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Tsunoda T, Abuelizz HA, Samadi A, Wong CP, Awakawa T, Brumsted CJ, Abe I, Mahmud T. Catalytic Mechanism of Nonglycosidic C-N Bond Formation by the Pseudoglycosyltransferase Enzyme VldE. ACS Catal 2023; 13:13369-13382. [PMID: 38130475 PMCID: PMC10732325 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The pseudoglycosyltransferase (PsGT) enzyme VldE is a homologue of the retaining glycosyltransferase (GT) trehalose 6-phosphate synthase (OtsA) that catalyzes a coupling reaction between two pseudo-sugar units, GDP-valienol and validamine 7-phosphate, to give a product with α,α-N-pseudo-glycosidic linkage. Despite its biological importance and unique catalytic function, the molecular bases for its substrate specificity and reaction mechanism are still obscure. Here, we report a comparative mechanistic study of VldE and OtsA using various engineered chimeric proteins and point mutants of the enzymes, X-ray crystallography, docking studies, and kinetic isotope effects. We found that the distinct substrate specificities between VldE and OtsA are most likely due to topological differences within the hot spot amino acid regions of their N-terminal domains. We also found that the Asp158 and His182 residues, which are in the active site, play a significant role in the PsGT function of VldE. They do not seem to be directly involved in the catalysis but may be important for substrate recognition or contribute to the overall architecture of the active site pocket. Moreover, results of the kinetic isotope effect experiments suggest that VldE catalyzes a C-N bond formation between GDP-valienol and validamine 7-phosphate via an SNi-like mechanism. The study provides new insights into the substrate specificity and catalytic mechanism of a member of the growing family of PsGT enzymes, which may be used as a basis for developing new PsGTs from GTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tsunoda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3507, U.S.A
| | - Hatem A. Abuelizz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3507, U.S.A
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arash Samadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3507, U.S.A
| | - Chin Piow Wong
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Awakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Corey J. Brumsted
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3507, U.S.A
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taifo Mahmud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3507, U.S.A
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Al Saoud R, Hamrouni A, Idris A, Mousa WK, Abu Izneid T. Recent advances in the development of sialyltransferase inhibitors to control cancer metastasis: A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115091. [PMID: 37421784 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis accounts for the majority of cancer-associated mortalities, representing a huge health and economic burden. One of the mechanisms that enables metastasis is hypersialylation, characterized by an overabundance of sialylated glycans on the tumor surface, which leads to repulsion and detachment of cells from the original tumor. Once the tumor cells are mobilized, sialylated glycans hijack the natural killer T-cells through self-molecular mimicry and activatea downstream cascade of molecular events that result in inhibition of cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses against cancer cells, ultimately leading to immune evasion. Sialylation is mediated by a family of enzymes known as sialyltransferases (STs), which catalyse the transfer of sialic acid residue from the donor, CMP-sialic acid, onto the terminal end of an acceptor such as N-acetylgalactosamine on the cell-surface. Upregulation of STs increases tumor hypersialylation by up to 60% which is considered a distinctive hallmark of several types of cancers such as pancreatic, breast, and ovarian cancer. Therefore, inhibiting STs has emerged as a potential strategy to prevent metastasis. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the recent advances in designing novel sialyltransferase inhibitors using ligand-based drug design and high-throughput screening of natural and synthetic entities, emphasizing the most successful approaches. We analyse the limitations and challenges of designing selective, potent, and cell-permeable ST inhibitors that hindered further development of ST inhibitors into clinical trials. We conclude by analysing emerging opportunities, including advanced delivery methods which further increase the potential of these inhibitors to enrich the clinics with novel therapeutics to combat metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranim Al Saoud
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, P.O. Box 112612, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, P.O. Box 112612, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amar Hamrouni
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, P.O. Box 112612, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, P.O. Box 112612, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Adi Idris
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, QLD, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Walaa K Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, P.O. Box 112612, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, P.O. Box 112612, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tareq Abu Izneid
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, P.O. Box 112612, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, P.O. Box 112612, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Paparella A, Cahill SM, Aboulache BL, Schramm VL. Clostridioides difficile TcdB Toxin Glucosylates Rho GTPase by an S Ni Mechanism and Ion Pair Transition State. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:2507-2518. [PMID: 36038138 PMCID: PMC9486934 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Toxins TcdA and TcdB from Clostridioides difficile glucosylate human colon Rho GTPases. TcdA and TcdB glucosylation of RhoGTPases results in cytoskeletal changes, causing cell rounding and loss of intestinal integrity. Clostridial toxins TcdA and TcdB are proposed to catalyze glucosylation of Rho GTPases with retention of stereochemistry from UDP-glucose. We used kinetic isotope effects to analyze the mechanisms and transition-state structures of the glucohydrolase and glucosyltransferase activities of TcdB. TcdB catalyzes Rho GTPase glucosylation with retention of stereochemistry, while hydrolysis of UDP-glucose by TcdB causes inversion of stereochemistry. Kinetic analysis revealed TcdB glucosylation via the formation of a ternary complex with no intermediate, supporting an SNi mechanism with nucleophilic attack and leaving group departure occurring on the same face of the glucose ring. Kinetic isotope effects combined with quantum mechanical calculations revealed that the transition states of both glucohydrolase and glucosyltransferase activities of TcdB are highly dissociative. Specifically, the TcdB glucosyltransferase reaction proceeds via an SNi mechanism with the formation of a distinct oxocarbenium phosphate ion pair transition state where the glycosidic bond to the UDP leaving group breaks prior to attack of the threonine nucleophile from Rho GTPase.
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Perez SJLP, Fu CW, Li WS. Sialyltransferase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cancer Metastasis: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2021; 26:5673. [PMID: 34577144 PMCID: PMC8470674 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Potent, cell-permeable, and subtype-selective sialyltransferase inhibitors represent an attractive family of substances that can potentially be used for the clinical treatment of cancer metastasis. These substances operate by specifically inhibiting sialyltransferase-mediated hypersialylation of cell surface glycoproteins or glycolipids, which then blocks the sialic acid recognition pathway and leads to deterioration of cell motility and invasion. A vast amount of evidence for the in vitro and in vivo effects of sialyltransferase inhibition or knockdown on tumor progression and tumor cell metastasis or colonization has been accumulated over the past decades. In this regard, this review comprehensively discusses the results of studies that have led to the recent discovery and development of sialyltransferase inhibitors, their potential biomedical applications in the treatment of cancer metastasis, and their current limitations and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ser John Lynon P. Perez
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (S.J.L.P.P.); (C.-W.F.)
- Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Fu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (S.J.L.P.P.); (C.-W.F.)
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shan Li
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (S.J.L.P.P.); (C.-W.F.)
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Guo J, Li W, Xue W, Ye XS. Transition State-Based Sialyltransferase Inhibitors: Mimicking Oxocarbenium Ion by Simple Amide. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2135-2141. [PMID: 28165727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the new transition-state based sialyltransferase inhibitors, an amide group was placed at the corresponding C-2 position of CMP-sialic acid to mimic the geometry and charge distribution in the transition state, and simple aromatic or aliphatic rings were used instead of the sialic acid moiety. All synthetic compounds exhibited excellent α(2-6)-sialyltransferase inhibition, resulting in up to a 2600-fold higher affinity for the enzyme than CMP-Neu5Ac, suggesting that amide is a key element for simulating transition-state features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Xue Yuan Road no. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Xue Yuan Road no. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weiwei Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Centre, Chongqing University , Daxuecheng South Road no. 55, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Xue Yuan Road no. 38, Beijing 100191, China
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6
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Hamada Y, Kanematsu Y, Tachikawa M. Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Study of the Sialyltransferase Reaction Mechanism. Biochemistry 2016; 55:5764-5771. [PMID: 27644888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The sialyltransferase is an enzyme that transfers the sialic acid moiety from cytidine 5'-monophospho-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (CMP-NeuAc) to the terminal position of glycans. To elucidate the catalytic mechanism of sialyltransferase, we explored the potential energy surface along the sialic acid transfer reaction coordinates by the hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics method on the basis of the crystal structure of sialyltransferase CstII. Our calculation demonstrated that CstII employed an SN1-like reaction mechanism via the formation of a short-lived oxocarbenium ion intermediate. The computational barrier height was 19.5 kcal/mol, which reasonably corresponded with the experimental reaction rate. We also found that two tyrosine residues (Tyr156 and Tyr162) played a vital role in stabilizing the intermediate and the transition states by quantum mechanical interaction with CMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yojiro Hamada
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University , Seto 22-2, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kanematsu
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University , Seto 22-2, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan.,Graduate School of Information Sciences, Hiroshima City University , Ozuka-Higashi 3-4-1, Asa-Minami-Ku, Hiroshima 731-3194, Japan
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University , Seto 22-2, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
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Szabo R, Skropeta D. Advancement of Sialyltransferase Inhibitors: Therapeutic Challenges and Opportunities. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:219-270. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Szabo
- School of Chemistry; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Danielle Skropeta
- School of Chemistry; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
- Centre for Medical & Molecular Bioscience; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
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8
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Li W, Niu Y, Xiong DC, Cao X, Ye XS. Highly Substituted Cyclopentane-CMP Conjugates as Potent Sialyltransferase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7972-90. [PMID: 26406919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sialylconjugates on cell surfaces are involved in many biological events such as cellular recognition, signal transduction, and immune response. It has been reported that aberrant sialylation at the nonreducing end of glycoconjugates and overexpression of sialyltransferases (STs) in cells are correlated with the malignance, invasion, and metastasis of tumors. Therefore, inhibitors of STs would provide valuable leads for the discovery of antitumor drugs. On the basis of the transition state of the enzyme-catalyzed sialylation reaction, we proposed that the cyclopentane skeleton in its two puckered conformations might mimic the planar structure of the donor (CMP-Neu5Ac) in the transition state. A series of cyclopentane-containing compounds were designed and synthesized by coupling different cyclopentane α-hydroxyphosphonates with cytidine phosphoramidite. Their inhibitory activities against recombinant human ST6Gal-I were assayed, and a potent inhibitor 48l with a Ki of 0.028 ± 0.006 μM was identified. The results show that the cyclopentanoid-type compounds could become a new type of sialyltransferase inhibitors as biological probes or drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Peking University , Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Youhong Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Peking University , Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - De-Cai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Peking University , Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoping Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Peking University , Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing 100191, China
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Kumar R, Nasi R, Bhasin M, Huan Khieu N, Hsieh M, Gilbert M, Jarrell H, Zou W, Jennings HJ. Sialyltransferase inhibitors: consideration of molecular shape and charge/hydrophobic interactions. Carbohydr Res 2013; 378:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Swiderek
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Lee SS, Hong SY, Errey JC, Izumi A, Davies GJ, Davis BG. Mechanistic evidence for a front-side, SNi-type reaction in a retaining glycosyltransferase. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:631-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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12
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Kajihara Y, Nishigaki S, Hanzawa D, Nakanishi G, Okamoto R, Yamamoto N. Unique self-anhydride formation in the degradation of cytidine-5'-monophosphosialic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) and cytidine-5'-diphosphosialic acid (CDP-Neu5Ac) and its application in CMP-sialic acid analogue synthesis. Chemistry 2011; 17:7645-55. [PMID: 21598321 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sialyloligosaccharides are synthesised by various glycosyltransferases and sugar nucleotides. All of these nucleotides are diphosphate compounds except for cytidine-5'-monophosphosialic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac). To obtain an insight into why cytidine-5'-diphosphosialic acid (CDP-Neu5Ac) has not been used for the sialyltransferase reaction and why it is not found in biological organisms, the compound was synthesised. This synthesis provided the interesting finding that the carboxylic acid moiety of the sialic acid attacks the attached phosphate group. This interaction yields an activated anhydride between carboxylic acid and the phosphate group and leads to hydrolysis of the pyrophosphate linkage. The mechanism was demonstrated by stable isotope-labelling experiments. This finding suggested that CMP-Neu5Ac might also form the corresponding anhydride structure between carboxylic acid and phosphate, and this seems to be the reason why CMP-Neu5Ac is acid labile in relation to other sugar nucleotides. To confirm the role of the carboxylic acid, CMP-Neu5Ac derivatives in which the carboxylic acid moiety in the sialic acid was substituted with amide or ester groups were synthesised. These analogues clearly exhibited resistance to acid hydrolysis. This result indicated that the carboxylic acid of Neu5Ac is associated with its stability in solution. This finding also enabled the development of a novel chemical synthetic method for CMP-Neu5Ac and CMP-sialic acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kajihara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan.
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Abstract
Methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-glucopyranoside was converted into methyl 2-azido-2-deoxy-4,6-O-benzylidene-α-D-altropyranoside via a synthetic route that incorporated two inversions of configuration. Activation of the C-3 hydroxyl group as a triflate ester followed by an SN2 reaction with O-18 labeled benzoate gave, after standard functional group manipulations, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-(3-18O)mannose. Coupling of the labeled N-acetyl-mannosamine with pyruvate was catalyzed by sialic acid aldolase to give ring-oxygen-labeled sialic acid in an overall yield of 11.4% over 10 steps.Key words: N-acetylneuraminic acid, sialic acid oxygen-18, chemoenzymatic.
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Halcomb RL, Chappell MD. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY FOR GLYCOSYLATION WITH SIALIC ACID. J Carbohydr Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/car-120016488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Mathew B, Schmidt RR. Potential sialyltransferase inhibitors based on neuraminyl substitution by hetaryl rings. Carbohydr Res 2006; 342:558-66. [PMID: 16989791 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of the neuraminyl residue by a wide range of aryl rings in transition-state analogs of CMP-Neu5Ac led to readily accessible and potent inhibitors of alpha-(2-->6)- and alpha-(2-->3)-sialyltransferases. The synthesis of a series of potential sialyltransferase inhibitors in which the neuraminyl residue is replaced by hetaryl methylphosphonate residues (thiazole, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, benzothiophene and thiophene) is described in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bini Mathew
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Fach M 725, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Izumi M, Wada K, Yuasa H, Hashimoto H. Synthesis of Bisubstrate and Donor Analogues of Sialyltransferase and Their Inhibitory Activities. J Org Chem 2005; 70:8817-24. [PMID: 16238314 DOI: 10.1021/jo0512608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Sialyltransferases (STs) are involved in the biosynthesis of glycoconjugates with important biological activities. Most STs utilize cytidine-5'-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) as a common donor substrate. A bisubstrate analogue containing the donor substrate (CMP-Neu5Ac mimic) and the acceptor substrate (galactose) was synthesized. Four donor analogues having the partial structure of the bisubstrate analogue were also synthesized to support study of the structure-activity relationship. Each analogue contains an ethylene group in place of the exocyclic anomeric oxygen of CMP-Neu5Ac. The bisubstrate analogue exhibited only weak inhibitory activity to rat recombinant alpha-2,3- and alpha-2,6-ST (IC(50) = 1.3, 2.4 mM). Conversion of the C-1 carboxylate of the Neu5Ac moiety to carboxyamide, hydroxymethyl, or methylene phosphate each resulted in a reduction in inhibitory activity. Among the synthesized analogues, cytidin-5'-yl sialylethylphosphonate (4) was the most potent inhibitor against rat recombinant alpha-2,3- and alpha-2,6-ST (IC(50) = 0.047, 0.34 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Izumi
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
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Skropeta D, Schwörer R, Haag T, Schmidt RR. Asymmetric synthesis and affinity of potent sialyltransferase inhibitors based on transition-state analogues. Glycoconj J 2005; 21:205-19. [PMID: 15486453 DOI: 10.1023/b:glyc.0000045093.96413.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors that are structurally related to the transition-state model of the proposed SN1-type mechanism of sialyl transfer, exhibit particularly high binding affinities to alpha(2-6)sialyltransferases. Furthermore, replacing the neuraminyl residue with a simple aryl or hetaryl ring and substituting the carboxylate group for a phosphonate moiety, improves both binding affinity and synthetic accessibility. Herein we report on the synthesis and inhibition of a wide range of novel, potent transition-state analogue based alpha(2-6)sialyltransferase inhibitors comprising a planar anomeric carbon, an increased distance between the anomeric carbon and the CMP leaving group, and at least two negative charges. We also present a short, efficient asymmetric synthesis of the most promising benzyl inhibitors, providing rapid access to large quantities of highly potent, stereochemically-pure (>96% de) inhibitors for further biological investigation (e.g.(R)-3b, Ki = 70 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Skropeta
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universitaet Konstanz, Fach M 725, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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18
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Perron-Sierra FM, Burbridge M, Péan C, Tucker GC, Casara P. Synthesis of a novel dioxan sialic acid analog. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.03.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Skropeta D, Schwörer R, Schmidt RR. Stereoselective synthesis of phosphoramidate alpha(2-6)sialyltransferase transition-state analogue inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:3351-4. [PMID: 12951124 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric synthesis of novel, potent phosphoramidate alpha(2-6)sialyltransferase transition-state analogue inhibitors such as (R)-9 (K(i)=68 microM) is described, via condensation of cytidine phosphitamide 6 with key chiral, non-racemic alpha-aminophosphonates, prepared in >98% ee by Mitsunobu azidation followed by Staudinger reduction of the corresponding chiral, non-racemic alpha-hydroxyphosphonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Skropeta
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universitaet Konstanz, Fach M 725, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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Horenstein BA, Bruner M. Characterization of alpha(2-->6)-sialyltransferase reaction intermediates: use of alternative substrates to unmask kinetic isotope effects. Methods Enzymol 2003; 354:159-68. [PMID: 12418223 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(02)54012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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Abstract
Sialylation at the non-reducing end of glycoconjugates is an important biological process in cellular recognitions, tumor metastases, and immune responses, which are mediated by a family of enzymes known as sialyltransferases. Inhibition of sialyltransferases may prove useful in elucidating the biological functions of sialylation and may have therapeutic applications. This review summarizes the recent development in this field with particular focus on the strategies used for the design of carbohydrate mimetics and the structure-activity relationships of substrate-based sialyltransferase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road #38, Beijing 100083, PR China
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Berti PJ, Tanaka KS. Transition State Analysis Using Multiple Kinetic Isotope Effects: Mechanisms of Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic Glycoside Hydrolysis and Transfer. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(02)37004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Experimental analysis of enzymatic transition states by kinetic isotope effect methods has established geometric variation in related transition state structures. Differences are apparent in development of the reaction coordinate, in solvolytic transition states relative to those in enzymatic catalytic sites, in the stereochemistry of related substrates at the transition state, and in reactions catalyzed by related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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24
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Synthesis of a new transition-state analog of the sialyl donor. Inhibition of sialyltransferases. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Cohen SB, Halcomb RL. Synthesis and characterization of an anomeric sulfur analogue of CMP-sialic acid. J Org Chem 2000; 65:6145-52. [PMID: 10987952 DOI: 10.1021/jo000646+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
alpha-2,3-Sialyltransferase catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid (1) to a lactose acceptor. An analogue of 1 was synthesized in which the anomeric oxygen atom was replaced with a sulfur atom (1S). The key step in the synthesis of 1S was a tetrazole-promoted coupling of a cytidine-5'-phosphoramidite with a glycosyl thiol of a protected sialic acid. Compounds 1 and 1S were characterized for their activity in a sialyl transfer assay. The rate of solvolysis in aqueous buffer of analogue 1S was 50-fold slower than that of 1. Analogue 1S was found to be substrate for alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase. The K(m) of 1S was just 3-fold higher than that of 1, while the k(cat) of 1S was 2 orders of magnitude lower compared to 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, USA
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26
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Kamath VP, Seto NO, Compston CA, Hindsgaul O, Palcic MM. Synthesis of the acceptor analog alphaFuc(1-->2)alphaGal-O(CH2)7 CH3: a probe for the kinetic mechanism of recombinant human blood group B glycosyltransferase. Glycoconj J 1999; 16:599-606. [PMID: 10972138 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007072832421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the chemical synthesis of alphaFuc(1-->2)alphaGal-O(CH2)7CH3 (1) an analog of the natural blood group (O)H disaccharide alphaFuc(1-->2)betaGal-OR. Compound 1 was a good substrate for recombinant blood group B glycosyltransferase (GTB) and was used as a precursor for the enzymatic synthesis of the blood group B analog (alphaGal(-->3)alphaFuc(1-->2)]alphaGal-O(CH2)7CH3+ ++ (2). To probe the mechanism of the GTB reaction, kinetic evaluations were carried out employing compound 1 or the natural acceptor disaccharide alphaFuc(1-->2)betaGal-O(CH2)7CH3 (3) with UDP-Gal and UDP-GalNAc donors. Comparisons of the kinetic constants for alternative donor and acceptor pairs suggest that the GTB mechanism is Theorell-Chance where donor binding precedes acceptor binding. GTB operates with retention of configuration at the anomeric center of the donor. Retaining reactions are thought to occur via a double-displacement mechanism with formation of a glycosyl-enzyme intermediate consistent with the proposed Theorell-Chance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Kamath
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Müller B, Schaub C, Schmidt RR. Effiziente Sialyltransferase-Inhibitoren auf der Basis von Übergangszustandsanaloga des Sialyldonors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19981016)110:20<3021::aid-ange3021>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Horenstein BA, Bruner M. TheN-Acetyl Neuraminyl Oxecarbenium Ion Is an Intermediate in the Presence of Anionic Nucleophiles. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja972503j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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