leading to apparent reductions of the O2-affinity of Hb (the entropic allostery). The heme in Hb is simply a low-affinity O2-trap, the coordination structure of which is not altered by static T-/R-quaternary and associated tertiary structural changes of Hb. Thus, heterotrophic effectors are the signal molecule, which acts as a functional link between these two allosteries and generates the diverse functionality of Hb of physiological relevance. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxygen Binding and Sensing Proteins.
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14
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Jones EM, Balakrishnan G, Spiro TG. Heme reactivity is uncoupled from quaternary structure in gel-encapsulated hemoglobin: a resonance Raman spectroscopic study. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:3461-71. [PMID: 22263778 PMCID: PMC3307588 DOI: 10.1021/ja210126j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulation of hemoglobin (Hb) in silica gel preserves structure and function but greatly slows protein motion, thereby providing access to intermediates along the allosteric pathway that are inaccessible in solution. Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy with visible and ultraviolet laser excitation provides probes of heme reactivity and of key tertiary and quaternary contacts. These probes were monitored in gels after deoxygenation of oxyHb and after CO binding to deoxyHb, which initiate conformational change in the R-T and T-R directions, respectively. The spectra establish that quaternary structure change in the gel takes a week or more but that the evolution of heme reactivity, as monitored by the Fe-histidine stretching vibration, ν(FeHis), is completed within two days, and is therefore uncoupled from the quaternary structure. Within each quaternary structure, the evolving ν(FeHis) frequencies span the full range of values between those previously associated with the high- and low-affinity end states, R and T. This result supports the tertiary two-state (TTS) model, in which the Hb subunits can adopt high- and low-affinity tertiary structures, r and t, within each quaternary state. The spectra also reveal different tertiary pathways, involving the breaking and reformation of E and F interhelical contacts in the R-T direction but not the T-R direction. In the latter, tertiary motions are restricted by the T quaternary contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle Washington 98195-1700 USA
| | - Gurusamy Balakrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle Washington 98195-1700 USA
| | - Thomas G. Spiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle Washington 98195-1700 USA
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Sato A, Tai H, Nagatomo S, Imai K, Yamamoto Y. Determination of Oxygen Binding Properties of the Individual Subunits of Intact Human Adult Hemoglobin. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20110104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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16
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Kanaori K, Tajiri Y, Tsuneshige A, Ishigami I, Ogura T, Tajima K, Neya S, Yonetani T. T-quaternary structure of oxy human adult hemoglobin in the presence of two allosteric effectors, L35 and IHP. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1807:1253-61. [PMID: 21703224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cooperative O(2)-binding of hemoglobin (Hb) have been assumed to correlate to change in the quaternary structures of Hb: T(deoxy)- and R(oxy)-quaternary structures, having low and high O(2)-affinities, respectively. Heterotropic allosteric effectors have been shown to interact not only with deoxy- but also oxy-Hbs causing significant reduction in their O(2)-affinities and the modulation of cooperativity. In the presence of two potent effectors, L35 and inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) at pH 6.6, Hb exhibits extremely low O(2)-affinities (K(T)=0.0085mmHg(-1) and K(R)=0.011mmHg(-1)) and thus a very low cooperativity (K(R)/K(T)=1.3 and L(0)=2.4). (1)H-NMR spectra of human adult Hb with these two effectors were examined in order to determine the quaternary state of Hb in solution and to clarify the correlation between the O(2)-affinities and the structural change of Hb caused by the heterotropic effectors. At pH 6.9, (1)H-NMR spectrum of deoxy-Hb in the presence of L35 and IHP showed a marker of the T-quaternary structure (the T-marker) at 14ppm, originated from inter- dimeric α(1)β(2)- (or α(2)β(1)-) hydrogen-bonds, and hyperfine-shifted (hfs) signals around 15-25ppm, caused by high-spin heme-Fe(II)s. Upon addition of O(2), the hfs signals disappeared, reflecting that the heme-Fe(II)s are ligated with O(2), but the T-marker signals still remained, although slightly shifted and broadened, under the partial pressure of O(2) (P(O2)) of 760mmHg. These NMR results accompanying with visible absorption spectroscopy and visible resonance Raman spectroscopy reveal that oxy-Hb in the presence of L35 and IHP below pH 7 takes the ligated T-quaternary structure under the P(O2) of 760mmHg. The L35-concentration dependence of the T-marker in the presence of IHP indicates that there are more than one kind of L35-binding sites in the ligated T-quaternary structure. The stronger binding sites are probably intra-dimeric binding sites between α(1)G- and β(1)G-helices, and the other weaker binding site causes the R→T transition without release of O(2). The fluctuation of the tertiary structure of Hb seems to be caused by both the structural perturbation of α(1)β(1) (or α(2)β(2)) intra-dimeric interface, where the stronger L35-binding sites exist, and by the IHP-binding to the α(1)α(2)- (or β(1)β(2)-) cavity. The tertiary structural fluctuation induced by the allosteric effectors may contribute to the significant reduction of the O(2)-affinity of oxy-Hb, which little depends on the quaternary structures. Therefore, the widely held assumptions of the structure-function correlation of Hb - [the deoxy-state]=[the T-quaternary structure]=[the low O(2)-affinity state] and [the oxy-state]=[the R-quaternary structure]=[the high O(2)-affinity state] and the O(2)-affiny of Hb being regulated by the T/R-quaternary structural transition - are no longer sustainable. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Allosteric cooperativity in respiratory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kanaori
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Makowski L, Bardhan J, Gore D, Lal J, Mandava S, Park S, Rodi DJ, Ho NT, Ho C, Fischetti RF. WAXS studies of the structural diversity of hemoglobin in solution. J Mol Biol 2011; 408:909-21. [PMID: 21420976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Specific ligation states of hemoglobin are, when crystallized, capable of taking on multiple quaternary structures. The relationship between these structures, captured in crystal lattices, and hemoglobin structure in solution remains uncertain. Wide-angle X-ray solution scattering (WAXS) is a sensitive probe of protein structure in solution that can distinguish among similar structures and has the potential to contribute to these issues. We used WAXS to assess the relationships among the structures of human and bovine hemoglobins in different liganded forms in solution. WAXS data readily distinguished among the various forms of hemoglobins. WAXS patterns confirm some of the relationships among hemoglobin structures that have been defined through crystallography and NMR and extend others. For instance, methemoglobin A in solution is, as expected, nearly indistinguishable from HbCO A. Interestingly, for bovine hemoglobin, the differences between deoxy-Hb, methemoglobin and HbCO are smaller than the corresponding differences in human hemoglobin. WAXS data were also used to assess the spatial extent of structural fluctuations of various hemoglobins in solution. Dynamics has been implicated in allosteric control of hemoglobin, and increased dynamics has been associated with lowered oxygen affinity. Consistent with that notion, WAXS patterns indicate that deoxy-Hb A exhibits substantially larger structural fluctuations than HbCO A. Comparisons between the observed WAXS patterns and those predicted on the basis of atomic coordinate sets suggest that the structures of Hb in different liganded forms exhibit clear differences from known crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Makowski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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18
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Schay G, Herényi L, Kellermayer M, Módos K, Yonetani T, Fidy J. Millisecond Time-Scale Protein Dynamics Exists Prior to the Activation of the Bulk Solvent Matrix. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:5707-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jp106755t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gusztáv Schay
- Semmelweis University Budapest, Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, P.O. Box 263, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Levente Herényi
- Semmelweis University Budapest, Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, P.O. Box 263, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Kellermayer
- Semmelweis University Budapest, Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, P.O. Box 263, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Módos
- Semmelweis University Budapest, Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, P.O. Box 263, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Takashi Yonetani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and the Johnson Research Foundation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6059, United States
| | - Judit Fidy
- Semmelweis University Budapest, Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, P.O. Box 263, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary
- Research Group for Membrane Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Safo MK, Ahmed MH, Ghatge MS, Boyiri T. Hemoglobin-ligand binding: understanding Hb function and allostery on atomic level. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:797-809. [PMID: 21396487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The major physiological function of hemoglobin (Hb) is to bind oxygen in the lungs and deliver it to the tissues. This function is regulated and/or made efficient by endogenous heterotropic effectors. A number of synthetic molecules also bind to Hb to alter its allosteric activity. Our purpose is to review the current state of Hb structure and function that involves ensemble of tense and relaxed hemoglobin states and the dynamic equilibrium of the multistate due to the binding of endogenous heterotropic or synthetic allosteric effectors. The review also discusses the atomic interactions of synthetic ligands with the function or altered allosteric function of Hb that could be potentially harnessed for the treatment of diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Structure and Function in the Crystalline State.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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20
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Meirovitch E, Zerbetto M, Polimeno A, Freed JH. Backbone dynamics of deoxy and carbonmonoxy hemoglobin by NMR/SRLS. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:143-57. [PMID: 21162544 PMCID: PMC3071157 DOI: 10.1021/jp107553j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The slowly relaxing local structure (SRLS) approach, developed for NMR spin relaxation analysis in proteins, is applied herein to amide ¹⁵N relaxation in deoxy and carbonmonoxy hemoglobin. Experimental data including ¹⁵N T₁, T₂ and ¹⁵N-{¹H} NOE, acquired at 11.7 and 14.1 T, and 29 and 34 °C, are analyzed. The restricted local motion of the N-H bond is described in terms of the principal value (S(0)(2)) and orientation (β(D)) of an axial local ordering tensor, S, and the principal values (R(||)(L) and R(⊥)(L)) and orientation (β(O)) of an axial local diffusion tensor, R(L). The parameters c₀² (the potential coefficient in terms of which S(0)(2) is defined), R(||)(L), β(D), and β(O) are determined by data fitting; R(⊥)(L) is set equal to the global motional rate, R(C), found previously to be (5.2-5.8) × 10⁶ 1/s in the temperature range investigated. The principal axis of S is (nearly) parallel to the C(i-1)(α)-C(i)(α) axis; when the two axes are parallel, β(D) = -101.3° (in the frame used). The principal axis of R(L) is (nearly) parallel to the N-H bond; when the two axes are parallel, β(O) = -101.3°. For "rigid" N-H bonds located in secondary structure elements the best-fit parameters are S(0)(2) = 0.88-0.95 (corresponding to local potentials of 8.6-19.9 k(B)T), R(||)(L) = 10⁹-10¹⁰ 1/s, β(D) = -101.3° ± 2.0°, and β(O) = -101.3° ± 4°. For flexible N-H bonds located in loops the best-fit values are S(0)(2) = 0.75-0.80 (corresponding to local potentials of 4.5-5.5 k(B)T), R(||)(L) = (1.0-6.3) × 10⁸ 1/s, β(D) = -101.3° ± 4.0°, and β(O) = -101.3° ± 10°. These results are important in view of their physical clarity, inherent potential for further interpretation, consistency, and new qualitative insights provided (vide infra).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Meirovitch
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
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Yuan Y, Simplaceanu V, Ho NT, Ho C. An investigation of the distal histidyl hydrogen bonds in oxyhemoglobin: effects of temperature, pH, and inositol hexaphosphate. Biochemistry 2010; 49:10606-15. [PMID: 21077639 DOI: 10.1021/bi100927p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of X-ray crystal structures and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements, it has been inferred that the O(2) binding to hemoglobin is stabilized by the hydrogen bonds between the oxygen ligands and the distal histidines. Our previous study by multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has provided the first direct evidence of such H-bonds in human normal adult oxyhemoglobin (HbO(2) A) in solution. Here, the NMR spectra of uniformly (15)N-labeled recombinant human Hb A (rHb A) and five mutant rHbs in the oxy form have been studied under various experimental conditions of pH and temperature and also in the presence of an organic phosphate, inositol hexaphosphate (IHP). We have found significant effects of pH and temperature on the strength of the H-bond markers, i.e., the cross-peaks for the side chains of the two distal histidyl residues, α58His and β63His, which form H-bonds with the O(2) ligands. At lower pH and/or higher temperature, the side chains of the distal histidines appear to be more mobile, and the exchange with water molecules in the distal heme pockets is faster. These changes in the stability of the H-bonds with pH and temperature are consistent with the changes in the O(2) affinity of Hb as a function of pH and temperature and are clearly illustrated by our NMR experiments. Our NMR results have also confirmed that this H-bond in the β-chain is weaker than that in the α-chain and is more sensitive to changes in pH and temperature. IHP has only a minor effect on these H-bond markers compared to the effects of pH and temperature. These H-bonds are sensitive to mutations in the distal heme pockets but not affected directly by the mutations in the quaternary interfaces, i.e., α(1)β(1) and/or α(1)β(2) subunit interface. These findings provide new insights regarding the roles of temperature, hydrogen ion, and organic phosphate in modulating the structure and function of hemoglobin in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yuan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Enhanced, simplified expression of perdeuterated hemoglobin for NMR structure and dynamics. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 72:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Shibata T, Nagao S, Tai H, Nagatomo S, Hamada H, Yoshikawa H, Suzuki A, Yamamoto Y. Characterization of the acid–alkaline transition in the individual subunits of human adult and foetal methaemoglobins. J Biochem 2010; 148:217-29. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lal J, Fouquet P, Maccarini M, Makowski L. Neutron spin-echo studies of hemoglobin and myoglobin: multiscale internal dynamics. J Mol Biol 2010; 397:423-35. [PMID: 20096701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neutron spin-echo spectroscopy was used to study structural fluctuations that occur in hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb) in solution. Using neutron spin-echo data up to a very high momentum transfer q ( approximately 0.62 A(-)(1)), we characterized the internal dynamics of these proteins at the levels of dynamic pair correlation function and self-correlation function in the time range of several picoseconds to a few nanoseconds. In the same protein solution, data transition from pair correlation motion to self-correlation motion as the momentum transfer q increases. At low q, coherent scattering dominates; at high q, observations are largely due to incoherent scattering. The low q data were interpreted in terms of an effective diffusion coefficient; on the other hand, the high q data were interpreted in terms of mean square displacements. Comparison of data from the two homologous proteins collected at different temperatures and protein concentrations was used to assess the contributions made by translational and rotational diffusion and internal modes of motion to the data. The temperature dependence of decay times can be attributed to changes in the viscosity and temperature of the solvent, as predicted by the Stokes-Einstein relationship. This is true for contributions from both diffusive and internal modes of motion, indicating an intimate relationship between the internal dynamics of the proteins and the viscosity of the solvent. Viscosity change associated with protein concentration can account for changes in diffusion observed at different concentrations, but is apparently not the only factor involved in the changes in internal dynamics observed with change in protein concentration. Data collected at high q indicate that internal modes in Mb are generally faster than those in Hb, perhaps due to the greater surface-to-volume ratio of Mb and the fact that surface groups tend to exhibit faster motion than buried groups. Comparison of data from Hb and data from Mb at low q indicates an unexpectedly rapid motion of Hb alphabeta dimers relative to one another. Dynamic motion of subunits is increasingly perceived as important to the allosteric behavior of Hb. Our data demonstrate that this motion is highly sensitive to protein concentration, temperature, and solvent viscosity, indicating that great care needs to be exercised in interpreting its effect on protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsana Lal
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
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