1
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Barman R, Bej R, Dey P, Ghosh S. Cisplatin-Conjugated Polyurethane Capsule for Dual Drug Delivery to a Cancer Cell. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:25193-25200. [PMID: 36745598 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of a polymer-prodrug conjugate, its aqueous self-assembly, noncovalent encapsulation of a second drug, and stimuli-responsive intracellular dual drug delivery. Condensation polymerization between a functionalized diol and a commercially available diisocyanate in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) hydroxide (PEG-OH) as the chain stopper produces an ABA-type amphiphilic block copolymer (PU-1) in one pot, with the middle hydrophobic block being a polyurethane containing a pendant tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc)-protected amine in every repeating unit. Deprotection of the Boc group, followed by covalent attachment of the Pt(IV) prodrug using the pendant amine groups, produces the polymer-prodrug conjugate PU-Pt-1, which aggregates to nanocapsule-like structures in water with a hydrophilic interior. In the presence of sodium ascorbate, the Pt(IV) prodrug can be detached from the polymer backbone, producing the active Pt(II) drug. Cell culture studies show appreciable cell viability by the parent polymer. However, the polymer-prodrug conjugate nanocapsules exhibit cellular uptake and intracellular release of the active drug under a reducing environment. The capsule-like aggregates of the polymer-prodrug conjugate were used for noncovalent encapsulation of a second drug, doxorubicin (Dox), and Dox-loaded PU-Pt-1 aggregate showed a significantly superior cell killing efficiency compared to either of the individual drugs, highlighting the promising application of such a dual-drug-delivery approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit Barman
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Raju Bej
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Pradip Dey
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Suhrit Ghosh
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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2
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Zheng Q, Zhang B, Li C, Zhang X. Overcome Drug Resistance in Cholangiocarcinoma: New Insight Into Mechanisms and Refining the Preclinical Experiment Models. Front Oncol 2022; 12:850732. [PMID: 35372014 PMCID: PMC8970309 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.850732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive tumor characterized by a poor prognosis. Therapeutic options are limited in patients with advanced stage of CCA, as a result of the intrinsic or acquired resistance to currently available chemotherapeutic agents, and the lack of new drugs entering into clinical application. The challenge in translating basic research to the clinical setting, caused by preclinical models not being able to recapitulate the tumor characteristics of the patient, seems to be an important reason for the lack of effective and specific therapies for CCA. So, there seems to be two ways to improve patient outcomes. The first one is developing the combination therapies based on a better understanding of the mechanisms contributing to the resistance to currently available chemotherapeutic agents. The second one is developing novel preclinical experimental models that better recapitulate the genetic and histopathological features of the primary tumor, facilitating the screening of new drugs for CCA patients. In this review, we discussed the evidence implicating the mechanisms underlying treatment resistance to currently investigated drugs, and the development of preclinical experiment models for CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfan Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Changfeng Li
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuewen Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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3
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Novel amphiphilic dextran esters with antimicrobial activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:746-755. [PMID: 32035962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New amphiphilic dextran esters were obtained by polysaccharide functionalization with different substituted 1,2,3-triazoles-4-carboxylic acid via in situ activation with N, N'-carbonyldiimidazole. Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic derivatives were achieved by copper(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition reaction between organic azides and ethyl propiolate. Structural characteristics of the compounds were studied by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H and 13C-NMR). Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and wide-angle X-ray diffraction were used for esters characterization. Properties of polymeric self-associates, formed in aqueous solution, were studied by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The critical aggregation concentration values for dextran esters, determined by fluorescence spectroscopy, were in the range of 4.1-9.5 mg/dL. Antimicrobial activity, investigated for some of the polymers by disc-diffusion method, pointed out that polysaccharide esters were active.
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4
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Oldenkamp HF, Vela Ramirez JE, Peppas NA. Re-evaluating the importance of carbohydrates as regenerative biomaterials. Regen Biomater 2019; 6:1-12. [PMID: 30740237 PMCID: PMC6362819 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rby023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi F Oldenkamp
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Julia E Vela Ramirez
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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5
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He L, Sun M, Cheng X, Xu Y, Lv X, Wang X, Tang R. pH/redox dual-sensitive platinum (IV)-based micelles with greatly enhanced antitumor effect for combination chemotherapy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 541:30-41. [PMID: 30682591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To achieve precise control of nano-carrier structure and drug release behavior, we designed a pH/redox dual-responsive polymeric prodrug by condensation polymerization using octahedrally coordinated cisplatin (Pt IV) and ortho ester monomer. The prodrug was then self-assembled with doxorubicin (DOX) in aqueous solution to give a synergetic drug delivery system. The polymer backbone can completely degrade and release cisplatin (Pt II) and DOX under the acidic and reductive environment of tumor cells, owing to the breakage of ortho ester bonds and the reduction of Pt (IV). The size and micromorphology of micelles were observed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In vitro study of drug release, cellular uptake and cytotoxicity revealed that the micelles could be triggered intracellularly to release two drugs. In vivo drug distribution and antitumor activity also provide the evidence for the excellent antitumor effect of micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le He
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, School of Life Science, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, 111 Jiu long Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230601, PR China
| | - Min Sun
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, School of Life Science, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, 111 Jiu long Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230601, PR China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, School of Life Science, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, 111 Jiu long Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230601, PR China
| | - Yong Xu
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, School of Life Science, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, 111 Jiu long Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230601, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Lv
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, School of Life Science, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, 111 Jiu long Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230601, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, School of Life Science, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, 111 Jiu long Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230601, PR China.
| | - Rupei Tang
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, School of Life Science, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, 111 Jiu long Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230601, PR China.
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6
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Deng Y, Ma Q, Yuan H, Lum GC, Shum HC. Development of dual-component protein microparticles in all-aqueous systems for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb03074j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein microparticles assisted by an emulsion droplet template have shown great promise in drug/cell delivery and tissue engineering, as well as diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Deng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
| | - Qingming Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266021
- China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI)
| | - Galen Chit Lum
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Ho Cheung Shum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI)
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7
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Xiao H, Yan L, Dempsey EM, Song W, Qi R, Li W, Huang Y, Jing X, Zhou D, Ding J, Chen X. Recent progress in polymer-based platinum drug delivery systems. Prog Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Diainabo KJ, Neuse EW, Chen CT, Lynne Van Zyl R. Design and synthesis of polysapartamide co-drugs of platinum and methotrexate as anticancer agents. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2018.1455681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kayembe Jacques Diainabo
- Polymer Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - E. W. Neuse
- Polymer Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Chien-Teng Chen
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Robyn Lynne Van Zyl
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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9
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Yuan SS, Li ML, Chen JS, Zhou L, Zhou W. Application of Mono- and Disaccharides in Drug Targeting and Efficacy. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:764-778. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si S. Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; E. 232 University Town, Waihuan Road Panyu Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Mao L. Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; E. 232 University Town, Waihuan Road Panyu Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jian S. Chen
- College of Horticulture; South China Agricultural University; 483 Wushan Road Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Li Zhou
- College of Science; Hunan Agricultural University; Furong Road Changsha 410128 China
| | - Wen Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; E. 232 University Town, Waihuan Road Panyu Guangzhou 510006 China
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10
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Shirakura T, Smith C, Hopkins TJJ, Koo Lee YE, Lazaridis F, Argyrakis P, Kopelman R. Matrix Density Engineering of Hydrogel Nanoparticles with Simulation-Guided Synthesis for Tuning Drug Release and Cellular Uptake. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:3380-3389. [PMID: 28782048 PMCID: PMC5537717 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of a nanoparticle (NP)-based antitumor drug carrier has been an emerging strategy for selectively delivering the drugs to the tumor area and, thus, reducing the side effects that are associated with a high systemic dose of antitumor drugs. Precise control of drug loading and release is critical so as to maximize the therapeutic index of the NPs. Here, we propose a simple method of synthesizing NPs with tunable drug release while maintaining their loading ability, by varying the polymer matrix density of amine- or carboxyl-functionalized hydrogel NPs. We find that the NPs with a loose matrix released more cisplatin, with up to a 33 times faster rate. Also, carboxyl-functionalized NPs loaded more cisplatin and released it at a faster rate than amine-functionalized NPs. We performed detailed Monte Carlo computer simulations that elucidate the relation between the matrix density and drug release kinetics. We found good agreement between the simulation model and the experimental results for drug release as a function of time. Also, we compared the cellular uptake between amine-functionalized NPs and carboxyl-functionalized NPs, as a higher cellular uptake of NPs leads to improved cisplatin delivery. The amine-functionalized NPs can deliver 3.5 times more cisplatin into cells than the carboxyl-functionalized NPs. The cytotoxic efficacy of both the amine-functionalized NPs and the carboxyl-functionalized NPs showed a strong correlation with the cisplatin release profile, and the latter showed a strong correlation with the NP matrix density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Shirakura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Christof Smith
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Thomas John James Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yong-Eun Koo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Filippos Lazaridis
- Department
of Physics, University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panos Argyrakis
- Department
of Physics, University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Raoul Kopelman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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11
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Deshpande NU, Jayakannan M. Cisplatin-Stitched Polysaccharide Vesicles for Synergistic Cancer Therapy of Triple Antagonistic Drugs. Biomacromolecules 2016; 18:113-126. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Umakant Deshpande
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi
Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manickam Jayakannan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi
Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, Maharashtra, India
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12
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Surnar B, Jayakannan M. Triple Block Nanocarrier Platform for Synergistic Cancer Therapy of Antagonistic Drugs. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:4075-4085. [PMID: 27936725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A unique biodegradable triple block nanocarrier (TBN) is designed and developed for synergistic combination therapy of antagonistic drugs for cancer treatment. The TBN was built with hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) outer shell; a middle hydrophobic and biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) block for encapsulating anthracycline anticancer drug like doxorubicin (DOX), and an inner carboxylic-functionalized polycaprolactone (CPCL) core for cisplatin (CP) drug conjugation. TBN-cisplatin drug conjugate self-assembled as stable nanoparticles in saline (also in PBS) wherein the hydrophobic PCL block functions as a shield for Pt-drug stability against GSH detoxification. Enzymatic-biodegradation of TBN exclusively occurred at the intracellular environment to deliver both cisplatin (CP) and doxorubicin (DOX) simultaneously to the nucleus. As a result, the TBN-cisplatin conjugate and its DOX-loaded nanoparticles accomplished 100% cell growth inhibition in GSH overexpressed breast cancer cells. Combination therapy revealed that free drugs were antagonistic to each other, whereas the dual drug-loaded TBN exhibited excellent synergistic cell killing at much lower drug concentrations in breast cancer cells. Confocal microscopic analysis confirmed the localization of drugs in the cytoplasm and at peri-nuclear site. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that the drugs were taken up 4-fold better while delivering them from TBN platform compared to free form. The TBNs approach is a perfect platform to overcome the GSH detoxification in Pt-drugs and enable the codelivery of antagonistic drugs like cisplatin and DOX from single polymer dose to accomplish synergistic killing in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapurao Surnar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune , Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manickam Jayakannan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune , Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
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13
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Yang J, Luo Y, Xu Y, Li J, Zhang Z, Wang H, Shen M, Shi X, Zhang G. Conjugation of iron oxide nanoparticles with RGD-modified dendrimers for targeted tumor MR imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:5420-8. [PMID: 25695661 DOI: 10.1021/am508983n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This article reports a new approach for the synthesis of ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) conjugated with Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-modified dendrimers (G5.NHAc-RGD-Fe3O4 NPs) as a platform for targeted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of C6 glioma cells. Ultrasmall Fe3O4 NPs synthesized via a solvothermal route were conjugated with RGD peptide-modified generation-5 poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (G5.NH2-RGD). The final G5.NHAc-RGD-Fe3O4 NPs were formed following the acetylation of the remaining dendrimer terminal amines. The as-prepared multifunctional Fe3O4 NPs were characterized using various techniques. The results of a cell viability assay, cell morphological observation, and hemolysis assay indicated that the G5.NHAc-RGD-Fe3O4 NPs exhibit excellent cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility over the studied concentration range. In addition, RGD conjugated onto the Fe3O4 NPs allows for the efficient targeting of the particles to C6 cells that overexpress αvβ3 receptors, which was confirmed via in vitro cell MR imaging and cellular uptake. Finally, the G5.NHAc-RGD-Fe3O4 NPs were used in the targeted MR imaging of C6 glioma cells in mice. The results obtained from the current study indicate that the developed G5.NHAc-RGD-Fe3O4 NPs offer significant potential for use as contrast agents in the targeted MR imaging of different types of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai 200080, P. R. China
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14
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Du H, Yang X, Zhai G. Design of chitosan-based nanoformulations for efficient intracellular release of active compounds. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:723-40. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of chitosan-based nanocarriers to transport active compounds gained an increasing attention in drug delivery. Intracellular delivery, with efficient intracellular release, become an important design considerations in chitosan based nanoformlations. Internal stimuli-responsive nanoformulations are designed to release active compounds after internalization based on certain internal stimuli like pH, redox potential and enzymes. Futhermore, nondestructive pathways may provide a nondigestive compartment for active compounds transport, which can protect the encapsulated agents from possible lysosomal degradation, thereby realizing release agents safely. This review gives a brief overview about the chitosan-based nanoformulations for efficient intracellular cargo release, including internal stimuli-responsive nanoformulations and nondestructive pathways based nanoformulations: design strategies and applications. The present problems and a possible future perspective related them are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Du
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiaoye Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China
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15
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Controlled release of cisplatin from pH-thermal dual responsive nanogels. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8726-40. [PMID: 23948167 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a pH-thermal dual responsive nanogel was applied for cisplatin (CDDP) delivery. CDDP was loaded into the nanogels via conjugation with the carboxyl groups in the nanogels. The conjugation was confirmed by FTIR and XPS. The bonding between CDDP and COOH can be broken by the H(+) or Cl(-). We found that the CDDP released much faster at more acidic environment. The Cl(-) concentration in the human body is about 95-105 mm. The conjugated bond could be easily attacked by Cl(-) while the nanosystem is injected into the body. In order to diminish the Cl(-) triggering release of CDDP from the nanogels, we introduced a thermal-responsive units-NIPAm into the nanogel structure. After NIPAm introduced, the CDDP released much slower from the nanogels at 37 °C in pH = 7.38 buffer in the present of Cl(-) (150 mm) than that without NIPAm. And the CDDP also released slower from the nanogels at 37 °C than at 25 °C. By in vitro release behavior studying, we found that CDDP release from the NIPAm containing nanogels can be accelerated by H(+) attacking and reduced by temperature arising. By cellular uptake observation, we found that the nanogels were mainly localized in the cytoplasm of the cancer cells. The CDDP-loaded nanogels exhibited longer circulation time in vivo while compared to free CDDP. And it has better anti-cancer performance than free CDDP in vivo therapy of breast cancer in mice model. Furthermore, some side effects of CDDP, such as renal toxicity, phlebitis, bone marrow suppression etc. have also been reduced by nanogels loading. The in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that the dual responsible nanogel is a suitable CDDP delivery candidate.
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16
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Ohya Y. Polymeric Micelles Stabilized by Electrostatic Interactions for Drug Delivery. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2013-1135.ch007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Ohya
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
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17
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Pramod PS, Takamura K, Chaphekar S, Balasubramanian N, Jayakannan M. Dextran vesicular carriers for dual encapsulation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules and delivery into cells. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:3627-40. [PMID: 23082727 PMCID: PMC6314440 DOI: 10.1021/bm301583s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dextran vesicular nanoscaffolds were developed based on polysaccharide and renewable resource alkyl tail for dual encapsulation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules (or drugs) and delivery into cells. The roles of the hydrophobic segments on the molecular self-organization of dextran backbone into vesicles or nanoparticles were investigated in detail. Dextran vesicles were found to be a unique dual carrier in which water-soluble molecules (like Rhodamine-B, Rh-B) and polyaromatic anticancer drug (camptothecin, CPT) were selectively encapsulated in the hydrophilic core and hydrophobic layer, respectively. The dextran vesicles were capable of protecting the plasma-sensitive CPT lactone pharmacophore against the hydrolysis by 10× better than the CPT alone in PBS. The aliphatic ester linkage connecting the hydrophobic tail with dextran was found to be cleaved by esterase under physiological conditions for fast releasing of CPT or Rh-B. Cytotoxicity of the dextran vesicle and its drug conjugate were tested on mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEFs) using MTT assay. The dextran vesicular scaffold was found to be nontoxic to living cells. CPT loaded vesicles were found to be 2.5-fold more effective in killing fibroblasts compared to that of CPT alone in PBS. Confocal microscopic images confirmed that both Rh-B and CPT loaded vesicles to be taken up by fibroblasts compared to CPT alone, showing a distinctly perinuclear localization in cells. The custom designed dextran vesicular provides new research opportunities for dual loading and delivering of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. S. Pramod
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune–411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kathryn Takamura
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune–411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sonali Chaphekar
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune–411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nagaraj Balasubramanian
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune–411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - M. Jayakannan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune–411008, Maharashtra, India
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18
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Vedantham K, Swet JH, McKillop IH, El-Ghannam A. Evaluation of a bioresorbable drug delivery system for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 100:432-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abeylath SC, Amiji MM. 'Click' synthesis of dextran macrostructures for combinatorial-designed self-assembled nanoparticles encapsulating diverse anticancer therapeutics. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6167-73. [PMID: 21978947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
With the non-specific toxicity of anticancer drugs to healthy tissues upon systemic administration, formulations capable of enhanced selectivity in delivery to the tumor mass and cells are highly desirable. Based on the diversity of the drug payloads, we have investigated a combinatorial-designed strategy where the nano-sized formulations are tailored based on the physicochemical properties of the drug and the delivery needs. Individually functionalized C(2) to C(12) lipid-, thiol-, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-modified dextran derivatives were synthesized via 'click' chemistry from O-pentynyl dextran and relevant azides. These functionalized dextrans in combination with anticancer drugs form nanoparticles by self-assembling in aqueous medium having PEG surface functionalization and intermolecular disulfide bonds. Using anticancer drugs with logP values ranging from -0.5 to 3.0, the optimized nanoparticles formulations were evaluated for preliminary cellular delivery and cytotoxic effects in SKOV3 human ovarian adenocarcinoma cells. The results show that with the appropriate selection of lipid-modified dextran, one can effectively tailor the self-assembled nano-formulation for intended therapeutic payload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampath C Abeylath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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20
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Yang J, Liu W, Sui M, Tang J, Shen Y. Platinum (IV)-coordinate polymers as intracellular reduction-responsive backbone-type conjugates for cancer drug delivery. Biomaterials 2011; 32:9136-43. [PMID: 21889206 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Platinum (IV)-coordinate polymers were synthesized by condensation polymerization using diamminedichlorodihydroxyplatinum (DHP) or its dicarboxyl derivative diamminedichlorodisuccinatoplatinum (DSP) as comonomers. Cyclic voltammogram study showed that Pt (IV) in the polymers was much easier reduced to Pt (II), particularly at the acidic pH, than that in the monomer DSP. Thus, these polymers were intracellular reduction-responsive backbone-type polymer conjugates that could be degraded and release Pt (II). These conjugates not only had high and fixed platinum contents (27.7% for P(DSP-EDA) and 29.6% for P(DSP-PA), respectively), but also showed increased cytotoxicity compared with corresponding Pt (IV) monomer DSP toward various tumor cell lines. In vivo, the conjugate showed a longer blood circulation time and better tumor accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Center for Bionanoengineering and the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Guan B, Zou F, Zhi J. Nanodiamond as the pH-responsive vehicle for an anticancer drug. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:1514-1519. [PMID: 20568258 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200902305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (CDDP, cisplatin), a widely used anticancer drug, is successfully loaded onto nanodiamond (ND) by adsorption and complexation. The CDDP-ND composite is characterized by IR spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. CDDP is released from the composite in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) of pH 6.0 at a rate higher than in PBS of pH 7.4. Therefore, it is predicted that the ND vehicle would deliver low concentrations of CDDP in the blood, but release much more drug after integration into the acidic cytoplasm, thereby reducing toxic side effects. The complexation between CDDP and the carboxyl groups on the ND surface is responsible for the pH-responsive release property. The drug released from the composite retains the same cytotoxicity as free CDDP against human cervical cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Guan
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 2, Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Haidian District Beijing, PR China
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22
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Abstract
Transition metal complexes offer great potential as diagnostic and therapeutic agents, and a growing number of biological applications have been explored. To be effective, these complexes must reach their intended target inside the cell. Here we review the cellular accumulation of metal complexes, including their uptake, localization, and efflux. Metal complexes are taken up inside cells through various mechanisms, including passive diffusion and entry through organic and metal transporters. Emphasis is placed on the methods used to examine cellular accumulation, to identify the mechanism(s) of uptake, and to monitor possible efflux. Conjugation strategies that have been employed to improve the cellular uptake characteristics of metal complexes are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy A. Puckett
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Russell J. Ernst
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Jacqueline K. Barton
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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23
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Aryal S, Hu CMJ, Zhang L. Polymer--cisplatin conjugate nanoparticles for acid-responsive drug delivery. ACS NANO 2010; 4:251-8. [PMID: 20039697 PMCID: PMC2830398 DOI: 10.1021/nn9014032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of novel acid-responsive therapeutic nanoparticles (NPs) with sub-100 nm size consisting of polymer--cisplatin conjugates. The uniqueness of these drug delivery polymeric NPs lies in the covalent conjugation of each cisplatin drug to the hydrophobic segment of two biocompatible diblock copolymer chains through a hydrazone bond, resulting in highly differential drug release profile at different environmental acidity. We demonstrate that the synthesized polymer--cisplatin conjugates can readily precipitate to form sub-100 nm NPs in aqueous solution due to their very low critical micelle concentration (CMC). The resulting NPs show well-controlled cisplatin loading yield, excellent acid-responsive drug release kinetics, and enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity against ovarian cancer cells as compared to free cisplatin. As an environmentally sensitive drug delivery vehicle, these NPs can potentially minimize the drug loss during NP circulation in the blood, where the pH value is neutral, and trigger rapid intracellular drug release after the NPs are endocytosed by the target cells. This characteristic drug release profile holds the promise to suppress cancer cell chemoresistance by rapidly releasing a high dose of chemotherapy drugs inside the tumor cells, thereby improving the therapeutic efficacy of the drug payload.
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Nagane K, Jo JI, Tabata Y. Promoted Adipogenesis of Rat Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Transfection of Small Interfering RNA Complexed with a Cationized Dextran. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:21-31. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Nagane
- Department of Biomaterials, Field of Tissue Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun-ichiro Jo
- Department of Biomaterials, Field of Tissue Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Department of Biomaterials, Field of Tissue Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Hornig S, Bunjes H, Heinze T. Preparation and characterization of nanoparticles based on dextran-drug conjugates. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 338:56-62. [PMID: 19635622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The presented concept combines the widely-established use of macromolecular prodrugs with nanoparticulate drug delivery devices. For this purpose, the water-soluble biopolymer dextran was functionalized with poorly water-soluble drugs (ibuprofen, naproxen) via in situ activation of the carboxylic groups with N,N(')-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI). The resulting hydrophobic derivatives self-assemble into nanoparticles with high loading efficiency during nanoprecipitation. The degree of substitution (DS) and the preparation technique strongly influence the size and the size distribution of the resulting nanoparticles. The particle suspensions remained stable over months in a pH value range between 4 and 11. Derivatives with high DS values are more stable against hydrolysis and after the addition of electrolytes than lowly substituted ones. Therefore, a defined tuning of the DS value may allow the adjustment of the pH-dependent hydrolysis rate and, hence, the release of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Hornig
- Center of Excellence for Polysaccharide Research, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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27
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Li X, Wu Q, Zhang F, Lin XF. Chemoenzymatic synthesis, characterization, and controlled release of functional polymeric prodrugs with acyclovir as pendant. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Wang X, Guo Z. Towards the rational design of platinum(ii) and gold(iii) complexes as antitumour agents. Dalton Trans 2008:1521-32. [DOI: 10.1039/b715903j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Komane LL, Mukaya EH, Neuse EW, van Rensburg CEJ. Macromolecular Antiproliferative Agents Featuring Dicarboxylato-Chelated Platinum. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-007-9175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Cha J, Lee WB, Park CR, Cho YW, Ahn CH, Kwon IC. Preparation and characterization of cisplatin-incorporated chitosan hydrogels, microparticles, and nanoparticles. Macromol Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03218726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Nakayama M, Okano T, Miyazaki T, Kohori F, Sakai K, Yokoyama M. Molecular design of biodegradable polymeric micelles for temperature-responsive drug release. J Control Release 2006; 115:46-56. [PMID: 16920217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We designed thermo-responsive and biodegradable polymeric micelles for an ideal drug delivery system whose target sites are where external stimuli selectively release drugs from the polymeric micelles. The thermo-responsive micelles formed from block copolymers that were composed both of a hydrophobic block and a thermo-responsive block. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N,N-dimethylacrylamide) showing a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) around 40 degrees C was synthesized for the thermo-responsive block, while biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide), poly(epsilon-caprolactone), or poly(D,L-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone) was used for the hydrophobic block. By changing both the block lengths of the poly(D,L-lactide)-containing block copolymers, physical parameters such as micelle diameter and critical micelle concentration were varied. On the other hand, the choice of the hydrophobic block was revealed to be critical in relation to both on the thermo-responsive release of the incorporated anti-cancer drug, doxorubicin, and the temperature-dependent change of the hydrophobicity of the micelles' inner core. One polymeric micelle composition successfully exhibited rapid and thermo-responsive drug release while possessing a biodegradable character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Nakayama
- Tokyo Women's Medical University, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Kawada-cho 8-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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32
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Ouchi T, Yamabe E, Hara K, Hirai M, Ohya Y. Design of attachment type of drug delivery system by complex formation of avidin with biotinyl drug model and biotinyl saccharide. J Control Release 2004; 94:281-91. [PMID: 14744480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have focused on the active targeting of drug delivery by combining a homing device and antitumor drug. For this purpose, synthesis of a well-designed vehicle (such as polymer/drug conjugates or nanoparticles) carrying a drug and a homing device requires many steps. We propose a new type of drug delivery system (DDS) by formation of a complex containing avidin (Av) plus biotinyl drug with a biotinyl homing device, which easily accommodates the combination of various drugs and homing devices. The targetable drug complex can be prepared by selecting an appropriate biotinyl drug derivative and a biotinyl homing device and mixing them with avidin. Fluorescent dye with 5-(and-6)-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) was used as a drug model, and galactose (Gal) recognized by liver parenchymal cells was used as a homing device. TAMRA and galactose were attached to biotin (Bio) through a triethyleneglycol (TEG) spacer group to give Bio-TEG-TAMRA conjugate and Bio-TEG-Gal conjugate, respectively. Confocal laser scanning microscopic studies suggest that the complexes prepared by mixing Bio-TEG-Gal conjugate and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled Av (feed molar ratio 4:1), and mixing Bio-TEG-Gal conjugate, Bio-TEG-TAMRA conjugate and FITC-labeled Av are internalized into the hepatoma cells through a receptor-mediated endocytosis mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Ouchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kansai University, Suita Osaka 564-8680, Japan.
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33
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Abstract
The many activities of metal ions in biology have stimulated the development of metal-based therapeutics. Cisplatin, as one of the leading metal-based drugs, is widely used in treatment of cancer, being especially effective against genitourinary tumors such as testicular. Significant side effects and drug resistance, however, have limited its clinical applications. Biological carriers conjugated to cisplatin analogs have improved specificity for tumor tissue, thereby reducing side effects and drug resistance. Platinum complexes with distinctively different DNA binding modes from that of cisplatin also exhibit promising pharmacological properties. Ruthenium and gold complexes with antitumor activity have also evolved. Other metal-based chemotherapeutic compounds have been investigated for potential medicinal applications, including superoxide dismutase mimics and metal-based NO donors/scavengers. These compounds have the potential to modulate the biological properties of superoxide anion and nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
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34
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Abstract
We have assembled references of 700 articles published in 2001 that describe work performed using commercially available optical biosensors. To illustrate the technology's diversity, the citation list is divided into reviews, methods and specific applications, as well as instrument type. We noted marked improvements in the utilization of biosensors and the presentation of kinetic data over previous years. These advances reflect a maturing of the technology, which has become a standard method for characterizing biomolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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