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Panahi HKS, Dehhaghi M, Amiri H, Guillemin GJ, Gupta VK, Rajaei A, Yang Y, Peng W, Pan J, Aghbashlo M, Tabatabaei M. Current and emerging applications of saccharide-modified chitosan: a critical review. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 66:108172. [PMID: 37169103 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, as the main component of the exoskeleton of Arthropoda, is a highly available natural polymer that can be processed into various value-added products. Its most important derivative, i.e., chitosan, comprising β-1,4-linked 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucose (deacetylated d-glucosamine) and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine units, can be prepared via alkaline deacetylation process. Chitosan has been used as a biodegradable, biocompatible, non-antigenic, and nontoxic polymer in some in-vitro applications, but the recently found potentials of chitosan for in-vivo applications based on its biological activities, especially antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities, have upgraded the chitosan roles in biomaterials. Chitosan approval, generally recognized as a safe compound by the United States Food and Drug Administration, has attracted much attention toward its possible applications in diverse fields, especially biomedicine and agriculture. Even with some favorable characteristics, the chitosan's structure should be customized for advanced applications, especially due to its drawbacks, such as low drug-load capacity, low solubility, high viscosity, lack of elastic properties, and pH sensitivity. In this context, derivatization with relatively inexpensive and highly available mono- and di-saccharides to soluble branched chitosan has been considered a "game changer". This review critically reviews the emerging technologies based on the synthesis and application of lactose- and galactose-modified chitosan as two important chitosan derivatives. Some characteristics of chitosan derivatives and biological activities have been detailed first to understand the value of these natural polymers. Second, the saccharide modification of chitosan has been discussed briefly. Finally, the applications of lactose- and galactose-modified chitosan have been scrutinized and compared to native chitosan to provide an insight into the current state-of-the research for stimulating new ideas with the potential of filling research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Kazemi Shariat Panahi
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Forest Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Mona Dehhaghi
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Hamid Amiri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran; Environmental Research Institute, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Safe and Improved Food, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Ahmad Rajaei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Yadong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Forest Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Junting Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Mortaza Aghbashlo
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Forest Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Meisam Tabatabaei
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Forest Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600 077, India.
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Daminato E, Bianchini G, Causin V. New Directions in Aesthetic Medicine: A Novel and Hybrid Filler Based on Hyaluronic Acid and Lactose Modified Chitosan. Gels 2022; 8:326. [PMID: 35621624 PMCID: PMC9141296 DOI: 10.3390/gels8050326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fillers based on crosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA) are becoming increasingly important in the field of aesthetic medicine, for example for treating wrinkles or for volumizing purposes. However, crosslinking agents are usually associated with toxicity and adverse reactions. The aim of this study is the development of an innovative technology to manufacture high performance HA-based fillers using minimal amounts of crosslinking agent. In this work, new fillers based on HA, functionalized with different amounts of 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) (degree of modification ranging between 3.5% and 8.8%) and formulated with a lactose modified chitosan (CTL), were investigated. The relative quantities of these polymeric building blocks in the formulations were 20-25 and 5 mg/mL for HA and CTL, respectively. Due to its cationic nature, CTL could interact with the anionic HA and enhance the elastic properties of the filler. Fillers manufactured with this novel technology (HACL-CTL) were characterized and compared with several fillers available in the market. In particular, resistance against hyaluronidase, swelling, cohesivity and rheological properties were investigated. Cohesivity, resistance to hydrolysis and swelling of HACL-CTL were comparable to commercial products. However, HACL-CTL fillers showed excellent elastic performance that reached 94% of elasticity in response to shear stresses. Surprisingly, these fillers also showed a resistance to compression higher than that of currently marketed products, making them very promising for their lifting effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Daminato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | | | - Valerio Causin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy;
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Hyaluronic acid/lactose-modified chitosan electrospun wound dressings – Crosslinking and stability criticalities. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 288:119375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Pizzolitto C, Cok M, Asaro F, Scognamiglio F, Marsich E, Lopez F, Donati I, Sacco P. On the Mechanism of Genipin Binding to Primary Amines in Lactose-Modified Chitosan at Neutral pH. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6831. [PMID: 32957651 PMCID: PMC7554727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The present manuscript deals with the elucidation of the mechanism of genipin binding by primary amines at neutral pH. UV-VIS and CD measurements both in the presence of oxygen and in oxygen-depleted conditions, combined with computational analyses, led to propose a novel mechanism for the formation of genipin derivatives. The indications collected with chiral and achiral primary amines allowed interpreting the genipin binding to a lactose-modified chitosan (CTL or Chitlac), which is soluble at all pH values. Two types of reaction and their kinetics were found in the presence of oxygen: (i) an interchain reticulation, which involves two genipin molecules and two polysaccharide chains, and (ii) a binding of one genipin molecule to the polymer chain without chain-chain reticulation. The latter evolves in additional interchain cross-links, leading to the formation of the well-known blue iridoid-derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pizzolitto
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, piazza dell’Ospitale 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.P.); (F.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Michela Cok
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.C.); (I.D.)
| | - Fioretta Asaro
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Francesca Scognamiglio
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, piazza dell’Ospitale 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.P.); (F.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, piazza dell’Ospitale 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.P.); (F.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Francesco Lopez
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA), University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, I-86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.C.); (I.D.)
| | - Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.C.); (I.D.)
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Vecchies F, Sacco P, Marsich E, Cinelli G, Lopez F, Donati I. Binary Solutions of Hyaluronan and Lactose-Modified Chitosan: The Influence of Experimental Variables in Assembling Complex Coacervates. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E897. [PMID: 32294992 PMCID: PMC7240600 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A miscibility study between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, namely hyaluronic acid and a lactose-modified chitosan, is here reported. Experimental variables such as polymers' weight ratios, pH values, ionic strengths and hyaluronic acid molecular weights were considered. Transmittance analyses demonstrated the mutual solubility of the two biopolymers at a neutral pH. The onset of the liquid-liquid phase separation due to electrostatic interactions between the two polymers was detected at pH 4.5, and it was found to be affected by the overall ionic strength, the modality of mixing and the polymers' weight ratio. Thorough Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements were performed to check the quality of the formed coacervates by investigating their dimensions, homogeneity and surface charge. The whole DLS results highlighted the influence of the hyaluronic acid molecular weight in affecting coacervates' dispersity and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Vecchies
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri, 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.V.); (I.D.)
| | - Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri, 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.V.); (I.D.)
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza dell’Ospitale 1, I-34129 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Cinelli
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA), Università degli Studi del Molise, Via De Sanctis, I-86100 Campobasso, Italy; (G.C.); (F.L.)
| | - Francesco Lopez
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA), Università degli Studi del Molise, Via De Sanctis, I-86100 Campobasso, Italy; (G.C.); (F.L.)
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri, 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (F.V.); (I.D.)
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Sacco P, Cok M, Scognamiglio F, Pizzolitto C, Vecchies F, Marfoglia A, Marsich E, Donati I. Glycosylated-Chitosan Derivatives: A Systematic Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E1534. [PMID: 32230971 PMCID: PMC7180478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan derivatives, and more specifically, glycosylated derivatives, are nowadays attracting much attention within the scientific community due to the fact that this set of engineered polysaccharides finds application in different sectors, spanning from food to the biomedical field. Overcoming chitosan (physical) limitations or grafting biological relevant molecules, to mention a few, represent two cardinal strategies to modify parent biopolymer; thereby, synthetizing high added value polysaccharides. The present review is focused on the introduction of oligosaccharide side chains on the backbone of chitosan. The synthetic aspects and the effect on physical-chemical properties of such modifications are discussed. Finally, examples of potential applications in biomaterials design and drug delivery of these novel modified chitosans are disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (M.C.); (F.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Michela Cok
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (M.C.); (F.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Francesca Scognamiglio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza dell’Ospitale 1, I-34129 Trieste, Italy; (F.S.); (C.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Chiara Pizzolitto
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza dell’Ospitale 1, I-34129 Trieste, Italy; (F.S.); (C.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Federica Vecchies
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (M.C.); (F.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Marfoglia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (M.C.); (F.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza dell’Ospitale 1, I-34129 Trieste, Italy; (F.S.); (C.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (M.C.); (F.V.); (A.M.)
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Sacco P, Furlani F, De Marzo G, Marsich E, Paoletti S, Donati I. Concepts for Developing Physical Gels of Chitosan and of Chitosan Derivatives. Gels 2018; 4:E67. [PMID: 30674843 PMCID: PMC6209275 DOI: 10.3390/gels4030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan macro- and micro/nano-gels have gained increasing attention in recent years, especially in the biomedical field, given the well-documented low toxicity, degradability, and non-immunogenicity of this unique biopolymer. In this review we aim at recapitulating the recent gelling concepts for developing chitosan-based physical gels. Specifically, we describe how nowadays it is relatively simple to prepare networks endowed with different sizes and shapes simply by exploiting physical interactions, namely (i) hydrophobic effects and hydrogen bonds-mostly governed by chitosan chemical composition-and (ii) electrostatic interactions, mainly ensured by physical/chemical chitosan features, such as the degree of acetylation and molecular weight, and external parameters, such as pH and ionic strength. Particular emphasis is dedicated to potential applications of this set of materials, especially in tissue engineering and drug delivery sectors. Lastly, we report on chitosan derivatives and their ability to form gels. Additionally, we discuss the recent findings on a lactose-modified chitosan named Chitlac, which has proved to form attractive gels both at the macro- and at the nano-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Franco Furlani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Gaia De Marzo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza dell'Ospitale 1, I-34125 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Sergio Paoletti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
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Medelin M, Porrelli D, Aurand ER, Scaini D, Travan A, Borgogna MA, Cok M, Donati I, Marsich E, Scopa C, Scardigli R, Paoletti S, Ballerini L. Exploiting natural polysaccharides to enhance in vitro bio-constructs of primary neurons and progenitor cells. Acta Biomater 2018; 73:285-301. [PMID: 29621637 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Current strategies in Central Nervous System (CNS) repair focus on the engineering of artificial scaffolds for guiding and promoting neuronal tissue regrowth. Ideally, one should combine such synthetic structures with stem cell therapies, encapsulating progenitor cells and instructing their differentiation and growth. We used developments in the design, synthesis, and characterization of polysaccharide-based bioactive polymeric materials for testing the ideal composite supporting neuronal network growth, synapse formation and stem cell differentiation into neurons and motor neurons. Moreover, we investigated the feasibility of combining these approaches with engineered mesenchymal stem cells able to release neurotrophic factors. We show here that composite bio-constructs made of Chitlac, a Chitosan derivative, favor hippocampal neuronal growth, synapse formation and the differentiation of progenitors into the proper neuronal lineage, that can be improved by local and continuous delivery of neurotrophins. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In our work, we characterized polysaccharide-based bioactive platforms as biocompatible materials for nerve tissue engineering. We show that Chitlac-thick substrates are able to promote neuronal growth, differentiation, maturation and formation of active synapses. These observations support this new material as a promising candidate for the development of complex bio-constructs promoting central nervous system regeneration. Our novel findings sustain the exploitation of polysaccharide-based scaffolds able to favour neuronal network reconstruction. Our study shows that Chitlac-thick may be an ideal candidate for the design of biomaterial scaffolds enriched with stem cell therapies as an innovative approach for central nervous system repair.
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Esteban C, Donati I, Pantano S, Villegas M, Benegas J, Paoletti S. Dissecting the conformational determinants of chitosan and chitlac oligomers. Biopolymers 2018; 109:e23221. [PMID: 29722914 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan and its highly hydrophilic 1-deoxy-lactit-1-yl derivative (Chitlac) are polysaccharides with increasing biomedical applications. Aimed to unravel their conformational properties we have performed a series of molecular dynamics simulations of Chitosan/Chitlac decamers, exploring different degrees of substitution (DS) of lactitol side chains. At low DS, two conformational regions with different populations are visited, while for DS ≥ 20% the oligomers remain mostly linear and only one main region of the glycosidic angles is sampled. These conformers are (locally) characterized by extended helical "propensities". Helical conformations 32 and 21, by far the most abundant, only develop in the main region. The accessible conformational space is clearly enlarged at high ionic strength, evidencing also a new region accessible to the glycosidic angles, with short and frequent interchange between regions. Simulations of neutral decamers share these features, pointing to a central role of electrostatic repulsion between charged moieties. These interactions seem to determine the conformational behavior of the chitosan backbone, with no evident influence of H-bond interactions. Finally, it is also shown that increasing temperature only slightly enlarges the available conformational space, but certainly without signs of a temperature-induced conformational transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Esteban
- Instituto de Matematica Aplicada (IMASL), Department of Physics, National University of San Luis/CONICET, San Luis, D5700HHW, Argentina
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 5, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Sergio Pantano
- Institut Pasteur of Montevideo - Calle Mataojo 2020, Montevideo, Cp 11400, Uruguay
| | - Myriam Villegas
- Instituto de Matematica Aplicada (IMASL), Department of Physics, National University of San Luis/CONICET, San Luis, D5700HHW, Argentina
| | - Julio Benegas
- Instituto de Matematica Aplicada (IMASL), Department of Physics, National University of San Luis/CONICET, San Luis, D5700HHW, Argentina
| | - Sergio Paoletti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 5, Trieste, 34127, Italy
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Furlani F, Sacco P, Marsich E, Donati I, Paoletti S. Highly monodisperse colloidal coacervates based on a bioactive lactose-modified chitosan: From synthesis to characterization. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 174:360-368. [PMID: 28821079 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The present contribution aims at describing the fabrication of coacervates in the nano-size range starting from a 1-deoxylactit-1-yl chitosan (in this manuscript termed as CTL60) and the multivalent anion tripolyphosphate (TPP). Colloidal coacervates have been obtained for precise values of the molar ratio of TPP to CTL60 repeating unit. Coacervation is ensured only at pH 4.5 and not at 7.4, thus demonstrating the key role of electrostatic interactions in the stabilization of the coacervates. At a variance with chitosan, CTL60 favors the formation of highly homogeneous coacervates with very low values of the polydispersity index (PDI). Moreover, CTL60 coacervates can be freeze-dried without any cryoprotectant, they can host a model molecule and are stable up to three weeks at 4°C. Conversely, such coacervates dissolve upon increasing pH and ionic strength. By considering the bioactive polycation CTL60, the present system can be suggested as a first step in the development of innovative biologically-active nano-carriers to be used as drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Furlani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza dell'Ospitale 1, I-34129 Trieste, Italy
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sergio Paoletti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
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Scognamiglio F, Travan A, Cok M, Borgogna M, Marsich E, Paoletti S, Donati I. On the demixing of hyaluronan and alginate in the gel state. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 95:49-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Gallorini M, di Giacomo V, Di Valerio V, Rapino M, Bosco D, Travan A, Di Giulio M, Di Pietro R, Paoletti S, Cataldi A, Sancilio S. Cell-protection mechanism through autophagy in HGFs/S. mitis co-culture treated with Chitlac-nAg. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:186. [PMID: 27787811 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-016-5803-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Silver-based products have been proven to be effective in retarding and preventing bacterial growth since ancient times. In the field of restorative dentistry, the use of silver ions/nanoparticles has been explored to counteract bacterial infections, as silver can destroy bacterial cell walls by reacting with membrane proteins. However, it is also cytotoxic towards eukaryotic cells, which are capable of internalizing nanoparticles. In this work, we investigated the biological effects of Chitlac-nAg, a colloidal system based on a modified chitosan (Chitlac), administered for 24-48 h to a co-culture of primary human gingival fibroblasts and Streptococcus mitis in the presence of saliva, developed to mimic the microenvironment of the oral cavity. We sought to determine its efficiency to combat oral hygiene-related diseases without affecting eukaryotic cells. Cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species production, apoptosis induction, nanoparticles uptake, and lysosome and autophagosome metabolism were evaluated. In vitro results show that Chitlac-nAg does not exert cytotoxic effects on human gingival fibroblasts, which seem to survive through a homoeostasis mechanism involving autophagy. That suggests that the novel biomaterial Chitlac-nAg could be a promising tool in the field of dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialucia Gallorini
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Viviana di Giacomo
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
| | - Valentina Di Valerio
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Monica Rapino
- Genetic Molecular Institute of CNR, Unit of Chieti, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Genetic Molecular Institute of CNR, Unit of Chieti, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Andrea Travan
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mara Di Giulio
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Roberta Di Pietro
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Sergio Paoletti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Amelia Cataldi
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Silvia Sancilio
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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13
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Sacco P, Travan A, Borgogna M, Paoletti S, Marsich E. Silver-containing antimicrobial membrane based on chitosan-TPP hydrogel for the treatment of wounds. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:128. [PMID: 25693676 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of non-healing wounds represents hitherto a severe dilemma because of their failure to heal caused by repeated tissue insults, bacteria contamination and altered physiological condition. This leads to face huge costs for the healthcare worldwide. To this end, the development of innovative biomaterials capable of preventing bacterial infection, of draining exudates and of favoring wound healing is very challenging. In this study, we exploit a novel technique based on the slow diffusion of tripolyphosphate for the preparation of macroscopic chitosan hydrogels to obtain soft pliable membranes which include antimicrobial silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) stabilized by a lactose-modified chitosan (Chitlac). UV-Vis and TEM analyses demonstrated the time stability and the uniform distribution of AgNPs in the gelling mixture, while swelling studies indicated the hydrophilic behavior of membrane. A thorough investigation on bactericidal properties of the material pointed out the synergistic activity of chitosan and AgNPs to reduce the growth of S. aureus, E. coli, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa strains and to break apart mature biofilms. Finally, biocompatibility assays on keratinocytes and fibroblasts did not prove any harmful effects on the viability of cells. This novel technique enables the production of bioactive membranes with great potential for the treatment of non-healing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, 34127, Trieste, Italy,
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14
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15
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Nganga S, Travan A, Marsich E, Donati I, Söderling E, Moritz N, Paoletti S, Vallittu PK. In vitro antimicrobial properties of silver-polysaccharide coatings on porous fiber-reinforced composites for bone implants. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2013; 24:2775-2785. [PMID: 23922117 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-5022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biostable fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) implants prepared from bisphenol-A-dimethacrylate and triethyleneglycoldimethacrylate resin reinforced with E-glass fibers have been successfully used in cranial reconstructions in 15 patients. Recently, porous FRC structures were suggested as potential implant materials. Compared with smooth surface, porous surface allows implant incorporation via bone ingrowth, but is also a subject to bacterial attachment. Non-cytotoxic silver-polysaccharide nanocomposite coatings may provide a way to decrease the risk of bacterial contamination of porous FRC structures. This study is focused on the in vitro characterization of the effect porosity on the antimicrobial efficiency of the coatings against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by a series of microbiological tests (initial adhesion, antimicrobial efficacy, and biofilm formation). Characterization included confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of porosity on the initial attachment of S. aureus was pronounced, but in the case of P. aeruginosa the effect was negligible. There were no significant effects of the coatings on the initial bacterial attachment. In the antimicrobial efficacy test, the coatings were potent against both strains regardless of the sample morphology. In the biofilm tests, there were no clear effects either of morphology or of the coating. Further coating development is foreseen to achieve a longer-term antimicrobial effect to inhibiting bacterial implant colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nganga
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,
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16
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Abstract
The design of new technologies for treatment of human disorders is a complex and difficult task. The aim of this article is to explore state of art discussion of various techniques and materials involve in cell encapsulations. Encapsulation of cells within semi-permeable polymer shells or beads is a potentially powerful tool, and has long been explored as a promising approach for the treatment of several human diseases such as lysosomal storage disease (LSD), neurological disorders, Parkinsons disease, dwarfism, hemophilia, cancer and diabetes using immune-isolation gene therapy.
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Marsich E, Travan A, Feresini M, Lapasin R, Paoletti S, Donati I. Polysaccharide-Based Polyanion-Polycation-Polyanion Ternary Systems in the Concentrated Regime and Hydrogel Form. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
The synergy of some promising advances in the fields of cell therapy and biomaterials together with improvements in the fabrication of more refined and tailored microcapsules for drug delivery have triggered the progress of cell encapsulation technology. Cell microencapsulation involves immobilizing the transplanted cells within a biocompatible scaffold surrounded by a membrane in attempt to isolate the cells from the host immune attack and enhance or prolong their function in vivo. This technology represents one strategy which aims to overcome the present difficulties related to local and systemic controlled release of drugs and growth factors as well as to organ graft rejection and thus the requirements for use of immunomodulatory protocols or immunosuppressive drugs. This chapter gives an overview of the current situation of cell encapsulation technology as a controlled drug delivery system, and the essential requirements of the technology, some of the therapeutic applications, the challenges, and the future directions under investigation are highlighted.
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Acarregui A, Murua A, Pedraz JL, Orive G, Hernández RM. A Perspective on Bioactive Cell Microencapsulation. BioDrugs 2012; 26:283-301. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03261887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Nganga S, Travan A, Donati I, Crosera M, Paoletti S, Vallittu PK. Degradation of Silver–Polysaccharide Nanocomposite in Solution and as Coating on Fiber-Reinforced Composites by Lysozyme and Hydrogen Peroxide. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:2605-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm300809h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nganga
- Department of Biomaterials Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Biocity Turku Biomaterials
Research Program, Turku Clinical Biomaterial Centre - TCBC, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrea Travan
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, Trieste I-34127,
Italy
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, Trieste I-34127,
Italy
| | - Matteo Crosera
- Department of Chemical
and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri
1, Trieste I-34127, Italy
| | - Sergio Paoletti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, Trieste I-34127,
Italy
| | - Pekka K. Vallittu
- Department of Biomaterials Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Biocity Turku Biomaterials
Research Program, Turku Clinical Biomaterial Centre - TCBC, Turku, Finland
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Donati I, Feresini M, Travan A, Marsich E, Lapasin R, Paoletti S. Polysaccharide-Based Polyanion–Polycation–Polyanion Ternary Systems. A Preliminary Analysis of Interpolyelectrolyte Interactions in Dilute Solutions. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:4044-56. [DOI: 10.1021/bm201046p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, I-34127
Trieste, Italy
| | - Massimo Feresini
- Department of Industrial Engineering & Information Technology, University of Trieste, via Valerio 10, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Travan
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, I-34127
Trieste, Italy
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, I-34127
Trieste, Italy
| | - Romano Lapasin
- Department of Industrial Engineering & Information Technology, University of Trieste, via Valerio 10, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sergio Paoletti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, I-34127
Trieste, Italy
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Lv R, Luan T, Yu F, Zhang H. Rheological and micro-DSC studies on the aqueous mixtures of methylcellulose and ammonium poly(3-thiophene acetic acid). Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Preparation and characteristic of lactose-oleoylchitosan and the application of its self-aggregates as drug delivery system. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Brun F, Accardo A, Marchini M, Ortolani F, Turco G, Paoletti S. Texture analysis of TEM micrographs of alginate gels for cell microencapsulation. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 74:58-66. [PMID: 21181711 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the morphological characteristics of a calcium alginate gel and a binary (gel) mixture composed of (calcium) alginate and lactose-modified chitosan (chitlac) are evaluated and compared to quantify the differences between the two three-dimensional (3D) structures. A set of textural descriptors based on histogram analysis as well as on gray level co-occurrence matrix and on fractal dimension is extracted from transmission electron microscopy micrographs to describe the morphological differences that the images present. The obtained results reveal significant quantitative morphological differences between the calcium alginate gel and the binary gel mixture that were already inferred from rheological experiments, so as to provide a structural basis for developing new encapsulation systems based on such mixed polymer gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Brun
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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Santos E, Zarate J, Orive G, Hernández RM, Pedraz JL. Biomaterials in Cell Microencapsulation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 670:5-21. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5786-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Travan A, Pelillo C, Donati I, Marsich E, Benincasa M, Scarpa T, Semeraro S, Turco G, Gennaro R, Paoletti S. Non-cytotoxic Silver Nanoparticle-Polysaccharide Nanocomposites with Antimicrobial Activity. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1429-35. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900039x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Travan
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, Trieste I-34127, Italy
| | - Chiara Pelillo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, Trieste I-34127, Italy
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, Trieste I-34127, Italy
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, Trieste I-34127, Italy
| | - Monica Benincasa
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, Trieste I-34127, Italy
| | - Tommaso Scarpa
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, Trieste I-34127, Italy
| | - Sabrina Semeraro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, Trieste I-34127, Italy
| | - Gianluca Turco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, Trieste I-34127, Italy
| | - Renato Gennaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, Trieste I-34127, Italy
| | - Sergio Paoletti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, Trieste I-34127, Italy
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Mazumder MAJ, Burke NAD, Shen F, Potter MA, Stöver HDH. Core-Cross-Linked Alginate Microcapsules for Cell Encapsulation. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1365-73. [PMID: 19397289 DOI: 10.1021/bm801330j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Jafar Mazumder
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4M1, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8N 3Z5
| | - Nicholas A. D. Burke
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4M1, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8N 3Z5
| | - Feng Shen
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4M1, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8N 3Z5
| | - Murray A. Potter
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4M1, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8N 3Z5
| | - Harald D. H. Stöver
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4M1, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8N 3Z5
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29
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30
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Murua A, Portero A, Orive G, Hernández RM, de Castro M, Pedraz JL. Cell microencapsulation technology: towards clinical application. J Control Release 2008; 132:76-83. [PMID: 18789985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic properties of a drug can be significantly improved by the delivery process. Scientists have understood that developing suitable drug delivery systems that release the therapeutically active molecule at the level and dose it is needed and during the optimal time represents a major advance in the field. Cell microencapsulation is an alternative approach for the sustained delivery of therapeutic agents. This technology is based on the immobilization of different types of cells within a polymeric matrix surrounded by a semipermeable membrane for the long-term release of therapeutics. As a result, encapsulated cells are isolated from the host immune system while allowing exchange of nutrients and waste and release of the therapeutic agents. The versatility of this approach has stimulated its use in the treatment of numerous medical diseases including diabetes, cancer, central nervous system diseases and endocrinological disorders among others. The aim of this review article is to give an overview on the current state of the art of the use of cell encapsulation technology as a controlled drug delivery system. The most important advantages of this type of "living" drug release strategy are highlighted, but also its limitations pointed out, and the major challenges to be addressed in the forthcoming years are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Murua
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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31
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Marsich E, Borgogna M, Donati I, Mozetic P, Strand BL, Salvador SG, Vittur F, Paoletti S. Alginate/lactose-modified chitosan hydrogels: a bioactive biomaterial for chondrocyte encapsulation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 84:364-76. [PMID: 17618521 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A new bioactive scaffold was prepared from a binary polysaccharide mixture composed of a polyanion (alginate) and a polycation (a lactose-modified chitosan, chitlac). Its potential use for articular chondrocytes encapsulation and cartilage reconstructive surgery applications has been studied. The hydrogel combines the ability of alginate to act as a 3D supporting structure with the capability of the second component (chitlac) to provide interactions with porcine articular chondrocytes. Physico-chemical characterization of the scaffold was accomplished by gel kinetics and compression measurements and demonstrated that alginate-chitlac mixture (AC-mixture) hydrogels exhibit better mechanical properties when compared with sole alginate hydrogels. Furthermore, biochemical and biological studies showed that these 3D scaffolds are able to maintain chondrocyte phenotype and particularly to significantly stimulate and promote chondrocyte growth and proliferation. In conclusion, the present study can be considered as a first step towards an engineered, biologically active scaffold for chondrocyte in vitro cultivation, expansion, and cell delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
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32
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Donati I, Borgogna M, Turello E, Cesàro A, Paoletti S. Tuning Supramolecular Structuring at the Nanoscale Level: Nonstoichiometric Soluble Complexes in Dilute Mixed Solutions of Alginate and Lactose-Modified Chitosan (Chitlac). Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:1471-9. [PMID: 17417904 DOI: 10.1021/bm0610828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two oppositely charged polysaccharides, alginate and a lactose-modified chitosan (chitlac), have been used to prepare dilute binary polymer mixtures at physiological pH (7.4). Because of the negative charge on the former polysaccharide and the positive charge on the latter, polyanion-polycation complex formation occurred. A complete miscibility between the two polysaccharides was attained in the presence of both high (0.15 M) and low (0.015 M) concentrations of simple 1:1 supporting salt (NaCl), as confirmed by turbidity measurements; phase separation occurred for intermediate values of the ionic strength (I). The binary solutions were further characterized by means of light scattering, specific viscosity, and fluorescence quenching measurements. All of these techniques pointed out the fundamental role of the electrostatic interactions between the two oppositely charged polysaccharides in the formation of nonstoichiometric polyelectrolyte soluble complexes in dilute solution. Fluorescence depolarization (P) experiments showed that the alginate chain rotational mobility was impaired by the presence of the cationic polysaccharide when 0.015 M NaCl was used. Moreover, upon addition of calcium, the P values of the binary polymer mixture in 0.015 M NaCl increased more rapidly than that of an alginate solution without chitlac, suggesting an efficient crowding of the negatively charged alginate chains caused by the polycation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Donati
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
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