1
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Huang Q, Peng Y, Peng Y, Lin H, Deng S, Feng S, Wei Y. Design, in silico evaluation, and in vitro verification of new bivalent Smac mimetics with pro-apoptotic activity. Methods 2024; 224:35-46. [PMID: 38373678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Bivalent Smac mimetics have been shown to possess binding affinity and pro-apoptotic activity similar to or more potent than that of native Smac, a protein dimer able to neutralize the anti-apoptotic activity of an inhibitor of caspase enzymes, XIAP, which endows cancer cells with resistance to anticancer drugs. We design five new bivalent Smac mimetics, which are formed by various linkers tethering two diazabicyclic cores being the IAP binding motifs. We built in silico models of the five mimetics by the TwistDock workflow and evaluated their conformational tendency, which suggests that compound 3, whose linker is n-hexylene, possess the highest binding potency among the five. After synthesis of these compounds, their ability in tumour cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction displayed in experiments with SK-OV-3 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines confirms our prediction. Among the five mimetics, compound 3 displays promising pro-apoptotic activity and deserves further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsheng Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Bioinformatics & Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
| | - Yin Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuefeng Peng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Bioinformatics & Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huijuan Lin
- Department of Ultrasound, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Shiqi Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shengzhong Feng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Bioinformatics & Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yanjie Wei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Bioinformatics & Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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2
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Eun Kang J, Ciampi A, Hijri M. SeSaMe PS Function: Functional Analysis of the Whole Metagenome Sequencing Data of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2020; 18:613-623. [PMID: 33346085 PMCID: PMC8377382 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a novel bioinformatics program, Spore-associated Symbiotic Microbes Position-specific Function (SeSaMe PS Function), for position-specific functional analysis of short sequences derived from metagenome sequencing data of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The unique advantage of the program lies in databases created based on genus-specific sequence properties derived from protein secondary structure, namely amino acid usages, codon usages, and codon contexts of 3-codon DNA 9-mers. SeSaMe PS Function searches a query sequence against reference sequence database, identifies 3-codon DNA 9-mers with structural roles, and creates a comparative dataset containing the codon usage biases of the 3-codon DNA 9-mers from 54 bacterial and fungal genera. The program applies correlation principal component analysis in conjunction with K-means clustering method to the comparative dataset. 3-codon DNA 9-mers clustered as a sole member or with only a few members are often structurally and functionally distinctive sites that provide useful insights into important molecular interactions. The program provides a versatile means for studying functions of short sequences from metagenome sequencing and has a wide spectrum of applications. SeSaMe PS Function is freely accessible at www.fungalsesame.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Eun Kang
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada.
| | - Antonio Ciampi
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A2, Canada
| | - Mohamed Hijri
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada.
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3
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Dar KB, Bhat AH, Amin S, Anjum S, Reshi BA, Zargar MA, Masood A, Ganie SA. Exploring Proteomic Drug Targets, Therapeutic Strategies and Protein - Protein Interactions in Cancer: Mechanistic View. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:430-448. [PMID: 30073927 DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666180803104631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs) drive major signalling cascades and play critical role in cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and trafficking. Deregulated PPIs are implicated in multiple malignancies and represent the critical targets for treating cancer. Herein, we discuss the key protein-protein interacting domains implicated in cancer notably PDZ, SH2, SH3, LIM, PTB, SAM and PH. These domains are present in numerous enzymes/kinases, growth factors, transcription factors, adaptor proteins, receptors and scaffolding proteins and thus represent essential sites for targeting cancer. This review explores the candidature of various proteins involved in cellular trafficking (small GTPases, molecular motors, matrix-degrading enzymes, integrin), transcription (p53, cMyc), signalling (membrane receptor proteins), angiogenesis (VEGFs) and apoptosis (BCL-2family), which could possibly serve as targets for developing effective anti-cancer regimen. Interactions between Ras/Raf; X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP)/second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac/DIABLO); Frizzled (FRZ)/Dishevelled (DVL) protein; beta-catenin/T Cell Factor (TCF) have also been studied as prospective anticancer targets. Efficacy of diverse molecules/ drugs targeting such PPIs although evaluated in various animal models/cell lines, there is an essential need for human-based clinical trials. Therapeutic strategies like the use of biologicals, high throughput screening (HTS) and fragment-based technology could play an imperative role in designing cancer therapeutics. Moreover, bioinformatic/computational strategies based on genome sequence, protein sequence/structure and domain data could serve as competent tools for predicting PPIs. Exploring hot spots in proteomic networks represents another approach for developing targetspecific therapeutics. Overall, this review lays emphasis on a productive amalgamation of proteomics, genomics, biochemistry, and molecular dynamics for successful treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Bashir Dar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Aashiq Hussain Bhat
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Shajrul Amin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Syed Anjum
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bilal Ahmad Reshi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Mohammad Afzal Zargar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Akbar Masood
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Showkat Ahmad Ganie
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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4
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Zhu H, Li Y, Liu Y, Han B. Bivalent SMAC Mimetics for Treating Cancer by Antagonizing Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1951-1962. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1166 Liutai Avenue Chengdu 611137 China
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of AntibioticsChengdu University 168 Huaguan Road Chengdu 610052 China
| | - Yi Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of AntibioticsChengdu University 168 Huaguan Road Chengdu 610052 China
| | - Yue Liu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of AntibioticsChengdu University 168 Huaguan Road Chengdu 610052 China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1166 Liutai Avenue Chengdu 611137 China
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5
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Micewicz ED, Nguyen C, Micewicz A, Waring AJ, McBride WH, Ruchala P. Position of lipidation influences anticancer activity of Smac analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1628-1635. [PMID: 31047753 PMCID: PMC6625762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A small group of lipid-conjugated Smac mimetics was synthesized to probe the influence of the position of lipidation on overall anti-cancer activity. Specifically, new compounds were modified with lipid(s) in position 3 and C-terminus. Previously described position 2 lipidated analog M11 was also synthesized. The resulting mini library of Smacs lipidated in positions 2, 3 and C-terminus was screened extensively in vitro against a total number of 50 diverse cancer cell lines revealing that both the position of lipidation as well as the type of lipid, influence their anti-cancer activity and cancer type specificity. Moreover, when used in combination therapy with inhibitor of menin-MLL1 protein interactions, position 2 modified analog SM2 showed strong synergistic anti-cancer properties. The most promising lipid-conjugated analogs SM2 and SM6, showed favorable pharmacokinetics and in vivo activity while administered subcutaneously in the preclinical mouse model. Collectively, our findings suggest that lipid modification of Smacs may be a viable approach in the development of anti-cancer therapeutic leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa D Micewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christine Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alina Micewicz
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Volunteering Program, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alan J Waring
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Piotr Ruchala
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; The Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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6
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Huang Q, Peng Y, Peng Y, Wei D, Wei Y, Feng S. The TwistDock workflow for evaluation of bivalent Smac mimetics targeting XIAP. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:1373-1388. [PMID: 31118573 PMCID: PMC6499140 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s194276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Mimetics based on Smac, the native inhibitor of XIAP, are promising drug-candidates for the treatment of cancer. Bivalent Smac mimetics inhibit XIAP with even higher potency than monovalent mimetics, but how to optimize the linker that tethers the two monovalent binding motifs remains controversial. Methods: To construct an ensemble of bivalent complex structures for evaluating various linkers, we propose herein a workflow, named TwistDock, consisting of steps of monovalent docking and linker twisting, in which the degrees of freedom are sampled focusing on the rotation of single bonds of the linker. Results: The obtained conformations of bivalent complex distribute randomly in the conformational space with respect to two reaction coordinates introduced by the linker, which are the distance of the two binding motifs and the dihedral angle of the two planes through the linker and each of the binding motifs. Molecular dynamics starting from 10 conformations with the lowest enthalpy of every complex shows that the conformational tendency of the complex participated by compound 9, one of the compounds with the largest binding affinity, is distinct from others. By umbrella sampling of the complex, we find its global minimum of the free energy landscape. The structure shows that the linker favors a compact conformation, and the two BIR domains of XIAP encompass the ligand on the opposite sides. Conclusion: TwistDock can be used in fine-tuning of bivalent ligands targeting XIAP and similar receptors dimerized or oligomerized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsheng Huang
- Joint Engineering Research Center for Health Big Data Intelligent Analysis Technology and Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Peng
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuefeng Peng
- Joint Engineering Research Center for Health Big Data Intelligent Analysis Technology and Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
| | - Dan Wei
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjie Wei
- Joint Engineering Research Center for Health Big Data Intelligent Analysis Technology and Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengzhong Feng
- Joint Engineering Research Center for Health Big Data Intelligent Analysis Technology and Center for High Performance Computing, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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7
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Cong H, Xu L, Wu Y, Qu Z, Bian T, Zhang W, Xing C, Zhuang C. Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (IAP) Antagonists in Anticancer Agent Discovery: Current Status and Perspectives. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5750-5772. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cong
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan 750004, China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lijuan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan 750004, China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yougen Wu
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Zhuo Qu
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Tengfei Bian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Wannian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan 750004, China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chengguo Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Chunlin Zhuang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan 750004, China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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8
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Nikkhoo A, Rostami N, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Azizi G, Yousefi B, Ghalamfarsa G, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Smac mimetics as novel promising modulators of apoptosis in the treatment of breast cancer. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:9300-9314. [PMID: 30506843 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women. Despite improvements in treatment, the rate of breast cancer-related deaths is still high, and this issue needs further, accurate investigations. Although several treatment options are available, none of them are efficient for complete remission, particularly in advanced stages of the disease. It is known that cancerous cells have dysregulated apoptosis-related pathways, by which they can remain alive for a long time, expand freely, and escape from apoptosis-inducing drugs or antitumor immune responses. Therefore, modulation of apoptosis resistance in cancer cells may be an efficient strategy to overcome current problems faced in the development of immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of breast cancer. The inhibitors of apoptosis protein (IAPs) are important targets for cancer therapy because it has been shown that these molecules are overexpressed and highly active in various cancer cells and suppress apoptosis process in malignant cells by blockage of caspase proteins. There is evidence of Smac mimetics efficacy as a single agent; however, recent studies have indicated the efficacy of current anticancer immunotherapeutic approaches when combined with Smac mimetics, which are potent inhibitors of IAPs and synthesized mimicking Smac/Diablo molecules. In this review, we are going to discuss the efficacy of treatment of breast cancer by Smac mimetics alone or in combination with other therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Nikkhoo
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Narges Rostami
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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9
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Building homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer assays for characterization of bivalent inhibitors of an inhibitor of apoptosis protein target. Anal Biochem 2016; 497:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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10
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Micewicz ED, Ratikan JA, Waring AJ, Whitelegge JP, McBride WH, Ruchala P. Lipid-conjugated Smac analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4419-27. [PMID: 26384289 PMCID: PMC4592835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A small library of monovalent and bivalent Smac mimics was synthesized based on 2 types of monomers, with general structure NMeAla-Xaa-Pro-BHA (Xaa=Cys or Lys). Position 2 of the compounds was utilized to dimerize both types of monomers employing various bis-reactive linkers, as well as to modify selected compounds with lipids. The resulting library was screened in vitro against metastatic human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, and the two most active compounds selected for in vivo studies. The most active lipid-conjugated analogue M11, showed in vivo activity while administered both subcutaneously and orally. Collectively, our findings suggest that lipidation may be a viable approach in the development of new Smac-based therapeutic leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa D Micewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Josephine A Ratikan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alan J Waring
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, 1001 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; The Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Piotr Ruchala
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; The Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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11
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Jia X, Gao Y, Zhai D, Liu J, Wang Y, Jing LI, DU Z. Survivin is not a promising serological maker for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:2347-2352. [PMID: 26137069 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivin expression in the serum of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and nonmalignant chronic liver diseases remain to be elucidated. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the diagnostic role of survivin in the serum of patients with HCC and identify which ELISA kit performed best in detecting the levels of serum survivin. In total, 80 patients were included in the present study, including 20 patients with HCC, 20 patients with liver cirrhosis, 20 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and 20 healthy volunteers. The levels of survivin protein in the serum were detected using two different ELISA kits (R&D and Abnova). The positive ratios of serum survivin detected by the R&D ELISA kit in all the cases were 8.75% (7/80; median, 0 pg/ml; range, 0-39.8 pg/ml) and in HCC patients were 5% (1/20; median, 0 pg/ml; range, 0-39.8 pg/ml). For the same samples analyzed using the Abnova ELISA kit, the positive ratios of serum survivin in all the cases were 22.5% (18/80; median, 0 pg/ml; range, 0-553.5 pg/ml) and in HCC patients were 25% (5/20; median, 0 pg/ml; range, 0-93.5 pg/ml). The results obtained by the different ELISA kits demonstrated no statistically significant differences in the level of survivin between HCC patients and healthy controls. The correlation coefficient was 0.0064 (P=0.481) when analyzing the same serum samples with the different ELISA kits. In addition, the highest positive ratio of serum survivin was observed using the Abnova kit. A statistically significant difference in the results was observed between the R&D and Abnova kits. In general, the levels and positive ratios of serum survivin in the patients with HCC were significantly low. Furthermore, no difference was observed between HCC patients and controls in regard to the levels of serum survivin detected by the R&D and Abnova ELISA kits. In conclusion, survivin is unlikely to be a promising serological maker for the diagnosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Jia
- Third Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, P.R. China
| | - Yingtang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, P.R. China
| | - Daokuan Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, P.R. China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, P.R. China
| | - L I Jing
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, P.R. China
| | - Zhi DU
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, P.R. China ; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, P.R. China
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12
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Connors WH, Hale SP, Terrett NK. DNA-encoded chemical libraries of macrocycles. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 26:42-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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13
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Elsayed NM, Abou El Ella DA, Serya RA, Abouzid KA. Targeting apoptotic machinery as approach for anticancer therapy: Smac mimetics as anticancer agents. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fjps.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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14
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Li M, Liu P, Gao G, Deng J, Pan Z, Wu X, Xie G, Yue C, Cho CH, Ma Y, Cai L. Smac therapeutic Peptide nanoparticles inducing apoptosis of cancer cells for combination chemotherapy with Doxorubicin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:8005-8012. [PMID: 25815797 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Smac-conjugated nanoparticle (Smac-NP) was designed to induce the apoptosis of cancer cells and as a drug carrier for combination therapy. It contained three parts, a SmacN7 peptide which could induce apoptosis of cancer cells by interacting with XIAPs, the cell penetrating domain rich in arginine, and four hydrophobic tails for self-assembled Smac-NP. We demonstrated that Smac-NPs exerted an antitumor effect in breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231 and nonsmall lung cancer (NSCLC) cell H460, which efficiently inhibited cancer cells proliferation without influencing normal liver cell lines LO2. Smac-NPs also significantly induced apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 and H460 cells through activating pro-caspase-3, down-regulating the expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and up-regulating the pro-apoptotic protein Bax. Furthermore, Smac-NPs could be explored as a drug delivery system to load hydrophobic drug such as DOX for combination therapy. The DOX-loaded nanoparticles (DOX-Smac-NPs) exhibited higher cellular uptake efficiency and antitumor effect. Our work provided a new insight into therapeutic peptides integrated with drug simultaneously in one system for cancer combination treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Li
- †School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Peng Liu
- ‡Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guanhui Gao
- ‡Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jizhe Deng
- ‡Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhengyin Pan
- ‡Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xu Wu
- †School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Gaofeng Xie
- ‡Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Caixia Yue
- §Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chi Hin Cho
- †School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yifan Ma
- ‡Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lintao Cai
- ‡Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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15
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Seigal BA, Connors WH, Fraley A, Borzilleri RM, Carter PH, Emanuel SL, Fargnoli J, Kim K, Lei M, Naglich JG, Pokross ME, Posy SL, Shen H, Surti N, Talbott R, Zhang Y, Terrett NK. The discovery of macrocyclic XIAP antagonists from a DNA-programmed chemistry library, and their optimization to give lead compounds with in vivo antitumor activity. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2855-61. [PMID: 25695766 DOI: 10.1021/jm501892g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Affinity selection screening of macrocycle libraries derived from DNA-programmed chemistry identified XIAP BIR2 and BIR3 domain inhibitors that displace bound pro-apoptotic caspases. X-ray cocrystal structures of key compounds with XIAP BIR2 suggested potency-enhancing structural modifications. Optimization of dimeric macrocycles with similar affinity for both domains were potent pro-apoptotic agents in cancer cell lines and efficacious in shrinking tumors in a mouse xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Seigal
- †Ensemble Therapeutics Corp, 99 Erie Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - William H Connors
- †Ensemble Therapeutics Corp, 99 Erie Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrew Fraley
- †Ensemble Therapeutics Corp, 99 Erie Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas K Terrett
- †Ensemble Therapeutics Corp, 99 Erie Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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16
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Abstract
The Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) play a critical role in the regulation of cellular apoptosis and cytokine signaling. IAP family members include XIAP, cIAP1, cIAP2, NAIP, survivin, Apollon/Bruce, ML-IAP/livin and TIAP. The IAPs have been targeted using both antisense oligonucleotides and small molecule inhibitors. Several research teams have advanced compounds that bind the highly conserved BIR3 domains of the IAPs into clinical trials, as single agents and in combination with standard of care. This patent review highlights the medicinal chemistry strategies that have been applied to the development of clinical compounds.
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17
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Condon SM, Mitsuuchi Y, Deng Y, LaPorte MG, Rippin SR, Haimowitz T, Alexander MD, Kumar PT, Hendi MS, Lee YH, Benetatos CA, Yu G, Kapoor GS, Neiman E, Seipel ME, Burns JM, Graham MA, McKinlay MA, Li X, Wang J, Shi Y, Feltham R, Bettjeman B, Cumming MH, Vince JE, Khan N, Silke J, Day CL, Chunduru SK. Birinapant, a smac-mimetic with improved tolerability for the treatment of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3666-77. [PMID: 24684347 DOI: 10.1021/jm500176w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Birinapant (1) is a second-generation bivalent antagonist of IAP proteins that is currently undergoing clinical development for the treatment of cancer. Using a range of assays that evaluated cIAP1 stability and oligomeric state, we demonstrated that 1 stabilized the cIAP1-BUCR (BIR3-UBA-CARD-RING) dimer and promoted autoubiquitylation of cIAP1 in vitro. Smac-mimetic 1-induced loss of cIAPs correlated with inhibition of TNF-mediated NF-κB activation, caspase activation, and tumor cell killing. Many first-generation Smac-mimetics such as compound A (2) were poorly tolerated. Notably, animals that lack functional cIAP1, cIAP2, and XIAP are not viable, and 2 mimicked features of triple IAP knockout cells in vitro. The improved tolerability of 1 was associated with (i) decreased potency against cIAP2 and affinity for XIAP BIR3 and (ii) decreased ability to inhibit XIAP-dependent signaling pathways. The P2' position of 1 was critical to this differential activity, and this improved tolerability has allowed 1 to proceed into clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Condon
- TetraLogic Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 343 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
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18
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Micewicz ED, Luong HT, Jung CL, Waring AJ, McBride WH, Ruchala P. Novel dimeric Smac analogs as prospective anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1452-7. [PMID: 24582479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A small library of monovalent Smac mimics with general structure NMeAla-Tle-(4R)-4-Benzyl-Pro-Xaa-cysteamide, was synthesized (Xaa=hydrophobic residue). The library was screened in vitro against human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, and two most active compounds oligomerized via S-alkylation giving bivalent and trivalent derivatives. The most active bivalent analogue SMAC17-2X was tested in vivo and in physiological conditions (mouse model) it exerted a potent anticancer effect resulting in ∼23.4days of tumor growth delay at 7.5mg/kg dose. Collectively, our findings suggest that bivalent Smac analogs obtained via S-alkylation protocol may be a suitable platform for the development of new anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa D Micewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hai T Luong
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chun-Ling Jung
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alan J Waring
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, 1001 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - William H McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Piotr Ruchala
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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19
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Hennessy EJ, Adam A, Aquila BM, Castriotta LM, Cook D, Hattersley M, Hird AW, Huntington C, Kamhi VM, Laing NM, Li D, MacIntyre T, Omer CA, Oza V, Patterson T, Repik G, Rooney MT, Saeh JC, Sha L, Vasbinder MM, Wang H, Whitston D. Discovery of a Novel Class of Dimeric Smac Mimetics as Potent IAP Antagonists Resulting in a Clinical Candidate for the Treatment of Cancer (AZD5582). J Med Chem 2013; 56:9897-919. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401075x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Hennessy
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Ammar Adam
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Brian M. Aquila
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Lillian M. Castriotta
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Donald Cook
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Maureen Hattersley
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Alexander W. Hird
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Christopher Huntington
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Victor M. Kamhi
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Naomi M. Laing
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Danyang Li
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Terry MacIntyre
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Charles A. Omer
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Vibha Oza
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Troy Patterson
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Galina Repik
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Michael T. Rooney
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jamal C. Saeh
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Li Sha
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Melissa M. Vasbinder
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Haiyun Wang
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - David Whitston
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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20
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Gatti L, De Cesare M, Ciusani E, Corna E, Arrighetti N, Cominetti D, Belvisi L, Potenza D, Moroni E, Vasile F, Lecis D, Delia D, Castiglioni V, Scanziani E, Seneci P, Zaffaroni N, Perego P. Antitumor Activity of a Novel Homodimeric SMAC Mimetic in Ovarian Carcinoma. Mol Pharm 2013; 11:283-93. [DOI: 10.1021/mp4004578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gatti
- Department
of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Michelandrea De Cesare
- Department
of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Emilio Ciusani
- Laboratory
of Clinical Pathology and Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Corna
- Department
of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Noemi Arrighetti
- Department
of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Denis Cominetti
- Department
of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi
19, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Donatella Potenza
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi
19, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Moroni
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi
19, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Francesca Vasile
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi
19, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Daniele Lecis
- Department
of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Domenico Delia
- Department
of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Vittoria Castiglioni
- Department
of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Eugenio Scanziani
- Department
of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Pierfausto Seneci
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi
19, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Department
of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Paola Perego
- Department
of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
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21
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Lukacs C, Belunis C, Crowther R, Danho W, Gao L, Goggin B, Janson CA, Li S, Remiszewski S, Schutt A, Thakur MK, Singh SK, Swaminathan S, Pandey R, Tyagi R, Gosu R, Kamath AV, Kuglstatter A. The structure of XIAP BIR2: understanding the selectivity of the BIR domains. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:1717-25. [PMID: 23999295 PMCID: PMC3760131 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913016284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
XIAP, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family of proteins, is a critical regulator of apoptosis. Inhibition of the BIR domain-caspase interaction is a promising approach towards treating cancer. Previous work has been directed towards inhibiting the BIR3-caspase-9 interaction, which blocks the intrinsic apoptotic pathway; selectively inhibiting the BIR2-caspase-3 interaction would also block the extrinsic pathway. The BIR2 domain of XIAP has successfully been crystallized; peptides and small-molecule inhibitors can be soaked into these crystals, which diffract to high resolution. Here, the BIR2 apo crystal structure and the structures of five BIR2-tetrapeptide complexes are described. The structural flexibility observed on comparing these structures, along with a comparison with XIAP BIR3, affords an understanding of the structural elements that drive selectivity between BIR2 and BIR3 and which can be used to design BIR2-selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lukacs
- Discovery Technologies, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Charles Belunis
- Discovery Technologies, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Robert Crowther
- Discovery Technologies, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Waleed Danho
- Medicinal Chemistry, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Lin Gao
- Discovery Technologies, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Barry Goggin
- Discovery Oncology, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Cheryl A. Janson
- Discovery Technologies, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Shirley Li
- Discovery Technologies, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Stacy Remiszewski
- Medicinal Chemistry, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Andrew Schutt
- Discovery Oncology, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | | | - Saroj K. Singh
- Structural Biology, Jubilant Biosys Ltd, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Rajat Pandey
- Structural Biology, Jubilant Biosys Ltd, Bangalore, India
| | - Rajiv Tyagi
- Structural Biology, Jubilant Biosys Ltd, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Andreas Kuglstatter
- Discovery Technologies, Hoffmann-La Roche, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
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22
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Wang K, Lin B. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) as regulatory factors of hepatic apoptosis. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1970-80. [PMID: 23770286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IAPs are a group of regulatory proteins that are structurally related. Their conserved homologues have been identified in various organisms. In human, eight IAP members have been recognized based on baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domains. IAPs are key regulators of apoptosis, cytokinesis and signal transduction. The antiapoptotic property of IAPs depends on their professional role for caspases. IAPs are functionally non-equivalent and regulate effector caspases through distinct mechanisms. IAPs impede apoptotic process via membrane receptor-dependent (extrinsic) cascade and mitochondrial dependent (intrinsic) pathway. IAP-mediated apoptosis affects the progression of liver diseases. Therapeutic options of liver diseases may depend on the understanding toward mechanisms of the IAP-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Wang
- Departments of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA.
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23
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Sheng R, Sun H, Liu L, Lu J, McEachern D, Wang G, Wen J, Min P, Du Z, Lu H, Kang S, Guo M, Yang D, Wang S. A potent bivalent Smac mimetic (SM-1200) achieving rapid, complete, and durable tumor regression in mice. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3969-79. [PMID: 23651223 DOI: 10.1021/jm400216d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have designed, synthesized, and evaluated a series of new compounds based upon our previously reported bivalent Smac mimetics. This led to the identification of compound 12 (SM-1200), which binds to XIAP, cIAP1, and cIAP2 with Ki values of 0.5, 3.7, and 5.4 nM, respectively, inhibits cell growth in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 11.0 and 28.2 nM, respectively. Compound 12 has a much improved pharmacokinetic profile over our previously reported bivalent Smac mimetics and is highly effective in induction of rapid and durable tumor regression in the MDA-MB-231 xenograft model. These data indicate that compound 12 is a promising Smac mimetic and warrants extensive evaluation as a potential candidate for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Sheng
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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24
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Manzoni L, Belvisi L, Bianchi A, Conti A, Drago C, de Matteo M, Ferrante L, Mastrangelo E, Perego P, Potenza D, Scolastico C, Servida F, Timpano G, Vasile F, Rizzo V, Seneci P. Homo- and heterodimeric Smac mimetics/IAP inhibitors as in vivo-active pro-apoptotic agents. Part I: Synthesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6687-708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Lecis D, Mastrangelo E, Belvisi L, Bolognesi M, Civera M, Cossu F, De Cesare M, Delia D, Drago C, Manenti G, Manzoni L, Milani M, Moroni E, Perego P, Potenza D, Rizzo V, Scavullo C, Scolastico C, Servida F, Vasile F, Seneci P. Dimeric Smac mimetics/IAP inhibitors as in vivo-active pro-apoptotic agents. Part II: Structural and biological characterization. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6709-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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26
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Potenza D, Belvisi L, Vasile F, Moroni E, Cossu F, Seneci P. A NMR and computational study of Smac mimics targeting both the BIR2 and BIR3 domains in XIAP protein. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:3278-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06979b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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28
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Le Quement ST, Ishoey M, Petersen MT, Thastrup J, Hagel G, Nielsen TE. Solid-phase synthesis of smac peptidomimetics incorporating triazoloprolines and biarylalanines. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2011; 13:667-75. [PMID: 21905744 DOI: 10.1021/co200078u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic induction mechanisms are of crucial importance for the general homeostasis of multicellular organisms. In cancer the apoptotic pathways are downregulated, which, at least partly, is due to an abundance of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) that block the apoptotic cascade by deactivating proteolytic caspases. The Smac protein has an antagonistic effect on IAPs, thus providing structural clues for the synthesis of new pro-apoptotic compounds. Herein, we report a solid-phase approach for the synthesis of Smac-derived tetrapeptide libraries. On the basis of a common (N-Me)AVPF sequence, peptides incorporating triazoloprolines and biarylalanines were synthesized by means of Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition and Pd-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. Solid-phase procedures were optimized to high efficiency, thus accessing all products in excellent crude purities and yields (both typically above 90%). The peptides were subjected to biological evaluation in a live/dead cellular assay which revealed that structural decorations on the AVPF sequence indeed are highly important for cytotoxicity toward HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mette Ishoey
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mette T. Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jacob Thastrup
- 2CureX, Department of Surgery, K, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Grith Hagel
- 2CureX, Department of Surgery, K, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Thomas E. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Speer KF, Cosimini CL, Splan KE. Characterization of a heterodimeric Smac-based peptide that features sequences specific to both the BIR2 and BIR3 domains of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein. Biopolymers 2011; 98:122-30. [PMID: 22020922 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
XIAP, an important regulator of apoptosis, has emerged as a target for the development of cancer therapeutics. The homodimeric Smac protein simultaneously binds to both the BIR2 and BIR3 domains of XIAP. Peptide-based dimeric compounds that mimic the binding mode of Smac show promise as XIAP antagonists. Herein we characterize the first example of a Smac mimetic that incorporates a peptide sequence specific for BIR2. We show that the tetrapeptide motif Ala-Glu-Ala-Val has a higher affinity for BIR2 than the BIR3-specific sequence Ala-Val-Pro-Phe, and we compare the binding characteristics of a heterodimeric peptide containing both tetrapeptide motifs to those of a homodimeric peptide featuring only AVPF. Despite the enhanced affinity of AEAV (relative to AVPF) for BIR2, the heterodimeric peptide displays only a slightly higher affinity for XIAP relative to its homodimeric counterpart. Enhanced affinity of both dimers relative to the tetrapeptide AVPF is largely maintained even when the BIR2 binding groove is modified, implying that hydrophobic contacts afforded by the second peptide motif need not necessarily be made at the BIR2 binding groove to contribute substantial binding energy. Finally, we use mutagenesis to show that the difference in sequence specificity observed between the two domains is primarily owing to steric bulk introduced at the BIR2 site by lysine 206. Replacement of K206 at BIR2 with glycine, the corresponding residue in BIR3, restores the majority of the affinity for the AVPF motif exhibited by BIR3. The implications of these finding in the development of XIAP antagonists are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 98: 122-130, 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey F Speer
- Department of Chemistry, Macalester College, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA
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Transient pockets on XIAP-BIR2: toward the characterization of putative binding sites of small-molecule XIAP inhibitors. J Mol Model 2011; 18:2031-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Targeting inhibitor of apoptosis proteins for therapeutic intervention. Future Med Chem 2011; 1:1509-25. [PMID: 21426063 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) proteins have emerged over the last decade as important targets for therapeutic intervention in human malignancies. Overexpression of IAPs has been implicated in cell survival and resistance against stress-induced apoptosis brought on by radiation and/or chemotherapeutics (currently the standard-of-care in a variety of different cancer diseases). In addition, evasion from death receptor-mediated apoptosis and regulation of NF-κB pathways and cell division have also been associated with IAP proteins. Efforts to target IAP proteins in tumors have focused mainly on designing small molecules that mimic the IAP-binding motif of the endogenous IAP antagonist, second mitochondrial activator of caspases. In addition, several other IAP-targeting strategies, including antisense oligonucleotides and transcriptional repression, have also been initiated, with the hope of providing therapeutic benefit to cancer patients.
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Xu Y, Zhou L, Huang J, Liu F, Yu J, Zhan Q, Zhang L, Zhao X. Role of Smac in determining the chemotherapeutic response of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:5412-22. [PMID: 21676925 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac) regulates chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Smac mimetics have been tested in clinical trials as chemosensitizers. We determined the role of Smac in modulating the chemosensitivity of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Smac expression was evaluated in tissues from ESCC patients with differential chemotherapeutic responses. The effects of Smac knockdown and Smac mimetics on the chemosensitivity of ESCC cells and the molecular mechanisms by which Smac and Smac mimetics modulate chemosensitivity were determined. The therapeutic responses of ESCC cells with different Smac statuses were compared using xenograft models. RESULTS We found that Smac was significantly downregulated in most ESCC samples (36.8%, 25/68, P = 0.001), and Smac expression differed significantly (P < 0.05) between chemosensitive and chemoresistant tumors. The associations of tested factors and their responses were examined using logistic regression analysis. In ESCC cells treated with cisplatin, a common chemotherapeutic drug, Smac and cytochrome c were released from mitochondria, and caspase-3 and caspase-9 were activated. Knockdown of Smac abrogated cisplatin-induced apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome c release, and caspase activation. Smac deficiency also reduced the effect of cisplatin on long-term cell viability, and led to cisplatin resistance in xenograft tumors in vivo. LBW242, a small molecule Smac mimetic, enhanced cisplatin-induced apoptosis and caspase activation and restored cisplatin sensitivity in Smac-deficient cells. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that downregulation of Smac may be a chemoresistance mechanism in ESCC. Combinations of Smac mimetics with chemotherapeutic agents may have therapeutic benefits for the treatment of esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Departments of Medicine of Oncology, Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
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Sun H, Liu L, Lu J, Bai L, Li X, Nikolovska-Coleska Z, McEachern D, Yang CY, Qiu S, Yi H, Sun D, Wang S. Potent bivalent Smac mimetics: effect of the linker on binding to inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and anticancer activity. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3306-18. [PMID: 21462933 DOI: 10.1021/jm101651b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized and evaluated a series of nonpeptidic, bivalent Smac mimetics as antagonists of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins and new anticancer agents. All these bivalent Smac mimetics bind to full-length XIAP with low nanomolar affinities and function as ultrapotent antagonists of XIAP. While these Smac mimetics bind to cIAP1/2 with similar low nanomolar affinities, their potencies to induce degradation of cIAP1/2 proteins in cells differ by more than 100-fold. The most potent bivalent Smac mimetics inhibit cell growth with IC(50) from 1 to 3 nM in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line and are 100 times more potent than the least potent compounds. Determination of intracellular concentrations for several representative compounds showed that the linkers in these bivalent Smac mimetics significantly affect their intracellular concentrations and hence the overall cellular activity. Compound 27 completely inhibits tumor growth in the MDA-MB-231 xenografts while causing no signs of toxicity in the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Sun
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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The Discovery and Development of Smac Mimetics—Small-Molecule Antagonists of the Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386009-5.00014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Theoretical studies on the interactions of XIAP-BIR3 domain with bicyclic and tricyclic core monovalent Smac mimetics. J Mol Graph Model 2010; 29:354-62. [PMID: 20980180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
X-linked IAP can bind caspase-9 and inhibit its activity. Mitochondrial protein Smac/DIABLO can also interact with XIAP and relieve the inhibition on caspase-9 to induce apoptosis. A series of artificial Smac mimetics have been used to mimic the Smac N-terminal tetrapeptide AVPI to bind to XIAP-BIR3, but these structural diverse mimetics exhibited distinct binding affinities. To get an insight into the binding nature and optimize the structures, molecular docking and dynamics simulations were used to study the binding of XIAP-BIR3 with three groups of Smac mimetics. The docking results reveal that these Smac mimetics anchored on the surface groove of XIAP-BIR3 and superimposed well with AVPI. The modifications on the seven-membered ring of bicyclic core segment do not strengthen the binding affinity, while a benzyl introduced to the five-membered ring is favorable to the binding. Molecular dynamics simulations on three typical systems show that these complexes are very stable. Hydrogen bonds between the bicyclic core segment and Thr308 play critical roles in maintaining the stability of complex. The binding free energies calculated by MM_PBSA method are consistent with the experimental results.
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Abstract
Two cyclopeptidic Smac mimetics, 2 and 3, were designed and synthesized. These two compounds bind to XIAP and cIAP-1/2 with low nanomolar affinities, and restore the activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3/-7 inhibited by XIAP. Compound 2 potently inhibits cancer cell growth and is 5-8 times more potent than the initial lead compound.
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Ross NT, Katt WP, Hamilton AD. Synthetic mimetics of protein secondary structure domains. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2010; 368:989-1008. [PMID: 20123744 PMCID: PMC3263801 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2009.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Proteins modulate the majority of all biological functions and are primarily composed of highly organized secondary structural elements such as helices, turns and sheets. Many of these functions are affected by a small number of key protein-protein contacts, often involving one or more of these well-defined structural elements. Given the ubiquitous nature of these protein recognition domains, their mimicry by peptidic and non-peptidic scaffolds has become a major focus of contemporary research. This review examines several key advances in secondary structure mimicry over the past several years, particularly focusing upon scaffolds that show not only promising projection of functional groups, but also a proven effect in biological systems.
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Abstract
Smac/DIABLO, discovered in 2000 as a protein released from mitochondria into the cytosol in response to apoptotic stimuli, functions as an endogenous antagonist of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) and several other IAP proteins through direct binding. The interaction between Smac and IAPs involves the AVPI tetrapeptide binding motif on the N-terminus of Smac and a well-defined groove on the surface of these IAP proteins, providing an ideal site for the design of small-molecule Smac mimetics. Potent and cell-permeable small-molecule Smac mimetics have provided powerful pharmacological tools for study of the regulation of apoptosis by IAP proteins, and several such compounds are now in early clinical trials as new anticancer agents.
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Structural Basis for Bivalent Smac-Mimetics Recognition in the IAP Protein Family. J Mol Biol 2009; 392:630-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Seneci P, Bianchi A, Battaglia C, Belvisi L, Bolognesi M, Caprini A, Cossu F, Franco ED, Matteo MD, Delia D, Drago C, Khaled A, Lecis D, Manzoni L, Marizzoni M, Mastrangelo E, Milani M, Motto I, Moroni E, Potenza D, Rizzo V, Servida F, Turlizzi E, Varrone M, Vasile F, Scolastico C. Rational design, synthesis and characterization of potent, non-peptidic Smac mimics/XIAP inhibitors as proapoptotic agents for cancer therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5834-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Shen Y, Lv B, Ding Y. Role of survivin in hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical applications. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:1273-1278. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i13.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Survivin is a new family member of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, which has the function of inhibiting apoptosis, inducing proliferation, and regulating caryocinesis and angiogenesis. It expresses highly and specifically in malignant tumors, and closely relates to development, metastasis, prognosis and recurrence of tumors. The gene therapy targeting survivin has been showing its clinical potential increasingly. This review summarizes the role of survivin in the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma as well as its clinical applications.
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Sun H, Nikolovska-Coleska Z, Yang CY, Qian D, Lu J, Qiu S, Bai L, Peng Y, Cai Q, Wang S. Design of small-molecule peptidic and nonpeptidic Smac mimetics. Acc Chem Res 2008; 41:1264-77. [PMID: 18937395 PMCID: PMC2676167 DOI: 10.1021/ar8000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Smac/DIABLO is a protein released from mitochondria into the cytosol in response to apoptotic stimuli. Smac promotes apoptosis at least in part through antagonizing inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), including XIAP, cIAP-1, and cIAP-2. Smac interacts with these IAPs via its N-terminal AVPI binding motif. There has been an enormous interest in academic laboratories and pharmaceutical companies in the design of small-molecule Smac mimetics as potential anticancer agents. This task is particularly challenging because it involves targeting protein-protein interactions. Nevertheless, intense research has now generated potent, specific, cell-permeable small-molecule peptidomimetics and nonpeptidic mimetics. To date, two types of Smac mimetics have been reported, namely, monovalent and bivalent Smac mimetics. The monovalent compounds are designed to mimic the binding of a single AVPI binding motif to IAP proteins, whereas the bivalent compounds contain two AVPI binding motif mimetics tethered together through a linker. Studies from several groups have clearly demonstrated that both monovalent and bivalent Smac mimetics not only enhance the antitumor activity of other anticancer agents but also can induce apoptosis as single agents in a subset of human cancer cell lines in vitro and are capable of achieving tumor regression in animal models of human cancer. In general, bivalent Smac mimetics are 100-1000 times more potent than their corresponding monovalent Smac mimetics in induction of apoptosis in tumor cells. However, properly designed monovalent Smac mimetics can achieve oral bioavailability and may have major advantages over bivalent Smac mimetics as potential drug candidates. In-depth insights on the molecular mechanism of action of Smac mimetics have been provided by several independent studies. It was shown that Smac mimetics induce apoptosis in tumor cells by targeting cIAP-1/-2 for the rapid degradation of these proteins, which leads to activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and production and secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). TNFalpha promotes formation of a receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1 (RIPK1)-dependent caspase-8-activating complex, leading to activation of caspase-8 and -3/-7 and ultimately to apoptosis. For the most efficient apoptosis induction, Smac mimetics also need to remove the inhibition of XIAP to caspase-3/-7. Hence, Smac mimetics induce apoptosis in tumor cells by targeting not only cIAP-1/-2 but also XIAP. The employment of potent, cell-permeable, small-molecule Smac mimetics has yielded important insights into the regulation of apoptosis by IAP proteins. To date, at least one Smac mimetic has been advanced into clinical development. Several other Smac mimetics are in an advanced preclinical development stage and are expected to enter human clinical testing for the treatment of cancer in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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