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Buitimea-Cantúa GV, Marsch-Martinez N, Ríos-Chavez P, Méndez-Bravo A, Molina-Torres J. Global gene expression analyses of the alkamide-producing plant Heliopsis longipes supports a polyketide synthase-mediated biosynthesis pathway. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10074. [PMID: 33033663 PMCID: PMC7521342 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alkamides are plant-specific bioactive molecules. They are low molecular weight N-substituted α-unsaturated acyl amides that display biological explicit activities in different organisms from bacteria, fungi, insects to mammals and plants. The acyl chain has been proposed to be biosynthesized from a fatty acid; however, this has not been demonstrated yet. Heliopsis longipes (Asteraceae) accumulates in root a C10 alkamide called affinin in its roots, but not in leaves. The closely related species Heliopsis annua does not produce alkamides. To elucidate the biosynthetic pathway of the alkamides acyl chain, a comparative global gene expression analysis contrasting roots and leaves of both species was performed. METHODS Transcriptomics analysis allowed to identify genes highly expressed in H. longipes roots, but not in tissues and species that do not accumulate alkamides. The first domain searched was the Ketosynthase (KS) domain. The phylogenetic analysis using sequences of the KS domain of FAS and PKS from different organisms, revealed that KS domains of the differentially expressed transcripts in H. longipes roots and the KS domain found in transcripts of Echinacea purpurea, another alkamides producer species, were grouped together with a high bootstrap value of 100%, sharing great similarity. Among the annotated transcripts, we found some coding for the enzymatic domains KS, AT, ACP, DH, OR and TE, which presented higher expression in H. longipes roots than in leaves. The expression level of these genes was further evaluated by qRT-PCR. All unigenes tested showed higher expression in H. longipes roots than in any the other samples. Based on this and considering that the acyl chain of affinin presents unsaturated bonds at even C numbers, we propose a new putative biosynthesis pathway mediated by a four modules polyketide synthase (PKS). RESULTS The global gene expression analysis led to the selection of a set of candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of the acyl chain of affinin, suggesting that it may be performed by a non-iterative, partially reductive, four module type I PKS complex (PKS alk) previously thought to be absent from the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nayelli Marsch-Martinez
- Department of Biotecnologia y Bioquímica, CINVESTAV Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Patricia Ríos-Chavez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Méndez-Bravo
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, CONACYT – Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
| | - Jorge Molina-Torres
- Department of Biotecnologia y Bioquímica, CINVESTAV Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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Desaturase specificity is controlled by the physicochemical properties of a single amino acid residue in the substrate binding tunnel. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:1202-1209. [PMID: 32542106 PMCID: PMC7283083 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane fatty acyl desaturases (mFAD) are ubiquitous enzymes in eukaryotes. They introduce double bonds into fatty acids (FAs), producing structurally diverse unsaturated FAs which serve as membrane lipid components or precursors of signaling molecules. The mechanisms controlling enzymatic specificity and selectivity of desaturation are, however, poorly understood. We found that the physicochemical properties, particularly side chain volume, of a single amino acid (aa) residue in insect mFADs (Lepidoptera: Bombyx mori and Manduca sexta) control the desaturation products. Molecular dynamics simulations of systems comprising wild-type or mutant mFADs with fatty acyl-CoA substrates revealed that the single aa substitution likely directs the outcome of the desaturation reaction by modulating the distance between substrate fatty acyl carbon atoms and active center metal ions. These findings, as well as our methodology combining mFAD mutational screening with molecular dynamics simulations, will facilitate prediction of desaturation products and facilitate engineering of mFADs for biotechnological applications.
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Rong C, Chen H, Tang X, Gu Z, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W, Chen YQ. Characterization and molecular docking of new Δ17 fatty acid desaturase genes from Rhizophagus irregularis and Octopus bimaculoides. RSC Adv 2019; 9:6871-6880. [PMID: 35518462 PMCID: PMC9061052 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00535h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturases are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) via conversion of n-6 polyunsaturates to their n-3 counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchi Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
| | - Yong Q. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology
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4
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Rong C, Chen H, Wang M, Gu Z, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W, Chen YQ. Molecular mechanism of substrate preference for ω-3 fatty acid desaturase from Mortierella alpina by mutational analysis and molecular docking. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9679-9689. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sastre DE, Saita E, Uttaro AD, de Mendoza D, Altabe SG. Structural determinant of functionality in acyl lipid desaturases. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1871-1879. [PMID: 30087203 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m085258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the structure-function relationship of membrane-bound lipid desaturases. Using a domain-swapping strategy, we found that the N terminus (comprising the two first transmembrane segments) region of Bacillus cereus DesA desaturase improves Bacillus subtilis Des activity. In addition, the replacement of the first two transmembrane domains from Bacillus licheniformis inactive open reading frame (ORF) BL02692 with the corresponding domain from DesA was sufficient to resurrect this enzyme. Unexpectedly, we were able to restore the activity of ORF BL02692 with a single substitution (Cys40Tyr) of a cysteine localized in the first transmembrane domain close to the lipid-water interface. Substitution of eight residues (Gly90, Trp104, Lys172, His228, Pro257, Leu275, Tyr282, and Leu284) by site-directed mutagenesis produced inactive variants of DesA. Homology modeling of DesA revealed that His228 is part of the metal binding center, together with the canonical His boxes. Trp104 shapes the hydrophobic tunnel, whereas Gly90 and Lys172 are probably involved in substrate binding/recognition. Pro257, Leu275, Tyr282, and Leu284 might be relevant for the structural arrangement of the active site or interaction with electron donors. This study reveals the role of the N-terminal region of Δ5 phospholipid desaturases and the individual residues necessary for the activity of this class of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego E Sastre
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina; and Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Esmeralda y Ocampo, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Emilio Saita
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina; and Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Esmeralda y Ocampo, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Antonio D Uttaro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina; and Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Esmeralda y Ocampo, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Diego de Mendoza
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina; and Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Esmeralda y Ocampo, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Silvia G Altabe
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina; and Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Esmeralda y Ocampo, Rosario, Argentina
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Tupec M, Buček A, Valterová I, Pichová I. Biotechnological potential of insect fatty acid-modifying enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 72:387-403. [PMID: 28742527 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2017-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
There are more than one million described insect species. This species richness is reflected in the diversity of insect metabolic processes. In particular, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, such as defensive compounds and chemical signals, encompasses an extraordinarily wide range of chemicals that are generally unparalleled among natural products from other organisms. Insect genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes thus offer a valuable resource for discovery of novel enzymes with potential for biotechnological applications. Here, we focus on fatty acid (FA) metabolism-related enzymes, notably the fatty acyl desaturases and fatty acyl reductases involved in the biosynthesis of FA-derived pheromones. Research on insect pheromone-biosynthetic enzymes, which exhibit diverse enzymatic properties, has the potential to broaden the understanding of enzyme specificity determinants and contribute to engineering of enzymes with desired properties for biotechnological production of FA derivatives. Additionally, the application of such pheromone-biosynthetic enzymes represents an environmentally friendly and economic alternative to the chemical synthesis of pheromones that are used in insect pest management strategies.
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Botella C, Jouhet J, Block MA. Importance of phosphatidylcholine on the chloroplast surface. Prog Lipid Res 2017; 65:12-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Ding BJ, Carraher C, Löfstedt C. Sequence variation determining stereochemistry of a Δ11 desaturase active in moth sex pheromone biosynthesis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 74:68-75. [PMID: 27163509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A Δ11 desaturase from the oblique banded leaf roller moth Choristoneura rosaceana takes the saturated myristic acid and produces a mixture of (E)-11-tetradecenoate and (Z)-11-tetradecenoate with an excess of the Z isomer (35:65). A desaturase from the spotted fireworm moth Choristoneura parallela also operates on myristic acid substrate but produces almost pure (E)-11-tetradecenoate. The two desaturases share 92% amino acid identity and 97% amino acid similarity. There are 24 amino acids differing between these two desaturases. We constructed mutations at all of these positions to pinpoint the sites that determine the product stereochemistry. We demonstrated with a yeast functional assay that one amino acid at the cytosolic carboxyl terminus of the protein (258E) is critical for the Z activity of the C. rosaceana desaturase. Mutating the glutamic acid (E) into aspartic acid (D) transforms the C. rosaceana enzyme into a desaturase with C. parallela-like activity, whereas the reciprocal mutation of the C. parallela desaturase transformed it into an enzyme producing an intermediate 64:36 E/Z product ratio. We discuss the causal link between this amino acid change and the stereochemical properties of the desaturase and the role of desaturase mutations in pheromone evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Jian Ding
- Pheromone Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-22362, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Colm Carraher
- Pheromone Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-22362, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christer Löfstedt
- Pheromone Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-22362, Lund, Sweden
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9
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Bai S, Wallis JG, Denolf P, Browse J. Directed evolution increases desaturation of a cyanobacterial fatty acid desaturase in eukaryotic expression systems. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:1522-30. [PMID: 26724425 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyi Bai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Washington State University; Pullman Washington
| | - James G. Wallis
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Washington State University; Pullman Washington
| | - Peter Denolf
- Bayer CropScience N.V.; Technologiepark 38; Ghent Belgium
| | - John Browse
- Institute of Biological Chemistry; Washington State University; Pullman Washington
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10
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Watanabe K, Ohno M, Taguchi M, Kawamoto S, Ono K, Aki T. Identification of amino acid residues that determine the substrate specificity of mammalian membrane-bound front-end fatty acid desaturases. J Lipid Res 2015; 57:89-99. [PMID: 26590171 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m064121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-bound desaturases are physiologically and industrially important enzymes that are involved in the production of diverse fatty acids such as polyunsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives. Here, we identified amino acid residues that determine the substrate specificity of rat Δ6 desaturase (D6d) acting on linoleoyl-CoA by comparing its amino acid sequence with that of Δ5 desaturase (D5d), which converts dihomo-γ-linolenoyl-CoA. The N-terminal cytochrome b5-like domain was excluded as a determinant by domain swapping analysis. Substitution of eight amino acid residues (Ser209, Asn211, Arg216, Ser235, Leu236, Trp244, Gln245, and Val344) of D6d with the corresponding residues of D5d by site-directed mutagenesis switched the substrate specificity from linoleoyl-CoA to dihomo-γ-linolenoyl-CoA. In addition, replacement of Leu323 of D6d with Phe323 on the basis of the amino acid sequence of zebra fish Δ5/6 bifunctional desaturase was found to render D6d bifunctional. Homology modeling of D6d using recent crystal structure data of human stearoyl-CoA (Δ9) desaturase revealed that Arg216, Trp244, Gln245, and Leu323 are located near the substrate-binding pocket. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the structural basis of the substrate specificity of a mammalian front-end fatty acid desaturase, which will aid in efficient production of value-added fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenshi Watanabe
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohno
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Taguchi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Seiji Kawamoto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ono
- Department of Food Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tsunehiro Aki
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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Block MA, Jouhet J. Lipid trafficking at endoplasmic reticulum-chloroplast membrane contact sites. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 35:21-9. [PMID: 25868077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycerolipid synthesis in plant cells is characterized by an intense trafficking of lipids between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and chloroplasts. Initially, fatty acids are synthesized within chloroplasts and are exported to the ER where they are used to build up phospholipids and triacylglycerol. Ultimately, derivatives of these phospholipids return to chloroplasts to form galactolipids, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and digalactosyldiacylglycerol, the main and essential lipids of photosynthetic membranes. Lipid trafficking was proposed to transit through membrane contact sites (MCSs) connecting both organelles. Here, we review recent insights into ER-chloroplast MCSs and lipid trafficking between chloroplasts and the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse A Block
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte Recherche 5168, Centre National Recherche Scientifique, Université de Grenoble-Alpes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte Recherche 5168, Centre National Recherche Scientifique, Université de Grenoble-Alpes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France
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12
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Zhu X, Liu J, Zhang W. De novo biosynthesis of terminal alkyne-labeled natural products. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 11:115-20. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ross C, Scherlach K, Kloss F, Hertweck C. The Molecular Basis of Conjugated Polyyne Biosynthesis in Phytopathogenic Bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ross C, Scherlach K, Kloss F, Hertweck C. The Molecular Basis of Conjugated Polyyne Biosynthesis in Phytopathogenic Bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:7794-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Wang M, Chen H, Gu Z, Zhang H, Chen W, Chen YQ. ω3 fatty acid desaturases from microorganisms: structure, function, evolution, and biotechnological use. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:10255-62. [PMID: 24177732 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids involves an alternating process of fatty acid desaturation and elongation catalyzed by complex series of enzymes. ω3 desaturase plays an important role in converting ω6 fatty acids into ω3 fatty acids. Genes for this desaturase have been identified and characterized in a wide range of microorganisms, including cyanobacteria, yeasts, molds, and microalgae. Like all fatty acid desaturases, ω3 desaturase is structurally characterized by the presence of three highly conserved histidine-rich motifs; however, unlike some desaturases, it lacks a cytochrome b5-like domain. Understanding the structure, function, and evolution of ω3 desaturases, particularly their substrate specificities in the biosynthesis of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, lays the foundation for potential production of various ω3 fatty acids in transgenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
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Vanhercke T, Wood CC, Stymne S, Singh SP, Green AG. Metabolic engineering of plant oils and waxes for use as industrial feedstocks. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013. [PMID: 23190163 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Society has come to rely heavily on mineral oil for both energy and petrochemical needs. Plant lipids are uniquely suited to serve as a renewable source of high-value fatty acids for use as chemical feedstocks and as a substitute for current petrochemicals. Despite the broad variety of acyl structures encountered in nature and the cloning of many genes involved in their biosynthesis, attempts at engineering economic levels of specialty industrial fatty acids in major oilseed crops have so far met with only limited success. Much of the progress has been hampered by an incomplete knowledge of the fatty acid biosynthesis and accumulation pathways. This review covers new insights based on metabolic flux and reverse engineering studies that have changed our view of plant oil synthesis from a mostly linear process to instead an intricate network with acyl fluxes differing between plant species. These insights are leading to new strategies for high-level production of industrial fatty acids and waxes. Furthermore, progress in increasing the levels of oil and wax structures in storage and vegetative tissues has the potential to yield novel lipid production platforms. The challenge and opportunity for the next decade will be to marry these technologies when engineering current and new crops for the sustainable production of oil and wax feedstocks.
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Rawat R, Yu XH, Sweet M, Shanklin J. Conjugated fatty acid synthesis: residues 111 and 115 influence product partitioning of Momordica charantia conjugase. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16230-7. [PMID: 22451660 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.325316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linolenic acids (CLNs), 18:3 Δ(9,11,13), lack the methylene groups found between the double bonds of linolenic acid (18:3 Δ(9,12,15)). CLNs are produced by conjugase enzymes that are homologs of the oleate desaturases FAD2. The goal of this study was to map the domain(s) within the Momordica charantia conjugase (FADX) responsible for CLN formation. To achieve this, a series of Momordica FADX-Arabidopsis FAD2 chimeras were expressed in the Arabidopsis fad3fae1 mutant, and the transformed seeds were analyzed for the accumulation of CLN. These experiments identified helix 2 and the first histidine box as a determinant of conjugase product partitioning into punicic acid (18:3 Δ(9cis,11trans,13cis)) or α-eleostearic acid (18:3 Δ(9cis,11trans,13trans)). This was confirmed by analysis of a FADX mutant containing six substitutions in which the sequence of helix 2 and first histidine box was converted to that of FAD2. Each of the six FAD2 substitutions was individually converted back to the FADX equivalent identifying residues 111 and 115, adjacent to the first histidine box, as key determinants of conjugase product partitioning. Additionally, expression of FADX G111V and FADX G111V/D115E resulted in an approximate doubling of eleostearic acid accumulation to 20.4% and 21.2%, respectively, compared with 9.9% upon expression of the native Momordica FADX. Like the Momordica conjugase, FADX G111V and FADX D115E produced predominantly α-eleostearic acid and little punicic acid, but the FADX G111V/D115E double mutant produced approximately equal amounts of α-eleostearic acid and its isomer, punicic acid, implicating an interactive effect of residues 111 and 115 in punicic acid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Rawat
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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Cunningham FX, Gantt E. Elucidation of the pathway to astaxanthin in the flowers of Adonis aestivalis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:3055-69. [PMID: 21862704 PMCID: PMC3180810 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.086827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A few species in the genus Adonis are the only land plants known to produce the valuable red ketocarotenoid astaxanthin in abundance. Here, we ascertain the pathway that leads from the β-rings of β-carotene, a carotenoid ubiquitous in plants, to the 3-hydroxy-4-keto-β-rings of astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione) in the blood-red flowers of Adonis aestivalis, an ornamental and medicinal plant commonly known as summer pheasant's eye. Two gene products were found to catalyze three distinct reactions, with the first and third reactions of the pathway catalyzed by the same enzyme. The pathway commences with the activation of the number 4 carbon of a β-ring in a reaction catalyzed by a carotenoid β-ring 4-dehydrogenase (CBFD), continues with the further dehydrogenation of this carbon to yield a carbonyl in a reaction catalyzed by a carotenoid 4-hydroxy-β-ring 4-dehydrogenase, and concludes with the addition of an hydroxyl group at the number 3 carbon in a reaction catalyzed by the erstwhile CBFD enzyme. The A. aestivalis pathway is both portable and robust, functioning efficiently in a simple bacterial host. Our elucidation of the pathway to astaxanthin in A. aestivalis provides enabling technology for development of a biological production process and reveals the evolutionary origin of this unusual plant pathway, one unrelated to and distinctly different from those used by bacteria, green algae, and fungi to synthesize astaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis X Cunningham
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
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Vanhercke T, Shrestha P, Green AG, Singh SP. Mechanistic and structural insights into the regioselectivity of an acyl-CoA fatty acid desaturase via directed molecular evolution. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:12860-9. [PMID: 21300802 PMCID: PMC3075633 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.191098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-bound fatty acid desaturases and related enzymes play a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of unsaturated and various unusual fatty acids. Structural insights into the remarkable catalytic diversity and wide range of substrate specificities of this class of enzymes remain limited due to the lack of a crystal structure. To investigate the structural basis of the double bond positioning (regioselectivity) of the desaturation reaction in more detail, we relied on a combination of directed evolution in vitro and a powerful yeast complementation assay to screen for Δx regioselectivity. After two selection rounds, variants of the bifunctional Δ12/Δ9-desaturase from the house cricket (Acheta domesticus) exhibited increased Δ9-desaturation activity on shorter chain fatty acids. This change in specificity was the result of as few as three mutations, some of them near the putative active site. Subsequent analysis of individual substitutions revealed an important role of residue Phe-52 in facilitating Δ9-desaturation of shorter chain acyl substrates and allowed for the redesign of the cricket Δ12/Δ9-desaturase into a 16:0-specific Δ9-desaturase. Our results demonstrate that a minimal number of mutations can have a profound impact on the regioselectivity of acyl-CoA fatty acid desaturases and include the first biochemical data supporting the acyl-CoA acyl carrier specificity of a desaturase able to carry out Δ12-desaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vanhercke
- From the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Pushkar Shrestha
- From the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Allan G. Green
- From the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Surinder P. Singh
- From the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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Alloatti A, Uttaro AD. Highly specific methyl-end fatty-acid desaturases of trypanosomatids. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2011; 175:126-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Maes L, Van Nieuwerburgh FCW, Zhang Y, Reed DW, Pollier J, Vande Casteele SRF, Inzé D, Covello PS, Deforce DLD, Goossens A. Dissection of the phytohormonal regulation of trichome formation and biosynthesis of the antimalarial compound artemisinin in Artemisia annua plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 189:176-89. [PMID: 20874804 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
• Biosynthesis of the sesquiterpene lactone and potent antimalarial drug artemisinin occurs in glandular trichomes of Artemisia annua plants and is subjected to a strict network of developmental and other regulatory cues. • The effects of three hormones, jasmonate, gibberellin and cytokinin, were studied at the structural and molecular levels in two different A. annua chemotypes by microscopic analysis of gland development, and by targeted metabolite and transcript profiling. Furthermore, a genome-wide cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)-based transcriptome profiling was carried out of jasmonate-elicited leaves at different developmental stages. • Although cytokinin and gibberellin positively affected at least one aspect of gland formation, these two hormones did not stimulate artemisinin biosynthesis. Only jasmonate simultaneously promoted gland formation and coordinated transcriptional activation of biosynthetic gene expression, which ultimately led to increased sesquiterpenoid accumulation with chemotype-dependent effects on the distinct pathway branches. Transcriptome profiling revealed a trichome-specific fatty acyl- coenzyme A reductase, trichome-specific fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1 (TFAR1), the expression of which correlates with trichome development and sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis. • TFAR1 is potentially involved in cuticular wax formation during glandular trichome expansion in leaves and flowers of A. annua plants. Analysis of phytohormone-modulated transcriptional regulons provides clues to dissect the concerted regulation of metabolism and development of plant trichomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies Maes
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
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