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Nag S, Stany B, Mishra S, Kumar S, Mohanto S, Ahmed MG, Mathew B, Subramaniyan V. Multireceptor Analysis for Evaluating the Antidiabetic Efficacy of Karanjin: A Computational Approach. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2024; 7:e509. [PMID: 38982323 PMCID: PMC11233261 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus, notably type 2, is a rising global health challenge, prompting the need for effective management strategies. Common medications such as metformin, insulin, repaglinide and sitagliptin can induce side effects like gastrointestinal disturbances, hypoglycemia, weight gain and specific organ risks. Plant-derived therapies like Karanjin from Pongamia pinnata present promising alternatives due to their historical use, holistic health benefits and potentially fewer adverse effects. This study employs in silico analysis to explore Karanjin's interactions with diabetes-associated receptors, aiming to unveil its therapeutic potential while addressing the limitations and side effects associated with conventional medications. METHODOLOGY The research encompassed the selection of proteins from the Protein Data Bank (PDB), followed by structural refinement processes and optimization. Ligands such as Karanjin and standard drugs were retrieved from PubChem, followed by a comprehensive analysis of their ADMET profiling and pharmacokinetic properties. Protein-ligand interactions were evaluated through molecular docking using AutoDockTools 1.5.7, followed by the analysis of structural stability using coarse-grained simulations with CABS Flex 2.0. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed using Desmond 7.2 and the OPLS4 force field to explore how Karanjin interacts with proteins over 100 nanoseconds, focusing on the dynamics and structural stability. RESULTS Karanjin, a phytochemical from Pongamia pinnata, shows superior drug candidate potential compared to common medications, offering advantages in efficacy and reduced side effects. It adheres to drug-likeness criteria and exhibits optimal ADMET properties, including moderate solubility, high gastrointestinal absorption and blood-brain barrier penetration. Molecular docking revealed Karanjin's highest binding energy against receptor 3L2M (Pig pancreatic alpha-amylase) at -9.1 kcal/mol, indicating strong efficacy potential. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed stable ligand-protein complexes with minor fluctuations in RMSD and RMSF, suggesting robust interactions with receptors 3L2M. CONCLUSION Karanjin demonstrates potential in pharmaceutical expansion for treating metabolic disorders such as diabetes, as supported by computational analysis. Prospects for Karanjin in pharmaceutical development include structural modifications for enhanced efficacy and safety. Nanoencapsulation may improve bioavailability and targeted delivery to pancreatic cells, while combination therapies could optimize treatment outcomes in diabetes management. Clinical trials and experimental studies are crucial to validate its potential as a novel therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagnik Nag
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - B Stany
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences & Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shatakshi Mishra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences & Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, India
| | - Sourav Mohanto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, India
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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Pentari C, Kosinas C, Nikolaivits E, Dimarogona M, Topakas E. Structural and molecular insights into a bifunctional glycoside hydrolase 30 xylanase specific to glucuronoxylan. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:2067-2078. [PMID: 38678481 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolase (GH) 30 family xylanases are enzymes of biotechnological interest due to their capacity to degrade recalcitrant hemicelluloses, such as glucuronoxylan (GX). This study focuses on a subfamily 7 GH30, TtXyn30A from Thermothelomyces thermophilus, which acts on GX in an "endo" and "exo" mode, releasing methyl-glucuronic acid branched xylooligosaccharides (XOs) and xylobiose, respectively. The crystal structure of inactive TtXyn30A in complex with 23-(4-O-methyl-α-D-glucuronosyl)-xylotriose (UXX), along with biochemical analyses, corroborate the implication of E233, previously identified as alternative catalytic residue, in the hydrolysis of decorated xylan. At the -1 subsite, the xylose adopts a distorted conformation, indicative of the Michaelis complex of TtXyn30AEE with UXX trapped in the semi-functional active site. The most significant structural rearrangements upon substrate binding are observed at residues W127 and E233. The structures with neutral XOs, representing the "exo" function, clearly show the nonspecific binding at aglycon subsites, contrary to glycon sites, where the xylose molecules are accommodated via multiple interactions. Last, an unproductive ligand binding site is found at the interface between the catalytic and the secondary β-domain which is present in all GH30 enzymes. These findings improve current understanding of the mechanism of bifunctional GH30s, with potential applications in the field of enzyme engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pentari
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Kosinas
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Efstratios Nikolaivits
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dimarogona
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Senger MR, da Costa Latgé SG, von Ranke NL, de Aquino GAS, Dantas RF, Genta FA, Ferreira SB, Junior FPS. Kinetics and molecular modeling studies on the inhibition mechanism of GH13 α-glycosidases by small molecule ligands. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132036. [PMID: 38697429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors play an important role in Diabetes Mellitus (DM) treatment since they prevent postprandial hyperglycemia. The Glycoside Hydrolase family 13 (GH13) is the major family of enzymes acting on substrates containing α-glucoside linkages, such as maltose and amylose/amylopectin chains in starch. Previously, our group identified glycoconjugate 1H-1,2,3-triazoles (GCTs) inhibiting two GH13 α-glycosidases: yeast maltase (MAL12) and porcine pancreatic amylase (PPA). Here, we combined kinetic studies and computational methods on nine GCTs to characterize their inhibitory mechanism. They all behaved as reversible inhibitors, and kinetic models encompassed noncompetitive and various mechanisms of mixed-type inhibition for both enzymes. Most potent inhibitors displayed Ki values of 30 μM for MAL12 (GPESB16) and 37 μM for PPA (GPESB15). Molecular dynamics and docking simulations indicated that on MAL12, GPESB15 and GPESB16 bind in a cavity adjacent to the active site, while on the PPA, GPESB15 was predicted to bind at the entrance of the catalytic site. Notably, despite its putative location within the active site, the binding of GPESB15 does not obstruct the substrate's access to the cleavage site. Our study contributes to paving the way for developing novel therapeutic strategies for managing DM-2 through GH13 α-glycosidases inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Roberto Senger
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Samara Graciane da Costa Latgé
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natalia Lidmar von Ranke
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Alves Souto de Aquino
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica e Prospecção Biológica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ferreira Dantas
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ariel Genta
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Baptista Ferreira
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica e Prospecção Biológica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Floriano Paes Silva Junior
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Experimental e Computacional de Fármacos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Li X, Jin Z, Bai Y, Svensson B. Progress in cyclodextrins as important molecules regulating catalytic processes of glycoside hydrolases. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 72:108326. [PMID: 38382582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are important starch derivatives and commonly comprise α-, β-, and γ-CDs. Their hydrophilic surface and hydrophobic inner cavity enable regulation of enzyme catalysis through direct or indirect interactions. Clarifying interactions between CDs and enzyme is of great value for enzyme screening, mechanism exploration, regulation of catalysis, and applications. We summarize the interactions between CDs and glycoside hydrolases (GHs) according to two aspects: 1) CD as products, substrates, inhibitors and activators of enzymes, directly affecting the reaction process; 2) CDs indirectly affecting the enzymatic reaction by solubilizing substrates, relieving substrate/product inhibition, increasing recombinant enzyme production and storage stability, isolating and purifying enzymes, and serving as ligands in crystal structure to identify functional amino acid residues. Additionally, CD enzyme mimetics are developed and used as catalysts in traditional artificial enzymes as well as nanozymes, making the application of CDs no longer limited to GHs. This review concerns the regulation of GHs catalysis by CDs, and gives insights into research on interactions between enzymes and ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yuxiang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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Tincu (Iurciuc) CE, Bouhadiba B, Atanase LI, Stan CS, Popa M, Ochiuz L. An Accessible Method to Improve the Stability and Reusability of Porcine Pancreatic α-Amylase via Immobilization in Gellan-Based Hydrogel Particles Obtained by Ionic Cross-Linking with Mg 2+ Ions. Molecules 2023; 28:4695. [PMID: 37375250 PMCID: PMC10302431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amylase is an enzyme used to hydrolyze starch in order to obtain different products that are mainly used in the food industry. The results reported in this article refer to the immobilization of α-amylase in gellan hydrogel particles ionically cross-linked with Mg2+ ions. The obtained hydrogel particles were characterized physicochemically and morphologically. Their enzymatic activity was tested using starch as a substrate in several hydrolytic cycles. The results showed that the properties of the particles are influenced by the degree of cross-linking and the amount of immobilized α-amylase enzyme. The temperature and pH at which the immobilized enzyme activity is maximum were T = 60 °C and pH = 5.6. The enzymatic activity and affinity of the enzyme to the substrate depend on the particle type, and this decreases for particles with a higher cross-linking degree owing to the slow diffusion of the enzyme molecules inside the polymer's network. By immobilization, α-amylase is protected from environmental factors, and the obtained particles can be quickly recovered from the hydrolysis medium, thus being able to be reused in repeated hydrolytic cycles (at least 11 cycles) without a substantial decrease in enzymatic activity. Moreover, α-amylase immobilized in gellan particles can be reactivated via treatment with a more acidic medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Elena Tincu (Iurciuc)
- Department of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, “Cristofor Simionescu” Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Protection of the Environment, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University, 73, Prof. Dr. Docent Dimitrie Mangeron Street, 700050 Iași, Romania; (C.E.T.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16, University Street, 700115 Iaşi, Romania
| | - Brahim Bouhadiba
- Laboratory of Engineering of Industrial Safety and Sustainable Development LISIDD, Institute of Maintenance and Industrial Safety, University of Oran 2, Mohammed Benahmed, Oran 31000, Algeria
| | - Leonard Ionut Atanase
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Apollonia” University of Iasi, 11, Pacurari Street, 700511 Iași, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corneliu Sergiu Stan
- Department of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, “Cristofor Simionescu” Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Protection of the Environment, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University, 73, Prof. Dr. Docent Dimitrie Mangeron Street, 700050 Iași, Romania; (C.E.T.)
| | - Marcel Popa
- Department of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, “Cristofor Simionescu” Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Protection of the Environment, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University, 73, Prof. Dr. Docent Dimitrie Mangeron Street, 700050 Iași, Romania; (C.E.T.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lăcrămioara Ochiuz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16, University Street, 700115 Iaşi, Romania
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Harit T, Cherfi M, Elhouda Daoudi N, Isaad J, Bnouham M, Malek F. Hybrid Pyrazole‐Tetrazole Derivatives with High α‐Amylase Inhibition Activity: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Docking Study. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Harit
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment -ECOMP Faculty of Sciences Mohamed 1st University Bd Mohamed VI, BP: 717 Oujda 60000 Morocco
| | - Mounir Cherfi
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment -ECOMP Faculty of Sciences Mohamed 1st University Bd Mohamed VI, BP: 717 Oujda 60000 Morocco
| | - Nour Elhouda Daoudi
- Laboratory of Bioresources Biotechnology Ethnopharmacology and Health Faculty of Sciences Mohamed 1st University 60000 Oujda Morocco
| | - Jalal Isaad
- ERCI2 A FSTH Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan Morocco 93000
| | - Mohamed Bnouham
- Laboratory of Bioresources Biotechnology Ethnopharmacology and Health Faculty of Sciences Mohamed 1st University 60000 Oujda Morocco
| | - Fouad Malek
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment -ECOMP Faculty of Sciences Mohamed 1st University Bd Mohamed VI, BP: 717 Oujda 60000 Morocco
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In Vitro and In Silico Analysis of Bergenia ciliata and Mimosa pudica for Inhibition of α-Amylase. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/6997173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of antidiabetic natural products is a flourishing field of opportunity in the sector of drug discovery. Various medicinal plants with diverse chemical constituents have been extensively studied for drug development. Bergenia ciliata and Mimosa pudica have been traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes and consist of valuable phytochemicals. In this study, we have analyzed total phenolic and flavonoid content along with the antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activity. The crude extract of B. ciliata contains higher levels of TPC whereas higher TFC was observed in M. pudica. The strong antioxidant activity was shown by B. ciliata with an IC50 value of 125.86 ± 4.16 μg/mL. The ethyl acetate extract of B. ciliata and M. pudica showed higher α-amylase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 13.97 ± 0.10 and 11.97 ± 0.36 μg/mL, respectively. The biological potential of the reported phytochemicals was also assessed by using bioinformatic tools. Furthermore, the active phytochemicals from these plants were docked with human pancreatic α-amylase to study their inhibitory activities to this enzyme. The docking analysis revealed that catechin has lower binding energy (−8.6 kcal/mol) as compared to the commercial drug acarbose (−7.3 kcal/mol) indicating higher affinity towards the enzyme. This study additionally sheds more light on medicinal plants’ antidiabetic activity. So, this study will aid in the investigation of the biological properties of these plants as well as the identification of potential compounds with antidiabetic properties.
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8
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Singh M, Thrimawithana T, Shukla R, Benu Adhikari. Inhibition of enzymes associated with obesity by the polyphenol-rich extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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9
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Ye YT, Zhang H, Deng JL, Li MZ, Chen ZX. l-Arginine inhibits the activity of α-amylase: Rapid kinetics, interaction and functional implications. Food Chem 2022; 380:131836. [PMID: 35086017 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the rapid unfolding kinetics of pancreas α-amylase (PPA) induced by l-arginine and the interaction mechanism were investigated. The unfolding followed a first-level reaction kinetics equation, without intermediates. l-arginine interacted with PPA though diffusion-controlled process rather than complexion. The interaction between l-arginine and PPA resulted in a pronounced decrease in β-sheet and a significant increase in random coil, and thereby the enzyme activity decreased. However, the unfolding of PPA could be compensated and the second structure change could be recovered to some extent by the macromolecular crowded medium of Pluronics. Further insight into the mechanism disclosed that the broken H-bond network of water may contribute to PPA unfolding. This work provides a new perspective on the interaction of l-arginine with digestive enzyme. The unfolding mechanism of enzymes by may help to understand the effects of other structurally similar drugs, which is of concern in food-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tong Ye
- Molecular Food Science Laboratory, College of Food & Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Molecular Food Science Laboratory, College of Food & Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jun-Ling Deng
- Molecular Food Science Laboratory, College of Food & Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Mi-Zhuan Li
- Molecular Food Science Laboratory, College of Food & Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhong-Xiu Chen
- Molecular Food Science Laboratory, College of Food & Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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10
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Determination of LC-HRMS Profiling, Antioxidant Activity, Cytotoxic Effect and Enzyme Inhibitory Properties of Satureja avromanica using in vitro and in silico methods. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Zhang H, Ye YT, Deng JL, Zhao P, Mao YF, Chen ZX. Rapid unfolding of pig pancreas α-amylase: Kinetics, activity and structure evolution. Food Chem 2022; 368:130795. [PMID: 34411861 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
α-Amylase plays an important role in food processing and in-vivo digestion. Many biological functions of α-amylase are affected by unfolding. The pre-steady-state rapid unfolding kinetics of α-amylase remains unknown. In this study, the rapid unfolding kinetics of porcine pancreatic α-amylase (PPA) with guanidine hydrochloride (GdmHCl) were investigated by stopped-flow spectroscopy. Structural characterization of PPA by fluorescence spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulation showed that the unfolding process of PPA might start from the internal active center, where the β-sheet structure was destroyed, followed by the exposure of hydrophobic amino acid residues. Further research revealed that GdmHCl denaturized PPA not by complexing with PPA. The surrounding H-bond network of water was changed by GdmHCl. This research improves our understanding of the unfolding kinetics of the PPA on the microsecond scale. It also provides the evidence experimentally of the surrounding water contribution to protein denaturization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhang
- Molecular Food Science Laboratory, College of Food & Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yu-Tong Ye
- Molecular Food Science Laboratory, College of Food & Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jun-Ling Deng
- Molecular Food Science Laboratory, College of Food & Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Pei Zhao
- Molecular Food Science Laboratory, College of Food & Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yu-Fen Mao
- Molecular Food Science Laboratory, College of Food & Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhong-Xiu Chen
- Molecular Food Science Laboratory, College of Food & Biology Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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12
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Porasso RD, Sancho MI, Parajó M, García-Río L, Enriz RD. Pseudorotaxane formation affected by stereo-electronic effects. A theoretical and experimental study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:1654-1665. [PMID: 34981083 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04300e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a theoretical and experimental study on different complexes of pseudorotaxanes possessing pyridine axles. In order to evaluate the stereo-electronic effects of the methyl substituents in the pyridine ring, complexes with different substitution patterns were synthesized. In this way, it was possible to analyze the different behaviors of these complexes according to the positions of their methyl substituents. Combined techniques of molecular dynamics and quantum mechanical calculations with the help of molecular electrostatic potentials for a simpler visualization of the electronic effects were employed. We have sought experimental support of NMR spectroscopy analysis to corroborate the conclusions obtained from the molecular simulations. Our results not only clearly demonstrate that both electronic and steric effects play key roles in the feasibility of the formation of such complexes, but also the simulations reported here might predict the degree of difficulty of their formation. The combination of computational techniques employed here seems to be an excellent approach to be able to predict whether or not a complex can be formed and with what degree of difficulty. In addition, our experimental and theoretical results have allowed us to visualize the formation of external complexes in the rotaxanes reported here. In this case, the use of bolaforms with trimethylammonium groups at both ends was very useful to evaluate in detail the formation of the so-called external complexes in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo D Porasso
- Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis (IMASL), CONICET. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Av. Ejército de los Andes 950, 5700, Argentina
| | - Matias I Sancho
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO-SL), Chacabuco 915, 5700 San Luis, Argentina.
| | - Mercedes Parajó
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago, Spain.
| | - Luis García-Río
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago, Spain.
| | - Ricardo D Enriz
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO-SL), Chacabuco 915, 5700 San Luis, Argentina.
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Kim SY, Kim H, Kim YJ, Jung DH, Seo DH, Jung JH, Park CS. Enzymatic analysis of truncation mutants of a type II pullulanase from Bifidobacterium adolescentis P2P3, a resistant starch-degrading gut bacterium. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1340-1349. [PMID: 34740684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A putative type II pullulanase gene, pulP, was identified in Bifidobacterium adolescentis P2P3. PulP possesses an α-amylase domain at the N-terminus and a pullulanase type I domain at the C-terminus, as well as three carbohydrate-binding modules (one CBM25 and two CBM41s) between them. The native PulP and four truncated mutant recombinant proteins (PulPΔCΔP, PulPΔP, PulPΔAΔC, and PulPΔA), in which each of the two catalytic domains and/or the CBMs were deleted, were produced in Escherichia coli and their specific properties were characterized. The removal of either catalytic domain abolished the corresponding catalytic activity of the wild-type enzyme. Deletion of the C-terminal domain resulted in a drastic decrease in the optimal temperature and thermostability, indicating that the pullulanase domain might be related to the temperature dependency of the enzyme. In addition, the elimination of the CBMs in the mutant proteins led to a loss of binding affinity toward raw substrates as well as the loss of their hydrolysis activities compared to the wild-type enzyme. HPAEC and TLC analyses proved that PulP and its mutants could hydrolyze α-glucans into maltotriose as their main product. These results suggest that PulP may play an important role in α-glucan metabolism in B. adolescentis P2P3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeran Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Jin Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Jung
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Seo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Jung
- Radiation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiation Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheon-Seok Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
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Gu Y, Yang X, Shang C, Thao TTP, Koyama T. Inhibition and interactions of alpha-amylase by daucosterol from the peel of Chinese water chestnut ( Eleocharis dulcis). Food Funct 2021; 12:8411-8424. [PMID: 34369540 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00887k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The alpha-amylase inhibitory effect of daucosterol purified from the peel of Chinese water chestnut (CWC), a common Chinese vegetable, was assessed. The alpha-amylase inhibitory properties were elucidated by enzyme inhibition, fluorescence quenching and molecular docking experiments. It was found that three saponins from CWC peel exhibited potent inhibitory activity on alpha-amylase and daucosterol was found to be the main inhibitory factor against alpha-amylase with a mixed-type mode. Strong fluorescence quenching of alpha-amylase was observed under static fluorescence quenching with hydrophobic interactions with daucosterol. Molecular docking revealed that the conformation of daucosterol in the high-affinity sites I and II of alpha-amylase was optimum, and hydrophobic interactions were produced by daucosterol aglycone, and hydrogen bonding by the β-D-glucopyranosyl residue. Ingested daucosterol suppressed the elevation of blood glucose levels through inhibition of alpha-amylase in the small intestine in starch-loaded mice. This study provides data supporting the potential benefit of daucosterol from CWC peel in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Gu
- Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Science, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hezhou University, Hezhou 542899, China
| | - Chaojie Shang
- Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Science, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| | - Truong Thi Phuong Thao
- Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Science, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Koyama
- Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Science, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
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Gee CL, Holton JM, McPherson A. Structures of two novel crystal forms of Aspergillus oryzae alpha amylase (taka-amylase). J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 131:605-612. [PMID: 33814275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The structures of Aspergillus oryzae α-amylase were determined in a tetragonal crystal, having one molecule as asymmetric unit, and a monoclinic crystal with two molecules as asymmetric unit. Both crystal forms were obtained from trace contaminants of an old commercial lipase preparation. Structures were determined and refined to 1.65 Å and 1.43 Å resolution respectively. The latter crystal has a non-crystallographic (NCS) twofold axis within the asymmetric unit. Glycosylation at Asn197 is evident, and in the tetragonal crystal can be seen to include three, partially disordered sugar residues following the initial N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG). Superposition of the tetragonal crystal model on the α-amylases from Bacillus subtilis (PDB:1BAG), pig pancreas (PDB:3L2L), and barley (PDB:1AMY), show a high degree of coincidence, particularly for the (β/α)8-barrel domains, and especially within the active site. Using this structural agreement between amylases, we extrapolated the binding model of a six residue, limit dextrin found in pig pancreas α-amylase to the A. oryzae enzyme model, which predicts substrate interacting amino acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Gee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Stanley Hall 527, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220, USA
| | - James M Holton
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Advanced Light Source, MS-2108, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Alexander McPherson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA.
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16
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Božić N, Rozeboom HJ, Lončar N, Slavić MŠ, Janssen DB, Vujčić Z. Characterization of the starch surface binding site on Bacillus paralicheniformis α-amylase. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1529-1539. [PMID: 33058974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
α-Amylase from Bacillus paralicheniformis (BliAmy), belonging to GH13_5 subfamily of glycoside hydrolases, was proven to be a highly efficient raw starch digesting enzyme. The ability of some α-amylases to hydrolyze raw starch is related to the existence of surface binding sites (SBSs) for polysaccharides that can be distant from the active site. Crystallographic studies performed on BliAmy in the apo form and of enzyme bound with different oligosaccharides and oligosaccharide precursors revealed binding of these ligands to one SBS with two amino acids F257 and Y358 mainly involved in complex formation. The role of this SBS in starch binding and degradation was probed by designing enzyme variants mutated in this region (F257A and Y358A). Kinetic studies with different substrates show that starch binding through the SBS is disrupted in the mutants and that F257 and Y358 contributed cumulatively to binding and hydrolysis. Mutation of both sites (F257A/Y358A) resulted in a 5-fold lower efficacy with raw starch as substrate and at least 5.5-fold weaker binding compared to the wild type BliAmy, suggesting that the ability of BliAmy to hydrolyze raw starch with high efficiency is related to the level of its adsorption onto starch granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Božić
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Henriëtte J Rozeboom
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nikola Lončar
- GECCO Biotech, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands
| | - Marinela Šokarda Slavić
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dick B Janssen
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Zoran Vujčić
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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18
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Hirano Y, Tsukamoto K, Ariki S, Naka Y, Ueda M, Tamada T. X-ray crystallographic structural studies of α-amylase I from Eisenia fetida. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2020; 76:834-844. [DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The earthworm Eisenia fetida possesses several cold-active enzymes, including α-amylase, β-glucanase and β-mannanase. E. fetida possesses two isoforms of α-amylase (Ef-Amy I and II) to digest raw starch. Ef-Amy I retains its catalytic activity at temperatures below 10°C. To identify the molecular properties of Ef-Amy I, X-ray crystal structures were determined of the wild type and of the inactive E249Q mutant. Ef-Amy I has structural similarities to mammalian α-amylases, including the porcine pancreatic and human pancreatic α-amylases. Structural comparisons of the overall structures as well as of the Ca2+-binding sites of Ef-Amy I and the mammalian α-amylases indicate that Ef-Amy I has increased structural flexibility and more solvent-exposed acidic residues. These structural features of Ef-Amy I may contribute to its observed catalytic activity at low temperatures, as many cold-adapted enzymes have similar structural properties. The structure of the substrate complex of the inactive mutant of Ef-Amy I shows that a maltohexaose molecule is bound in the active site and a maltotetraose molecule is bound in the cleft between the N- and C-terminal domains. The recognition of substrate molecules by Ef-Amy I exhibits some differences from that observed in structures of human pancreatic α-amylase. This result provides insights into the structural modulation of the recognition of substrates and inhibitors.
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Kato-Schwartz CG, Corrêa RCG, de Souza Lima D, de Sá-Nakanishi AB, de Almeida Gonçalves G, Seixas FAV, Haminiuk CWI, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR, Bracht A, Peralta RM. Potential anti-diabetic properties of Merlot grape pomace extract: An in vitro, in silico and in vivo study of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109462. [PMID: 33233136 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A practical approach to control glycemia in diabetes is to use plant natural products that delay hydrolysis of complex sugars and promote the diminution of the release of glucosyl units into the blood plasma. Polyphenolics have been described as being effective in inhibiting amylases and α-glucosidases. Grape pomace is an important sub product of the wine industry, still rich in many compounds such as polyphenolics. In this context, the purpose of this study was to search for possible effects of a grape pomace extract on salivary and pancreatic α-amylases and α-glucosidase, as well as on intestinal glucose absorption. The Merlot grape pomace extract (MGPE) was prepared using a hydroalcoholic mixture (40% ethanol + 60% water). In vitro inhibition was quantified using potato starch (for amylases) and maltose (for α-glucosidase) as substrates. In vivo inhibition was evaluated by running starch and maltose tolerance tests in rats with or without administration of MGPE. Ranking of the extract compounds for its affinity to the α-amylases was accomplished by computer simulations using three different programs. Both α-amylases, pancreatic and salivary, were inhibited by the MGPE. No inhibition on α-glucosidase, however, was detected. The IC50 values were 90 ± 10 μg/mL and 143 ± 15 μg/mL for salivary and pancreatic amylases, respectively. Kinetically this inhibition showed a complex pattern, with multiple binding of the extract constituents to the enzymes. Furthermore, the in silico docking simulations indicated that several phenolic substances, e.g., peonidin-3-O-acetylglucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide and isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, besides catechin, were the most likely polyphenols responsible for the α-amylase inhibition caused by MGPE. The hyperglycemic burst, an usual phenomenon that follows starch administration, was substantially inhibited by the MGPE. Our results suggest that the MGPE can be adequate for maintaining normal blood levels after food ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Gabriel Kato-Schwartz
- Department of Biochemistry, and Post-graduate Program of Food Science, State University of Maringa, Parana 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Rúbia Carvalho Gomes Corrêa
- Program of Master in Science, Technology and Food Safety, Cesumar Institute of Science Technology and Innovation (ICETI), University Center of Maringa (UniCesumar), Parana 87050-390, Brazil; Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Diego de Souza Lima
- Department of Technology, and Post-graduate Program of Molecular and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Parana 87020-900, Brazil
| | | | - Geferson de Almeida Gonçalves
- Department of Biochemistry, and Post-graduate Program of Food Science, State University of Maringa, Parana 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Flavio Augusto Vicente Seixas
- Department of Technology, and Post-graduate Program of Molecular and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Parana 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Charles W I Haminiuk
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Chemistry and Biology Department, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, 81280-340, Brazil
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Isabel C F R Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Adelar Bracht
- Department of Biochemistry, and Post-graduate Program of Food Science, State University of Maringa, Parana 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Rosane Marina Peralta
- Department of Biochemistry, and Post-graduate Program of Food Science, State University of Maringa, Parana 87020-900, Brazil.
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20
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Kato-Schwartz CG, de Sá-Nakanishi AB, Guidi AC, Gonçalves GDA, Bueno FG, Zani BPM, de Mello JCP, Bueno PSA, Seixas FAV, Bracht A, Peralta RM. Carbohydrate digestive enzymes are inhibited by Poincianella pluviosa stem bark extract: relevance on type 2 diabetes treatment. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-020-00177-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The stem bark aqueous alcohol extract of Poincianella pluviosa (PPSB extract) is rich in bioactives including gallic acid, gallic acid methyl ester, pyrogallol, ellagic acid, corilagin, 1,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-glucose, 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-glucose, 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-glucose, tellimagrandin I, tellimagrandin II, mallotinic acid, mallotusinic acid, and geraniin. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the PPSB extract as well as its inhibitory action on carbohydrate digestive enzymes relevant to type 2 diabetes.
Results
The PPSB extract was prepared using a mixture of 40% ethanol and 60% distilled water. The PPSB extract showed high antioxidant activities and inhibited several carbohydrate digestive enzymes. The IC50 values for inhibiting in vitro salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, intestinal β-galactosidase and intestinal invertase were, respectively, 250 ± 15, 750 ± 40, 25 ± 5, and 75 ± 8 μg/mL. In vivo inhibition of the intestinal starch absorption was confirmed by determination of blood glucose levels in rats before and after administration of starch by gavage with or without different amounts of PPSB extract. Docking simulations performed on three different programs to rank the extract compounds most likely to bind to porcine pancreatic α-amylase suggest that geraniin is likely to be the P. pluviosa extract compound that presents the greatest binding potential to the pancreatic alpha-amylase. However, the total inhibitory action of the PPSB extract is likely to result from a summation of effects of several molecules. Furthermore, the PPSB extract did not present acute toxicity nor did it present mutagenic effects.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that the PPSB extract is potentially useful in controlling the postprandial glycaemic levels in diabetes. Further clinical studies with the extract are needed, however, to confirm its potential use in the management of type 2 diabetes.
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21
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In silico evaluation of condensed and hydrolysable tannins as inhibitors of pancreatic α-amylase. J Mol Model 2019; 25:275. [PMID: 31451948 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Amylases are interesting targets for antidiabetic drugs because their inhibition is able to lower glycaemia without the need of hormonal control, as promoted by insulin or glibenclamide. In this context, the comparison between the binding features of α-amylases with their substrate and known inhibitors may provide insights aiming at the discovery of new antidiabetic drugs. In this work, the structure of the porcine pancreatic α-amylase was modelled with the acarbose pentasaccharide inhibitor, and used in structure-based virtual screening simulations based on a library containing the structures of amylose (AMY), acarbose (ACA) and the more representative structures of condensed tannin (CTN) and hydrolysable tannin (HTN). After validation of the methodology by redocking (mean rmsd ~ 0.8 Å), the scores provided by programs AutoDock/Molegro were contradictory (- 1.5/- 23.3; - 3.5/- 24.6; - 4.3/- 14.6; -/- 19.5 for AMY, ACA, CTN and HTN respectively), indicating that a more sensitive methodology was necessary. The ΔGbinding was calculated by the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) method, which indicated that the HTN, ACA and CTN had higher affinities for the enzyme regarding the AMY substrate, with values of - 350.0, - 346.2, - 320.5 and - 209.2 kJ mol-1, respectively. The predicted relative affinities of HTN and CTN are in agreement with those obtained experimentally. The results provided useful information for the characterization of tannin binding to α-amylase, which can be applied in future studies aiming at finding new hypoglycaemic molecules among natural products.
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22
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Gangoiti J, Corwin SF, Lamothe LM, Vafiadi C, Hamaker BR, Dijkhuizen L. Synthesis of novel α-glucans with potential health benefits through controlled glucose release in the human gastrointestinal tract. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 60:123-146. [PMID: 30525940 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1516621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The glycemic carbohydrates we consume are currently viewed in an unfavorable light in both the consumer and medical research worlds. In significant part, these carbohydrates, mainly starch and sucrose, are looked upon negatively due to their rapid and abrupt glucose delivery to the body which causes a high glycemic response. However, dietary carbohydrates which are digested and release glucose in a slow manner are recognized as providing health benefits. Slow digestion of glycemic carbohydrates can be caused by several factors, including food matrix effect which impedes α-amylase access to substrate, or partial inhibition by plant secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds. Differences in digestion rate of these carbohydrates may also be due to their specific structures (e.g. variations in degree of branching and/or glycosidic linkages present). In recent years, much has been learned about the synthesis and digestion kinetics of novel α-glucans (i.e. small oligosaccharides or larger polysaccharides based on glucose units linked in different positions by α-bonds). It is the synthesis and digestion of such structures that is the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gangoiti
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah F Corwin
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Lisa M Lamothe
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Bruce R Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Saka N, Iwamoto H, Malle D, Takahashi N, Mizutani K, Mikami B. Elucidation of the mechanism of interaction between Klebsiella pneumoniae pullulanase and cyclodextrin. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 74:1115-1123. [DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318014523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Crystal structures of Klebsiella pneumoniae pullulanase (KPP) in complex with α-cyclodextrin (α-CD), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) were refined at around 1.98–2.59 Å resolution from data collected at SPring-8. In the structures of the complexes obtained with 1 mM α-CD or γ-CD, one molecule of CD was found at carbohydrate-binding module 41 only (CBM41). In the structures of the complexes obtained with 1 mM β-CD or with 10 mM α-CD or γ-CD, two molecules of CD were found at CBM41 and in the active-site cleft, where the hydrophobic residue of Phe746 occupies the inside cavity of the CD rings. In contrast to α-CD and γ-CD, one β-CD molecule was found at the active site only in the presence of 0.1 mM β-CD. These results were coincident with the solution experiments, which showed that β-CD inhibits this enzyme more than a thousand times more potently than α-CD and γ-CD. The strong inhibition of β-CD is caused by the optimized interaction between β-CD and the side chain of Phe746. The increased K
i values of the F746A mutant for β-CD supported the importance of Phe746 in the strong interaction of pullulanase with β-CD.
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Sun L, Gidley MJ, Warren FJ. Tea polyphenols enhance binding of porcine pancreatic α-amylase with starch granules but reduce catalytic activity. Food Chem 2018; 258:164-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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25
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Roth C, Weizenmann N, Bexten N, Saenger W, Zimmermann W, Maier T, Sträter N. Amylose recognition and ring-size determination of amylomaltase. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1601386. [PMID: 28097217 PMCID: PMC5235332 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a major carbon and energy source throughout all kingdoms of life. It consists of two carbohydrate polymers, branched amylopectin and linear amylose, which are sparingly soluble in water. Hence, the enzymatic breakdown by glycoside hydrolases (GHs) is of great biological and societal importance. Amylomaltases (AMs) are GHs specialized in the hydrolysis of α-1,4-linked sugar chains such as amylose. They are able to catalyze an intramolecular transglycosylation of a bound sugar chain yielding polymeric sugar rings, the cycloamyloses (CAs), consisting of 20 to 100 glucose units. Despite a wealth of data on short oligosaccharide binding to GHs, no structural evidence is available for their interaction with polymeric substrates that better represent the natural polysaccharide. We have determined the crystal structure of Thermus aquaticus AM in complex with a 34-meric CA-one of the largest carbohydrates resolved by x-ray crystallography and a mimic of the natural polymeric amylose substrate. In total, 15 glucose residues interact with the protein in an extended crevice with a length of more than 40 Å. A modified succinimide, derived from aspartate, mediates protein-sugar interactions, suggesting a biological role for this nonstandard amino acid. The structure, together with functional assays, provides unique insights into the interaction of GHs with their polymeric substrate and reveals a molecular ruler mechanism for minimal ring-size determination of CA products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Roth
- Institut für Bioanalytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Nicole Weizenmann
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicola Bexten
- Institut für Chemie-Kristallographie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfram Saenger
- Institut für Chemie-Kristallographie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zimmermann
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Timm Maier
- Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Biozentrum, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Sträter
- Institut für Bioanalytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Chen J, Liang Y, Li X, Chen L, Xie F. Supramolecular structure of jackfruit seed starch and its relationship with digestibility and physicochemical properties. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 150:269-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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In vitro and in silico studies of the inhibition activity of anthocyanins against porcine pancreatic α-amylase. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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28
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Feng L, Fawaz R, Hovde S, Gilbert L, Chiou J, Geiger JH. Crystal Structures of Escherichia coli Branching Enzyme in Complex with Linear Oligosaccharides. Biochemistry 2015; 54:6207-18. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Remie Fawaz
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Stacy Hovde
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Lindsey Gilbert
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Janice Chiou
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - James H. Geiger
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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29
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Kashani-Amin E, Ebrahim-Habibi A, Larijani B, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Effect of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone on the activity and stability of alpha-amylase: a comparative study on bacterial, fungal, and mammalian enzymes. J Mol Recognit 2015; 28:605-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Kashani-Amin
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Azadeh Ebrahim-Habibi
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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30
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Wilkens C, Cockburn D, Andersen S, Ole Petersen B, Ruzanski C, A. Field R, Hindsgaul O, Nakai H, McCleary B, M. Smith A, Abou Hachem M, Svensson B. Analysis of Surface Binding Sites (SBS) within GH62, GH13, and GH77. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2015. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2015_006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Casper Wilkens
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark
| | - Darrell Cockburn
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark
| | - Susan Andersen
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark
| | - Bent Ole Petersen
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Group, Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10
| | | | | | - Ole Hindsgaul
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Group, Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10
| | - Hiroyuki Nakai
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark
| | | | | | - Maher Abou Hachem
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark
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31
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He T, Zeng QQ, Yang DC, He YH, Guan Z. Biocatalytic one-pot three-component synthesis of 3,3′-disubstituted oxindoles and spirooxindole pyrans using α-amylase from hog pancreas. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16825a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Amylase from hog pancreas displayed catalytic promiscuity in three-component reaction for the synthesis of 3,3′-disubstituted oxindoles and spirooxindole pyrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing
- P. R. China
| | - Qing-Qing Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing
- P. R. China
| | - Da-Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing
- P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing
- P. R. China
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing
- P. R. China
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32
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Ghosh S, More P, Derle A, Patil AB, Markad P, Asok A, Kumbhar N, Shaikh ML, Ramanamurthy B, Shinde VS, Dhavale DD, Chopade BA. Diosgenin from Dioscorea bulbifera: novel hit for treatment of type II diabetes mellitus with inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106039. [PMID: 25216353 PMCID: PMC4162539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial metabolic disease characterized by post-prandial hyperglycemia (PPHG). α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors aim to explore novel therapeutic agents. Herein we report the promises of Dioscorea bulbifera and its bioactive principle, diosgenin as novel α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitor. Among petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and 70% ethanol (v/v) extracts of bulbs of D. bulbifera, ethyl acetate extract showed highest inhibition upto 72.06 ± 0.51% and 82.64 ± 2.32% against α-amylase and α-glucosidase respectively. GC-TOF-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract indicated presence of high diosgenin content. Diosgenin was isolated and identified by FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR and confirmed by HPLC which showed an α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition upto 70.94 ± 1.24% and 81.71 ± 3.39%, respectively. Kinetic studies confirmed the uncompetitive mode of binding of diosgenin to α-amylase indicated by lowering of both Km and Vm. Interaction studies revealed the quenching of intrinsic fluorescence of α-amylase in presence of diosgenin. Similarly, circular dichroism spectrometry showed diminished negative humped peaks at 208 nm and 222 nm. Molecular docking indicated hydrogen bonding between carboxyl group of Asp300, while hydrophobic interactions between Tyr62, Trp58, Trp59, Val163, His305 and Gln63 residues of α-amylase. Diosgenin interacted with two catalytic residues (Asp352 and Glu411) from α-glucosidase. This is the first report of its kind that provides an intense scientific rationale for use of diosgenin as novel drug candidate for type II diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sougata Ghosh
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, University of Pune, Pune, India
| | - Piyush More
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, University of Pune, Pune, India
| | - Abhishek Derle
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, University of Pune, Pune, India
| | - Ajay B. Patil
- Garware Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Pune, Pune, India
| | - Pramod Markad
- Garware Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Pune, Pune, India
| | - Adersh Asok
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Navanath Kumbhar
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, University of Pune, Pune, India
| | - Mahemud L. Shaikh
- National Centre for Cell Science, University of Pune Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Boppana Ramanamurthy
- National Centre for Cell Science, University of Pune Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Vaishali S. Shinde
- Garware Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Pune, Pune, India
| | - Dilip D. Dhavale
- Garware Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Pune, Pune, India
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33
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Guerreiro JRL, Frederiksen M, Bochenkov VE, De Freitas V, Sales MGF, Sutherland DS. Multifunctional biosensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance for monitoring small molecule-protein interaction. ACS NANO 2014; 8:7958-7967. [PMID: 25003494 DOI: 10.1021/nn501962y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report an optical sensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) to study small-molecule protein interaction combining high sensitivity refractive index sensing for quantitative binding information and subsequent conformation-sensitive plasmon-activated circular dichroism spectroscopy. The interaction of α-amylase and a small-size molecule (PGG, pentagalloyl glucose) was log concentration-dependent from 0.5 to 154 μM. In situ tests were additionally successfully applied to the analysis of real wine samples. These studies demonstrate that LSPR sensors to monitor small molecule–protein interactions in real time and in situ, which is a great advance within technological platforms for drug discovery.
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34
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Spear GT, French AL, Gilbert D, Zariffard MR, Mirmonsef P, Sullivan TH, Spear WW, Landay A, Micci S, Lee BH, Hamaker BR. Human α-amylase present in lower-genital-tract mucosal fluid processes glycogen to support vaginal colonization by Lactobacillus. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1019-28. [PMID: 24737800 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus colonization of the lower female genital tract provides protection from the acquisition of sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus, and from adverse pregnancy outcomes. While glycogen in vaginal epithelium is thought to support Lactobacillus colonization in vivo, many Lactobacillus isolates cannot utilize glycogen in vitro. This study investigated how glycogen could be utilized by vaginal lactobacilli in the genital tract. Several Lactobacillus isolates were confirmed to not grow in glycogen, but did grow in glycogen-breakdown products, including maltose, maltotriose, maltopentaose, maltodextrins, and glycogen treated with salivary α-amylase. A temperature-dependent glycogen-degrading activity was detected in genital fluids that correlated with levels of α-amylase. Treatment of glycogen with genital fluids resulted in production of maltose, maltotriose, and maltotetraose, the major products of α-amylase digestion. These studies show that human α-amylase is present in the female lower genital tract and elucidates how epithelial glycogen can support Lactobacillus colonization in the genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Audrey L French
- CORE Center of Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Micci
- CORE Center of Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Byung-Hoo Lee
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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35
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Janeček Š, Svensson B, MacGregor EA. α-Amylase: an enzyme specificity found in various families of glycoside hydrolases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1149-70. [PMID: 23807207 PMCID: PMC11114072 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1388-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
α-Amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) represents the best known amylolytic enzyme. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of α-1,4-glucosidic bonds in starch and related α-glucans. In general, the α-amylase is an enzyme with a broad substrate preference and product specificity. In the sequence-based classification system of all carbohydrate-active enzymes, it is one of the most frequently occurring glycoside hydrolases (GH). α-Amylase is the main representative of family GH13, but it is probably also present in the families GH57 and GH119, and possibly even in GH126. Family GH13, known generally as the main α-amylase family, forms clan GH-H together with families GH70 and GH77 that, however, contain no α-amylase. Within the family GH13, the α-amylase specificity is currently present in several subfamilies, such as GH13_1, 5, 6, 7, 15, 24, 27, 28, 36, 37, and, possibly in a few more that are not yet defined. The α-amylases classified in family GH13 employ a reaction mechanism giving retention of configuration, share 4-7 conserved sequence regions (CSRs) and catalytic machinery, and adopt the (β/α)8-barrel catalytic domain. Although the family GH57 α-amylases also employ the retaining reaction mechanism, they possess their own five CSRs and catalytic machinery, and adopt a (β/α)7-barrel fold. These family GH57 attributes are likely to be characteristic of α-amylases from the family GH119, too. With regard to family GH126, confirmation of the unambiguous presence of the α-amylase specificity may need more biochemical investigation because of an obvious, but unexpected, homology with inverting β-glucan-active hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štefan Janeček
- Laboratory of Protein Evolution, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551, Bratislava, Slovakia,
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36
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Xanthine derivatives as activators of alpha-amylase: Hypothesis on a link with the hyperglycemia induced by caffeine. Obes Res Clin Pract 2013; 7:e487-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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37
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Wang H, Liu T, Huang D. Starch hydrolase inhibitors from edible plants. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2013; 70:103-136. [PMID: 23722095 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416555-7.00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease with gradual deterioration in glucose metabolism, which causes multiple systemic complications. Postprandial hyperglycemia is a concern in the management of type 2 diabetes. Of all the available antidiabetic therapeutic methods, inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase is postulated to be a preventive treatment. Many natural products and herbal medicines have been recommended as being beneficial for mitigation of postprandial hyperglycemia. In this review, recent discoveries of α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors from edible plants are described along with their chemical structures. Their inhibition mechanisms, the type of each glucosidase and amylase, and measurement methods for the inhibitory activity are also given. Finally, recent progress on low glycemic index foods incorporated with plants containing starch hydrolase inhibitors is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Wang
- Food Science and Technology Programme, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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38
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Warren FJ, Butterworth PJ, Ellis PR. Studies of the effect of maltose on the direct binding of porcine pancreatic α-amylase to maize starch. Carbohydr Res 2012; 358:67-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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39
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Mizutani K, Toyoda M, Otake Y, Yoshioka S, Takahashi N, Mikami B. Structural and functional characterization of recombinant medaka fish alpha-amylase expressed in yeast Pichia pastoris. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1824:954-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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40
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Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to alpha cyclodextrin and reduction of post prandial glycaemic responses (ID 2926, further assessment) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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41
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Cuyvers S, Dornez E, Delcour JA, Courtin CM. Occurrence and functional significance of secondary carbohydrate binding sites in glycoside hydrolases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2011; 32:93-107. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2011.561537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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42
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Blazek J, Gilbert EP. Effect of Enzymatic Hydrolysis on Native Starch Granule Structure. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:3275-89. [DOI: 10.1021/bm101124t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Blazek
- Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Elliot Paul Gilbert
- Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
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43
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Luft JR, Furlani NM, NeMoyer RE, Penna EJ, Wolfley JR, Snell ME, Potter SA, Snell EH. Crystal cookery - using high-throughput technologies and the grocery store as a teaching tool. J Appl Crystallogr 2010; 43:1189-1207. [PMID: 22184476 PMCID: PMC3238385 DOI: 10.1107/s0021889810027640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystallography is a multidisciplinary field that links divergent areas of mathematics, science and engineering to provide knowledge of life on an atomic scale. Crystal growth, a key component of the field, is an ideal vehicle for education. Crystallization has been used with a 'grocery store chemistry' approach and linked to high-throughput remote-access screening technologies. This approach provides an educational opportunity that can effectively teach the scientific method, readily accommodate different levels of educational experience, and reach any student with access to a grocery store, a post office and the internet. This paper describes the formation of the program through the students who helped develop and prototype the procedures. A summary is presented of the analysis and preliminary results and a description given of how the program could be linked with other aspects of crystallography. This approach has the potential to bridge the gap between students in remote locations and with limited funding, and access to scientific resources, providing students with an international-level research experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Luft
- Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, SUNY Buffalo, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Nicholas M. Furlani
- Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rachel E. NeMoyer
- Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Elliott J. Penna
- Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Wolfley
- Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - M. Elizabeth Snell
- Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Stephen A. Potter
- Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Edward H. Snell
- Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, SUNY Buffalo, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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