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Guenzel AJ, DeBarber A, Raymond K, Dhamija R. Familial variability of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis lacking typical biochemical findings. JIMD Rep 2021; 59:3-9. [PMID: 33977023 PMCID: PMC8100391 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of bile acid synthesis caused by pathogenic variants in the CYP27A1 gene encoding the mitochondrial enzyme sterol 27-hydroxylase. Patients with CTX can present with a wide range of symptoms, but most often have evidence of tendon xanthomas along with possible cataracts, atherosclerosis, or neurological dysfunction. Regardless of clinical phenotype, CTX patients typically exhibit levels of cholestanol and bile acid precursors in the circulation that are many fold increased over normal control concentrations. Here we report two siblings, one with the rare spinal xanthomatosis phenotype and the other with a very mild form of CTX manifesting as minor tendon xanthomatosis and gastrointestinal complaints who both carry compound heterozygous variants in CYP27A1: NM_000784.3: c.410G > A (p.Arg137Gln) and c.1183C > T (p.Arg395Cys). However, biochemical analysis of these patients revealed normal levels of serum cholestanol and relatively mild elevations of the bile acid precursors 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and 7α,12α-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one. The atypical biochemical presentation of these cases represents a diagnostic challenge for a disorder once thought to have a sensitive biomarker in cholestanol and highlight the need for thorough investigation of patients with symptomatology consistent with CTX that includes bile acid precursor biochemical testing and molecular analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Guenzel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Andrea DeBarber
- Department of Chemical Physiology and BiochemistryOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Kimiyo Raymond
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Radhika Dhamija
- Department of Clinical Genomics and NeurologyMayo ClinicScottsdaleArizonaUSA
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Clinical and molecular genetic features of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis in Taiwan: Report of a novel CYP27A1 mutation and literature review. J Clin Lipidol 2019; 13:954-959.e1. [PMID: 31706903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is an autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder associated with mutations in the CYP27A1 gene, and the genetic features of CTX in Taiwanese have not been examined before. OBJECTIVES We report a new CTX family with a novel mutation in the CYP27A1 gene and analyze the clinical and molecular genetic features of CTX in Taiwan. METHODS The clinical and molecular genetic features of the two siblings from the new CTX family and the other 7 reported Taiwanese CTX patients were included for analysis. The clinical features of the enrolled CTX patients were recorded using the indicators that make up the suspicion index (SI). RESULTS The age at CTX diagnosis of the two siblings in the new CTX family were in late 30s, and predominantly psychiatric features. Both siblings had compound heterozygous splicing mutations in the CYP27A1 gene, including one mutation in exon 2 (c.435G>T, cryptic splice site) and one mutation in intron 7 (c.1264A>G, canonical splice site). None of the CTX patients in Taiwan were diagnosed during childhood or adolescence, and the most common clinical features of the 9 Taiwanese CTX patients were tendinous xanthomas, followed by ataxia and/or spastic paraparesis, dentate nuclei signal alternation at magnetic resonance imaging, intellectual disability and/or psychiatric disturbance, and polyneuropathy. Mutations in the CYP27A1 gene in the Taiwanese population were most commonly observed in exon 2, followed by exon 8 and intron 7. Except for one CTX patient who had an SI score of 100, the SI scores ranged from 300 to 400 before the study of the CYP27A1 gene and diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS We reported two Taiwanese CTX siblings who had compound heterozygous mutations in CYP27A1. Exons 2 and 8 and intron 7 are the hotspots for Taiwanese CTX mutations. The diagnosis of CTX in Taiwan is usually delayed and is probably under-recognized based on statistical estimations. Early identification and genetic diagnosis may be helpful to CTX patients because early treatment can reduce the accumulation of cholestanol and slow disease progression.
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The wide genetic landscape of clinical frontotemporal dementia: systematic combined sequencing of 121 consecutive subjects. Genet Med 2017; 20:240-249. [PMID: 28749476 PMCID: PMC5846812 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2017.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To define the genetic spectrum and relative gene frequencies underlying clinical frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Methods We investigated the frequencies and mutations in neurodegenerative disease genes in 121 consecutive FTD subjects using an unbiased, combined sequencing approach, complemented by cerebrospinal fluid Aβ1-42 and serum progranulin measurements. Subjects were screened for C9orf72 repeat expansions, GRN and MAPT mutations, and, if negative, mutations in other neurodegenerative disease genes, by whole-exome sequencing (WES) (n = 108), including WES-based copy-number variant (CNV) analysis. Results Pathogenic and likely pathogenic mutations were identified in 19% of the subjects, including mutations in C9orf72 (n = 8), GRN (n = 7, one 11-exon macro-deletion) and, more rarely, CHCHD10, TARDBP, SQSTM1 and UBQLN2 (each n = 1), but not in MAPT or TBK1. WES also unraveled pathogenic mutations in genes not commonly linked to FTD, including mutations in Alzheimer (PSEN1, PSEN2), lysosomal (CTSF, 7-exon macro-deletion) and cholesterol homeostasis pathways (CYP27A1). Conclusion Our unbiased approach reveals a wide genetic spectrum underlying clinical FTD, including 11% of seemingly sporadic FTD. It unravels several mutations and CNVs in genes and pathways hitherto not linked to FTD. This suggests that clinical FTD might be the converging downstream result of a delicate susceptibility of frontotemporal brain networks to insults in various pathways.
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Annalora AJ, Marcus CB, Iversen PL. Alternative Splicing in the Cytochrome P450 Superfamily Expands Protein Diversity to Augment Gene Function and Redirect Human Drug Metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:375-389. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.073254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Smalley SV, Preiss Y, Suazo J, Vega JA, Angellotti I, Lagos CF, Rivera E, Kleinsteuber K, Campion J, Martínez JA, Maiz A, Santos JL. Novel splice-affecting variants in CYP27A1 gene in two Chilean patients with Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis. Genet Mol Biol 2015. [PMID: 25983621 DOI: 10.1590/s1415‐475738120140087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis (CTX), a rare lipid storage disorder, is caused by recessive loss-of-function mutations of the 27-sterol hydroxylase (CYP27A1), producing an alteration of the synthesis of bile acids, with an accumulation of cholestanol. Clinical characteristics include juvenile cataracts, diarrhea, tendon xanthomas, cognitive impairment and other neurological manifestations. Early diagnosis is critical, because treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid may prevent neurological damage. We studied the CYP27A1 gene in two Chilean CTX patients by sequencing its nine exons, exon-intron boundaries, and cDNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Patient 1 is a compound heterozygote for the novel substitution c.256-1G > T that causes exon 2 skipping, leading to a premature stop codon in exon 3, and for the previously-known pathogenic mutation c.1183C > T (p.Arg395Cys). Patient 2 is homozygous for the novel mutation c.1185-1G > A that causes exon 7 skipping and the generation of a premature stop codon in exon 8, leading to the loss of the crucial adrenoxin binding domain of CYP27A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan V Smalley
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yudith Preiss
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile . ; School of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Suazo
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile . ; Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Andrés Vega
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Isidora Angellotti
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos F Lagos
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enzo Rivera
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile . ; Department of Neurology, Hospital Carlos Van Buren, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Karin Kleinsteuber
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile . ; Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Campion
- Department of Food Sciences and Physiology, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- Department of Food Sciences and Physiology, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alberto Maiz
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Luis Santos
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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6
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Smalley SV, Preiss Y, Suazo J, Vega JA, Angellotti I, Lagos CF, Rivera E, Kleinsteuber K, Campion J, Martínez JA, Maiz A, Santos JL. Novel splice-affecting variants in CYP27A1 gene in two Chilean patients with Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis. Genet Mol Biol 2014; 38:30-6. [PMID: 25983621 PMCID: PMC4415556 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-475738120140087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis (CTX), a rare lipid storage disorder, is caused by
recessive loss-of-function mutations of the 27-sterol hydroxylase
(CYP27A1), producing an alteration of the synthesis of bile
acids, with an accumulation of cholestanol. Clinical characteristics include juvenile
cataracts, diarrhea, tendon xanthomas, cognitive impairment and other neurological
manifestations. Early diagnosis is critical, because treatment with chenodeoxycholic
acid may prevent neurological damage. We studied the CYP27A1 gene in
two Chilean CTX patients by sequencing its nine exons, exon-intron boundaries, and
cDNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Patient 1 is a compound heterozygote
for the novel substitution c.256-1G > T that causes exon 2 skipping, leading to a
premature stop codon in exon 3, and for the previously-known pathogenic mutation
c.1183C > T (p.Arg395Cys). Patient 2 is homozygous for the novel mutation
c.1185-1G > A that causes exon 7 skipping and the generation of a premature stop
codon in exon 8, leading to the loss of the crucial adrenoxin binding domain of
CYP27A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan V Smalley
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yudith Preiss
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile . ; School of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Suazo
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile . ; Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Andrés Vega
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Isidora Angellotti
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos F Lagos
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enzo Rivera
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile . ; Department of Neurology, Hospital Carlos Van Buren, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Karin Kleinsteuber
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile . ; Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Campion
- Department of Food Sciences and Physiology, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- Department of Food Sciences and Physiology, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alberto Maiz
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Luis Santos
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Schmugge M, Waye JS, Basran RK, Zurbriggen K, Frischknecht H. THE Hb S/beta+ -thalassemia phenotype demonstrates that the IVS-I (-2) (A>C) mutation is a mild beta-thalassemia allele. Hemoglobin 2008; 32:303-7. [PMID: 18473247 DOI: 10.1080/03630260802004459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We report a family in which two siblings are compound heterozygotes for Hb S [beta6(A3)GluVal] and a rare beta-globin mutation [IVS-I (-2) (A>C)]. Both patients had significant levels of Hb A, indicating that the IVS-I (-2) mutation is a relatively mild beta(+)-thalassemia (beta(+)-thal) allele. This mutation, in compound heterozygosity with Hb S, does not necessarily lead to a mild clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schmugge
- Department of Haematology, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
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8
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Waye JS, Eng B, Potter MA, Nowaczyk MJM, McFadden D, Langlois S. De novo mutation of the DHCR7 gene in a fetus with severe Smith-Lemli-Opitz (or RSH) syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 143A:1799-801. [PMID: 17595012 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John S Waye
- 1Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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9
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Gupta RP, Patrick K, Bell NH. Mutational analysis of CYP27A1: assessment of 27-hydroxylation of cholesterol and 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D. Metabolism 2007; 56:1248-55. [PMID: 17697869 PMCID: PMC2707179 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2007.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The CYP27A1 gene encodes a mitochondrial enzyme that modulates the acidic biosynthetic pathway for bile acids beginning with the 27-hydroxylation of cholesterol. CYP27A1 also 25-hydroxylates vitamin D(3). Gene mutations cause cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), an autosomal recessive disorder, and may cause 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and early-onset osteoporosis and fractures in affected patients. To examine the effects of mutations of CYP27A1 on vitamin D and cholesterol hydroxylating activity, recombinant CYP27A1 and mutant complementary DNAs produced by site-directed mutagenesis were stably expressed in either Escherichia coli or COS-1 cells. Activities of wild-type and mutant enzymes were determined with cholesterol, vitamin D(3), and 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (1alphaOHD(3)) as substrates. Of the 15 mutants tested, 11 expressed protein and 4 expressed little or no protein. Functional heme activity, estimated by reduced CO difference spectra at 450 nm, was absent in 12 mutants. When expressed in E. coli, 3 mutants, K226R, D321G, and P408S, each known to cause clinically CTX, showed modest decreases in reduced CO spectra peak and either no change or decreases of less than 50% in hydroxylation of cholesterol, vitamin D(3), and 1alphaOHD(3) compared with wild type. When expressed transiently in COS-1 cells, each of these mutants showed 25-hydroxylation activity for 1alphaOHD(3) as well as wild type. Thus, 3 mutants, K226R, D321G, and P408S, known to occur clinically with nonfunctioning mutants, hydroxylated cholesterol, vitamin D(3), and 1alphaOHD(3). How they contribute to the pathogenesis of CTX despite being biologically active in vitro remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram P. Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Strom Thurmond Research Building, 114 Doughty Street Charleston, SC 29403
| | - Kennerly Patrick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Strom Thurmond Research Building, 114 Doughty Street Charleston, SC 29403
| | - Norman H. Bell
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Strom Thurmond Research Building, 114 Doughty Street Charleston, SC 29403
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10
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Sahashi K, Masuda A, Matsuura T, Shinmi J, Zhang Z, Takeshima Y, Matsuo M, Sobue G, Ohno K. In vitro and in silico analysis reveals an efficient algorithm to predict the splicing consequences of mutations at the 5' splice sites. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:5995-6003. [PMID: 17726045 PMCID: PMC2094079 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have found that two previously reported exonic mutations in the PINK1 and PARK7 genes affect pre-mRNA splicing. To develop an algorithm to predict underestimated splicing consequences of exonic mutations at the 5' splice site, we constructed and analyzed 31 minigenes carrying exonic splicing mutations and their derivatives. We also examined 189,249 U2-dependent 5' splice sites of the entire human genome and found that a new variable, the SD-Score, which represents a common logarithm of the frequency of a specific 5' splice site, efficiently predicts the splicing consequences of these minigenes. We also employed the information contents (R(i)) to improve the prediction accuracy. We validated our algorithm by analyzing 32 additional minigenes as well as 179 previously reported splicing mutations. The SD-Score algorithm predicted aberrant splicings in 198 of 204 sites (sensitivity = 97.1%) and normal splicings in 36 of 38 sites (specificity = 94.7%). Simulation of all possible exonic mutations at positions -3, -2 and -1 of the 189 249 sites predicts that 37.8, 88.8 and 96.8% of these mutations would affect pre-mRNA splicing, respectively. We propose that the SD-Score algorithm is a practical tool to predict splicing consequences of mutations affecting the 5' splice site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Sahashi
- Division of Neurogenetics and Bioinformatics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya and Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akio Masuda
- Division of Neurogenetics and Bioinformatics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya and Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tohru Matsuura
- Division of Neurogenetics and Bioinformatics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya and Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jun Shinmi
- Division of Neurogenetics and Bioinformatics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya and Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Zhujun Zhang
- Division of Neurogenetics and Bioinformatics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya and Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takeshima
- Division of Neurogenetics and Bioinformatics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya and Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masafumi Matsuo
- Division of Neurogenetics and Bioinformatics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya and Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Division of Neurogenetics and Bioinformatics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya and Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kinji Ohno
- Division of Neurogenetics and Bioinformatics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya and Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. +81-52-744-2446+81-52-744-2449
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Turman CM, Hatley JM, Ryder DJ, Ravindranath V, Strobel HW. Alternative splicing within the human cytochrome P450 superfamily with an emphasis on the brain: the convolution continues. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2006; 2:399-418. [PMID: 16863442 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2.3.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The human cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily of enzymes regulate hepatic phase 1 drug metabolism and subsequently play a significant role in pharmacokinetics, drug discovery and drug development. Alternative splicing of the cytochrome CYP gene transcripts enhances gene diversity and may play a role in transcriptional regulation of certain CYP proteins. Tissue-specific alternative splicing of CYPs is significant for its potential to add greater dimension to differential drug metabolism in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues, such as the brain, and to our understanding of the CYP family. This review provides an overview of tissue-specific splicing patterns, splicing types, regulation and the functional diversities between liver and splice variant CYP proteins and further explores the relevance of tissue-specific alternative splicing of CYPs in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheri M Turman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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12
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Roca X, Sachidanandam R, Krainer AR. Intrinsic differences between authentic and cryptic 5' splice sites. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:6321-33. [PMID: 14576320 PMCID: PMC275472 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2003] [Revised: 08/25/2003] [Accepted: 09/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptic splice sites are used only when use of a natural splice site is disrupted by mutation. To determine the features that distinguish authentic from cryptic 5' splice sites (5'ss), we systematically analyzed a set of 76 cryptic 5'ss derived from 46 human genes. These cryptic 5'ss have a similar frequency distribution in exons and introns, and are usually located close to the authentic 5'ss. Statistical analysis of the strengths of the 5'ss using the Shapiro and Senapathy matrix revealed that authentic 5'ss have significantly higher score values than cryptic 5'ss, which in turn have higher values than the mutant ones. beta-Globin provides an interesting exception to this rule, so we chose it for detailed experimental analysis in vitro. We found that the sequences of the beta-globin authentic and cryptic 5'ss, but not their surrounding context, determine the correct 5'ss choice, although their respective scores do not reflect this functional difference. Our analysis provides a statistical basis to explain the competitive advantage of authentic over cryptic 5'ss in most cases, and should facilitate the development of tools to reliably predict the effect of disease-associated 5'ss-disrupting mutations at the mRNA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Roca
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, PO Box 100, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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Abstract
Cholestanol, not cholesterol, is a minor component in the human body and in foods, but an increase in cholestanol concentration in serum induces a pathological condition named cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX). In our investigation of this disease for more than 25 years, a procedure for quantification of cholestanol by high-performance liquid chromatography and an assay method for sterol 27-hydroxylase were established, and several mutations of the CYP 27 gene in 10 CTX families were identified. We also established experimental animal models with symptoms of CTX by feeding a high cholestanol diet. Corneal dystrophy and gallstones were produced in mice, and an apoptosis of cerebellar neuronal cells was observed in rats. We propose the following underlying mechanism of CTX pathogenesis: When cholesterol in the plasma membrane is replaced by cholestanol to some extent, the membrane fluidity is reduced, and the calcium channel fails to open, inducing cell death. CTX patients are treated with oral administration of chenodeoxycholic acid, which reduces the cholestanol concentration in serum. Cholestanol has a toxic effect, and an imbalance of the cholesterol/cholestanol ratio in plasma membrane is suspected to cause the disturbance of calcium channel function of the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Seyama
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Human Life and Environmental Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Lee MH, Hazard S, Carpten JD, Yi S, Cohen J, Gerhardt GT, Salen G, Patel SB. Fine-mapping, mutation analyses, and structural mapping of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis in U.S. pedigrees. J Lipid Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)31675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Verrips A, Hoefsloot LH, Steenbergen GC, Theelen JP, Wevers RA, Gabreëls FJ, van Engelen BG, van den Heuvel LP. Clinical and molecular genetic characteristics of patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. Brain 2000; 123 ( Pt 5):908-19. [PMID: 10775536 DOI: 10.1093/brain/123.5.908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a lipid storage disease caused by a deficiency of the mitochondrial enzyme 27-sterol hydroxylase (CYP 27), due to mutations in its gene. In this study we report on mutations in 58 patients with CTX out of 32 unrelated families. Eight of these were novel mutations, two of which were found together with two already known pathogenic mutations. Twelve mutations found in this patient group have been described in the literature. In the patients from 31 families, mutations were found in both alleles. In the literature, 28 mutations in 67 patients with CTX out of 44 families have been described. Pooling our patient group and the patients from the literature together, 37 different mutations in 125 patients out of 74 families were obtained. Identical mutations have been found in families from different ethnic backgrounds. In 41% of all the patients, CYP 27 gene mutations are found in the region of exons 6-8. This region encodes for adrenodoxin and haem binding sites of the protein. Of these 125 patients, a genotype-phenotype analysis was done for 79 homozygous patients harbouring 23 different mutations, out of 45 families. The patients with compound heterozygous mutations were left out of the genotype-phenotype analysis. The genotype-phenotype analysis did not reveal any correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Verrips
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Whittock NV, Ashton GH, Mohammedi R, Mellerio JE, Mathew CG, Abbs SJ, Eady RA, McGrath JA. Comparative mutation detection screening of the type VII collagen gene (COL7A1) using the protein truncation test, fluorescent chemical cleavage of mismatch, and conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113:673-86. [PMID: 10504458 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the type VII collagen gene, COL7A1, give rise to the blistering skin disease, dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. We have developed two new mutation detection strategies for the screening of COL7A1 mutations in patients with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa and compared them with an established protocol using conformational sensitive gel electrophoresis. The first strategy consisted of an RNA based protein truncation test that amplified the entire coding region in only four overlapping nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays. These fragments were transcribed and translated in vitro and analyzed using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We have used the protein truncation test procedure to characterize 15 truncating mutations in 13 patients with severe recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa yielding a detection sensitivity of 58%. The second strategy was a DNA-based fluorescent chemical cleavage of mismatch (fl-CCM) procedure that amplified the COL7A1 gene in 21 polymerase chain reaction assays. Mismatches, formed between patient and control DNA, were identified using chemical modification and cleavage of the DNA. We have compared fl-CCM with conformational sensitive gel electrophoresis by screening a total of 50 dominant and recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa patients. The detection sensitivity for fl-CCM was 81% compared with 75% for conformational sensitive gel electrophoresis (p = 0.37 chi2-test). Using a combination of the three techniques we have screened 93 dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa patients yielding an overall sensitivity of 87%, detecting 79 different mutations, 57 of which have not been reported previously. Comparing all three approaches, we believe that no single method is consistently better than the others, but that the fl-CCM procedure is a sensitive, semiautomated, high throughput system that can be recommended for COL7A1 mutation detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Whittock
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pathology, St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospitals' Medical School, London, UK.
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