1
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Shi W, Zhou L, Mao B, Wang Q, Wang C, Zhang C, Li X, Xiao Y, Guo H. Phosphine-Catalyzed [3+2] Annulation of β-Sulfonamido-Substituted Enones with Sulfamate-Derived Cyclic Imines. J Org Chem 2018; 84:679-686. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wangyu Shi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Leijie Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Biming Mao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qijun Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yumei Xiao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongchao Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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2
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Lin TY, Wu HH, Feng JJ, Zhang J. Chirality Transfer in Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed [3 + 2]-Cycloaddition of Vinyl Aziridines and Oxime Ethers: Atom-Economical Synthesis of Chiral Imidazolidines. Org Lett 2018; 20:3587-3590. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Yan Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Hong Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
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3
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Lee AL, Sapienza PJ. Thermodynamic and NMR Assessment of Ligand Cooperativity and Intersubunit Communication in Symmetric Dimers: Application to Thymidylate Synthase. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:47. [PMID: 29888227 PMCID: PMC5981203 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a homodimeric enzyme with evidence for negative regulation of one protomer while the other protomer acts on substrate, so called half-the-sites reactivity. The mechanisms by which multisubunit allosteric proteins communicate between protomers is not well understood, and the simplicity of dimeric systems has advantages for observing conformational and dynamic processes that functionally connect distance-separated active sites. This review considers progress in overcoming the inherent challenges of accurate thermodynamic and atomic-resolution characterization of interprotomer communication mechanisms in symmetric protein dimers, with TS used as an example. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is used to measure ligand binding cooperativity, even in cases where the two binding enthalpies are similar, and NMR spectroscopy is used to detect site-specific changes occurring in the two protomers. The NMR approach makes use of mixed-labeled dimers, enabling protomer-specific detection of signals in the singly ligated state. The rich informational content of the NMR signals from the singly ligated state, relative to the apo and saturated states, requires new considerations that do not arise in simple cases of 1:1 protein-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Lee
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Paul J Sapienza
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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4
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Mukhopadhyay S, Pan SC. Organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of 2,4-disubstituted imidazolidines via domino addition-aza-Michael reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:964-967. [PMID: 29319067 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08338f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The first highly diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of 2,4-disubstituted imidazolidines has been developed via a formal [3+2] cyclization reaction. Bidentate aminomethyl enones and N-tosyl imines were used as the reaction partners in the reaction. Bifunctional squaramide catalysts were found to be efficient for this reaction and few transformations of the products have been demonstrated.
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5
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Hu J, Kong B, Liu Y, Xu B, Zhao Y, Gong P. Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Imidazolidines through the Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Three-Component Reaction of 2,3-Allenylamines, Organic Halides, and Imines. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201601345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Kong
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Boxuan Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China
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6
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Wei Q, Wei MJ, Ou YJ, Zhang JY, Huang X, Cai YP, Si LP. Formation and conversion of six temperature-dependent fluorescent Zn II-complexes containing two in situ formed N-rich heterocyclic ligands. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25678c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation and conversion of six temperature-dependent fluorescent ZnII-complexes containing two solvothermal in situ formed N-rich heterocyclic ligands from simply N3 set Schiff base were systematically studied for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wei
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- South China Normal University
- P. R. China
| | - Mei-Juan Wei
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- South China Normal University
- P. R. China
| | - Yan-Jun Ou
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- South China Normal University
- P. R. China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Xia Huang
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- South China Normal University
- P. R. China
| | - Yue-Peng Cai
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- South China Normal University
- P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage
- Guangzhou 510006
| | - Li-Ping Si
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- South China Normal University
- P. R. China
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7
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Singh S, Singh AK, Wadhwa G, Singh DB, Dwivedi S, Gautam B, Ramteke PW. A Quantitative Measure of Conformational Changes in Apo, Holo and Ligand-Bound Forms of Enzymes. Interdiscip Sci 2015; 8:192-201. [PMID: 26260067 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-015-0284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Determination of the native geometry of the enzymes and ligand complexes is a key step in the process of structure-based drug designing. Enzymes and ligands show flexibility in structural behavior as they come in contact with each other. When ligand binds with active site of the enzyme, in the presence of cofactor some structural changes are expected to occur in the active site. Motivation behind this study is to determine the nature of conformational changes as well as regions where such changes are more pronounced. To measure the structural changes due to cofactor and ligand complex, enzyme in apo, holo and ligand-bound forms is selected. Enzyme data set was retrieved from protein data bank. Fifteen triplet groups were selected for the analysis of structural changes based on selection criteria. Structural features for selected enzymes were compared at the global as well as local region. Accessible surface area for the enzymes in entire triplet set was calculated, which describes the change in accessible surface area upon binding of cofactor and ligand with the enzyme. It was observed that some structural changes take place during binding of ligand in the presence of cofactor. This study will helps in understanding the level of flexibility in protein-ligand interaction for computer-aided drug designing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satendra Singh
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, JSBB, SHIATS, Allahabad, 211007, India
| | - Atul Kumar Singh
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Gulshan Wadhwa
- Apex Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003, India
| | - Dev Bukhsh Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208024, India.
| | - Seema Dwivedi
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201308, India
| | - Budhayash Gautam
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, JSBB, SHIATS, Allahabad, 211007, India
| | - Pramod W Ramteke
- Department of Biological Sciences, SHIATS, Allahabad, 211007, India
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8
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Singh S, Singh AK, Wadhwa G, Singh DB, Dwivedi S, Gautam B, Ramteke PW. A quantitative measure of conformational changes in Apo, holo and ligand bound form of enzymes. Interdiscip Sci 2015. [PMID: 25863964 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-014-0251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the native geometry of the enzymes and ligand complexe is a key step in the process of structure based drug designing. Enzymes and ligands show flexibility in structural behavior as they come in contact with each other. When ligand binds with active site of the enzyme, in presence of cofactor some structural changes are expected to occur in the active site. Motivation behind this study is to determine the nature of conformational changes as well as regions where such changes are more pronounced. To measure the structural changes due to cofactor and ligand complex, enzyme in Apo, holo and ligand bound form is selected. Enzyme data set was retrieved from protein data bank (PDB). 15 triplet groups were selected for the analysis of structural changes based on selection criteria. Structural features for selected enzymes were compared at the global as well as local region. Accessible surface area for the enzymes in entire triplet set was calculated, which describes the change in accessible surface area upon binding of cofactor and ligand with the enzyme. It was observed that some structural changes take place during binding of ligand in presence of cofactor. This study will helps in understanding the level of flexibility in protein-ligand interaction for computer aided drug designing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satendra Singh
- Department of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, JSBB, SHIATS, Allahabad, 211007, India
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9
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Ohmatsu K, Kawai S, Imagawa N, Ooi T. Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of 5-Vinyloxazolidinones with Imines Using Chiral Ammonium-Phosphine Hybrid Ligand. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs501369z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Ohmatsu
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), and Department of Applied
Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shinya Kawai
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), and Department of Applied
Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Naomichi Imagawa
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), and Department of Applied
Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takashi Ooi
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), and Department of Applied
Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science
and Technology Agency (JST), Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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10
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Olyaei A, Karimi MK, Razeghi R. A one-pot stereoselective synthesis of novel polyfunctionalized imidazolidines. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Li QH, Wei L, Chen X, Wang CJ. Asymmetric construction of fluorinated imidazolidines via Cu(i)-catalyzed exo′-selective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with fluorinated imines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:6277-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43025a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Martucci WE, Vargo MA, Anderson KS. Explaining an unusually fast parasitic enzyme: folate tail-binding residues dictate substrate positioning and catalysis in Cryptosporidium hominis thymidylate synthase. Biochemistry 2008; 47:8902-11. [PMID: 18672899 DOI: 10.1021/bi800466z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The essential enzyme TS-DHFR from Cryptosporidium hominis undergoes an unusually rapid rate of catalysis at the conserved TS domain, facilitated by two nonconserved residues, Ala287 and Ser290, in the folate tail-binding region. Mutation of these two residues to their conserved counterparts drastically affects multiple steps of the TS catalytic cycle. We have determined the crystal structures of all three mutants (A287F, S290G, and A287F/S290G) in complex with active site ligands dUMP and CB3717. The structural data show two effects of the mutations: an increased distance between the ligands in the active site and increased flexibility of the folate ligand in the partially open enzyme state that precedes conformational change to the active catalytic state. The latter effect is able to be rescued by the mutants containing the A287F mutation. In addition, the conserved water network of TS is altered in each of the mutants. The structural results point to a role of the folate tail-binding residues in closely positioning ChTS ligands and restricting ligand flexibility in the partially open state to allow for a rapid transition to the active closed state and enhanced rate of catalysis. These results provide an explanation on how folate tail-binding residues at one end of the active site affect long-range interactions throughout the TS active site and validate these residues as targets for species-specific drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Edward Martucci
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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13
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Jariel-Encontre I, Bossis G, Piechaczyk M. Ubiquitin-independent degradation of proteins by the proteasome. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2008; 1786:153-77. [PMID: 18558098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The proteasome is the main proteolytic machinery of the cell and constitutes a recognized drugable target, in particular for treating cancer. It is involved in the elimination of misfolded, altered or aged proteins as well as in the generation of antigenic peptides presented by MHC class I molecules. It is also responsible for the proteolytic maturation of diverse polypeptide precursors and for the spatial and temporal regulation of the degradation of many key cell regulators whose destruction is necessary for progression through essential processes, such as cell division, differentiation and, more generally, adaptation to environmental signals. It is generally believed that proteins must undergo prior modification by polyubiquitin chains to be addressed to, and recognized by, the proteasome. In reality, however, there is accumulating evidence that ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation may have been largely underestimated. In particular, a number of proto-oncoproteins and oncosuppressive proteins are privileged ubiquitin-independent proteasomal substrates, the altered degradation of which may have tumorigenic consequences. The identification of ubiquitin-independent mechanisms for proteasomal degradation also poses the paramount question of the multiplicity of catabolic pathways targeting each protein substrate. As this may help design novel therapeutic strategies, the underlying mechanisms are critically reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Jariel-Encontre
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR5535, IFR122, 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier, F-34293, France
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14
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Copper(II) promoted imidazolidine ring formation and complexation: A unique reaction course. Inorganica Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Jarmuła A, Dowierciał A, Rode W. A molecular modeling study of the interaction of 2'-fluoro-substituted analogues of dUMP/FdUMP with thymidylate synthase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2701-8. [PMID: 18362071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations are presented, exploring previously described experimentally studied interactions of a series of 2'-fluoro-substituted dUMP/FdUMP analogues with thymidylate synthase (TS). The results show the inhibitory behaviors of 2'-F-ara-UMP, 2',2''-diF-dUMP and 2',5-diF-ara-UMP to be dependent upon the binding positions and orientations adopted by the molecules of these compounds in the active site of TS. The binding mode of 2',5-diF-ara-UMP suggests a novel role of the active site residue Trp 80, stabilizing through hydrophobic stacking the binding position of the pyrimidine ring in 2',5-diF-ara-UMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jarmuła
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland.
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16
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Ghandi M, Olyaei A, Salimi F. Four‐Component Cyclocondensation of Aminodiazines, Glyoxal, Formaldehyde, and Methanol to Imidazolidines. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910601033450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ghandi
- a School of Chemistry, University College of Science, University of Tehran , Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Olyaei
- a School of Chemistry, University College of Science, University of Tehran , Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Salimi
- a School of Chemistry, University College of Science, University of Tehran , Tehran, Iran
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17
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Ghandi M, Salimi F. Synthesis of New 1,3‐bis(Heteroaryl)‐4,5‐imidazolidinediones Through Reaction ofN,N′‐bis(Heteroaryl)methanediamines with Oxalyl Chloride. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910601055248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Ghandi M, Salimi F, Olyaei A. One-Pot stereoselective synthesis oftrans-4,5-dialkoxy-1,3-bis (2-pyrimidinyl)imidazolidines through a three-component reaction. J Heterocycl Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570430342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Jarmuła A, Cieplak P, Montfort WR. 5,10-Methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate conformational transitions upon binding to thymidylate synthase: molecular mechanics and continuum solvent studies. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2005; 19:123-36. [PMID: 16075306 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-005-2998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2004] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We applied the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) approach to evaluate relative stability of the extended (flat) and C-shaped (bent) solution conformational forms of the 5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (mTHF) molecule in aqueous solution. Calculations indicated that both forms have similar free energies in aqueous solution but detailed energy components are different. The bent solution form has lower intramolecular electrostatic and van der Waals interaction energies. The flat form has more favorable solvation free energy and lower contribution from the bond, angle and torsion angle molecular mechanical internal energies. We exploit these results and combine them with known crystallographic data to provide a model for the progressive binding of the mTHF molecule, a natural cofactor of thymidylate synthase (TS), to the complex forming in the TS-catalyzed reaction. We propose that at the time of initial weak binding in the open enzyme the cofactor molecule remains in a close balance between the flat and bent solution conformations, with neither form clearly favored. Later, thymidylate synthase undergoes conformational change leading to the closure of the active site and the mTHF molecule is withdrawn from the solvent. That effect shifts the thermodynamic equilibrium of the mTHF molecule toward the bent solution form. At the same time, burying the cofactor molecule in the closed active site produces numerous contacts between mTHF and protein that render change in the shape of the mTHF molecule. As a result, the bent solution conformer is converted to more strained L-shaped bent enzyme conformer of the mTHF molecule. The strain in the bent enzyme conformation allows for the tight binding of the cofactor molecule to the productive ternary complex that forms in the closed active site, and facilitates the protonation of the imidazolidine N10 atom, which promotes further reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jarmuła
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., Warszawa, 02-093, Poland.
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20
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Guo W, Zhang Y, Li D, Xia C. 1-(3-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-3,4-dimethylimidazolinium Iodide: A More Active Tetrahydrofolate Coenzyme Model. HETEROCYCLES 2005. [DOI: 10.3987/com-05-10528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Guo W, Li D, Zhang Y, Xia C. A Convenient Preparaion of a Series of 2-Aryl-substituted Imidazolidines through Diamine Transfer Reaction. HETEROCYCLES 2005. [DOI: 10.3987/com-05-10408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Gutteridge A, Thornton J. Conformational change in substrate binding, catalysis and product release: an open and shut case? FEBS Lett 2004; 567:67-73. [PMID: 15165895 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2004] [Revised: 03/01/2004] [Accepted: 03/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of conformational change in substrate binding, catalysis and product release is reviewed for 11 enzymes, for which crystal structures are available for the apo, substrate- and product-bound states. The extent of global conformational changes is measured, and the movements of the functional regions involved in catalysis and ligand binding are compared to the rest of the structure. We find that most of these enzymes undergo relatively small amounts of conformational change and particularly small changes in catalytic residue geometry, usually less than 1 A. In some enzymes there is significant movement of the binding residues, usually on surface loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Gutteridge
- EBI, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK.
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23
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Birdsall DL, Finer-Moore J, Stroud RM. The only active mutant of thymidylate synthase D169, a residue far from the site of methyl transfer, demonstrates the exquisite nature of enzyme specificity. Protein Eng Des Sel 2003; 16:229-40. [PMID: 12702803 DOI: 10.1093/proeng/gzg020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine is the only variant of D169, a cofactor-binding residue in thymidylate synthase, that shows in vivo activity. The 2.4 A crystal structure of Escherichia coli thymidylate synthase D169C in a complex with dUMP and the antifolate CB3717 shows it to be an asymmetric dimer, with only one active site covalently bonded to dUMP. At the active site with covalently bound substrate, C169 S gamma adopts the roles of both carboxyl oxygens of D169, making a 3.6 A S...H[bond]N hydrogen bond to 3-NH of CB3717 and a 3.4 A water-mediated hydrogen bond to H212. Analogous hydrogen bonds formed during the enzyme reaction are important for cofactor binding and are postulated to contribute to catalysis. The C169 side chain is likely to be ionized, making it a better hydrogen bond acceptor than a neutral sulfhydryl group. At the second active site, C169 S gamma makes a shorter (3 A) hydrogen bond to the 3-NH of CB3717, CB3717 is approximately 1.5 A out of its binding site and there is no covalent bond between dUMP and the catalytic cysteine. Changes to partitioning among productive and non-productive conformations of reaction intermediates may contribute as much, if not more, to the diminished activity of this mutant than reduced stabilization of transition states.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Birdsall
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0448, USA
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Katritzky AR, Suzuki K, He HY. Convenient syntheses of unsymmetrical imidazolidines. J Org Chem 2002; 67:3109-14. [PMID: 11975574 DOI: 10.1021/jo010868n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical imidazolidines 10-14, optically active imidazolidines 20-22, and 2,3-dihydro-1H-benzimidazoles 28 and 29 were synthesized in good to excellent yields by Mannich reactions of 1,2-ethanediamines 8a-c, 18a-c, or N-methyl-1,2-benzenediamine (26a) with benzotriazole and formaldehyde, followed by the nucleophilic substitution of the benzotriazolyl group with C-nucleophiles (Grignard reagents, sodium cyanide), an S-nucleophile (benzenethiol), and a P-nucleophile (triethyl phosphite).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Katritzky
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, USA.
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Sayre PH, Finer-Moore JS, Fritz TA, Biermann D, Gates SB, MacKellar WC, Patel VF, Stroud RM. Multi-targeted antifolates aimed at avoiding drug resistance form covalent closed inhibitory complexes with human and Escherichia coli thymidylate synthases. J Mol Biol 2001; 313:813-29. [PMID: 11697906 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.5074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Crystal structures of four pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine-based antifolate compounds, developed as inhibitors of thymidylate synthase (TS) in a strategy to circumvent drug-resistance, have been determined in complexes with their in vivo target, human thymidylate synthase, and with the structurally best-characterized Escherichia coli enzyme, to resolutions of 2.2-3.0 A. The 2.9 A crystal structure of a complex of human TS with one of the inhibitors, the multi-targeted antifolate LY231514, demonstrates that this compound induces a "closed" enzyme conformation and leads to formation of a covalent bond between enzyme and substrate. This structure is one of the first liganded human TS structures, and its solution was aided by mutation to facilitate crystallization. Structures of three other pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine-based antifolates in complex with Escherichia coli TS confirm the orientation of this class of inhibitors in the active site. Specific interactions between the polyglutamyl moiety and a positively charged groove on the enzyme surface explain the marked increase in affinity of the pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine inhibitors once they are polyglutamylated, as mediated in vivo by the cellular enzyme folyl polyglutamate synthetase.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Sayre
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0448, USA
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26
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Bartoschek S, Buurman G, Thauer RK, Geierstanger BH, Weyrauch JP, Griesinger C, Nilges M, Hutter MC, Helms V. Re-face stereospecificity of methylenetetrahydromethanopterin and methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenases is predetermined by intrinsic properties of the substrate. Chembiochem 2001; 2:530-41. [PMID: 11828486 DOI: 10.1002/1439-7633(20010803)2:7/8<530::aid-cbic530>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Four different dehydrogenases are known that catalyse the reversible dehydrogenation of N5,N10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin (methylene-H4MPT) or N5,N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (methylene-H4F) to the respective N5,N10-methenyl compounds. Sequence comparison indicates that the four enzymes are phylogenetically unrelated. They all catalyse the Re-face-stereospecific removal of the pro-R hydrogen atom of the coenzyme's methylene group. The Re-face stereospecificity is in contrast to the finding that in solution the pro-S hydrogen atom of methylene-H4MPT and of methylene-H4F is more reactive to heterolytic cleavage. For a better understanding we determined the conformations of methylene-H4MPT in solution and when enzyme-bound by using NMR spectroscopy and semiempirical quantum mechanical calculations. For the conformation free in solution we find an envelope conformation for the imidazolidine ring, with the flap at N10. The methylene pro-S C-H bond is anticlinal and the methylene pro-R C-H bond is synclinal to the lone electron pair of N10. Semiempirical quantum mechanical calculations of heats of formation of methylene-H4MPT and methylene-H4F indicate that changing this conformation into an activated one in which the pro-S C-H bond is antiperiplanar, resulting in the preformation of the leaving hydride, would require a deltadeltaH(f) of +53 kJ mol-1 for methylene-H4MPT and of +51 kJ mol-1 for methylene-H4F. This is almost twice the energy required to force the imidazolidine ring in the enzyme-bound conformation of methylene-H4MPT (+29 kJ mol-1) or of methylene-H4F (+35 kJ mol-1) into an activated conformation in which the pro-R hydrogen atom is antiperiplanar to the lone electron pair of N10. The much lower energy for pro-R hydrogen activation thus probably predetermines the Re-face stereospecificity of the four dehydrogenases. Results are also presented explaining why the chemical reduction of methenyl-H4MPT+ and methenyl-H4F+ with NaBD4 proceeds Si-face-specific, in contrast to the enzyme-catalysed reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bartoschek
- Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie and Laboratorium für Mikrobiologie, des Fachbereichs Biologie der Philipps-Universität Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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