1
|
Aplin C, Zielinski KA, Pabit S, Ogunribido D, Katt WP, Pollack L, Cerione RA, Milano SK. Defining the conformational states that enable transglutaminase 2 to promote cancer cell survival versus cell death. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.04.578794. [PMID: 38370687 PMCID: PMC10871292 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.04.578794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a GTP-binding/protein-crosslinking enzyme that has been investigated as a therapeutic target for Celiac disease, neurological disorders, and aggressive cancers. TG2 has been suggested to adopt two conformational states that regulate its functions: a GTP-bound, closed conformation, and a calcium-bound, crosslinking-active open conformation. TG2 mutants that constitutively adopt an open conformation are cytotoxic to cancer cells. Thus, small molecules that maintain the open conformation of TG2 could offer a new therapeutic strategy. Here, we investigate TG2, using static and time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and single-particle cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM), to determine the conformational states responsible for conferring its biological effects. We also describe a newly developed TG2 inhibitor, LM11, that potently kills glioblastoma cells and use SAXS to investigate how LM11 affects the conformational states of TG2. Using SAXS and cryo-EM, we show that guanine nucleotide-bound TG2 adopts a monomeric closed conformation while calcium-bound TG2 assumes an open conformational state that can form higher order oligomers. SAXS analysis also suggests how a TG2 mutant that constitutively adopts the open state binds nucleotides through an alternative mechanism to wildtype TG2. Furthermore, we use time-resolved SAXS to show that LM11 increases the ability of calcium to drive TG2 to an open conformation, which is not reversible by guanine nucleotides and is cytotoxic to cancer cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the conformational dynamics of TG2 are more complex than previously suggested and highlight how conformational stabilization of TG2 by LM11 maintains TG2 in a cytotoxic conformational state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cody Aplin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Kara A. Zielinski
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Suzette Pabit
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Deborah Ogunribido
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - William P. Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Lois Pollack
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Richard A. Cerione
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Shawn K. Milano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Peralta S, Marcinczyk MM, Katt WP, Duhamel GE. Confirmation of canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma using RAS Q61R immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1281022. [PMID: 37901104 PMCID: PMC10611472 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1281022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiating canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma (CAA) from oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) based on routine histopathology can be challenging. We have previously shown that more than 95% of CAAs harbor an HRAS p.Q61R somatic mutation, while OSCCs carry either wild-type alleles or other MAPK pathway activating mutations (e.g., HRAS p.Q61L, BRAF p.V595E). Given that HRAS p.Q61R mutations are highly prevalent in CAA, we hypothesized that a RAS Q61R-specific rabbit monoclonal antibody may be a useful tool for confirmation of CAA by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. In the present study, we assessed IHC staining of archived formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded biopsy samples with a diagnosis of CAA (n = 23), using a RAS Q61R-specific rabbit monoclonal antibody (SP174) and an automated IHC stainer. Negative control samples consisted of HRAS p.Q61R mutation-negative OSCC tumors with either a known HRAS p.Q61L mutation (n = 1), BRAF p.V595E mutation (n = 4), or wild-type corresponding alleles (n = 3). We found that all 23 CAAs showed diffuse and strong membranous RAS Q61R immunoreactivity (100% sensitivity), while none of the 8 OSCCs showed immunoreactivity (100% specificity). The data supports the use of RAS Q61R-specific rabbit monoclonal antibody for diagnostic IHC confirmation of CAA and ruling out OSCC in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Peralta
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Magdalena M. Marcinczyk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and New York Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - William P. Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Gerald E. Duhamel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and New York Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Greene KS, Choi A, Chen M, Yang N, Li R, Qiu Y, Lukey MJ, Rojas KS, Shen J, Wilson KF, Katt WP, Whittaker GR, Cerione RA. Inhibiting Glutamine Metabolism Blocks Coronavirus Replication in Mammalian Cells. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.27.559756. [PMID: 37808692 PMCID: PMC10557708 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.27.559756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Developing therapeutic strategies against COVID-19 has gained widespread interest given the likelihood that new viral variants will continue to emerge. Here we describe one potential therapeutic strategy which involves targeting members of the glutaminase family of mitochondrial metabolic enzymes (GLS and GLS2), which catalyze the first step in glutamine metabolism, the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate. We show three examples where GLS expression increases during coronavirus infection of host cells, and another in which GLS2 is upregulated. The viruses hijack the metabolic machinery responsible for glutamine metabolism to generate the building blocks for biosynthetic processes and satisfy the bioenergetic requirements demanded by the 'glutamine addiction' of virus-infected host cells. We demonstrate how genetic silencing of glutaminase enzymes reduces coronavirus infection and that newer members of two classes of small molecule allosteric inhibitors targeting these enzymes, designated as SU1, a pan-GLS/GLS2 inhibitor, and UP4, which is specific for GLS, block viral replication in mammalian epithelial cells. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of glutamine metabolism for coronavirus replication in human cells and show that glutaminase inhibitors can block coronavirus infection and thereby may represent a novel class of anti-viral drug candidates. Teaser Inhibitors targeting glutaminase enzymes block coronavirus replication and may represent a new class of anti-viral drugs.
Collapse
|
4
|
Peralta S, Webb SM, Katt WP, Grenier JK, Duhamel GE. Cover Image. Vet Comp Oncol 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
|
5
|
Nguyen TTT, Katt WP, Cerione RA. Alone and together: current approaches to targeting glutaminase enzymes as part of anti-cancer therapies. Future Drug Discov 2023; 4:FDD79. [PMID: 37009252 PMCID: PMC10051075 DOI: 10.4155/fdd-2022-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a major hallmark of malignant transformation in cancer, and part of the so-called Warburg effect, in which the upregulation of glutamine catabolism plays a major role. The glutaminase enzymes convert glutamine to glutamate, which initiates this pathway. Inhibition of different forms of glutaminase (KGA, GAC, or LGA) demonstrated potential as an emerging anti-cancer therapeutic strategy. The regulation of these enzymes, and the molecular basis for their inhibition, have been the focus of much recent research. This review will explore the recent progress in understanding the molecular basis for activation and inhibition of different forms of glutaminase, as well as the recent focus on combination therapies of glutaminase inhibitors with other anti-cancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thuy-Tien T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Peralta S, Webb SM, Katt WP, Grenier JK, Duhamel GE. Highly recurrent BRAF p.V595E mutation in canine papillary oral squamous cell carcinoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:138-144. [PMID: 36451536 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common oral epithelial malignancy in dogs. It exhibits locally aggressive biological behaviour with the potential to metastasize, and a reported 1-year survival rate of 0% when left untreated. Expression studies suggest that aberrant MAPK signalling plays a key role in canine OSCC tumorigenesis, which is consistent with BRAF and HRAS MAPK-activating mutations reported in some tumours. Several morphological subtypes of canine OSCC have been described, with papillary, conventional, and basaloid as the most common patterns. We hypothesized that mutational differences may underlie these phenotypic variations. In this study, targeted Sanger sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism assays demonstrate that up to 85.7% of canine papillary OSCC (n = 14) harbour a BRAF p.V595E mutation. Assessment of neoplastic epithelial cell proliferation using Ki67 immunolabelling (n = 10) confirmed a relatively high proliferation activity, consistent with their known aggressive clinical behaviour. These findings underscore a consistent genetic feature of canine papillary OSCC and provide a basis for the development of novel diagnostic and targeted therapeutic approaches that can improve the quality of veterinary care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Peralta
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Suzin M Webb
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer K Grenier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Gerald E Duhamel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Katt WP, Aplin C, Cerione RA. Exploring the Role of Transglutaminase in Patients with Glioblastoma: Current Perspectives. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:277-290. [PMID: 35340676 PMCID: PMC8943831 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s329262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is a rather unique GTP-binding/protein crosslinking enzyme that has been shown to play important roles in a number of cellular processes that impact both normal physiology and disease states. This is especially the case in the context of aggressive brain tumors, such as glioblastoma. The diverse roles played by tTG in cancer survival and progression have led to significant interest in recent years in using tTG as a therapeutic target. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the transglutaminase family, and then discuss the primary biochemical activities exhibited by tTG with an emphasis on the role it plays in glioblastoma progression. Finally, we consider current approaches to target tTG which might eventually have clinical impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Cody Aplin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA,Correspondence: Richard A Cerione, Tel +1 607-253-3650, Email
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Milano SK, Huang Q, Nguyen TTT, Ramachandran S, Finke A, Kriksunov I, Schuller D, Szebenyi M, Arenholz E, McDermott LA, Sukumar N, Cerione RA, Katt WP. New insights into the molecular mechanisms of glutaminase C inhibitors in cancer cells using serial room temperature crystallography. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101535. [PMID: 34954143 PMCID: PMC8784640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells frequently exhibit uncoupling of the glycolytic pathway from the TCA cycle (i.e. the "Warburg effect"), and as a result, often become dependent on their ability to increase glutamine catabolism. The mitochondrial enzyme Glutaminase C (GAC) helps to satisfy this 'glutamine addiction' of cancer cells by catalyzing the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate, which is then converted to the TCA-cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate. This makes GAC an intriguing drug target, and spurred the molecules derived from bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethyl sulfide (the so-called BPTES-class of allosteric GAC inhibitors), including CB-839, which is currently in clinal trials. However, none of the drugs targeting GAC are yet approved for cancer treatment and their mechanism of action is not well understood. Here, we shed new light on the underlying basis for the differential potencies exhibited by members of the BPTES/CB-839 family of compounds, which could not previously be explained with standard cryo-cooled X-ray crystal structures of GAC bound to CB-839 or its analogs. Using an emerging technique known as serial room temperature crystallography, we were able to observe clear differences between the binding conformations of inhibitors with significantly different potencies. We also developed a computational model to further elucidate the molecular basis of differential inhibitor potency. We then corroborated the results from our modeling efforts using recently established fluorescence assays that directly read out inhibitor binding to GAC. Together, these findings should aid in future design of more potent GAC inhibitors with better clinical outlook.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn K Milano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Qingqiu Huang
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Thuy-Tien T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Sekar Ramachandran
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Aaron Finke
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Irina Kriksunov
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - David Schuller
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Marian Szebenyi
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Elke Arenholz
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lee A McDermott
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States; Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - N Sukumar
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Informatics, Shiv Nadar University, India
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.
| | - William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Peralta S, Duhamel GE, Katt WP, Heikinheimo K, Miller AD, Ahmed F, McCleary-Wheeler AL, Grenier JK. Comparative transcriptional profiling of canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma and homology with human ameloblastoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17792. [PMID: 34493785 PMCID: PMC8423744 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ameloblastomas are odontogenic tumors that are rare in people but have a relatively high prevalence in dogs. Because canine acanthomatous ameloblastomas (CAA) have clinicopathologic and molecular features in common with human ameloblastomas (AM), spontaneous CAA can serve as a useful translational model of disease. However, the molecular basis of CAA and how it compares to AM are incompletely understood. In this study, we compared the global genomic expression profile of CAA with AM and evaluated its dental origin by using a bulk RNA-seq approach. For these studies, healthy gingiva and canine oral squamous cell carcinoma served as controls. We found that aberrant RAS signaling, and activation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition cellular program are involved in the pathogenesis of CAA, and that CAA is enriched with genes known to be upregulated in AM including those expressed during the early stages of tooth development, suggesting a high level of molecular homology. These results support the model that domestic dogs with spontaneous CAA have potential for pre-clinical assessment of targeted therapeutic modalities against AM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Peralta
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Programs Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Box 31, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Gerald E Duhamel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Kristiina Heikinheimo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Faraz Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Angela L McCleary-Wheeler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jennifer K Grenier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lukey MJ, Cluntun AA, Katt WP, Lin MCJ, Druso JE, Ramachandran S, Erickson JW, Le HH, Wang ZE, Blank B, Greene KS, Cerione RA. Liver-Type Glutaminase GLS2 Is a Druggable Metabolic Node in Luminal-Subtype Breast Cancer. Cell Rep 2020; 29:76-88.e7. [PMID: 31577957 PMCID: PMC6939472 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to target glutamine metabolism for cancer therapy have focused on the glutaminase isozyme GLS. The importance of the other isozyme, GLS2, in cancer has remained unclear, and it has been described as a tumor suppressor in some contexts. Here, we report that GLS2 is upregulated and essential in luminal-subtype breast tumors, which account for >70% of breast cancer incidence. We show that GLS2 expression is elevated by GATA3 in luminal-subtype cells but suppressed by promoter methylation in basal-subtype cells. Although luminal breast cancers resist GLS-selective inhibitors, we find that they can be targeted with a dual-GLS/GLS2 inhibitor. These results establish a critical role for GLS2 in mammary tumorigenesis and advance our understanding of how to target glutamine metabolism in cancer. Lukey et al. report that basal- and luminal-subtype breast cancers employ different strategies for glutamine catabolism, impacting their sensitivity profiles to glutaminase inhibitors. Elevated GLS2 expression in luminal-subtype cancers is driven in part by GATA3. Targeting GLS2 with the pan-glutaminase inhibitor 968 inhibits luminal-subtype breast cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lukey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ahmad A Cluntun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Graduate Field of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Miao-Chong J Lin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Joseph E Druso
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sekar Ramachandran
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jon W Erickson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Henry H Le
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Zhihan-Emily Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bryant Blank
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kai Su Greene
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Singleton DC, Dechaume AL, Murray PM, Katt WP, Baguley BC, Leung EY. Pyruvate anaplerosis is a mechanism of resistance to pharmacological glutaminase inhibition in triple-receptor negative breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:470. [PMID: 32450839 PMCID: PMC7333265 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-06885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glutamine serves as an important nutrient with many cancer types displaying glutamine dependence. Following cellular uptake glutamine is converted to glutamate in a reaction catalysed by mitochondrial glutaminase. This glutamate has many uses, including acting as an anaplerotic substrate (via alpha-ketoglutarate) to replenish TCA cycle intermediates. CB-839 is a potent, selective, orally bioavailable inhibitor of glutaminase that has activity in Triple receptor-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) cell lines and evidence of efficacy in advanced TNBC patients. Methods A panel of eleven breast cancer cell lines was used to investigate the anti-proliferative effects of the glutaminase inhibitors CB-839 and BPTES in different types of culture medium, with or without additional pyruvate supplementation. The abundance of the TCA cycle intermediate fumarate was quantified as a measure if TCA cycle anaplerosis. Pyruvate secretion by TNBC cultures was then assessed with or without AZD3965, a monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) inhibitor. Finally, two dimensional (2D) monolayer and three dimensional (3D) spheroid assays were used to compare the effect of microenvironmental growth conditions on CB-839 activity. Results The anti-proliferative activity of CB-839 in a panel of breast cancer cell lines was similar to published reports, but with a major caveat; growth inhibition by CB-839 was strongly attenuated in culture medium containing pyruvate. This pyruvate-dependent attenuation was also observed with a related glutaminase inhibitor, BPTES. Studies demonstrated that exogenous pyruvate acted as an anaplerotic substrate preventing the decrease of fumarate in CB-839-treated conditions. Furthermore, endogenously produced pyruvate secreted by TNBC cell lines was able to act in a paracrine manner to significantly decrease the sensitivity of recipient cells to glutaminase inhibition. Suppression of pyruvate secretion using the MCT1 inhibitor AZD3965, antagonised this paracrine effect and increased CB-839 activity. Finally, CB-839 activity was significantly compromised in 3D compared with 2D TNBC culture models, suggesting that 3D microenvironmental features impair glutaminase inhibitor responsiveness. Conclusion This study highlights the potential influence that both circulating and tumour-derived pyruvate can have on glutaminase inhibitor efficacy. Furthermore, it highlights the benefits of 3D spheroid cultures to model the features of the tumour microenvironment and improve the in vitro investigation of cancer metabolism-targeted therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dean C Singleton
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand. .,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Anne-Lise Dechaume
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - Pamela M Murray
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand
| | - William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Bruce C Baguley
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Euphemia Y Leung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, 92019, New Zealand. .,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Increased consumption of glucose and glutamine are metabolic hallmarks of tumorigenesis. In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Reckzeh et al. (2019) describe the discovery of Glutor, a potent inhibitor of cellular glucose uptake. Combining Glutor with the glutaminase inhibitor CB-839 creates a metabolic crisis in cancer cells, synergistically impeding proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael J Lukey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Cancer metabolism is currently a hot topic. Since it was first realized that cancer cells rely upon an altered metabolic program to sustain their rapid proliferation, the enzymes that support those metabolic changes have appeared to be good targets for pharmacological intervention. Here, we discuss efforts pertaining to targets in cancer metabolism, focusing upon the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the mechanisms which feed nutrients into it. We describe a broad landscape of small-molecule inhibitors, targeting a dozen different proteins, each implicated in cancer progression. We hope that this will serve as a reference both to the areas being most highly examined today and, relatedly, the areas that are still ripe for novel intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kohle FFE, Hinckley JA, Li S, Dhawan N, Katt WP, Erstling JA, Werner-Zwanziger U, Zwanziger J, Cerione RA, Wiesner UB. Amorphous Quantum Nanomaterials. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1806993. [PMID: 30516861 PMCID: PMC6440210 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In quantum materials, macroscopic behavior is governed in nontrivial ways by quantum phenomena. This is usually achieved by exquisite control over atomic positions in crystalline solids. Here, it is demonstrated that the use of disordered glassy materials provides unique opportunities to tailor quantum material properties. By borrowing ideas from single-molecule spectroscopy, single delocalized π-electron dye systems are isolated in relatively rigid ultrasmall (<10 nm diameter) amorphous silica nanoparticles. It is demonstrated that chemically tuning the local amorphous silica environment around the dye over a range of compositions enables exquisite control over dye quantum behavior, leading to efficient probes for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). The results suggest that efficient fine-tuning of light-induced quantum behavior mediated via effects like spin-orbit coupling can be effectively achieved by systematically varying averaged local environments in glassy amorphous materials as opposed to tailoring well-defined neighboring atomic lattice positions in crystalline solids. The resulting nanoprobes exhibit features proven to enable clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand F E Kohle
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Joshua A Hinckley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Songying Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Nikhil Dhawan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jacob A Erstling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | - Josef Zwanziger
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ulrich B Wiesner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Katt WP, Blobel NJ, Komarova S, Antonyak MA, Nakano I, Cerione RA. A small molecule regulator of tissue transglutaminase conformation inhibits the malignant phenotype of cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34379-34397. [PMID: 30344949 PMCID: PMC6188150 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein crosslinking enzyme tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is an acyltransferase which catalyzes transamidation reactions between two proteins, or between a protein and a polyamine. It is frequently overexpressed in several different types of human cancer cells, where it has been shown to contribute to their growth, survival, and invasiveness. tTG is capable of adopting two distinct conformational states: a protein crosslinking active (“open”) state, and a GTP-bound, crosslinking inactive (“closed”) state. We have previously shown that the ectopic expression of mutant forms of tTG, which constitutively adopt the open conformation, are toxic to cells. This raises the possibility that strategies directed toward causing tTG to maintain an open state could potentially provide a therapeutic benefit for cancers in which tTG is highly expressed. Here, we report the identification of a small molecule, TTGM 5826, which stabilizes the open conformation of tTG. Treatment of breast and brain cancer cell lines, as well as glioma stem cells, with this molecule broadly inhibits their transformed phenotypes. Thus, TTGM 5826 represents the lead compound for a new class of small molecules that promote the toxicity of cancer cells by stabilizing the open state of tTG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas J Blobel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Svetlana Komarova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Identifying contexts in which cancer cells become addicted to specific nutrients is critical for developing targeted metabolic therapies. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Momcilovic et al. report that suppressed glycolysis following mTOR inhibition is countered by adaptive glutamine catabolism in lung squamous cell carcinoma, sensitizing tumors to glutaminase inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lukey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Huang Q, Stalnecker C, Zhang C, McDermott LA, Iyer P, O'Neill J, Reimer S, Cerione RA, Katt WP. Characterization of the interactions of potent allosteric inhibitors with glutaminase C, a key enzyme in cancer cell glutamine metabolism. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3535-3545. [PMID: 29317493 PMCID: PMC5846160 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.810101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered glycolytic flux in cancer cells (the "Warburg effect") causes their proliferation to rely upon elevated glutamine metabolism ("glutamine addiction"). This requirement is met by the overexpression of glutaminase C (GAC), which catalyzes the first step in glutamine metabolism and therefore represents a potential therapeutic target. The small molecule CB-839 was reported to be more potent than other allosteric GAC inhibitors, including the parent compound bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,2,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethyl (BPTES), and is in clinical trials. Recently, we described the synthesis of BPTES analogs having distinct saturated heterocyclic cores as a replacement for the flexible chain moiety, with improved microsomal stability relative to CB-839 and BPTES. Here, we show that one of these new compounds, UPGL00004, like CB-839, more potently inhibits the enzymatic activity of GAC, compared with BPTES. We also compare the abilities of UPGL00004, CB-839, and BPTES to directly bind to recombinant GAC and demonstrate that UPGL00004 has a similar binding affinity as CB-839 for GAC. We also show that UPGL00004 potently inhibits the growth of triple-negative breast cancer cells, as well as tumor growth when combined with the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody bevacizumab. Finally, we compare the X-ray crystal structures for UPGL00004 and CB-839 bound to GAC, verifying that UPGL00004 occupies the same binding site as CB-839 or BPTES and that all three inhibitors regulate the enzymatic activity of GAC via a similar allosteric mechanism. These results provide insights regarding the potency of these inhibitors that will be useful in designing novel small-molecules that target a key enzyme in cancer cell metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqiu Huang
- From the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) and
| | | | - Chengliang Zhang
- Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 and
| | - Lee A. McDermott
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ,Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Prema Iyer
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ,Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | | | | | - Richard A. Cerione
- From the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) and ,Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ,Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 and , To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Dept. of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401. Tel:
607-253-3888; Fax:
607-253-3659; E-mail:
| | - William P. Katt
- Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 and
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Katt WP, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA. The diamond anniversary of tissue transglutaminase: a protein of many talents. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:575-591. [PMID: 29362136 PMCID: PMC5864117 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is capable of binding and hydrolyzing GTP, as well as catalyzing an enzymatic transamidation reaction that crosslinks primary amines to glutamine residues. tTG adopts two vastly different conformations, depending on whether it is functioning as a GTP-binding protein or a crosslinking enzyme. It has been shown to have important roles in several different aspects of cancer progression, making it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Here, we highlight many of the major findings involving tTG since its discovery 60 years ago, and describe recent drug discovery efforts that target specific activities or conformations of this unique protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, NY, USA
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, NY, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, NY, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Katt WP, Cerione RA. Abstract A156: Traditional chemotherapeutic agents as selective inhibitors of glutaminase isozymes. Mol Cancer Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-17-a156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Most cancer cells undergo a number of metabolic changes, which dramatically alter their nutritional and energetic pathways. One such alteration is an addiction to glutamine, an abundant nutrient in blood that is much less utilized by healthy tissues. The glutaminase enzymes help cancer cells satisfy their metabolic requirements by acting as the first step in glutamine’s supply of carbon into the citric acid cycle. Two major isozymes of glutaminase exist, a kidney isozyme and a liver isozyme, and these are differentially expressed across different cancers. While the importance of these enzymes has been increasingly appreciated in the literature, and the inhibition of either enzyme has been shown to be detrimental to the growth of numerous cancers both in cell culture and in vivo, medicinal chemistry efforts to target either enzyme have largely involved just one class of compound, based around the scaffold of BPTES, which potently inhibits only the kidney glutaminase isozyme. It is generally accepted that most drugs have at least one off-target or biologic activity that was not intended. In order to determine new inhibitors of either isozyme of glutaminase, we examined the approved oncology drug set from the NIH, which included 119 FDA-approved, clinically relevant compounds. By assaying inhibition of the function of recombinantly expressed purified enzymes, and examining the production of ammonia (a byproduct of glutaminase catalytic activity) in drug-treated cancer cells, we found that several of the drugs in the library, such as cisplatin, not only inhibit glutaminase at biologically meaningful concentrations, but inhibit one isozyme much more potently than the other. This study both shows the power of screening traditional chemotherapeutic agents against more recently identified therapeutic targets and reveals several new scaffolds that might be optimized to potently inhibit these critical enzymes.
Citation Format: William P. Katt, Richard A. Cerione. Traditional chemotherapeutic agents as selective inhibitors of glutaminase isozymes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2017 Oct 26-30; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2018;17(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A156.
Collapse
|
21
|
Katt WP, Lukey MJ, Cerione RA. A tale of two glutaminases: homologous enzymes with distinct roles in tumorigenesis. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:223-243. [PMID: 28111979 PMCID: PMC5558546 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cancer cells exhibit an altered metabolic phenotype, in which glutamine consumption is upregulated relative to healthy cells. This metabolic reprogramming often depends upon mitochondrial glutaminase activity, which converts glutamine to glutamate, a key precursor for biosynthetic and bioenergetic processes. Two isozymes of glutaminase exist, a kidney-type (GLS) and a liver-type enzyme (GLS2 or LGA). While a majority of studies have focused on GLS, here we summarize key findings on both glutaminases, describing their structure and function, their roles in cancer and pharmacological approaches to inhibiting their activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael J Lukey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li Y, Erickson JW, Stalnecker CA, Katt WP, Huang Q, Cerione RA, Ramachandran S. Mechanistic Basis of Glutaminase Activation: A KEY ENZYME THAT PROMOTES GLUTAMINE METABOLISM IN CANCER CELLS. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20900-20910. [PMID: 27542409 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.720268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine-derived carbon becomes available for anabolic biosynthesis in cancer cells via the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate, as catalyzed by GAC, a splice variant of kidney-type glutaminase (GLS). Thus, there is significant interest in understanding the regulation of GAC activity, with the suggestion being that higher order oligomerization is required for its activation. We used x-ray crystallography, together with site-directed mutagenesis, to determine the minimal enzymatic unit capable of robust catalytic activity. Mutagenesis of the helical interface between the two pairs of dimers comprising a GAC tetramer yielded a non-active, GAC dimer whose x-ray structure displays a stationary loop ("activation loop") essential for coupling the binding of allosteric activators like inorganic phosphate to catalytic activity. Further mutagenesis that removed constraints on the activation loop yielded a constitutively active dimer, providing clues regarding how the activation loop communicates with the active site, as well as with a peptide segment that serves as a "lid" to close off the active site following substrate binding. Our studies show that the formation of large GAC oligomers is not a pre-requisite for full enzymatic activity. They also offer a mechanism by which the binding of activators like inorganic phosphate enables the activation loop to communicate with the active site to ensure maximal rates of catalysis, and promotes the opening of the lid to achieve optimal product release. Moreover, these findings provide new insights into how other regulatory events might induce GAC activation within cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxing Li
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and
| | - Jon W Erickson
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and
| | | | | | - Qingqiu Huang
- Cornell Lab for Accelerator-based Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Richard A Cerione
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine,
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Katt WP, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA. Simultaneously targeting tissue transglutaminase and kidney type glutaminase sensitizes cancer cells to acid toxicity and offers new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Mol Pharm 2014; 12:46-55. [PMID: 25426679 PMCID: PMC4291776 DOI: 10.1021/mp500405h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Most cancer cells undergo characteristic metabolic changes that are commonly referred to as the Warburg effect, with one of the hallmarks being a dramatic increase in the rate of lactic acid fermentation. This leads to the production of protons, which in turn acidifies the microenvironment surrounding tumors. Cancer cells have acquired resistance to acid toxicity, allowing them to survive and grow under these detrimental conditions. Kidney type glutaminase (GLS1), which is responsible for the conversion of glutamine to glutamate, produces ammonia as part of its catalytic activities and has been shown to modulate cellular acidity. In this study, we show that tissue, or type 2, transglutaminase (TG2), a γ-glutamyl transferase that is highly expressed in metastatic cancers and produces ammonia as a byproduct of its catalytic activity, is up-regulated by decreases in cellular pH and helps protect cells from acid-induced cell death. Since both TG2 and GLS1 can similarly function to protect cancer cells, we then proceeded to demonstrate that treatment of a variety of cancer cell types with inhibitors of each of these proteins results in synthetic lethality. The combination doses of the inhibitors induce cell death, while individual treatment with each compound shows little or no ability to kill cells. These results suggest that combination drug treatments that simultaneously target TG2 and GLS1 might provide an effective strategy for killing cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853-6401, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
One hallmark of cancer cells is their adaptation to rely upon an altered metabolic scheme that includes changes in the glycolytic pathway, known as the Warburg effect, and elevated glutamine metabolism. Glutaminase, a mitochondrial enzyme, plays a key role in the metabolism of glutamine in cancer cells, and its inhibition could significantly impact malignant transformation. The small molecule 968, a dibenzophenanthridine, was recently shown to inhibit recombinantly expressed glutaminase C, to block the proliferation and anchorage-independent colony formation of human cancer cells in culture, and to inhibit tumor formation in mouse xenograft models. Here, we examine the structure-activity relationship that leads to 968-based inhibition of glutaminase and cancer cell proliferation, focusing upon a "hot-spot" ring previously identified as critical to 968 activity. We find that the hot-spot ring must be substituted with a large, nonplanar functionality (e.g., a t-butyl group) to bestow activity to the series, leading us to a model whereby the molecule binds glutaminase at a previously undescribed allosteric site. We conduct docking studies to locate potential 968-binding sites and proceed to test a specific set of docking solutions via site-directed mutagenesis. We verify the results from our initial assay of 968 and its analogues by cellular studies using MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fletcher S, Keaney EP, Cummings CG, Blaskovich MA, Hast MA, Glenn MP, Chang SY, Bucher CJ, Floyd RJ, Katt WP, Gelb MH, Van Voorhis WC, Beese LS, Sebti SM, Hamilton AD. Structure-based design and synthesis of potent, ethylenediamine-based, mammalian farnesyltransferase inhibitors as anticancer agents. J Med Chem 2010; 53:6867-88. [PMID: 20822181 DOI: 10.1021/jm1001748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A potent class of anticancer, human farnesyltransferase (hFTase) inhibitors has been identified by "piggy-backing" on potent, antimalarial inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum farnesyltransferase (PfFTase). On the basis of a 4-fold substituted ethylenediamine scaffold, the inhibitors are structurally simple and readily derivatized, facilitating the extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) study reported herein. Our most potent inhibitor is compound 1f, which exhibited an in vitro hFTase IC(50) value of 25 nM and a whole cell H-Ras processing IC(50) value of 90 nM. Moreover, it is noteworthy that several of our inhibitors proved highly selective for hFTase (up to 333-fold) over the related prenyltransferase enzyme geranylgeranyltransferase-I (GGTase-I). A crystal structure of inhibitor 1a co-crystallized with farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) in the active site of rat FTase illustrates that the para-benzonitrile moiety of 1a is stabilized by a π-π stacking interaction with the Y361β residue, suggesting a structural explanation for the observed importance of this component of our inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Proteins modulate the majority of all biological functions and are primarily composed of highly organized secondary structural elements such as helices, turns and sheets. Many of these functions are affected by a small number of key protein-protein contacts, often involving one or more of these well-defined structural elements. Given the ubiquitous nature of these protein recognition domains, their mimicry by peptidic and non-peptidic scaffolds has become a major focus of contemporary research. This review examines several key advances in secondary structure mimicry over the past several years, particularly focusing upon scaffolds that show not only promising projection of functional groups, but also a proven effect in biological systems.
Collapse
|
27
|
Siddiquee KAZ, Gunning PT, Glenn M, Katt WP, Zhang S, Schrock C, Sebti SM, Jove R, Hamilton AD, Turkson J. An Oxazole-Based Small-Molecule Stat3 Inhibitor Modulates Stat3 Stability and Processing and Induces Antitumor Cell Effects. ACS Chem Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/cb9000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
28
|
Gunning PT, Glenn MP, Siddiquee KAZ, Katt WP, Masson E, Sebti SM, Turkson J, Hamilton AD. Targeting protein-protein interactions: suppression of Stat3 dimerization with rationally designed small-molecule, nonpeptidic SH2 domain binders. Chembiochem 2009; 9:2800-3. [PMID: 19006150 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Gunning
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208017, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The development of small molecules that disrupt protein-protein interactions is a key goal in addressing a number of disease states. The alpha-helix is commonly found at protein interaction interfaces and has been the focus of substantial small molecule mimetic efforts. One of the primary drawbacks of many small molecule alpha-helix mimetics is their hydrophobic core structures. To address this problem we have developed a novel scaffold based on a more water soluble 5-6-5 imidazole-phenyl-thiazole core. An inhibitor of this class has been shown to disrupt the Cdc42/Dbs protein-protein interaction at micromolar concentrations and may be useful in overcoming Cdc42-induced tumor resistance to anticancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Cummings
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 20810, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fletcher S, Cummings CG, Rivas K, Katt WP, Hornéy C, Buckner FS, Chakrabarti D, Sebti SM, Gelb MH, Van Voorhis WC, Hamilton AD. Potent, Plasmodium-selective farnesyltransferase inhibitors that arrest the growth of malaria parasites: structure-activity relationships of ethylenediamine-analogue scaffolds and homology model validation. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5176-97. [PMID: 18686940 DOI: 10.1021/jm800113p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New chemotherapeutics are urgently needed to combat malaria. We previously reported on a novel series of antimalarial, ethylenediamine-based inhibitors of protein farnesyltransferase (PFT). In the current study, we designed and synthesized a series of second generation inhibitors, wherein the core ethylenediamine scaffold was varied in order to examine both the homology model of Plasmodium falciparum PFT (PfPFT) and our predicted inhibitor binding mode. We identified several PfPFT inhibitors (PfPFTIs) that are selective for PfPFT versus the mammalian isoform of the enzyme (up to 136-fold selectivity), that inhibit the malarial enzyme with IC50 values down to 1 nM, and that block the growth of P. falciparum in infected whole cells (erythrocytes) with ED50 values down to 55 nM. The structure-activity data for these second generation, ethylenediamine-inspired PFT inhibitors were rationalized by consideration of the X-ray crystal structure of mammalian PFT and the homology model of the malarial enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Siddiquee KAZ, Gunning PT, Glenn M, Katt WP, Zhang S, Schroeck C, Sebti SM, Jove R, Hamilton AD, Turkson J, Turkson J. An oxazole-based small-molecule Stat3 inhibitor modulates Stat3 stability and processing and induces antitumor cell effects. ACS Chem Biol 2007; 2:787-98. [PMID: 18154266 DOI: 10.1021/cb7001973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stat3 is hyperactivated in many human tumors and represents a valid target for anticancer drug design. We present a novel small-molecule Stat3 inhibitor, S3I-M2001, and describe the dynamics of intracellular processing of activated Stat3 within the context of the biochemical and biological effects of the Stat3 inhibitor. S3I-M2001 is an oxazole-based peptidomimetic of the Stat3 Src homology (SH) 2 domain-binding phosphotyrosine peptide that selectively disrupts active Stat3:Stat3 dimers. Consequently, hyperactivated Stat3, which hitherto occurs as "dotlike" structures of nuclear bodies, undergoes an early aggregation into nonfunctional perinuclear aggresomes and a late-phase proteasome-mediated degradation in malignant cells treated with S3I-M2001. Thus, S3I-M2001 inhibited Stat3-dependent transcriptional regulation of tumor survival genes, such as Bcl-xL. Furthermore, Stat3-dependent malignant transformation, survival, and migration and invasion of mouse and human cancer cells harboring persistently activated Stat3 were inhibited by S3I-M2001. Finally, S3I-M2001 inhibited growth of human breast tumor xenografts. The study identifies a novel Stat3 inhibitor, S3I-M2001, with antitumor cell effects mediated in part through a biphasic loss of functional Stat3. The study represents the first on intracellular Stat3 stability and processing following inhibition by a small molecule that has significant antitumor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khandaker A. Z. Siddiquee
- BioMolecular Science
Center and
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida 32826
| | | | - Matthew Glenn
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - William P. Katt
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | | | | | - Said M. Sebti
- Drug Discovery Programs, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and Departments of
- Interdisciplinary Oncology
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Richard Jove
- Developmental Cancer Therapeutics Program, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | | | - James Turkson
- BioMolecular Science
Center and
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida 32826
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gunning PT, Katt WP, Glenn M, Siddiquee K, Kim JS, Jove R, Sebti SM, Turkson J, Hamilton AD. Corrigendum to “Isoform selective inhibition of STAT1 or STAT3 homo-dimerization via peptidomimetic probes: Structural recognition of STAT SH2 domains” [Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 17 (2007) 1875–1878]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
33
|
Gunning PT, Katt WP, Glenn M, Siddiquee K, Siddique K, Kim JS, Jove R, Sebti SM, Turkson J, Hamilton AD. Isoform selective inhibition of STAT1 or STAT3 homo-dimerization via peptidomimetic probes: Structural recognition of STAT SH2 domains. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1875-8. [PMID: 17336521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 12/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The identification of constitutively activated STAT (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) proteins in aberrant cell signaling pathways has led to investigations targeting the selective disruption of specific STAT isoforms directly associated with oncogenisis. We have identified, through the design of a library of peptidomimetic inhibitors, agents that selectively disrupt STAT1 or STAT3 homo-dimerization at low micromolar concentrations. ISS840 has 20-fold higher inhibition of STAT1 homo-dimerization (IC(50) value of 31 microM) relative to STAT3 (IC(50) value of 560 microM).
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Recent investigations have shown that the inclusion of hybrid shape/property descriptors together with 2D topological descriptors increases the predictive capability of QSAR and QSPR models. Property-Encoded Surface Translator (PEST) descriptors may be computed using ab initio or semi-empirical electron density surfaces and/or electronic properties, as well as atomic fragment-based TAE/RECON property-encoded surface reconstructions. The RECON and PEST algorithms also include rapid fragment-based wavelet coefficient descriptor (WCD) computation. These descriptors enable a compact encoding of chemical information. We also briefly discuss the use of the RECON/PEST methodology in a virtual high-throughput mode, as well as the use of TAE properties for molecular surface autocorrelation analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Curt M Breneman
- Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|