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The function and clinical application of extracellular vesicles in innate immune regulation. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:323-334. [PMID: 32203193 PMCID: PMC7109106 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a crucial role in the host defense against viral and microbial infection. Exosomes constitute a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can be released by almost all cell types. Owing to their capacity to shield the payload from degradation and to evade recognition and subsequent removal by the immune system, exosomes efficiently transport functional components to recipient cells. Accumulating evidence has recently shown that exosomes derived from tumor cells, host cells and even bacteria and parasites mediate the communication between the invader and innate immune cells and thus play an irreplaceable function in the dissemination of pathogens and donor cell-derived molecules, modulating the innate immune responses of the host. In this review, we describe the current understanding of EVs (mainly focusing on exosomes) and summarize and discuss their crucial roles in determining innate immune responses. Additionally, we discuss the potential of using exosomes as biomarkers and cancer vaccines in diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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2
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Samanta N, Mahanta DD, Mitra RK. Collective hydration dynamics of guanidinium chloride solutions and its possible role in protein denaturation: a terahertz spectroscopic study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:23308-15. [PMID: 25259383 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03273j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable ability of guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) to denature proteins is a well studied yet controversial phenomenon; the exact molecular mechanism is still debatable, especially the role of hydration dynamics, which has been paid less attention. In the present contribution, we have addressed the issue of whether the collective hydrogen bond dynamics of water gets perturbed in the presence of GdmCl and its possible impact on the denaturation of a globular protein human serum albumin (HSA), using terahertz (THz) time domain spectroscopy (TTDS) in the frequency range of 0.3-2.0 THz. The collective hydrogen bond dynamics is determined by fitting the obtained complex dielectric response in a multiple Debye relaxation model. To compare the results, the studies were extended to two more salts: tetramethylguanidinium chloride (TMGdmCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl). It was concluded that the change in hydration dynamics plays a definite role in the protein denaturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirnay Samanta
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700098, India.
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3
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Heo SM, Ruhl S, Scannapieco FA. Implications of salivary protein binding to commensal and pathogenic bacteria. J Oral Biosci 2013; 55:169-174. [PMID: 24707190 PMCID: PMC3974197 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An important function of salivary proteins is to interact with microorganisms that enter the oral cavity. For some microbes, these interactions promote microbial colonization. For others, these interactions are deleterious and result in the elimination of the microbe from the mouth, This paper reviews recent studies of the interaction of salivary proteins with two model bacteria; the commensal species Streptococcus gordonii, and the facultative pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. These organisms selectively interact with a variety of salivary proteins to influence important functions such as bacterial adhesion to surfaces, evasion of host defense, bacterial nutrition and metabolism and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Mo Heo
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Frank A. Scannapieco
- Corresponding author: Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Foster Hall, Buffalo, New York 14214,
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4
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Wang C, Ning L, Wang H, Lu Z, Li X, Fan X, Wang X, Liu Y. A peptide-mediated targeting gene delivery system for malignant glioma cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:3631-40. [PMID: 24101872 PMCID: PMC3790891 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s44990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and malignant glioma. Although there has been considerable progress in treatment strategies, the prognosis of many patients with GBM remains poor. In this work, polyethylenimine (PEI) and the VTWTPQAWFQWV (VTW) peptide were modified and synthesized into GBM-targeting nanoparticles. The transfection efficiency of U-87 (human glioblastoma) cells was evaluated using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Cell internalization was investigated to verify the nanoparticle delivery into the cytoplasm. Results showed that the methods of polymer conjugation and the amount of VTW peptide were important factors to polymer synthesis and transfection. The PEI-VTW20 nanoparticles increased the transfection efficiency significantly. This report describes the use of VTW peptide-based PEI nanoparticles for intracellular gene delivery in a GBM cell-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanwei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China ; Brain Science Research Institute of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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5
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Shao Q, Fan Y, Yang L, Gao YQ. Counterion Effects on the Denaturing Activity of Guanidinium Cation to Protein. J Chem Theory Comput 2012; 8:4364-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ct3002267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shao
- Institute of Theoretical and
Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Drug Discovery and Design Center,
Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203,
China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Bioinformatics and
Bioengineering
Program, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas 77030, United
States
| | - Lijiang Yang
- Institute of Theoretical and
Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Qin Gao
- Institute of Theoretical and
Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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6
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Arai K, Kumakura F, Iwaoka M. Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of the conformational folding process of SS-reduced bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A using a selenoxide reagent with high oxidizing ability. FEBS Open Bio 2012; 2:60-70. [PMID: 23653890 PMCID: PMC3646284 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox-coupled folding pathways of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) with four intramolecular disulfide (SS) bonds comprise three phases: (I) SS formation to generate partially oxidized intermediate ensembles with no rigid folded structure; (II) SS rearrangement from the three SS intermediate ensemble (3S) to the des intermediates having three native SS linkages; (III) final oxidation of the last native SS linkage to generate native RNase A. We previously demonstrated that DHSox, a water-soluble selenoxide reagent for rapid and quantitative SS formation, allows clear separation of the three folding phases. In this study, the main conformational folding phase (phase II) has been extensively analyzed at pH 8.0 under a wide range of temperatures (5–45 °C), and thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for the four des intermediates were determined. The free-energy differences (ΔG) as a function of temperature suggested that the each SS linkage has different thermodynamic and kinetic roles in stability of the native structure. On the other hand, comparison of the rate constants and the activation energies for 3S → des with those reported for the conformational folding of SS-intact RNase A suggested that unfolded des species (desU) having three native SS linkages but not yet being folded are involved in very small amounts (<1%) in the 3S intermediate ensemble and the desU species would gain the native-like structures via X-Pro isomerization like SS-intact RNase A. It was revealed that DHSox is useful for kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of the conformational folding process on the oxidative folding pathways of SS-reduced proteins.
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Key Words
- 1S, 2S, 3S, and 4S, ensembles of folding intermediates of RNase A with one, two, three, and four SS linkages, respectively
- AEMTS, 2-aminoethyl methanethiosulfonate
- BPTI, bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor
- DHSox, trans-3,4-dihydroxyselenolane oxide
- DTTox, oxidized DTT
- DTTred, dithiothreitol
- Disulfide bond
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- ESI, electron spray ionization
- GSSG, oxidized glutathione
- HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- N, native RNase A
- Oxidative protein folding
- R, reduced RNase A
- RNase A, bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A
- Ribonuclease A
- SH, thiol
- SS, disulfide
- Selenoxide
- TFA, trifluoroacetic acid
- Trans-3,4-dihydroxyselenolane oxide
- U, unfolded RNase A
- UV, ultraviolet
- X-Pro isomerization
- desN, folded des intermediate
- desU, unfolded des intermediate
- des[26–84], des[40–95], des[58–110], and des[65–72], structured 3S intermediates of RNase A having three native SS bonds but lacking one native SS bond specified
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Arai
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
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Chakraborty S, Krishna Mohan P, Hosur RV. Residual structure and dynamics in DMSO-d6 denatured Dynein Light Chain protein. Biochimie 2012; 94:231-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Hatfield MPD, Murphy RF, Lovas S. The CLN025 decapeptide retains a β-hairpin conformation in urea and guanidinium chloride. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:4971-81. [PMID: 21480621 DOI: 10.1021/jp111076j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The conformational stability of the β-hairpin miniprotein, CLN025, a variant of chignolin in which the N- and C-terminal glycines are replaced by tyrosines, in various concentrations of guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) and urea was examined by molecular dynamics simulations and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectropolarimetry. The peptide maintains its β-hairpin conformation in GdmCl and urea solutions. In GdmCl, Gly7 influences the turn to reduce the number of Asp3-Gly7 H-bonds and the Tyr1-Trp9 H-bond is lost. The structure of the peptide is less stable in 3 M GdmCl than in water or 6 M GdmCl, because the number of Asp3-Thr8 and Tyr1-Tyr10 H-bonds are reduced and the Tyr2 side chain moves away from the Pro4 and Trp9 side chains and toward the Tyr10 side chain. This reduces the number of Tyr2-Pro4 CH-π interactions and Tyr2-Trp9 and Tyr1-Tyr10 aromatic-aromatic (Ar-Ar) interactions and increases the number of Tyr2-Tyr10 Ar-Ar interactions. In 6 M GdmCl at 300 and 333 K, the number of Tyr1-Tyr10 and Asp3-Thr8 H-bonds increases, but fewer structures have Tyr2-Pro4 CH-π and Tyr1-Tyr10 and Tyr2-Trp9 Ar-Ar interactions. In urea, Gly7 is in a mixture of β-turn and random meander structures and the number of Asp3-Thr6 and Tyr1-Tyr10 H-bonds are reduced as are the number of Tyr2-Pro4 CH-π interactions and Tyr1-Tyr10 and Tyr2-Trp9 Ar-Ar interactions. In 4 M urea, a shorter turn places Gly7 into the β-sheet region and Tyr10 is pushed out into the solvent. In 8 M urea, the number of Asp3-Glu5 H-bonds is increased and the β-sheet is lost, but the electrostatic interaction between the charged termini is restored and a cation-π interaction between the indolyl ring of Trp9 and the positively charged N-terminus is formed. In 8 M urea at 333 K, the β-hairpin conformation is almost lost. The structure of CLN025 is stable, because the weakly polar interactions and H-bonds maintain the β-hairpin conformation in the various environments. CLN025 should not be considered a miniprotein, because it lacks a well-defined tertiary structure, it is resistant to denaturation, it does not have an increased heat capacity near its melting temperature, and the structures near and above the melting temperature retain a β-hairpin conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus P D Hatfield
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Criss II, Room 313, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA
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Chang JY. Diverse pathways of oxidative folding of disulfide proteins: underlying causes and folding models. Biochemistry 2011; 50:3414-31. [PMID: 21410235 DOI: 10.1021/bi200131j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pathway of oxidative folding of disulfide proteins exhibits a high degree of diversity, which is manifested mainly by distinct structural heterogeneity and diverse rearrangement pathways of folding intermediates. During the past two decades, the scope of this diversity has widened through studies of more than 30 disulfide-rich proteins by various laboratories. A more comprehensive landscape of the mechanism of protein oxidative folding has emerged. This review will cover three themes. (1) Elaboration of the scope of diversity of disulfide folding pathways, including the two opposite extreme models, represented by bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and hirudin. (2) Demonstration of experimental evidence accounting for the underlying mechanism of the folding diversity. (3) Discussion of the convergence between the extreme models of oxidative folding and models of conventional conformational folding (framework model, hydrophobic collapse model).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Yoa Chang
- Research Center for Protein Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, The University of Texas, Houston, 77030, USA.
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Arai K, Kumakura F, Iwaoka M. Characterization of kinetic and thermodynamic phases in the prefolding process of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A coupled with fast SS formation and SS reshuffling. Biochemistry 2010; 49:10535-42. [PMID: 21062079 DOI: 10.1021/bi101392w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the redox-coupled oxidative folding of a protein having several SS bonds, two folding phases are usually observed, corresponding to SS formation (oxidation) with generation of weakly stabilized heterogeneous structures (a chain-entropy losing phase) and the subsequent intramolecular SS rearrangement to search for the native SS linkages (a conformational folding phase). By taking advantage of DHS(ox) as a highly strong and selective oxidant, the former SS formation phase was investigated in detail in the oxidative folding of RNase A. The folding intermediates obtained at 25 °C and pH 4.0 within 1 min (1S°-4S°) showed different profiles in the HPLC chromatograms from those of the intermediates obtained at pH 7.0 and 10.0 (1S-4S). However, upon prolonged incubation at pH 4.0 the profiles of 1S°-3S° transformed slowly to those similar to 1S-3S intermediate ensembles via intramolecular SS reshuffling, accompanying significant changes in the UV and fluorescence spectra but not in the CD spectrum. Similar conversion of the intermediates was observed by pH jump from 4.0 to 8.0, while the opposite conversion from 1S-4S was observed by addition of guanidine hydrochloride to the folding solution at pH 8.0. The results demonstrated that the preconformational folding phase coupled with SS formation can be divided into two distinct subphases, a kinetic (or stochastic) SS formation phase and a thermodynamic SS reshuffling phase. The transition from kinetically formed to thermodynamically stabilized SS intermediates would be induced by hydrophobic nucleation as well as generation of the native interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Arai
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
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Fiedler S, Broecker J, Keller S. Protein folding in membranes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1779-98. [PMID: 20101433 PMCID: PMC11115603 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Separation of cells and organelles by bilayer membranes is a fundamental principle of life. Cellular membranes contain a baffling variety of proteins, which fulfil vital functions as receptors and signal transducers, channels and transporters, motors and anchors. The vast majority of membrane-bound proteins contain bundles of alpha-helical transmembrane domains. Understanding how these proteins adopt their native, biologically active structures in the complex milieu of a membrane is therefore a major challenge in today's life sciences. Here, we review recent progress in the folding, unfolding and refolding of alpha-helical membrane proteins and compare the molecular interactions that stabilise proteins in lipid bilayers. We also provide a critical discussion of a detergent denaturation assay that is increasingly used to determine membrane-protein stability but is not devoid of conceptual difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Fiedler
- Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Broecker
- Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandro Keller
- Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Molecular Biophysics, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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