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Zhou YN, Li JJ, Wu YY, Luo ZH. Role of External Field in Polymerization: Mechanism and Kinetics. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2950-3048. [PMID: 32083844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed an increasing interest in developing advanced polymerization techniques subjected to external fields. Various physical modulations, such as temperature, light, electricity, magnetic field, ultrasound, and microwave irradiation, are noninvasive means, having superb but distinct abilities to regulate polymerizations in terms of process intensification and spatial and temporal controls. Gas as an emerging regulator plays a distinctive role in controlling polymerization and resembles a physical regulator in some cases. This review provides a systematic overview of seven types of external-field-regulated polymerizations, ranging from chain-growth to step-growth polymerization. A detailed account of the relevant mechanism and kinetics is provided to better understand the role of each external field in polymerization. In addition, given the crucial role of modeling and simulation in mechanisms and kinetics investigation, an overview of model construction and typical numerical methods used in this field as well as highlights of the interaction between experiment and simulation toward kinetics in the existing systems are given. At the end, limitations and future perspectives for this field are critically discussed. This state-of-the-art research progress not only provides the fundamental principles underlying external-field-regulated polymerizations but also stimulates new development of advanced polymerization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Jin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Yang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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3
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Anthis AHC, Matter MT, Keevend K, Gerken LRH, Scheibler S, Doswald S, Gogos A, Herrmann IK. Tailoring the Colloidal Stability, Magnetic Separability, and Cytocompatibility of High-Capacity Magnetic Anion Exchangers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:48341-48351. [PMID: 31747521 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Extracorporeal blood purification has been applied to artificially support kidney or liver function. However, convection and diffusion based blood purification systems have limited removal rates for high molecular weight and hydrophobic molecules. This limitation is due to the finite volume of infusion and limited membrane permeability, respectively. Adsorption provides an attractive alternative for the removal of higher molecular weight compounds. The use of adsorption resins containing ion exchanging groups to capture specific molecules has become well-established. Instead of stationary adsorption resins, however, ion exchanging polymers may be immobilized on magnetic particles and serve as freely diffusing, mobile, high capacity solid phase of ion exchange chromatography. While small beads with high surface area are attractive in terms of mass transfer and binding, unifying high capturing capacity with rapid and quantitative bead recovery remains an issue. Therefore, most of the current magnetic ion exchangers are based on micron-sized beads or require long times to separate. In addition to unfavorable magnetic recovery rates, the usually poor cytocompatibility limits their applicability in biomedicine. Here, we report on the synthesis and performance of polycationic polymer coated magnetic nanoflowers (MNF) for highly efficacious anion capturing. We demonstrate accurate control over the polymer content and composition on the beads and show its direct influence on colloidal stability, capturing capacity and magnetic separability. We present the removal of clinically relevant targets by capturing bilirubin with capacities 2-fold higher than previous work as well as quantitative heparin removal. Additionally, we illustrate how copolymerization of poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMEMA) leads to improved cytocompatibility of the polymer-coated MNF capturing agents while retaining high capturing capacities. Taken together, we present a nanoparticle/polymer material, which upon future in vivo validation, unifies high binding capacities and magnetic separability for rapid toxin capturing and hence fulfills key requirements of clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre H C Anthis
- Laboratory for Particles Biology Interactions, Department Materials Meet Life , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 , CH-9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering , ETH Zurich , Sonneggstrasse 3 , CH-8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Martin T Matter
- Laboratory for Particles Biology Interactions, Department Materials Meet Life , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 , CH-9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering , ETH Zurich , Sonneggstrasse 3 , CH-8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Kerda Keevend
- Laboratory for Particles Biology Interactions, Department Materials Meet Life , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 , CH-9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering , ETH Zurich , Sonneggstrasse 3 , CH-8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Lukas R H Gerken
- Laboratory for Particles Biology Interactions, Department Materials Meet Life , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 , CH-9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering , ETH Zurich , Sonneggstrasse 3 , CH-8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Subas Scheibler
- Laboratory for Particles Biology Interactions, Department Materials Meet Life , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 , CH-9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering , ETH Zurich , Sonneggstrasse 3 , CH-8092 Zurich , Switzerland
- Laboratory for Magnetic and Functional Thin Films, Department Materials Meet Life , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) , Überlandstrasse 129 , CH-8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Simon Doswald
- Functional Materials Laboratory, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Alexander Gogos
- Laboratory for Particles Biology Interactions, Department Materials Meet Life , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 , CH-9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Inge K Herrmann
- Laboratory for Particles Biology Interactions, Department Materials Meet Life , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 , CH-9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
- Nanoparticle Systems Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering , ETH Zurich , Sonneggstrasse 3 , CH-8092 Zurich , Switzerland
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Wang Y. ATRP of Methyl Acrylate by Continuous Feeding of Activators Giving Polymers with Predictable End-Group Fidelity. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1238. [PMID: 31357403 PMCID: PMC6724064 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl acrylate (MA) was carried out by continuous feeding of Cu(I) activators. Typically, the solvent, the monomer, the initiator, and the CuBr2/Me6TREN deactivator are placed in a Schlenk flask (Me6TREN: tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine), while the CuBr/Me6TREN activator is placed in a gas-tight syringe and added to the reaction mixture at a constant addition rate by using a syringe pump. As expected, the polymerization started when Cu(I) was added and stopped when the addition was completed, and polymers with a narrow molecular weight distribution were obtained. The polymerization rate could be easily adjusted by changing the activator feeding rate. More importantly, the loss of chain end-groups could be precisely predicted since each loss of Br from the chain end resulted in the irreversible oxidation of one Cu(I) to Cu(II). The Cu(I) added to the reaction system may undergo many oxidation/reduction cycles in ATRP equilibrium, but would finally be oxidized to Cu(II) irreversibly. Thus, the loss of chain end-groups simply equals the total amount of Cu(I) added. This technique provides a neat way to synthesize functional polymers with known end-group fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA.
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Krys P, Schroeder H, Buback J, Buback M, Matyjaszewski K. The Borderline between Simultaneous Reverse and Normal Initiation and Initiators for Continuous Activator Regeneration ATRP. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Krys
- Center
for Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hendrik Schroeder
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße
6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Buback
- Center
for Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Michael Buback
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße
6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center
for Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Matyjaszewski K, Tsarevsky NV. Macromolecular engineering by atom transfer radical polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:6513-33. [PMID: 24758377 DOI: 10.1021/ja408069v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 831] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This Perspective presents recent advances in macromolecular engineering enabled by ATRP. They include the fundamental mechanistic and synthetic features of ATRP with emphasis on various catalytic/initiation systems that use parts-per-million concentrations of Cu catalysts and can be run in environmentally friendly media, e.g., water. The roles of the major components of ATRP--monomers, initiators, catalysts, and various additives--are explained, and their reactivity and structure are correlated. The effects of media and external stimuli on polymerization rates and control are presented. Some examples of precisely controlled elements of macromolecular architecture, such as chain uniformity, composition, topology, and functionality, are discussed. Syntheses of polymers with complex architecture, various hybrids, and bioconjugates are illustrated. Examples of current and forthcoming applications of ATRP are covered. Future challenges and perspectives for macromolecular engineering by ATRP are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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