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Zhao Z, Yang Y, Wu S, Yao D. Role of Secretory Mucins in the Occurrence and Development of Cholelithiasis. Biomolecules 2024; 14:676. [PMID: 38927079 PMCID: PMC11201413 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholelithiasis is a common biliary tract disease. However, the exact mechanism underlying gallstone formation remains unclear. Mucin plays a vital role in the nuclear formation and growth of cholesterol and pigment stones. Excessive mucin secretion can result in cholestasis and decreased gallbladder activity, further facilitating stone formation and growth. Moreover, gallstones may result in inflammation and the secretion of inflammatory factors, which can further increase mucin expression and secretion to promote the growth of gallstones. This review systematically summarises and analyses the role of mucins in gallstone occurrence and development and its related mechanisms to explore new ideas for interventions in stone formation or recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dianbo Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.Y.); (S.W.)
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Marczynski M, Kimna C, Lieleg O. Purified mucins in drug delivery research. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113845. [PMID: 34166760 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the main challenges in the field of drug delivery remains the development of strategies to efficiently transport pharmaceuticals across mucus barriers, which regulate the passage and retention of molecules and particles in all luminal spaces of the body. A thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms, which govern such selective permeability, is key for achieving efficient translocation of drugs and drug carriers. For this purpose, model systems based on purified mucins can contribute valuable information. In this review, we summarize advances that were made in the field of drug delivery research with such mucin-based model systems: First, we give an overview of mucin purification procedures and discuss the suitability of model systems reconstituted from purified mucins to mimic native mucus. Then, we summarize techniques to study mucin binding. Finally, we highlight approaches that made use of mucins as building blocks for drug delivery platforms or employ mucins as active compounds.
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Abdulkarim M, Sharma PK, Gumbleton M. Self-emulsifying drug delivery system: Mucus permeation and innovative quantification technologies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 142:62-74. [PMID: 30974131 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mucus is a dynamic barrier which covers and protects the underlying mucosal epithelial membrane against bacteria and foreign particles. This protection mechanism extends to include therapeutic macromolecules and nanoparticles (NPs) through trapping of these particles. Mucus is not only a physical barrier that limiting particles movements based on their sizes but it selectively binds with particles through both hydrophilic and lipophilic interactions. Therefore, nano-carriers for mucosal delivery should be designed to eliminate entrapment by the mucus barrier. For this reason, different strategies have been approached for both solid nano-carriers and liquid core nano-carriers to synthesise muco-diffusive nano-carrier. Among these nano-strategies, Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SEDDS) was recognised as very promising nano-carrier for mucus delivery. The system was introduced to enhance the dissolution and bioavailability of orally administered insoluble drugs. SEDDS has shown high stability against intestinal enzymatic activity and more importantly, relatively rapid permeation characteristics across mucus barrier. The high diffusivity of SEDDS has been tested using various in vitro measurement techniques including both bulk and individual measurement of droplets diffusion within mucus. The selection and processing of an optimum in vitro technique is of great importance to avoid misinterpretation of the diffusivity of SEDDS through mucus barrier. In conclusion, SEDDS is a system with high capacity to diffuse through intestinal mucus even though this system has not been studied to the same extent as solid nano-carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthanna Abdulkarim
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Peeyush Kumar Sharma
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Mark Gumbleton
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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Gonzales GB, Van Camp J, Smagghe G, Raes K, Mackie A. Flavonoid–gastrointestinal mucus interaction and its potential role in regulating flavonoid bioavailability and mucosal biophysical properties. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Muthusamy N, Sommerville LJ, Moeser AJ, Stumpo DJ, Sannes P, Adler K, Blackshear PJ, Weimer JM, Ghashghaei HT. MARCKS-dependent mucin clearance and lipid metabolism in ependymal cells are required for maintenance of forebrain homeostasis during aging. Aging Cell 2015; 14:764-73. [PMID: 26010231 PMCID: PMC4568964 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ependymal cells (ECs) form a barrier responsible for selective movement of fluids and molecules between the cerebrospinal fluid and the central nervous system. Here, we demonstrate that metabolic and barrier functions in ECs decline significantly during aging in mice. The longevity of these functions in part requires the expression of the myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate (MARCKS). Both the expression levels and subcellular localization of MARCKS in ECs are markedly transformed during aging. Conditional deletion of MARCKS in ECs induces intracellular accumulation of mucins, elevated oxidative stress, and lipid droplet buildup. These alterations are concomitant with precocious disruption of ependymal barrier function, which results in the elevation of reactive astrocytes, microglia, and macrophages in the interstitial brain tissue of young mutant mice. Interestingly, similar alterations are observed during normal aging in ECs and the forebrain interstitium. Our findings constitute a conceptually new paradigm in the potential role of ECs in the initiation of various conditions and diseases in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendran Muthusamy
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| | - Laura J. Sommerville
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| | - Adam J. Moeser
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27607 USA
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| | - Deborah J. Stumpo
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Durham NC 27709 USA
| | - Philip Sannes
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27607 USA
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| | - Kenneth Adler
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| | - Perry J. Blackshear
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Durham NC 27709 USA
| | - Jill M. Weimer
- Sanford Research Children's Health Research and Department of Pediatric University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine Sioux Falls SD 57104 USA
| | - H. Troy Ghashghaei
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27607 USA
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27607 USA
- Program in Genetics North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27607 USA
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Gu X, Mathias EV, Nguyen KTH, Ba Y. Structural characterization and diffusional analysis of the inclusion complexes of fluoroadamantane with β-cyclodextrin and its derivatives studied via 1H, 13C and 19F NMR spectroscopy. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-012-0214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Peng SE, Chen WNU, Chen HK, Lu CY, Mayfield AB, Fang LS, Chen CS. Lipid bodies in coral-dinoflagellate endosymbiosis: proteomic and ultrastructural studies. Proteomics 2011; 11:3540-55. [PMID: 21751349 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Gastrodermal lipid bodies (LBs) are organelles involved in the regulation of the mutualistic endosymbiosis between reef-building corals and their dinoflagellate endosymbionts (genus Symbiodinium). As their molecular composition remains poorly defined, we herein describe the first gastrodermal LB proteome and examine in situ morphology of LBs in order to provide insight into their structure and function. After tissue separation of the tentacles of the stony coral Euphyllia glabrescens, buoyant LBs of the gastroderm encompassing a variety of sizes (0.5-4 μm in diameter) were isolated after two cycles of subcellular fractionation via stepwise sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation and detergent washing. The purity of the isolated LBs was demonstrated by their high degree of lipid enrichment and as well as the absence of contaminating proteins of the host cell and Symbiodinium. LB-associated proteins were then purified, subjected to SDS-PAGE, and identified by MS using an LC-nano-ESI-MS/MS. A total of 42 proteins were identified within eight functional groups, including metabolism, intracellular trafficking, the stress response/molecular modification and development. Ultrastructural analyses of LBs in situ showed that they exhibit defined morphological characteristics, including a high-electron density resulting from a distinct lipid composition from that of the lipid droplets of mammalian cells. Coral LBs were also characterized by the presence of numerous electron-transparent inclusions of unknown origin and composition. Both proteomic and ultrastructural observations seem to suggest that both Symbiodinium and host organelles, such as the ER, are involved in LB biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-En Peng
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Occhipinti P, Griffiths PC. Quantifying diffusion in mucosal systems by pulsed-gradient spin-echo NMR. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:1570-82. [PMID: 18940211 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mucus, a thick and slimy secretion produced by submucosal cells, covers many epithelial surfaces in mammalian organs and prevents foreign particles that enter the body from accessing cells. However, the mucus layer also represents a potential barrier to the efficient delivery of nano-sized drug delivery systems (polyplexes, lipoplexes, particles) to the underlying mucosal epithelium. Many studies have considered the ability of nano-sized particles and polymers to diffuse within the mucosal network using a range of different techniques, including multiple-particle tracking (MPT), diffusion chamber studies and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). This review highlights the current understanding of the interaction of the diffusion of nano-sized structures within mucosal networks. Moreover, this article presents an introduction to pulsed-gradient spin-echo NMR (PGSE-NMR), a potential new tool to investigate the mobility of molecular species through mucosal networks and related biological gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Occhipinti
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
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Jüngst C, Sreejayan N, Eder MI, von Stillfried N, Zündt B, Spelsberg FW, Kullak-Ublick GA, Jüngst D, von Ritter C. Lipid peroxidation and mucin secretagogue activity in bile of gallstone patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2007; 37:731-6. [PMID: 17696963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2007.01853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation of the gallbladder wall and mucin hypersecretion are considered to be important factors in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone disease. The aim of the study was to compare mucin concentration and mucin secretagogue activity with lipid peroxidation in gallbladder bile of patients with cholesterol or pigment stones. MATERIAL AND METHODS We studied mucin concentration and, as a marker of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde concentration in 11 rapid (1 to 3 days) and eight non-nucleating (> 21 days) gallbladder biles of patients with cholesterol or pigment stones. Furthermore, the mucin secretagogue activity of rapid and non-nucleating gallbladder biles, as well as 1-5 micromol L(-1) malondialdehyde on cultured gallbladder epithelial cells, was determined. RESULTS Our data show an increased malondialdehyde (7.2 +/- 1.8 vs. 3.8 +/- 0.5 micromol L(-1), P = 0.01) and mucin concentration (0.9 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.41 +/- 0.03 mg mL(-1), P = 0.01) and an increased mucin secretagogue activity (2.0 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.1 +/- 0.3 mucin secretion/control, P = 0.04) and cholesterol saturation index (1.2 +/- 0.1 vs. 08 +/- 0.1, P = 0.04) in rapid as compared to non-nucleating gallbladder biles. Malondialdehyde stimulated mucin secretion of cultured gallbladder epithelial cells in a concentration dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Our results support a promoting effect of gallbladder mucin hypersecretion by lipid peroxidation leading to rapid formation of cholesterol crystals in gallbladder bile. These findings suggest that besides hypersecretion of cholesterol in bile, chronic inflammation of the gallbladder wall is implicated in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jüngst
- University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Michelman-Ribeiro A, Horkay F, Nossal R, Boukari H. Probe Diffusion in Aqueous Poly(vinyl alcohol) Solutions Studied by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:1595-600. [PMID: 17441767 DOI: 10.1021/bm061195r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report fluorescence correlation spectroscopy measurements of the translational diffusion coefficient of various probe particles in dilute and semidilute aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions. The range of sizes of the particles (fluorescent molecules, proteins, and polymers) was chosen to explore various length scales of the polymer solutions as defined by the polymer-polymer correlation length. For particles larger than the correlation length, we find that the diffusion coefficient, D, decreases exponentially with the polymer concentration. This can be explained by an exponential increase in the solution viscosity, consistent with the Stokes-Einstein equation. For probes on the order of the correlation length, the decrease of the diffusion coefficient cannot be accounted for by the Stokes-Einstein equation, but can be fit by a stretched exponential, D approximately exp(-alphacn), where we find n = 0.73-0.84 and alpha is related to the probe size. These results are in accord with a diffusion model of Langevin and Rondelez (Polymer 1978, 19, 1875), where these values of n indicate a good solvent quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Michelman-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Integrative and Medical Biophysics, National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Mucin structure, aggregation, physiological functions and biomedical applications. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Maheshwari R, Dhathathreyan A. Mucin at solution/air and solid/solution interfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 293:263-9. [PMID: 16083896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Revised: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper the surface activity of protein mucin at solution/air interface has been studied. The experiments of the adsorbed protein at solution/air interface have been carried out with a range of protein concentrations at a defined pH. The adsorption of the protein to solid surfaces and the degree of hydrophobicity at solid/solution interface of mucin have been evaluated at different pH and in the presence of Hofmeister electrolyte. The results from these studies have been further substantiated by surface potential measurements of mucin covered surface on stainless steel. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been used to follow the protein adsorption kinetics from solution to solid surface. The results from these measurements show that the adsorption behavior has a remarkable dependence on the degree of maximum coverage and is almost independent of the ionic strength. Other characteristic features such as maximum adsorption values at the protein isoelectric point (IEP4.7) and low-affinity isotherms that showed surface saturation even under unfavorable electrostatic conditions have been observed. The amount of mucin adsorbed in the presence of electrolytes has been estimated using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). The study clearly shows that there exists an inverse relationship between the hydrophobicity and surface tension of the protein and also on the hydrated radius of Hofmeister electrolyte used.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maheshwari
- Chemical Lab., CLRI, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
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