1
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Liu L, Wu Y, Ye K, Cai M, Zhuang G, Wang J. Antibody-Targeted TNFRSF Activation for Cancer Immunotherapy: The Role of FcγRIIB Cross-Linking. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:924197. [PMID: 35865955 PMCID: PMC9295861 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.924197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-stimulation signaling in various types of immune cells modulates immune responses in physiology and disease. Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) members such as CD40, OX40 and CD137/4-1BB are expressed on myeloid cells and/or lymphocytes, and they regulate antigen presentation and adaptive immune activities. TNFRSF agonistic antibodies have been evaluated extensively in preclinical models, and the robust antitumor immune responses and efficacy have encouraged continued clinical investigations for the last two decades. However, balancing the toxicities and efficacy of TNFRSF agonistic antibodies remains a major challenge in the clinical development. Insights into the co-stimulation signaling biology, antibody structural roles and their functionality in immuno-oncology are guiding new advancement of this field. Leveraging the interactions between antibodies and the inhibitory Fc receptor FcγRIIB to optimize co-stimulation agonistic activities dependent on FcγRIIB cross-linking selectively in tumor microenvironment represents the current frontier, which also includes cross-linking through tumor antigen binding with bispecific antibodies. In this review, we will summarize the immunological roles of TNFRSF members and current clinical studies of TNFRSF agonistic antibodies. We will also cover the contribution of different IgG structure domains to these agonistic activities, with a focus on the role of FcγRIIB in TNFRSF cross-linking and clustering bridged by agonistic antibodies. We will review and discuss several Fc-engineering approaches to optimize Fc binding ability to FcγRIIB in the context of proper Fab and the epitope, including a cross-linking antibody (xLinkAb) model and its application in developing TNFRSF agonistic antibodies with improved efficacy and safety for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Wu
- Lyvgen Biopharma, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiyan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meichun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanglei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Resemann A, Liu-Shin L, Tremintin G, Malhotra A, Fung A, Wang F, Ratnaswamy G, Suckau D. Rapid, automated characterization of disulfide bond scrambling and IgG2 isoform determination. MAbs 2018; 10:1200-1213. [PMID: 30277844 PMCID: PMC6284591 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1512328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human antibodies of the IgG2 subclass exhibit complex inter-chain disulfide bonding patterns that result in three structures, namely A, A/B, and B. In therapeutic applications, the distribution of disulfide isoforms is a critical product quality attribute because each configuration affects higher order structure, stability, isoelectric point, and antigen binding. The current standard for quantification of IgG2 disulfide isoform distribution is based on chromatographic or electrophoretic techniques that require additional characterization using mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods to confirm disulfide linkages. Detailed characterization of the IgG2 disulfide linkages often involve MS/MS approaches that include electrospray ionization or electron-transfer dissociation, and method optimization is often cumbersome due to the large size and heterogeneity of the disulfide-bonded peptides. As reported here, we developed a rapid LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF workflow that can both identify the IgG2 disulfide linkages and provide a semi-quantitative assessment of the distribution of the disulfide isoforms. We established signature disulfide-bonded IgG2 hinge peptides that correspond to the A, A/B, and B disulfide isoforms and can be applied to the fast classification of IgG2 isoforms in heterogeneous mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Resemann
- a BioPharma Solutions R&D , BALS, Bruker Daltonik , Bremen , Germany
| | - Lily Liu-Shin
- b Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas , Santa Monica , CA , USA.,c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | | | - Arun Malhotra
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Adam Fung
- b Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas , Santa Monica , CA , USA
| | - Fang Wang
- b Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas , Santa Monica , CA , USA
| | - Gayathri Ratnaswamy
- b Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas , Santa Monica , CA , USA
| | - Detlev Suckau
- a BioPharma Solutions R&D , BALS, Bruker Daltonik , Bremen , Germany
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3
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You J, Shi Y, Zhu W, Wu Z, Xiong J. Characterization of disulfide linkages at the hinge region of IgG antibodies by HPLC mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4371. [PMID: 30121965 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
There are two types of disulfide linkages in IgG antibodies at the hinge region: intra- and inter-disulfide linkages. Characterization of intra-disulfide linked isomer will provide important information on the stability of the antibodies and better understanding of the mechanism of Fab-arm exchange. In this report, HPLC coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry was applied for characterization of disulfide linkages in IgG antibodies at the hinge region. We were able to accurately identify both inter- and intra-disulfide linked peptides and correctly quantify intra-disulfide isomers. It is the first study to quantify intra-disulfide isomers in IgG antibodies with a mass spectrometry approach. It will help to achieve efficient generation of bispecific antibodies with Fab-arm exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia You
- West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Shi
- West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Zhu
- Chengdu MediMass Technology CO., LTD, P.R China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- Chengdu MediMass Technology CO., LTD, P.R China
| | - Jingyuan Xiong
- West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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4
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Yu X, Chan HTC, Orr CM, Dadas O, Booth SG, Dahal LN, Penfold CA, O'Brien L, Mockridge CI, French RR, Duriez P, Douglas LR, Pearson AR, Cragg MS, Tews I, Glennie MJ, White AL. Complex Interplay between Epitope Specificity and Isotype Dictates the Biological Activity of Anti-human CD40 Antibodies. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:664-675.e4. [PMID: 29576376 PMCID: PMC5896247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that promote or inhibit receptor function hold promise as therapeutics for cancer and autoimmunity. Rules governing their diverse range of functions, however, are lacking. Here we determined characteristics of nine hCD40 mAbs engaging epitopes throughout the CD40 extracellular region expressed as varying isotypes. All mAb formats were strong agonists when hyper-crosslinked; however, only those binding the membrane-distal cysteine-rich domain 1 (CRD1) retained agonistic activity with physiological Fc gamma receptor crosslinking or as human immunoglobulin G2 isotype; agonistic activity decreased as epitopes drew closer to the membrane. In addition, all CRD2-4 binding mAbs blocked CD40 ligand interaction and were potent antagonists. Thus, the membrane distal CRD1 provides a region of choice for selecting CD40 agonists while CRD2-4 provides antagonistic epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Yu
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christian M Orr
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Osman Dadas
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Steven G Booth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lyn O'Brien
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Patrick Duriez
- Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Leon R Douglas
- Protein Core Facility, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Arwen R Pearson
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging & Institute for Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ivo Tews
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ann L White
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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5
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Liu-Shin L, Fung A, Malhotra A, Ratnaswamy G. Influence of disulfide bond isoforms on drug conjugation sites in cysteine-linked IgG2 antibody-drug conjugates. MAbs 2018; 10:583-595. [PMID: 29436897 PMCID: PMC5973704 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1440165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine-linked antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) produced from IgG2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are more heterogeneous than ADCs generated from IgG1 mAbs, as IgG2 ADCs are composed of a wider distribution of molecules, typically containing 0 – 12 drug-linkers per antibody. The three disulfide isoforms (A, A/B, and B) of IgG2 antibodies confer differences in solvent accessibilities of the interchain disulfides and contribute to the structural heterogeneity of cysteine-linked ADCs. ADCs derived from either IgG2-A or IgG2-B mAbs were compared to better understand the role of disulfide isoforms on attachment sites and distribution of conjugated species. Our characterization of these ADCs demonstrated that the disulfide configuration affects the kinetics of disulfide bond reduction, but has minimal effect on the primary sites of reduction. The IgG2-A mAbs yielded ADCs with higher drug-to-antibody ratios (DARs) due to the easier reduction of its interchain disulfides. However, hinge-region cysteines were the primary conjugation sites for both IgG2-A and IgG2-B mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Liu-Shin
- a Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas, Inc. , Santa Monica , CA.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL
| | - Adam Fung
- a Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas, Inc. , Santa Monica , CA
| | - Arun Malhotra
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL
| | - Gayathri Ratnaswamy
- a Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas, Inc. , Santa Monica , CA
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6
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Dahan R, Barnhart BC, Li F, Yamniuk AP, Korman AJ, Ravetch JV. Therapeutic Activity of Agonistic, Human Anti-CD40 Monoclonal Antibodies Requires Selective FcγR Engagement. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:820-831. [PMID: 27265505 PMCID: PMC4975533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While engagement of the inhibitory Fcγ-receptor (FcγR) IIB is an absolute requirement for in vivo antitumor activity of agonistic mouse anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), a similar requirement for human mAbs has been disputed. By using a mouse model humanized for its FcγRs and CD40, we revealed that FcγRIIB engagement is essential for the activity of human CD40 mAbs, while engagement of the activating FcγRIIA inhibits this activity. By engineering Fc variants with selective enhanced binding to FcγRIIB, but not to FcγRIIA, significantly improved antitumor immunity was observed. These findings highlight the necessity of optimizing the Fc domain for this class of therapeutic antibodies by using appropriate preclinical models that accurately reflect the unique affinities and cellular expression of human FcγR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Dahan
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021-6399, USA
| | - Bryan C Barnhart
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Biologics Discovery California, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Fubin Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021-6399, USA
| | - Aaron P Yamniuk
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Alan J Korman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Biologics Discovery California, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021-6399, USA.
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7
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Beers SA, Glennie MJ, White AL. Influence of immunoglobulin isotype on therapeutic antibody function. Blood 2016; 127:1097-101. [PMID: 26764357 PMCID: PMC4797141 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-09-625343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics are revolutionizing cancer treatment; however, not all tumors respond, and agent optimization is essential to improve outcome. It has become clear over recent years that isotype choice is vital to therapeutic success with agents that work through different mechanisms, direct tumor targeting, agonistic receptor engagement, or receptor-ligand blockade, having contrasting requirements. Here we summarize how isotype dictates mAb activity and discuss ways in which this information can be used for the development of enhanced therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ann L White
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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8
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9
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Liu H, Jeong J, Kao YH, Zhang YT. Characterization of free thiol variants of an IgG1 by reversed phase ultra high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 109:142-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Zhang A, Fang J, Chou RYT, Bondarenko PV, Zhang Z. Conformational Difference in Human IgG2 Disulfide Isoforms Revealed by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. Biochemistry 2015; 54:1956-62. [DOI: 10.1021/bi5015216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aming Zhang
- Process
Development, Amgen, Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Jing Fang
- Process
Development, Amgen, Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Robert Y.-T. Chou
- Process
Development, Amgen, Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Pavel V. Bondarenko
- Process
Development, Amgen, Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Zhongqi Zhang
- Process
Development, Amgen, Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
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11
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Tischenko VM. Human myeloma immunoglobulins of the fourth subclass (IgG4 MAM) contain a fraction with different properties of CH2 domains. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:21-30. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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White AL, Chan HTC, French RR, Willoughby J, Mockridge CI, Roghanian A, Penfold CA, Booth SG, Dodhy A, Polak ME, Potter EA, Ardern-Jones MR, Verbeek JS, Johnson PWM, Al-Shamkhani A, Cragg MS, Beers SA, Glennie MJ. Conformation of the human immunoglobulin G2 hinge imparts superagonistic properties to immunostimulatory anticancer antibodies. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:138-48. [PMID: 25500122 PMCID: PMC4297290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs that stimulate antitumor immunity are transforming cancer treatment but require optimization for maximum clinical impact. Here, we show that, unlike other immunoglobulin isotypes, human IgG2 (h2) imparts FcγR-independent agonistic activity to immune-stimulatory mAbs such as anti-CD40, -4-1BB, and -CD28. Activity is provided by a subfraction of h2, h2B, that is structurally constrained due its unique arrangement of hinge region disulfide bonds. Agonistic activity can be transferred from h2 to h1 by swapping their hinge and CH1 domains, and substitution of key hinge and CH1 cysteines generates homogenous h2 variants with distinct agonistic properties. This provides the exciting opportunity to engineer clinical reagents with defined therapeutic activity regardless of FcγR expression levels in the local microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L White
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jane Willoughby
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Steven G Booth
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ali Dodhy
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Marta E Polak
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Potter
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Michael R Ardern-Jones
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter W M Johnson
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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13
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Zhang T, Zhang J, Hewitt D, Tran B, Gao X, Qiu ZJ, Tejada M, Gazzano-Santoro H, Kao YH. Identification and Characterization of Buried Unpaired Cysteines in a Recombinant Monoclonal IgG1 Antibody. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7112-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301426h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Zhang
- Protein
Analytical Chemistry, ‡BioAnalytical Sciences, and §Biological Technologies, Genentech, California 94080, United
States
| | - Jennifer Zhang
- Protein
Analytical Chemistry, ‡BioAnalytical Sciences, and §Biological Technologies, Genentech, California 94080, United
States
| | - Daniel Hewitt
- Protein
Analytical Chemistry, ‡BioAnalytical Sciences, and §Biological Technologies, Genentech, California 94080, United
States
| | - Ben Tran
- Protein
Analytical Chemistry, ‡BioAnalytical Sciences, and §Biological Technologies, Genentech, California 94080, United
States
| | - Xiaoying Gao
- Protein
Analytical Chemistry, ‡BioAnalytical Sciences, and §Biological Technologies, Genentech, California 94080, United
States
| | - Zhihua Julia Qiu
- Protein
Analytical Chemistry, ‡BioAnalytical Sciences, and §Biological Technologies, Genentech, California 94080, United
States
| | - Max Tejada
- Protein
Analytical Chemistry, ‡BioAnalytical Sciences, and §Biological Technologies, Genentech, California 94080, United
States
| | - Helene Gazzano-Santoro
- Protein
Analytical Chemistry, ‡BioAnalytical Sciences, and §Biological Technologies, Genentech, California 94080, United
States
| | - Yung-Hsiang Kao
- Protein
Analytical Chemistry, ‡BioAnalytical Sciences, and §Biological Technologies, Genentech, California 94080, United
States
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14
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Disulfide Scrambling in IgG2 Monoclonal Antibodies: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Pharm Res 2011; 28:3128-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Resolution of disulfide heterogeneity in Nogo receptor I fusion proteins by molecular engineering. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2011; 57:31-45. [PMID: 20815818 DOI: 10.1042/ba20100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
NgRI (Nogo-66 receptor) is part of a signalling complex that inhibits axon regeneration in the central nervous system. Truncated soluble versions of NgRI have been used successfully to promote axon regeneration in animal models of spinal-cord injury, raising interest in this protein as a potential therapeutic target. The LRR (leucine-rich repeat) regions in NgRI are flanked by N- and C-terminal disulfide-containing 'cap' domains (LRRNT and LRRCT respectively). In the present work we show that, although functionally active, the NgRI(310)-Fc fusion protein contains mislinked and heterogeneous disulfide patterns in the LRRCT domain, and we report the generation of a series of variant molecules specifically designed to prevent this heterogeneity. Using these variants we explored the effects of modifying the NgRI truncation site or the spacing between the NgRI and Fc domains, or replacing cysteines within the NgRI or IgG hinge regions. One variant, which incorporates replacements of Cys²⁶⁶ and Cys³⁰⁹ with alanine residues, completely eliminated disulfide scrambling while maintaining functional in vitro and in vivo efficacy. This modified NgRI-Fc molecule represents a significantly improved candidate for further pharmaceutical development, and may serve as a useful model for the optimization of other IgG fusion proteins made from LRR proteins.
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16
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Pepinsky RB, Walus L, Shao Z, Ji B, Gu S, Sun Y, Wen D, Lee X, Wang Q, Garber E, Mi S. Production of a PEGylated Fab′ of the anti-LINGO-1 Li33 Antibody and Assessment of Its Biochemical and Functional Properties in Vitro and in a Rat Model of Remyelination. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:200-10. [DOI: 10.1021/bc1002746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Blake Pepinsky
- Departments of Drug and Molecular Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Lee Walus
- Departments of Drug and Molecular Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Zhaohui Shao
- Departments of Drug and Molecular Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Benxiu Ji
- Departments of Drug and Molecular Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sheng Gu
- Departments of Drug and Molecular Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yaping Sun
- Departments of Drug and Molecular Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Dingyi Wen
- Departments of Drug and Molecular Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Xinhua Lee
- Departments of Drug and Molecular Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Qin Wang
- Departments of Drug and Molecular Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ellen Garber
- Departments of Drug and Molecular Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sha Mi
- Departments of Drug and Molecular Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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17
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Lightle S, Aykent S, Lacher N, Mitaksov V, Wells K, Zobel J, Oliphant T. Mutations within a human IgG2 antibody form distinct and homogeneous disulfide isomers but do not affect Fc gamma receptor or C1q binding. Protein Sci 2010; 19:753-62. [PMID: 20120022 DOI: 10.1002/pro.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human IgG2 antibodies may exist in at least three distinct structural isomers due to disulfide shuffling within the upper hinge region. Antibody interactions with Fc gamma receptors and the complement component C1q contribute to immune effector functions. These interactions could be impacted by the accessibility and structure of the hinge region. To examine the role structural isomers may have on effector functions, a series of cysteine to serine mutations were made on a human IgG2 backbone. We observed structural homogeneity with these mutants and mapped the locations of their disulfide bonds. Importantly, there was no observed difference in binding to any of the Fc gamma receptors or C1q between the mutants and the wild-type IgG2. However, differences were seen in the apparent binding affinity of these antibodies that were dependent on the selection of the secondary detection antibody used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Lightle
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA
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18
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Pepinsky RB, Silvian L, Berkowitz SA, Farrington G, Lugovskoy A, Walus L, Eldredge J, Capili A, Mi S, Graff C, Garber E. Improving the solubility of anti-LINGO-1 monoclonal antibody Li33 by isotype switching and targeted mutagenesis. Protein Sci 2010; 19:954-66. [PMID: 20198683 DOI: 10.1002/pro.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) are a favorite drug platform of the biopharmaceutical industry. Currently, over 20 Mabs have been approved and several hundred others are in clinical trials. The anti-LINGO-1 Mab Li33 was selected from a large panel of antibodies by Fab phage display technology based on its extraordinary biological activity in promoting oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in vitro and in animal models of remyelination. However, the Li33 Fab had poor solubility when converted into a full antibody in an immunoglobulin G1 framework. A detailed analysis of the biochemical and structural features of the antibody revealed several possible reasons for its propensity to aggregate. Here, we successfully applied three molecular approaches (isotype switching, targeted mutagenesis of complementarity determining region residues, and glycosylation site insertion mutagenesis) to address the solubility problem. Through these efforts we were able to improve the solubility of the Li33 Mab from 0.3 mg/mL to >50 mg/mL and reduce aggregation to an acceptable level. These strategies can be readily applied to other proteins with solubility issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Blake Pepinsky
- Department of Drug Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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19
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Bagal D, Valliere-Douglass JF, Balland A, Schnier PD. Resolving Disulfide Structural Isoforms of IgG2 Monoclonal Antibodies by Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:6751-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1013139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanashri Bagal
- Molecular Structure, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, and Process and Product Development, Amgen, Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - John F. Valliere-Douglass
- Molecular Structure, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, and Process and Product Development, Amgen, Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Alain Balland
- Molecular Structure, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, and Process and Product Development, Amgen, Seattle, Washington 98119
| | - Paul D. Schnier
- Molecular Structure, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, and Process and Product Development, Amgen, Seattle, Washington 98119
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20
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Zhang B, Harder AG, Connelly HM, Maheu LL, Cockrill SL. Determination of Fab-hinge disulfide connectivity in structural isoforms of a recombinant human immunoglobulin G2 antibody. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1090-9. [PMID: 20039682 DOI: 10.1021/ac902466z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The detection and characterization of unexpected disulfide-mediated structural variants of human immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) antibodies was recently the subject of two copublications. In this paper, we present data to confirm the previously reported structures and elucidate the complete disulfide connectivity of each variant through the application of a novel analytical methodology. In this manner, the data illustrate the presence of at least five structural variants, including the classical structure with independent Fab domains and a hinge region. Multiple subvariants of the IgG2-A/B and IgG2-B structures are identified; these subvariants of each structure differ through the order of attachment of Fab peptides to the sequential hinge cysteines. Furthermore, the connectivity of a novel subvariant of IgG2-B containing an intrachain disulfide linkage in the lower hinge region is elucidated. The results presented in this paper reveal that the population of IgG2 disulfide structural variants is yet more complex than recently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Analytical Sciences, Amgen, Inc., 4000 Nelson Road, Longmont, Colorado 80503, USA
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21
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Manning MC, Chou DK, Murphy BM, Payne RW, Katayama DS. Stability of protein pharmaceuticals: an update. Pharm Res 2010; 27:544-75. [PMID: 20143256 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-0045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 737] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In 1989, Manning, Patel, and Borchardt wrote a review of protein stability (Manning et al., Pharm. Res. 6:903-918, 1989), which has been widely referenced ever since. At the time, recombinant protein therapy was still in its infancy. This review summarizes the advances that have been made since then regarding protein stabilization and formulation. In addition to a discussion of the current understanding of chemical and physical instability, sections are included on stabilization in aqueous solution and the dried state, the use of chemical modification and mutagenesis to improve stability, and the interrelationship between chemical and physical instability.
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22
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Herigstad M, Urquhart L. 5th Annual Monoclonal Antibodies Conference: March 24-25, 2009, London, UK. MAbs 2010; 1:308-17. [PMID: 20073132 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.1.4.8956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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23
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Lacher NA, Wang Q, Roberts RK, Holovics HJ, Aykent S, Schlittler MR, Thompson MR, Demarest CW. Development of a capillary gel electrophoresis method for monitoring disulfide isomer heterogeneity in IgG2 antibodies. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:448-58. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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