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Ulmschneider JP, Ulmschneider MB. Melittin can permeabilize membranes via large transient pores. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7281. [PMID: 39179607 PMCID: PMC11343860 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51691-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Membrane active peptides are known to porate lipid bilayers, but their exact permeabilization mechanism and the structure of the nanoaggregates they form in membranes have often been difficult to determine experimentally. For many sequences at lower peptide concentrations, transient leakage is observed in experiments, suggesting the existence of transient pores. For two well-know peptides, alamethicin and melittin, we show here that molecular mechanics simulations i) can directly distinguish equilibrium poration and non-equilibrium transient leakage processes, and ii) can be used to observe the detailed pore structures and mechanism of permeabilization in both cases. Our results are in very high agreement with numerous experimental evidence for these two peptides. This suggests that molecular simulations can capture key membrane poration phenomena directly and in the future may develop to be a useful tool that can assist experimental peptide design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob P Ulmschneider
- Institute of Natural Sciences and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Deng Z, You X, Lin Z, Dong X, Yuan B, Yang K. Membrane-Active Peptides Attack Cell Membranes in a Lipid-Regulated Curvature-Generating Mode. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:6422-6430. [PMID: 37432779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-active peptides (MAPs) exhibit great potential in biomedical applications due to their unique ability to overcome the cell membrane barrier. However, the interactions between MAPs and membranes are complex, and little is known about the possibility of MAP action being specific to certain types of membranes. In this study, a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and theoretical analysis was utilized to investigate the interactions between typical MAPs and realistic cell membrane systems. Remarkably, the simulations revealed that MAPs can attack membranes by generating and sensing positive mean curvature, which is dependent on lipid composition. Furthermore, theoretical calculations demonstrated that this lipid-regulated curvature-based membrane attack mechanism is an integrated result of multiple effects, including peptide-induced membrane wedge and softening effects, the lipid shape effect, the area-difference elastic effect, and the boundary edge effect of formed peptide-lipid nanodomains. This study enhances our comprehension of MAP-membrane interactions and highlights the potential for developing membrane-specific MAP-based agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Deng
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin You
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhao Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuewei Dong
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Yuan
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808 Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808 Guangdong, China
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3
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Wickline SA, Hou KK, Pan H. Peptide-Based Nanoparticles for Systemic Extrahepatic Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleotides. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119455. [PMID: 37298407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide-based nanoparticles (PBN) for nucleotide complexation and targeting of extrahepatic diseases are gaining recognition as potent pharmaceutical vehicles for fine-tuned control of protein production (up- and/or down-regulation) and for gene delivery. Herein, we review the principles and mechanisms underpinning self-assembled formation of PBN, cellular uptake, endosomal release, and delivery to extrahepatic disease sites after systemic administration. Selected examples of PBN that have demonstrated recent proof of concept in disease models in vivo are summarized to offer the reader a comparative view of the field and the possibilities for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Wickline
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Kirk K Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein and Doheny Eye Institutes, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hua Pan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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4
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Bortolotti A, Troiano C, Bobone S, Konai MM, Ghosh C, Bocchinfuso G, Acharya Y, Santucci V, Bonacorsi S, Di Stefano C, Haldar J, Stella L. Mechanism of lipid bilayer perturbation by bactericidal membrane-active small molecules. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184079. [PMID: 36374761 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-active small molecules (MASMs) are small organic molecules designed to reproduce the fundamental physicochemical properties of natural antimicrobial peptides: their cationic charge and amphiphilic character. This class of compounds has a promising broad range of antimicrobial activity and, at the same time, solves some major limitations of the peptides, such as their high production costs and low in vivo stability. Most cationic antimicrobial peptides act by accumulating on the surface of bacterial membranes and causing the formation of defects when a threshold is reached. Due to the drastically different structures of the two classes of molecules, it is not obvious that small-molecule antimicrobials act in the same way as natural peptides, and very few data are available on this aspect. Here we combined spectroscopic studies and molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the mechanism of action of two different MASMs. Our results show that, notwithstanding their simple structure, these molecules act just like antimicrobial peptides. They bind to the membrane surface, below the head-groups, and insert their apolar moieties in the core of the bilayer. Like many natural peptides, they cause the formation of defects when they reach a high coverage of the membrane surface. In addition, they cause membrane aggregation, and this property could contribute to their antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bortolotti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - C Troiano
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - S Bobone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - M M Konai
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - C Ghosh
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - G Bocchinfuso
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Y Acharya
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - V Santucci
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - S Bonacorsi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - C Di Stefano
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - J Haldar
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India; School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India.
| | - L Stella
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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5
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Miyazaki Y, Shinoda W. Cooperative antimicrobial action of melittin on lipid membranes: A coarse-grained molecular dynamics study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183955. [PMID: 35526599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a series of coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG-MD) simulations to investigate the complicated actions of melittin, which is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) derived from honey bee venom, on a lipid membrane. To accurately simulate the AMP action, we developed and used a protein CG model as an extension of the pSPICA force field (FF), which was designed to reproduce several thermodynamic quantities and structural properties. At a low peptide-to-lipid (P/L) ratio (1/102), no defect was detected. At P/L = 1/51, toroidal pore formation was observed due to collective insertion of multiple melittin peptides from the N-termini. The pore formation was initiated by a local increase in membrane curvature in the vicinity of the peptide aggregate. At a higher P/L ratio (1/26), two more modes were detected, seemingly not controlled by the P/L ratio but by a local arrangement of melittin peptides: 1. Pore formation accompanied by lipid extraction by melittin peptides:a detergent-like mechanism. 2. A rapidly formed large pore in a significantly curved membrane: bursting. Thus, we observed three pore formation modes (toroidal pore formation, lipid extraction, and bursting) depending on the peptide concentration and local arrangement. These observations were consistent with experimental observations and hypothesized melittin modes. Through this study, we found that the local arrangements and population of melittin peptides and the area expansion rate by membrane deformation were key to the initiation of and competition among the multiple pore formation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Miyazaki
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Wataru Shinoda
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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6
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Hammond K, Cipcigan F, Al Nahas K, Losasso V, Lewis H, Cama J, Martelli F, Simcock PW, Fletcher M, Ravi J, Stansfeld PJ, Pagliara S, Hoogenboom BW, Keyser UF, Sansom MSP, Crain J, Ryadnov MG. Switching Cytolytic Nanopores into Antimicrobial Fractal Ruptures by a Single Side Chain Mutation. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9679-9689. [PMID: 33885289 PMCID: PMC8219408 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of cell membranes is a fundamental host defense response found in virtually all forms of life. The molecular mechanisms vary but generally lead to energetically favored circular nanopores. Here, we report an elaborate fractal rupture pattern induced by a single side-chain mutation in ultrashort (8-11-mers) helical peptides, which otherwise form transmembrane pores. In contrast to known mechanisms, this mode of membrane disruption is restricted to the upper leaflet of the bilayer where it exhibits propagating fronts of peptide-lipid interfaces that are strikingly similar to viscous instabilities in fluid flow. The two distinct disruption modes, pores and fractal patterns, are both strongly antimicrobial, but only the fractal rupture is nonhemolytic. The results offer wide implications for elucidating differential membrane targeting phenomena defined at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Hammond
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Kareem Al Nahas
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | | | - Helen Lewis
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Jehangir Cama
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Phys Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | | | - Patrick W Simcock
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Marcus Fletcher
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Jascindra Ravi
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | | | - Stefano Pagliara
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Bart W Hoogenboom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ulrich F Keyser
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Mark S P Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Jason Crain
- IBM Research Europe, Hartree Centre, Daresbury WA4 4AD, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Maxim G Ryadnov
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
- Corresponding author: Prof Maxim G Ryadnov; National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK, Tel: (+44) 20 89436078;
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7
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Fischer M, Luck M, Werle M, Scheidt HA, Müller P. Binding of the small-molecule kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib to membranes does not disturb membrane integrity. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 24:100838. [PMID: 33195828 PMCID: PMC7642770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruxolitinib is a small-molecule protein kinase inhibitor, which is used as a therapeutic agent against several diseases. Due to its anti-inflammatory impact, ruxolitinib has also been considered recently for usage in the treatment of Covid-19. While the specific effects of ruxolitinib on Janus kinases (JAK) is comparatively well investigated, its (unspecific) impact on membranes has not been studied in detail so far. Therefore, we characterized the interaction of this drug with lipid membranes employing different biophysical approaches. Ruxolitinib incorporates into the glycerol region of lipid membranes causing an increase in disorder of the lipid chains. This binding, however, has only marginal influence on the structure and integrity of membranes as found by leakage and permeation assays. The drug ruxolitinib binds to lipid membranes. Ruxolitinib intercalates into the glycerol region of the bilayer. The membrane binding of ruxolitinib causes an increased disorder of the lipid chains. The membrane binding of ruxolitinib has no influence on the membrane integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Fischer
- Leipzig University, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Meike Luck
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Biology, Invalidenstr. 42, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Werle
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Biology, Invalidenstr. 42, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger A Scheidt
- Leipzig University, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Müller
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Biology, Invalidenstr. 42, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Sabapathy T, Deplazes E, Mancera RL. Revisiting the Interaction of Melittin with Phospholipid Bilayers: The Effects of Concentration and Ionic Strength. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E746. [PMID: 31979376 PMCID: PMC7037773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melittin is an anti-microbial peptide (AMP) and one of the most studied membrane-disrupting peptides. There is, however, a lack of accurate measurements of the concentration-dependent kinetics and affinity of binding of melittin to phospholipid membranes. In this study, we used surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy to determine the concentration-dependent effect on the binding of melittin to 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) bilayers in vesicles. Three concentration ranges were considered, and when combined, covered two orders of magnitudes (0.04 µM to 8 µM), corresponding to concentrations relevant to the membrane-disrupting and anti-microbial activities of melittin. Binding kinetics data were analysed using a 1:1 Langmuir-binding model and a two-state reaction model. Using in-depth quantitative analysis, we characterised the effect of peptide concentration, the addition of NaCl at physiological ionic strength and the choice of kinetic binding model on the reliability of the calculated kinetics and affinity of binding parameters. The apparent binding affinity of melittin for POPC bilayers was observed to decrease with increasing peptide/lipid (P/L) ratio, primarily due to the marked decrease in the association rate. At all concentration ranges, the two-state reaction model provided a better fit to the data and, thus, a more reliable estimate of binding affinity. Addition of NaCl significantly reduced the signal response during the association phase; however, no substantial effect on the binding affinity of melittin to the POPC bilayers was observed. These findings based on POPC bilayers could have important implications for our understanding of the mechanism of action of melittin on more complex model cell membranes of higher physiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiru Sabapathy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia; (T.S.); (E.D.)
| | - Evelyne Deplazes
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia; (T.S.); (E.D.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ricardo L. Mancera
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia; (T.S.); (E.D.)
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9
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Rasolonjatovo B, Illy N, Bennevault V, Mathé J, Midoux P, Le Gall T, Haudebourg T, Montier T, Lehn P, Pitard B, Cheradame H, Huin C, Guégan P. Temperature‐Sensitive Amphiphilic Non‐Ionic Triblock Copolymers for Enhanced In Vivo Skeletal Muscle Transfection. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e1900276. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bazoly Rasolonjatovo
- LAMBE, CNRS, Université Evry, CEAUniversité Paris–Saclay 91025 Evry France
- LAMBE, UCPUniversité Paris–Seine 91025 Evry France
| | - Nicolas Illy
- Equipe Chimie des Polymères, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS, Sorbonne Université 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Véronique Bennevault
- Equipe Chimie des Polymères, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS, Sorbonne Université 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
- Université Evry 91025 Evry France
| | - Jérôme Mathé
- LAMBE, CNRS, Université Evry, CEAUniversité Paris–Saclay 91025 Evry France
- LAMBE, UCPUniversité Paris–Seine 91025 Evry France
| | - Patrick Midoux
- Centre de Biophysique MoléculaireCNRS UPR4301 45071 Orléans Cedex 02 France
| | - Tony Le Gall
- Groupe – Transfert de Gènes et Thérapie Génique, UMR 1078 – Génétique, Génomique Fonctionnelle et BiotechnologiesUniversité de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins 29238 Brest Cedex France
| | - Thomas Haudebourg
- CRCINA, INSERMUniversity of Angers, University of Nantes 49000 and 44000 Nantes France
| | - Tristan Montier
- Groupe – Transfert de Gènes et Thérapie Génique, UMR 1078 – Génétique, Génomique Fonctionnelle et BiotechnologiesUniversité de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins 29238 Brest Cedex France
| | - Pierre Lehn
- Groupe – Transfert de Gènes et Thérapie Génique, UMR 1078 – Génétique, Génomique Fonctionnelle et BiotechnologiesUniversité de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins 29238 Brest Cedex France
| | - Bruno Pitard
- CRCINA, INSERMUniversity of Angers, University of Nantes 49000 and 44000 Nantes France
| | - Herve Cheradame
- LAMBE, CNRS, Université Evry, CEAUniversité Paris–Saclay 91025 Evry France
- LAMBE, UCPUniversité Paris–Seine 91025 Evry France
| | - Cécile Huin
- Equipe Chimie des Polymères, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS, Sorbonne Université 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
- Université Evry 91025 Evry France
| | - Philippe Guégan
- Equipe Chimie des Polymères, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS, Sorbonne Université 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
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DOPG small unilamellar vesicles function as nano-carriers targeting the clustered lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor (LOX-1) on the cell surface. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Abstract
Membrane permeabilizing peptides (MPPs) are as ubiquitous as the lipid bilayer membranes they act upon. Produced by all forms of life, most membrane permeabilizing peptides are used offensively or defensively against the membranes of other organisms. Just as nature has found many uses for them, translational scientists have worked for decades to design or optimize membrane permeabilizing peptides for applications in the laboratory and in the clinic ranging from antibacterial and antiviral therapy and prophylaxis to anticancer therapeutics and drug delivery. Here, we review the field of membrane permeabilizing peptides. We discuss the diversity of their sources and structures, the systems and methods used to measure their activities, and the behaviors that are observed. We discuss the fact that "mechanism" is not a discrete or a static entity for an MPP but rather the result of a heterogeneous and dynamic ensemble of structural states that vary in response to many different experimental conditions. This has led to an almost complete lack of discrete three-dimensional active structures among the thousands of known MPPs and a lack of useful or predictive sequence-structure-function relationship rules. Ultimately, we discuss how it may be more useful to think of membrane permeabilizing peptides mechanisms as broad regions of a mechanistic landscape rather than discrete molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Guha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
| | - Jenisha Ghimire
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
| | - Eric Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
| | - William C Wimley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
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12
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Melittin-Induced Permeabilization, Re-sealing, and Re-permeabilization of E. coli Membranes. Biophys J 2019; 114:368-379. [PMID: 29401434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The permeabilization of model lipid bilayers by cationic peptides has been studied extensively over decades, with the bee-sting toxin melittin perhaps serving as the canonical example. However, the relevance of these studies to the permeabilization of real bacterial membranes by antimicrobial peptides remains uncertain. Here, we employ single-cell fluorescence microscopy in a detailed study of the interactions of melittin with the outer membrane (OM) and the cytoplasmic membrane (CM) of live Escherichia coli. Using periplasmic green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a probe, we find that melittin at twice the minimum inhibitory concentration first induces abrupt cell shrinkage and permeabilization of the OM to GFP. Within ∼4 s of OM permeabilization, the CM invaginates to form inward facing "periplasmic bubbles." Seconds later the bubbles begin to leak periplasmic GFP into the cytoplasm. Permeabilization is localized, consistent with possible formation of toroidal pores. Within ∼20 s, first the OM and then the CM re-seals to GFP. Some 2-20 min later, both CM and OM are re-permeabilized to GFP. We invoke a mechanism based on curvature stress concepts derived from model bilayer studies. The permeabilization and re-sealing events involve sequential, time-dependent build-up of melittin density within the outer and inner leaflets of each bilayer. We also propose a mechanical explanation for the early cell shrinkage event induced by melittin and a variety of other cationic peptides. As peptides gain access to the periplasm, they bind to the anionic peptido-crosslinks of the lipopolysaccharide layer, increasing its longitudinal elastic modulus. The cell wall shrinks because it can withstand the same turgor pressure with smaller overall extension. Shrinkage in turn induces invagination of the CM, preserving its surface area. We conclude by comparing the behavior of different peptides.
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13
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Hoffmann AR, Saravanan MS, Lequin O, Killian JA, Khemtemourian L. A single mutation on the human amyloid polypeptide modulates fibril growth and affects the mechanism of amyloid-induced membrane damage. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1783-1792. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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Choice of cuvette material can influence spectroscopic leakage and permeability experiments with liposomes. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 215:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Yang Z, Weisshaar JC. HaloTag Assay Suggests Common Mechanism of E. coli Membrane Permeabilization Induced by Cationic Peptides. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2161-2169. [PMID: 29812894 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Permeabilization of the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane (OM) by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is the initial step enabling access of the AMP to the cytoplasmic membrane. We present a new single-cell, time-resolved fluorescence microscopy assay that reports on the permeabilization of the E. coli OM to small molecules with a time resolution of 3 s or better. When profluorophore JF646 (702 Da) crosses the outer membrane (OM) and gains access to the periplasm, it binds to the localized HaloTag protein (34 kDa) and fluoresces in a characteristic hollow spatial pattern. Previous work used the much larger periplasmic GFP (27 kDa) probe, which reports on OM permeabilization to globular proteins. We test the assay on three cationic agents: Gellman random β-peptide copolymer MM63:CHx37, human AMP LL-37, and synthetic hybrid AMP CM15. These results combined with the previous work suggest a unifying sequence of OM and cytoplasmic membrane (CM) events that may prove commonplace in the attack of cationic peptides on Gram-negative bacteria. The peptide initially induces gradual OM permeabilization to small molecules, likely including the peptide itself. After a lag time, abrupt permeabilization of the OM, abrupt resealing of the OM, and abrupt permeabilization of the CM (all to globular proteins) occur in rapid sequence. We propose a mechanism based on membrane curvature stress induced by the time-dependent differential binding of peptide to the outer leaflet of the OM and CM. The results provide fresh insight into the critical OM-permeabilization step leading to a variety of damaging downstream events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Program University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - James C. Weisshaar
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Program University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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16
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Agrawal A, Apoorva K, Ayappa KG. Transmembrane oligomeric intermediates of pore forming toxin Cytolysin A determine leakage kinetics. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07304f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Leakage kinetics of Cytolysin A, an α pore forming toxin, occurs through stochastic insertion of oligomeric intermediates or ‘arcs’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Agrawal
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - K. Apoorva
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Hyderabad-502205
- India
| | - K. G. Ayappa
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering
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17
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Therrien A, Lafleur M. Melittin-Induced Lipid Extraction Modulated by the Methylation Level of Phosphatidylcholine Headgroups. Biophys J 2016; 110:400-410. [PMID: 26789763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein- and peptide-induced lipid extraction from membranes is a critical process for many biological events, including reverse cholesterol transport and sperm capacitation. In this work, we examine whether such processes could display specificity for some lipid species. Melittin, the main component of dry bee venom, was used as a model amphipathic α-helical peptide. We specifically determined the modulation of melittin-induced lipid extraction from membranes by the change of the methylation level of phospholipid headgroups. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) bilayers were demethylated either by substitution with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) or chemically by using mono- and dimethylated PE. It is shown that demethylation reduces the association of melittin with membranes, likely because of the resulting tighter chain packing of the phospholipids, which reduces the capacity of the membranes to accommodate inserted melittin. This reduced binding of the peptide is accompanied by an inhibition of the lipid extraction caused by melittin. We demonstrate that melittin selectively extracts PC from PC/PE membranes. This selectivity is proposed to be a consequence of a PE depletion in the surroundings of bound melittin to minimize disruption of the interphospholipid interactions. The resulting PC-enriched vicinity of melittin would be responsible for the observed formation of PC-enriched lipid/peptide particles resulting from the lipid efflux. These findings reveal that modulating the methylation level of phospholipid headgroups is a simple way to control the specificity of lipid extraction from membranes by peptides/proteins and thereby modulate the lipid composition of the membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Therrien
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Lafleur
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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18
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PE and PS Lipids Synergistically Enhance Membrane Poration by a Peptide with Anticancer Properties. Biophys J 2016; 109:936-47. [PMID: 26331251 PMCID: PMC4564682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polybia-MP1 (MP1) is a bioactive host-defense peptide with known anticancer properties. Its activity is attributed to excess serine (phosphatidylserine (PS)) on the outer leaflet of cancer cells. Recently, higher quantities of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were also found at these cells’ surface. We investigate the interaction of MP1 with model membranes in the presence and absence of POPS (PS) and DOPE (PE) to understand the role of lipid composition in MP1’s anticancer characteristics. Indeed we find that PS lipids significantly enhance the bound concentration of peptide on the membrane by a factor of 7–8. However, through a combination of membrane permeability assays and imaging techniques we find that PE significantly increases the susceptibility of the membrane to disruption by these peptides and causes an order-of-magnitude increase in membrane permeability by facilitating the formation of larger transmembrane pores. Significantly, atomic-force microscopy imaging reveals differences in the pore formation mechanism with and without the presence of PE. Therefore, PS and PE lipids synergistically combine to enhance membrane poration by MP1, implying that the combined enrichment of both these lipids in the outer leaflet of cancer cells is highly significant for MP1’s anticancer action. These mechanistic insights could aid development of novel chemotherapeutics that target pathological changes in the lipid composition of cancerous cells.
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19
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Preparation and Characterization of Gelonin-Melittin Fusion Biotoxin for Synergistically Enhanced Anti-Tumor Activity. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2218-2228. [PMID: 27251414 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the applicability of fusion biotoxins combining pore-forming toxins (PFTs) and ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) for the anti-cancer treatment. METHODS Membrane active PFTs tend to destabilize cell membranes of tumor cells, but lack a warhead inducing significant cause of cell death. Cell-impermeable RIPs possess a powerful warhead, yet not able to enter the tumor cells. To address these challenges for anti-tumor effects, we introduced a fusion strategy of conjugating melittin (a PFT) and gelonin (a type 1 RIP) via chemical and recombinant methods, followed by in vitro assays and in vivo animal studies. RESULTS In vitro characterization results confirmed that the chimeric gelonin-melittin fusion proteins retained equivalent intrinsic activity to that of unmodified gelonin in inhibiting protein translation. However, chemically conjugated gelonin-melittin (cGel-Mel) and recombinant chimeric gelonin-melittin fusion (rGel-Mel) exhibited greater cell uptake, yielding a significantly enhanced cytotoxic activity over treatment of gelonin, melittin or physical mixture of gelonin and melittin. Remarkably, cGel-Mel and rGel-Mel displayed 32- and 10-fold lower IC50 than gelonin in the cell lines. The superior anti-tumor efficacy of multivalent cGel-Mel to monovalent rGel-Mel suggested that valency could be a crucial factor for the extent of melittin-mediated cell uptake. Tumoricidal effects observed from animal studies were in good accordance with our findings from the cellular assays. CONCLUSIONS This study successfully demonstrated that fusion of biotoxins could provide a simple yet effective way to synergistically augment their anti-tumor activity.
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20
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Pan J, Khadka NK. Kinetic Defects Induced by Melittin in Model Lipid Membranes: A Solution Atomic Force Microscopy Study. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:4625-34. [PMID: 27167473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b02332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative characterization of membrane defects (pores) is important for elucidating the molecular basis of many membrane-active peptides. We study kinetic defects induced by melittin in vesicular and planar lipid bilayers. Fluorescence spectroscopy measurements indicate that melittin induces time-dependent calcein leakage. Solution atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to visualize melittin-induced membrane defects. After initial equilibration, the most probable defect radius is ∼3.8 nm in 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLPC) bilayers. Unexpectedly, defects become larger with longer incubation, accompanied by substantial shape transformation. The initial defect radius is ∼4.7 nm in 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) bilayers. Addition of 30 mol % cholesterol to DOPC bilayers suppresses defect kinetics, although the inhibitory impact is negated by longer incubation. Overall, the kinetic rate of defect development follows DLPC > DOPC > DOPC/cholesterol. Kinetic defects are also observed when anionic lipids are present. Based on the observation that defects can occupy as large as 40% of the bilayer surface, we propose a kinetic defect growth model. We also study the effect of melittin on the phase behavior of DOPC/egg-sphingomyelin/cholesterol bilayers. We find that melittin initially suppresses or eliminates liquid-ordered (Lo) domains; Lo domains gradually emerge and become the dominant species with longer incubation; and defects in phase-coexisting bilayers have a most probable radius of ∼5 nm and are exclusively localized in the liquid-disordered (Ld) phase. Our experimental data highlight that melittin-induced membrane defects are not static; conversely, spontaneous defect growth is intrinsically associated with membrane permeabilization exerted by melittin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Pan
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Nawal K Khadka
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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21
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Therrien A, Fournier A, Lafleur M. Role of the Cationic C-Terminal Segment of Melittin on Membrane Fragmentation. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:3993-4002. [PMID: 27054924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b11705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The widespread distribution of cationic antimicrobial peptides capable of membrane fragmentation in nature underlines their importance to living organisms. In the present work, we determined the impact of the electrostatic interactions associated with the cationic C-terminal segment of melittin, a 26-amino acid peptide from bee venom (net charge +6), on its binding to model membranes and on the resulting fragmentation. In order to detail the role played by the C-terminal charges, we prepared a melittin analogue for which the four cationic amino acids in positions 21-24 were substituted with the polar residue citrulline, providing a peptide with the same length and amphiphilicity but with a lower net charge (+2). We compared the peptide bilayer affinity and the membrane fragmentation for bilayers prepared from 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC)/1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-l-serine (DPPS) mixtures. It is shown that neutralization of the C-terminal considerably increased melittin affinity for zwitterionic membranes. The unfavorable contribution associated with transferring the cationic C-terminal in a less polar environment was reduced, leaving the hydrophobic interactions, which drive the peptide insertion in bilayers, with limited counterbalancing interactions. The presence of negatively charged lipids (DPPS) in bilayers increased melittin binding by introducing attractive electrostatic interactions, the augmentation being, as expected, greater for native melittin than for its citrullinated analogue. The membrane fragmentation power of the peptide was shown to be controlled by electrostatic interactions and could be modulated by the charge carried by both the membrane and the lytic peptide. The analysis of the lipid composition of the extracted fragments from DPPC/DPPS bilayers revealed no lipid specificity. It is proposed that extended phase separations are more susceptible to lead to the extraction of a lipid species in a specific manner than a specific lipid-peptide affinity. The present work on the lipid extraction by melittin and citrullinated melittin with model membranes emphasizes the complex relation between the affinity, the lipid extraction/membrane fragmentation, and the lipid specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Therrien
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS), Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre Ville, Montréal (Québec) H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Alain Fournier
- Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Ville de Laval (Québec) H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Michel Lafleur
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS), Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre Ville, Montréal (Québec) H3C 3J7, Canada
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22
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Godballe T, Mojsoska B, Nielsen HM, Jenssen H. Antimicrobial activity of GN peptides and their mode of action. Biopolymers 2016; 106:172-183. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Troels Godballe
- Department of Science, Systems and Models; Roskilde University; DK-4000 Denmark
| | - Biljana Mojsoska
- Department of Science, Systems and Models; Roskilde University; DK-4000 Denmark
| | - Hanne M. Nielsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Biologics; University of Copenhagen; 2100 Denmark
| | - Håvard Jenssen
- Department of Science, Systems and Models; Roskilde University; DK-4000 Denmark
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23
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Sun D, Forsman J, Woodward CE. Multistep Molecular Dynamics Simulations Identify the Highly Cooperative Activity of Melittin in Recognizing and Stabilizing Membrane Pores. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:9388-9401. [PMID: 26267389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The prototypical antimicrobial peptide, melittin, is well-known for its ability to induce pores in zwitterionic model lipid membranes. However, the mechanism by which melittin accomplishes this is not fully understood. We have conducted all-atom and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations which suggest that melittin employs a highly cooperative mechanism for the induction of both small and large membrane pores. The process by which this peptide induces membrane pores appears to be driven by its affinity to membrane defects via its N-terminus region. In our simulations, a membrane defect was deliberately created through either lipid flip-flop or the reorientation of one adsorbed melittin peptide. In a cooperative response, other melittin molecules also inserted their N-termini into the created defect, thus lowering the overall free energy. The insertion of these peptide molecules ultimately allowed the defect to develop into a small transmembrane pore, with an estimated diameter of ∼1.5 nm and a lifetime of the order of tens of milliseconds. In the presence of a finite membrane tension, we show that this small pore can act as a nucleation site for the stochastic rupture of the lipid bilayer, so as to create a much larger pore. We found that a threshold membrane tension of 25 mN/m was needed to create a ruptured pore. Furthermore, by actively accumulating at its edge, adsorbed peptides are able to cooperatively stabilize this larger pore. The defect-mediated pore formation mechanism revealed in this work may also apply to other amphipathic membrane-active peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delin Sun
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales , Canberra ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Jan Forsman
- Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University , P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Clifford E Woodward
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales , Canberra ACT 2600, Australia
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24
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Domingues TM, Perez KR, Miranda A, Riske KA. Comparative study of the mechanism of action of the antimicrobial peptide gomesin and its linear analogue: The role of the β-hairpin structure. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:2414-21. [PMID: 26231588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gomesin (Gm) is an antimicrobial peptide first isolated from the hemolymph of a Brazilian spider. Its powerful antimicrobial activity is, however, accompanied by hemolysis. As an alternative to this issue, a linear analogue (named GmL) lacking the disulfide bonds was designed. Here, CD spectroscopy, a fluorescence-based leakage assay, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and light scattering are used to study the interaction of both Gm and GmL with large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) composed of POPC (palmitoyl oleoyl phosphatidylcholine) with 25 and 50 mol% POPG (palmitoyl oleoyl phosphatidylglycerol). The activities of Gm and GmL in respect to their binding affinity/enthalpy, ability to permeabilize membranes and to induce vesicle aggregation are correlated with peptide secondary structure. Whereas Gm displays a quite stable β-hairpin motif irrespective of the environment, GmL assumes a random conformation in aqueous solution and in the presence of 25 mol% POPG but adopts a β-like structure in the presence of 50 mol% POPG. Gm exhibited high lytic activity against both surface charge densities. Instead, the activity of GmL was found to be negligible in the presence of 25 mol% POPG LUVs, but comparable to that of the native peptide against 50 mol% POPG as a consequence of peptide structuring. We conclude that the activity of Gm and its linear analogue is intimately related to the formation of a β-turn motif, in which the hydrophobic residues form a hydrophobic face able to insert into the membrane and disrupt it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana M Domingues
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Pedro de Toledo 669, L9D, CEP 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Katia R Perez
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Pedro de Toledo 669, L9D, CEP 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Miranda
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Pedro de Toledo 669, L9D, CEP 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karin A Riske
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Pedro de Toledo 669, L9D, CEP 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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25
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Kristensen K, Ehrlich N, Henriksen JR, Andresen TL. Single-vesicle detection and analysis of peptide-induced membrane permeabilization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:2472-2483. [PMID: 25664684 DOI: 10.1021/la504752u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The capability of membrane-active peptides to disrupt phospholipid membranes is often studied by investigating peptide-induced leakage of quenched fluorescent molecules from large unilamellar lipid vesicles. In this article, we explore two fluorescence microscopy-based single-vesicle detection methods as alternatives to the quenching-based assays for studying peptide-induced leakage from large unilamellar lipid vesicles. Specifically, we use fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to study the leakage of fluorescent molecules of different sizes from large unilamellar lipid vesicles dispersed in aqueous solution, and we use confocal imaging of surface-immobilized large unilamellar lipid vesicles to investigate whether there are heterogeneities in leakage between individual vesicles. Of importance, we design an experimental protocol that allows us to quantitatively correlate the results of the two methods; accordingly, it can be assumed that the two methods provide complementary information about the same leakage process. We use the two methods to investigate the membrane-permeabilizing activities of three well-studied cationic membrane-active peptides: mastoparan X, melittin, and magainin 2. The FCS results show that leakage induced by magainin 2 is less dependent on the size of the encapsulated fluorescent molecules than leakage induced by mastoparan X and melittin. The confocal imaging results show that all three peptides induce leakage by a heterogeneous process in which one portion of the vesicles are completely emptied of their contents but another portion of the vesicles are only partially emptied. These pieces of information regarding leakage induced by mastoparan X, melittin, and magainin 2 could not readily have been obtained by the established assays for studying peptide-induced leakage from lipid vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Kristensen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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26
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Sun D, Forsman J, Woodward CE. Amphipathic membrane-active peptides recognize and stabilize ruptured membrane pores: exploring cause and effect with coarse-grained simulations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:752-761. [PMID: 25490714 DOI: 10.1021/la5038266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Induction of membrane pores has been suggested as the common molecular action by which a variety of amphipathic membrane-active peptides cause damage to cells. In this study, we have performed coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to establish two clear molecular processes that seem critical for the activity of amphipathic peptides. They are (i) the recognition and (ii) the stabilization of ruptured membrane pores. By considering 12 structurally different peptide types, we reveal that peptide secondary structure content, hydrophobicity, and length are important physicochemical factors that allow amphipathic peptides to aggregate in and stabilize ruptured membrane pores. The simulated inner diameters of peptide-stabilized membrane pores are in good agreement with available experimental data. However, the orientations of α-helical peptides in the membrane pore were found to be quite dispersed. This supports recent challenges to the traditional depictions to peptide orientations in the classical toroidal and barrel-stave pore models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delin Sun
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales , Canberra ACT 2600, Australia
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27
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Pott T, Gerbeaud C, Barbier N, Méléard P. Melittin modifies bending elasticity in an unexpected way. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 185:99-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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28
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Optical Microscopy of Giant Vesicles as a Tool to Reveal the Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobial Peptides and the Specific Case of Gomesin. ADVANCES IN PLANAR LIPID BILAYERS AND LIPOSOMES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adplan.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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29
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Carmona-Ribeiro AM, de Melo Carrasco LD. Novel formulations for antimicrobial peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:18040-83. [PMID: 25302615 PMCID: PMC4227203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151018040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides in general hold much promise as a major ingredient in novel supramolecular assemblies. They may become essential in vaccine design, antimicrobial chemotherapy, cancer immunotherapy, food preservation, organs transplants, design of novel materials for dentistry, formulations against diabetes and other important strategical applications. This review discusses how novel formulations may improve the therapeutic index of antimicrobial peptides by protecting their activity and improving their bioavailability. The diversity of novel formulations using lipids, liposomes, nanoparticles, polymers, micelles, etc., within the limits of nanotechnology may also provide novel applications going beyond antimicrobial chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Carmona-Ribeiro
- Biocolloids Laboratory, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Dias de Melo Carrasco
- Biocolloids Laboratory, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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30
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Du AW, Stenzel MH. Drug Carriers for the Delivery of Therapeutic Peptides. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:1097-114. [DOI: 10.1021/bm500169p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice W. Du
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular
Design, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular
Design, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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31
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Wheaten SA, Lakshmanan A, Almeida PF. Statistical analysis of peptide-induced graded and all-or-none fluxes in giant vesicles. Biophys J 2014; 105:432-43. [PMID: 23870264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial, cytolytic, and cell-penetrating peptides induce pores or perturbations in phospholipid membranes that result in fluxes of dyes into or out of lipid vesicles. Here we examine the fluxes induced by four of these membrane-active peptides in giant unilamellar vesicles. The type of flux is determined from the modality of the distributions of vesicles as a function of their dye content using the statistical Hartigan dip test. Graded and all-or-none fluxes correspond to unimodal and bimodal distributions, respectively. To understand how these distributions arise, we perform Monte Carlo simulations of peptide-induced dye flux into vesicles using a very simple model. The modality of the distributions depends on the rate constants of pore opening and closing, and dye flux. If the rate constants of pore opening and closing are both much smaller than that of dye flux through the pore, all-or-none influx occurs. However, if one of them, especially the rate constant for pore opening, increases significantly relative to the flux rate constant, the process becomes graded. In the experiments, we find that the flux type is the same in giant and large vesicles, for all peptides except one. But this one exception indicates that the flux type cannot be used to unambiguously predict the mechanism of membrane permeabilization by the peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sterling A Wheaten
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
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Québatte G, Kitas E, Seelig J. riDOM, a cell penetrating peptide. Interaction with phospholipid bilayers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:968-77. [PMID: 24184424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Melittin is an amphipathic peptide which has received much attention as a model peptide for peptide-membrane interactions. It is however not suited as a transfection agent due to its cytolytic and toxicological effects. Retro-inverso-melittin, when covalently linked to the lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (riDOM), eliminates these shortcomings. The interaction of riDOM with phospholipid membranes was investigated with circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, ζ-potential measurements, and high-sensitivity isothermal titration calorimetry. riDOM forms cationic nanoparticles with a diameter of ~13nm which are well soluble in water and bind with high affinity to DNA and lipid membranes. When dissolved in bilayer membranes, riDOM nanoparticles dissociate and form transient pores. riDOM-induced membrane leakiness is however much reduced compared to that of authentic melittin. The secondary structure of the ri-melittin is not changed when riDOM is transferred from water to the membrane and displays a large fraction of β-structure. The (31)P NMR spectrum of the nanoparticle is however transformed into a typical bilayer spectrum. The Gibbs free energy of riDOM binding to bilayer membranes is -8.0 to -10.0kcal/mol which corresponds to the partition energy of just one fatty acyl chain. Half of the hydrophobic surface of the riDOM lipid extension with its 2 oleic acyl chains is therefore involved in a lipid-peptide interaction. This packing arrangement guarantees a good solubility of riDOM both in the aqueous and in the membrane phase. The membrane binding enthalpy is small and riDOM binding is thus entropy-driven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Québatte
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Div. of Biophysical Chemistry, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Eric Kitas
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharma Research and Early Development Discovery Chemistry, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Joachim Seelig
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Div. of Biophysical Chemistry, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Ma QQ, Lv YF, Gu Y, Dong N, Li DS, Shan AS. Rational design of cationic antimicrobial peptides by the tandem of leucine-rich repeat. Amino Acids 2013; 44:1215-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wiedman G, Herman K, Searson P, Wimley WC, Hristova K. The electrical response of bilayers to the bee venom toxin melittin: evidence for transient bilayer permeabilization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:1357-64. [PMID: 23384418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Melittin is a 26-residue bee venom peptide that folds into amphipathic α-helix and causes membrane permeabilization via a mechanism that is still disputed. While an equilibrium transmembrane pore model has been a central part of the mechanistic dialogue for decades, there is growing evidence that a transmembrane pore is not required for melittin's activity. In part, the controversy is due to limited experimental tools to probe the bilayer's response to melittin. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a technique that can reveal details of molecular mechanism of peptide activity, as it yields direct, real-time measurements of membrane resistance and capacitance of supported bilayers. In this work, EIS was used in conjunction with vesicle leakage studies to characterize the response of bilayers of different lipid compositions to melittin. Experiments were carried out at low peptide to lipid ratios between 1:5000 and 1:100. The results directly demonstrate that the response of the bilayer to melittin at these concentrations cannot be explained by an equilibrium transmembrane pore model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Wiedman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Moghadam BY, Hou WC, Corredor C, Westerhoff P, Posner JD. Role of nanoparticle surface functionality in the disruption of model cell membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:16318-26. [PMID: 22921268 PMCID: PMC3508167 DOI: 10.1021/la302654s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Lipid bilayers are biomembranes common to cellular life and constitute a continuous barrier between cells and their environment. Understanding the interaction of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) with lipid bilayers is an important step toward predicting subsequent biological effects. In this study, we assess the effect of varying the surface functionality and concentration of 10-nm-diameter gold (Au) and titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) ENMs on the disruption of negatively charged lipid bilayer vesicles (liposomes) using a dye-leakage assay. Our findings show that Au ENMs having both positive and negative surface charge induce leakage that reaches a steady state after several hours. Positively charged particles with identical surface functionality and different core compositions show similar leakage effects and result in faster and greater leakage than negatively charged particles, which suggests that surface functionality, not particle core composition, is a critical factor in determining the interaction between ENMs and lipid bilayers. The results suggest that particles permanently adsorb to bilayers and that only one positively charged particle is required to disrupt a liposome and trigger the leakage of its entire contents in contrast to mellitin molecules, the most widely studied membrane lytic peptide, which requires hundred of molecules to generate leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Y. Moghadam
- Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Wen-Che Hou
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5306
| | - Charlie Corredor
- Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5306
| | - Jonathan D. Posner
- Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Corresponding Author: (J.D.P). Tel: +1 (206) 543-9834. Fax: +1 (206) 685-8047
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36
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The cholesterol-dependent cytolysin signature motif: a critical element in the allosteric pathway that couples membrane binding to pore assembly. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002787. [PMID: 22792065 PMCID: PMC3390400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) constitute a family of pore-forming toxins that contribute to the pathogenesis of a large number of Gram-positive bacterial pathogens.The most highly conserved region in the primary structure of the CDCs is the signature undecapeptide sequence (ECTGLAWEWWR). The CDC pore forming mechanism is highly sensitive to changes in its structure, yet its contribution to the molecular mechanism of the CDCs has remained enigmatic. Using a combination of fluorescence spectroscopic methods we provide evidence that shows the undecapeptide motif of the archetype CDC, perfringolysin O (PFO), is a key structural element in the allosteric coupling of the cholesterol-mediated membrane binding in domain 4 (D4) to distal structural changes in domain 3 (D3) that are required for the formation of the oligomeric pore complex. Loss of the undecapeptide function prevents all measurable D3 structural transitions, the intermolecular interaction of membrane bound monomers and the assembly of the oligomeric pore complex. We further show that this pathway does not exist in intermedilysin (ILY), a CDC that exhibits a divergent undecapeptide and that has evolved to use human CD59 rather than cholesterol as its receptor. These studies show for the first time that the undecapeptide of the cholesterol-binding CDCs forms a critical element of the allosteric pathway that controls the assembly of the pore complex. The CDCs are a large family of pathogenesis-associated pore-forming toxins that are expressed by many Gram-positive pathogens. The conserved undecapeptide motif of the CDCs has been regarded as the signature peptide sequence for these toxins, yet its function has remained obscure. The studies herein show that the undecapeptide forms a critical structural element in the allosteric pathway that couples membrane binding to cholesterol to the initiation of distal structural changes, which are required for the assembly of the pore forming complex. These studies provide the first insight into the function of this highly conserved sequence and show that through evolution this pathway is missing in the CD59-binding CDCs.
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37
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Kokot G, Mally M, Svetina S. The dynamics of melittin-induced membrane permeability. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2012; 41:461-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-012-0800-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Pan H, Marsh JN, Christenson ET, Soman NR, Ivashyna O, Lanza GM, Schlesinger PH, Wickline SA. Postformulation peptide drug loading of nanostructures. Methods Enzymol 2012; 508:17-39. [PMID: 22449919 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391860-4.00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytolytic peptides have commanded attention for their anticancer potential because the membrane-disrupting function that produces cell death is less likely to be overcome by resistant mutations. Congruently, peptides that are involved in molecular recognition and biological activities become attractive therapeutic candidates because of their high specificity, better affinity, reduced immunogenicity, and reduced off target toxicity. However, problems of inadequate delivery, rapid deactivation in vivo, and poor bioavailability have limited clinical application. Therefore, peptide drug development for clinical use requires an appropriate combination of an effective therapeutic peptide and a robust delivery methodology. In this chapter, we describe methods for the postformulation insertion of peptide drugs into lipidic nanostructures, the physical characterization of peptide-nanostructure complexes, and the evaluation of their therapeutic effectiveness both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Pan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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39
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Russell AL, Spuches AM, Williams BC, Venugopal D, Klapper D, Srouji AH, Hicks RP. The effect of the placement and total charge of the basic amino acid clusters on antibacterial organism selectivity and potency. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7008-22. [PMID: 22047803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Extensive circular dichroism, isothermal titration calorimetry and induced calcein leakage studies were conducted on a series of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), with a varying number of Lys residues located at either the C-terminus or the N-terminus to gain insight into their effect on the mechanisms of binding with zwitterionic and anionic membrane model systems. Different CD spectra were observed for these AMPs in the presence of zwitterionic DPC and anionic SDS micelles indicating that they adopt different conformations on binding to the surfaces of zwitterionic and anionic membrane models. Different CD spectra were observed for these AMPs in the presence of zwitterionic POPC and anionic mixed 4:1 POPC/POPG LUVs and SUVs, indicating that they adopt very different conformations on interaction with these two types of LUVs and SUVs. In addition, ITC and calcein leakage data indicated that all the AMPs studied interact via very different mechanisms with anionic and zwitterionic LUVs. ITC data suggest these peptides interact primarily with the surface of zwitterionic LUVs while they insert into and form pores in anionic LUVs. CD studies indicated that these compounds adopt different conformations depending on the ratio of POPC to POPG lipids present in the liposome. There are detectable spectroscopic and thermodynamic differences between how each of these AMPs interacts with membranes, that is position and total charge density defines how these AMPs interact with specific membrane models and thus partially explain the resulting diversity of antibacterial activity of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Russell
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Science and Technology, Suite 300, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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40
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Aili D, Mager M, Roche D, Stevens MM. Hybrid nanoparticle-liposome detection of phospholipase activity. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:1401-1405. [PMID: 20795711 DOI: 10.1021/nl1024062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A flexible nanoparticle-based phospholipase (PL) assay is demonstrated in which the enzymatic substrate is decoupled from the nanoparticle surface. Liposomes are loaded with a polypeptide that is designed to heteroassociate with a second polypeptide immobilized on gold nanoparticles. Release of this polypeptide from the liposomes, triggered by PL, induces a folding-dependent nanoparticle bridging aggregation. The colorimetric response from this aggregation enables straightforward and continuous detection of PL in the picomolar range. The speed, specificity, and flexibility of this assay make it appropriate for a range of applications, from point of care diagnostics to high-throughput pharmaceutical screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Aili
- Department of Materials and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK
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41
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Brender JR, Lee EL, Hartman K, Wong PT, Ramamoorthy A, Steel DG, Gafni A. Biphasic effects of insulin on islet amyloid polypeptide membrane disruption. Biophys J 2011; 100:685-692. [PMID: 21281583 PMCID: PMC3030259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II diabetes, in its late stages, is often associated with the formation of extracellular islet amyloid deposits composed of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP or amylin). IAPP is stored before secretion at millimolar concentrations within secretory granules inside the β-cells. Of interest, at these same concentrations in vitro, IAPP rapidly aggregates and forms fibrils, yet within secretory granules of healthy individuals, IAPP does not fibrillize. Insulin is also stored within the secretory granules before secretion, and has been shown in vitro to inhibit IAPP fibril formation. Because of insulin's inhibitory effect on IAPP fibrillization, it has been suggested that insulin may also inhibit IAPP-mediated permeabilization of the β-cell plasma membrane in vivo. We show that although insulin is effective at preventing fiber-dependent membrane disruption, it is not effective at stopping the initial phase of membrane disruption before fibrillogenesis, and does not prevent the formation of small IAPP oligomers on the membrane. These results suggest that insulin has a more complicated role in inhibiting IAPP fibrillogenesis, and that other factors, such as the low pH of the secretory granule, may also play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Brender
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Edgar L Lee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin Hartman
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Pamela T Wong
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Duncan G Steel
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ari Gafni
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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42
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Fuertes G, García-Sáez AJ, Esteban-Martín S, Giménez D, Sánchez-Muñoz OL, Schwille P, Salgado J. Pores formed by Baxα5 relax to a smaller size and keep at equilibrium. Biophys J 2011; 99:2917-25. [PMID: 21044589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pores made by amphipathic cationic peptides (e.g., antimicrobials and fragments of pore-forming proteins) are typically studied by examining the kinetics of vesicle leakage after peptide addition or obtaining structural measurements in reconstituted peptide-lipid systems. In the first case, the pores have been considered transient phenomena that allow the relaxation of the peptide-membrane system. In the second, they correspond to equilibrium structures at minimum free energy. Here we reconcile both approaches by investigating the pore activity of the α5 fragment from the proapoptotic protein Bax (Baxα5) before and after equilibrium of peptide/vesicle complexes. Quenching assays on suspensions of large unilamellar vesicles suggest that in the presence of Baxα5, the vesicles maintain a leaky state for hours under equilibrium conditions. We proved and analyzed stable pores on single giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) in detail by monitoring the entrance of dyes added at different times after incubation with the peptide. When the GUVs came in contact with Baxα5, leakage started stochastically, was delayed for various periods of time, and in the majority of cases proceeded rapidly to completion. After hours in the presence of the peptide, the same individual GUVs that refilled completely at first instance maintained a porated state, which could be observed in subsequent leak-in events for serially added dyes. However, these long-term pores were smaller in size than the initial equilibration pores. Stable pores were also detected in GUVs made in the presence of Baxα5. The latter pores can be considered equilibrium states and may correspond to structures measured previously in bilayer stacks. Although pore formation may occur as a kinetic process, equilibrium pores may also be functionally relevant structures, especially in highly regulated systems such as the apoptotic mitochondrial pores induced by Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Fuertes
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Paterna, Spain
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43
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Mazzuca C, Orioni B, Coletta M, Formaggio F, Toniolo C, Maulucci G, De Spirito M, Pispisa B, Venanzi M, Stella L. Fluctuations and the rate-limiting step of peptide-induced membrane leakage. Biophys J 2011; 99:1791-800. [PMID: 20858423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide-induced vesicle leakage is a common experimental test for the membrane-perturbing activity of antimicrobial peptides. The leakage kinetics is usually very slow, requiring minutes to hours for complete release of vesicle contents, and exhibits a biphasic behavior. We report here that, in the case of the peptaibol trichogin GA IV, all processes involved in peptide-membrane interaction, such as peptide-membrane association, peptide aggregation, and peptide translocation, take place on a timescale much shorter than the leakage kinetics. On the basis of these findings, we propose a stochastic model in which the leakage kinetics is determined by the discrete nature of a vesicle suspension: peptides are continuously exchanging among vesicles, producing significant fluctuations over time in the number of peptide molecules bound to each vesicle, and in the formation of pores. According to this model, the fast initial leakage is caused by vesicles that contain at least one pore after the peptides are randomly distributed among the liposomes, whereas the slower release is associated with the time needed to occasionally reach in an intact vesicle the critical number of bound peptides necessary for pore formation. Fluctuations due to peptide exchange among vesicles therefore represent the rate-limiting step of such a slow mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mazzuca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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44
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Apellániz B, Nieva JL, Schwille P, García-Sáez AJ. All-or-none versus graded: single-vesicle analysis reveals lipid composition effects on membrane permeabilization. Biophys J 2010; 99:3619-28. [PMID: 21112286 PMCID: PMC2998612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a single-vesicle approach to compare the all-or-none and graded mechanisms of lipid bilayer permeabilization by CpreTM and NpreTM, two peptides derived from the membrane-proximal external region of the HIV fusion glycoprotein gp41 subunit. According to bulk requenching assays, these peptides permeabilize large unilamellar vesicles via all-or-none and graded mechanisms, respectively. Visualization of the process using giant unilamellar vesicles shows that the permeabilization of individual liposomes by these two peptides differs in kinetics, degree of dye filling, and stability of the permeabilized state. All-or-none permeabilization by CpreTM is characterized by fast and total filling of the individual vesicles. This process is usually accompanied by the formation of stably open pores, as judged from the capacity of the vesicles to incorporate a second dye added after several hours. In contrast, graded permeabilization by NpreTM is transient and exhibits slower kinetics, which leads to partial filling of the individual liposomes. Of importance, quantitative analysis of vesicle population distribution allowed the identification of mixed mechanisms of membrane permeabilization and the assessment of cholesterol effects. Specifically, the presence of this viral envelope lipid increased the stability of the permeating structures, which may have implications for the fusogenic activity of gp41.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Apellániz
- Unidad de Biofísica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - José L. Nieva
- Unidad de Biofísica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Petra Schwille
- Biophysics, Biotechnologisches Zentrum der Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ana J. García-Sáez
- Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, BioQuant, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center, BioQuant, Heidelberg, Germany
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45
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46
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Joshi S, Bisht GS, Rawat DS, Kumar A, Kumar R, Maiti S, Pasha S. Interaction studies of novel cell selective antimicrobial peptides with model membranes and E. coli ATCC 11775. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1798:1864-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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47
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Mihajlovic M, Lazaridis T. Antimicrobial peptides in toroidal and cylindrical pores. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1798:1485-93. [PMID: 20403332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small, usually cationic peptides, which permeabilize biological membranes. Their mechanism of action is still not well understood. Here we investigate the preference of alamethicin and melittin for pores of different shapes, using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the peptides in pre-formed toroidal and cylindrical pores. When an alamethicin hexamer is initially embedded in a cylindrical pore, at the end of the simulation the pore remains cylindrical or closes if glutamines in the N-termini are not located within the pore. On the other hand, when a melittin tetramer is embedded in toroidal pore or in a cylindrical pore, at the end of the simulation the pore is lined both with peptides and lipid headgroups, and, thus, can be classified as a toroidal pore. These observations agree with the prevailing views that alamethicin forms barrel-stave pores whereas melittin forms toroidal pores. Both alamethicin and melittin form amphiphilic helices in the presence of membranes, but their net charge differs; at pH approximately 7, the net charge of alamethicin is -1 whereas that of melittin is +5. This gives rise to stronger electrostatic interactions of melittin with membranes than those of alamethicin. The melittin tetramer interacts more strongly with lipids in the toroidal pore than in the cylindrical one, due to more favorable electrostatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Mihajlovic
- Department of Chemistry, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
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48
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Saravanan R, Bhunia A, Bhattacharjya S. Micelle-bound structures and dynamics of the hinge deleted analog of melittin and its diastereomer: Implications in cell selective lysis by d-amino acid containing antimicrobial peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1798:128-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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49
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Abstract
Measurement of binding and activity of antimicrobial and cytolytic amphipathic peptides on membranes is essential to understanding their function and cell specificity. The use of model systems has provided a wealth of information on the interactions of amphipathic peptides with membranes. Binding of peptides to membranes can be monitored by measuring Förster resonance energy transfer from a Trp residue on the peptide to a lipid fluorophore incorporated in the membrane. Especially for peptides that perturb or disrupt the membrane, it is advantageous to perform these measurements as a function of time, rather than in steady state. The activity of these amphipathic peptides toward model membranes is usually measured by dye efflux kinetics. One of those methods, based on self-quenching of carboxyfluorescein, is described here, together with a discussion of caveats and pitfalls of the corresponding analysis and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo F Almeida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
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50
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Yandek LE, Pokorny A, Almeida PFF. Wasp mastoparans follow the same mechanism as the cell-penetrating peptide transportan 10. Biochemistry 2009; 48:7342-51. [PMID: 19594111 DOI: 10.1021/bi9008243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have been examining the mechanism and kinetics of the interactions of a selected set of peptides with phospholipid membranes in a quantitative manner. This set was chosen to cover a broad range of physical-chemical properties and cell specificities. Mastoparan (masL) and mastoparan X (masX) are two similar peptides from the venoms of the wasps Vespula lewisii and Vespa xanthoptera, respectively, and were chosen to complete the set. The rate constants for masX association with and dissociation from membranes are reported here for the first time. The kinetics of dye efflux induced by both mastoparans from phospholipid vesicles were also examined and quantitatively analyzed. We find that masL and masX follow the same graded kinetic model that we previously proposed for the cell-penetrating peptide transportan 10 (tp10), but with different parameters. This comparison is relevant because tp10 is derived from masL by addition of a mostly nonpolar segment of seven residues at the N-terminus. Tp10 is more active than the mastoparans toward phosphatidylcholine vesicles, but the mastoparans are more sensitive to the effect of anionic lipids. Furthermore, the Gibbs free energies of binding and insertion of the peptides calculated using the Wimley-White transfer scales are in good agreement with the values derived from our experimental data and are useful for understanding peptide behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Yandek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, USA
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