1
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De Alwis Watuthanthrige N, Whitfield R, Harrisson S, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Thermal Solution Depolymerization of RAFT Telechelic Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:806-811. [PMID: 38857492 PMCID: PMC11256755 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Thermal solution depolymerization is a promising low-temperature chemical recycling strategy enabling high monomer recovery from polymers made by controlled radical polymerization. However, current methodologies predominantly focus on the depolymerization of monofunctional polymers, limiting the material scope and depolymerization pathways. Herein, we report the depolymerization of telechelic polymers synthesized by RAFT polymerization. Notably, we observed a significant decrease in the molecular weight (Mn) of the polymers during monomer recovery, which contrasts the minimal Mn shift observed during the depolymerization of monofunctional polymers. Introducing Z groups at the center or both ends of the polymer resulted in distinct kinetic profiles, indicating partial depolymerization of the bifunctional polymers, as supported by mathematical modeling. Remarkably, telechelic polymers featuring R-terminal groups showed up to 68% improvement in overall depolymerization conversion compared to their monofunctional analogues, highlighting the potential of these materials in chemical recycling and the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Simon Harrisson
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, University of Bordeaux/Bordeaux-INP/CNRS UMR5629, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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2
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Bingham N, Nisa QU, Gupta P, Young NP, Velliou E, Roth PJ. Biocompatibility and Physiological Thiolytic Degradability of Radically Made Thioester-Functional Copolymers: Opportunities for Drug Release. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2031-2039. [PMID: 35472265 PMCID: PMC9092349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Being nondegradable, vinyl polymers have limited biomedical applicability. Unfortunately, backbone esters incorporated through conventional radical ring-opening methods do not undergo appreciable abiotic hydrolysis under physiologically relevant conditions. Here, PEG acrylate and di(ethylene glycol) acrylamide-based copolymers containing backbone thioesters were prepared through the radical ring-opening copolymerization of the thionolactone dibenzo[c,e]oxepin-5(7H)-thione. The thioesters degraded fully in the presence of 10 mM cysteine at pH 7.4, with the mechanism presumed to involve an irreversible S-N switch. Degradations with N-acetylcysteine and glutathione were reversible through the thiol-thioester exchange polycondensation of R-SC(═O)-polymer-SH fragments with full degradation relying on an increased thiolate/thioester ratio. Treatment with 10 mM glutathione at pH 7.2 (mimicking intracellular conditions) triggered an insoluble-soluble switch of a temperature-responsive copolymer at 37 °C and the release of encapsulated Nile Red (as a drug model) from core-degradable diblock copolymer micelles. Copolymers and their cysteinolytic degradation products were found to be noncytotoxic, making thioester backbone-functional polymers promising for drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel
M. Bingham
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Qamar un Nisa
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom,Centre
for 3D Models of Health and Disease, UCL-Division
of Surgery and Interventional Science, Charles Bell House, 43−45 Foley Street, Fitzrovia, London W1W 7TY, United Kingdom
| | - Neil P. Young
- Holder
Building, Department of Materials, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Eirini Velliou
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom,Centre
for 3D Models of Health and Disease, UCL-Division
of Surgery and Interventional Science, Charles Bell House, 43−45 Foley Street, Fitzrovia, London W1W 7TY, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Roth
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom,
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3
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Chernikova EV, Kudryavtsev YV. RAFT-Based Polymers for Click Reactions. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:570. [PMID: 35160559 PMCID: PMC8838018 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The parallel development of reversible deactivation radical polymerization and click reaction concepts significantly enriches the toolbox of synthetic polymer chemistry. The synergistic effect of combining these approaches manifests itself in a growth of interest to the design of well-defined functional polymers and their controlled conjugation with biomolecules, drugs, and inorganic surfaces. In this review, we discuss the results obtained with reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and different types of click reactions on low- and high-molar-mass reactants. Our classification of literature sources is based on the typical structure of macromolecules produced by the RAFT technique. The review addresses click reactions, immediate or preceded by a modification of another type, on the leaving and stabilizing groups inherited by a growing macromolecule from the chain transfer agent, as well as on the side groups coming from monomers entering the polymerization process. Architecture and self-assembling properties of the resulting polymers are briefly discussed with regard to their potential functional applications, which include drug delivery, protein recognition, anti-fouling and anti-corrosion coatings, the compatibilization of polymer blends, the modification of fillers to increase their dispersibility in polymer matrices, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Chernikova
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yaroslav V. Kudryavtsev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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4
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Zhou D, Zhu LW, Wu BH, Xu ZK, Wan LS. End-functionalized polymers by controlled/living radical polymerizations: synthesis and applications. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01252e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on end-functionalized polymers synthesized by controlled/living radical polymerizations and the applications in fields including bioconjugate formation, surface modification, topology construction, and self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Liang-Wei Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bai-Heng Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhi-Kang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ling-Shu Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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5
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6
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Hakobyan K, McErlean CSP, Müllner M. RAFT without an “R-Group”: From Asymmetric Homo-telechelics to Multiblock Step-Growth and Cyclic Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hakobyan
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Markus Müllner
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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7
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Safaie N, Rawal B, Ohno K, Ferrier RC. Aluminum-Based Initiators from Thiols for Epoxide Polymerizations. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Safaie
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Bandana Rawal
- East Lansing High School, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Kohji Ohno
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gakasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Robert C. Ferrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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8
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Abstract
Multiblock copolymers (MBCs) are an emerging class of synthetic polymers that exhibit different macromolecular architectures and behaviours to those of homopolymers or di/triblock copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin P. Beyer
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory
| | - Jungyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
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9
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Mutlu H, Ceper EB, Li X, Yang J, Dong W, Ozmen MM, Theato P. Sulfur Chemistry in Polymer and Materials Science. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800650. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Mutlu
- Institute for Biological Interfaces III; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Ezgi Berfin Ceper
- Department of Bioengineering; Yildiz Technical University; Esenler 34220 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesser Str. 18 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jingmei Yang
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesser Str. 18 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Fundamental Science and Frontiers; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China; Chengdu 610054 China
| | - Wenyuan Dong
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesser Str. 18 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Mehmet Murat Ozmen
- Department of Bioengineering; Yildiz Technical University; Esenler 34220 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institute for Biological Interfaces III; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesser Str. 18 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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10
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Tardy A, Nicolas J, Gigmes D, Lefay C, Guillaneuf Y. Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization: Scope, Limitations, and Application to (Bio)Degradable Materials. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1319-1406. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Tardy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire
UMR 7273, campus Saint Jérôme,
Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, Case 542, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté
de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire
UMR 7273, campus Saint Jérôme,
Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, Case 542, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Catherine Lefay
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire
UMR 7273, campus Saint Jérôme,
Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, Case 542, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Yohann Guillaneuf
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire
UMR 7273, campus Saint Jérôme,
Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, Case 542, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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11
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Gao Y, Böhmer VI, Zhou D, Zhao T, Wang W, Paulusse JM. Main-chain degradable single-chain cyclized polymers as gene delivery vectors. J Control Release 2016; 244:375-383. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Zhang X, Jiang J, Zhang Y. Liquid-phase catalytic thermal cleavage of thiocarbonylthio end-groups for polymers synthesized by RAFT polymerization: Influences of different solvents. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Junqing Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Yanwu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 China
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13
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Cai Z, Lu W, Gao F, Pan X, Zhu J, Zhang Z, Zhu X. Diselenide-Labeled Cyclic Polystyrene with Multiple Responses: Facile Synthesis, Tunable Size, and Topology. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:865-71. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxiong Cai
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Weihong Lu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Feng Gao
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xiangqiang Pan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Jian Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
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14
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Delplace V, Nicolas J. Degradable vinyl polymers for biomedical applications. Nat Chem 2015; 7:771-84. [PMID: 26391076 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vinyl polymers have been the focus of intensive research over the past few decades and are attractive materials owing to their ease of synthesis and their broad diversity of architectures, compositions and functionalities. Their carbon-carbon backbones are extremely resistant to degradation, however, and this property limits their uses. Degradable polymers are an important field of research in polymer science and have been used in a wide range of applications spanning from (nano)medicine to microelectronics and environmental protection. The development of synthetic strategies to enable complete or partial degradation of vinyl polymers is, therefore, of great importance because it will offer new opportunities for the application of these materials. This Review captures the most recent and promising approaches to the design of degradable vinyl polymers and discusses the potential of these materials for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vianney Delplace
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8612, Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8612, Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
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15
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Oupický D, Li J. Bioreducible polycations in nucleic acid delivery: past, present, and future trends. Macromol Biosci 2014; 14:908-22. [PMID: 24678057 PMCID: PMC4410047 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polycations that are degradable by reduction of disulfide bonds are developed for applications in delivery of nucleic acids. This Feature Article surveys methods of synthesis of bioreducible polycations and discusses current understanding of the mechanism of action of bioreducible polyplexes. Emphasis is placed on the relationship between the biological redox environment and toxicity, trafficking, transfection activity, and in vivo behavior of bioreducible polycations and polyplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Oupický
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Durham Research Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5830, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Linear polymers have been considered the best molecular structures for the formation of efficient protein conjugates due to their biological advantages, synthetic convenience and ease of functionalization. In recent years, much attention has been dedicated to develop synthetic strategies that produce the most control over protein conjugation utilizing linear polymers as scaffolds. As a result, different conjugate models, such as semitelechelic, homotelechelic, heterotelechelic and branched or star polymer conjugates, have been obtained that take advantage of these well-controlled synthetic strategies. Development of protein conjugates using nanostructures and the formation of said nanostructures from protein-polymer bioconjugates are other areas in the protein bioconjugation field. Although several polymer-protein technologies have been developed from these discoveries, few review articles have focused on the design and function of these polymers and nanostructures. This review will highlight some recent advances in protein-linear polymer technologies that employ protein covalent conjugation and successful protein-nanostructure bioconjugates (covalent conjugation as well) that have shown great potential for biological applications.
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17
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Peng CH, Li S, Wayland BB. Aspects of Living Radical Polymerization Mediated by Cobalt Porphyrin Complexes. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200900032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Liu P, Boyle AJ, Lu Y, Reilly RM, Winnik MA. Biotinylated Polyacrylamide-Based Metal-Chelating Polymers and Their Influence on Antigen Recognition Following Conjugation to a Trastuzumab Fab Fragment. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:2831-42. [DOI: 10.1021/bm300843u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Amanda J. Boyle
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2
| | - Yijie Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Raymond M. Reilly
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
M5G 2M9
| | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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19
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Zhang Q, Noh SM, Nam JH, Jung HW, Park JM, Oh JK. Dual Temperature and Thiol-Responsive POEOMA-Multisegmented Polydisulfides: Synthesis and Thermoresponsive Properties. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:1528-34. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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20
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Rosenthal-Kim EQ, Puskas JE. Green polymer chemistry: Living oxidative polymerization of dithiols. PURE APPL CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-11-11-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reduction sensitivity and mild synthetic conditions make disulfide-bonded materials ideal for degradable biomaterial applications. Both the degradation and the synthetic advantages of disulfide-bonded biomaterials have been applied to drug delivery vesicles, protein conjugation, and hydrogel biomaterials, but the synthetic advantages are rarely seen in the creation of biopolymers. A greener and highly efficient oxidative system is presented for the polymerization dithiols to high-molecular-weight poly(disulfide) polymers. The application of this system to 2-[2-(2-sulfanylethoxy)ethoxy]ethanethiol (DODT) produced corresponding degradable poly(disulfide) polymers with molecular weights as high as Mn = 250 000 g/mol and with a polydispersity index (PDI) as low as 1.15.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judit E. Puskas
- 2Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
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21
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Zhang Q, Re Ko N, Kwon Oh J. Recent advances in stimuli-responsive degradable block copolymer micelles: synthesis and controlled drug delivery applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:7542-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32408c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Shi J, Johnson RN, Schellinger JG, Carlson PM, Pun SH. Reducible HPMA-co-oligolysine copolymers for nucleic acid delivery. Int J Pharm 2011; 427:113-22. [PMID: 21893178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradability can be incorporated into cationic polymers via use of disulfide linkages that are degraded in the reducing environment of the cell cytosol. In this work, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) and methacrylamido-functionalized oligo-l-lysine peptide monomers with either a non-reducible 6-aminohexanoic acid (AHX) linker or a reducible 3-[(2-aminoethyl)dithiol] propionic acid (AEDP) linker were copolymerized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Both of the copolymers and a 1:1 (w/w) mixture of copolymers with reducible and non-reducible peptides were complexed with DNA to form polyplexes. The polyplexes were tested for salt stability, transfection efficiency, and cytotoxicity. The HPMA-oligolysine copolymer containing the reducible AEDP linkers was less efficient at transfection than the non-reducible polymer and was prone to flocculation in saline and serum-containing conditions, but was also not cytotoxic at charge ratios tested. Optimal transfection efficiency and toxicity were attained with mixed formulation of copolymers. Flow cytometry uptake studies indicated that blocking extracellular thiols did not restore transfection efficiency and that the decreased transfection of the reducible polyplex is therefore not primarily caused by extracellular polymer reduction by free thiols. The decrease in transfection efficiency of the reducible polymers could be partially mitigated by the addition of low concentrations of EDTA to prevent metal-catalyzed oxidation of reduced polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Roth PJ, Boyer C, Lowe AB, Davis TP. RAFT Polymerization and Thiol Chemistry: A Complementary Pairing for Implementing Modern Macromolecular Design. Macromol Rapid Commun 2011; 32:1123-43. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Yan JJ, Hong CY, You YZ. An Easy Method To Convert the Topologies of Macromolecules after Polymerization. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102944k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Yan Hong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Ye-Zi You
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, P. R. China
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25
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Harvison MA, Roth PJ, Davis TP, Lowe AB. End Group Reactions of RAFT-Prepared (Co)Polymers. Aust J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/ch11152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the chemistry of thiocarbonylthio groups with an emphasis on chemistry conducted at ω or α and ω chain-ends in copolymers prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization. We begin by giving a general overview of reactions associated with the thiocarbonylthio groups, followed by examples associated with macromolecular thiols.
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26
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Moad G, Rizzardo E, Thang SH. End-functional polymers, thiocarbonylthio group removal/transformation and reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. POLYM INT 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Shen W, Qiu Q, Wang Y, Miao M, Li B, Zhang T, Cao A, An Z. Hydrazine as a Nucleophile and Antioxidant for Fast Aminolysis of RAFT Polymers in Air. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 31:1444-8. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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28
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Huang K, Canterbury DP, Rzayev J. Synthesis of Segmented Polylactide Molecular Brushes and Their Transformation to Open-End Nanotubes. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100971w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000
| | - Daniel P. Canterbury
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000
| | - Javid Rzayev
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000
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29
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Ding L, Zhang L, Yang D, Huang W, Xie M, Zhang Y. New azo-chromophore-containing multiblock poly(butadiene)s synthesized by the combination of ring-opening metathesis polymerization and click chemistry. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Dietrich M, Glassner M, Gruendling T, Schmid C, Falkenhagen J, Barner-Kowollik C. Facile conversion of RAFT polymers into hydroxyl functional polymers: a detailed investigation of variable monomer and RAFT agent combinations. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9py00273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Abstract
A series of reducible hyperbranched poly(amido amine)s (RHB) with high transfection efficiency were designed and synthesized as nonviral gene delivery vectors. The polycations were synthesized by Michael addition copolymerization of N,N-dimethylaminodipropylenetriamine (DMDPTA) and two bisacrylamide monomers N,N'-hexamethylene bisacrylamide (HMBA) and N,N'-cystamine bisacrylamide (CBA). The density of disulfide linkages in the synthesized hyperbranched polymers was tuned by varying the feed molar ratio of the bisacrylamide monomers. The results demonstrate that disulfide content in RHB controls the molecular weight of the polycation degradation products, ease of polyplex disassembly, polycation cytotoxicity, and polyplex transfection activity. Due to their lower cytotoxicity, polyplexes based on reducible polycations could be used safely in a wider range of DNA doses than nonreducible controls. As a result, significantly increased transfection activity is achieved with optimized formulations of reducible polyplexes compared with nonreducible controls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - David Oupický
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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32
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Vázquez-Dorbatt V, Tolstyka ZP, Maynard HD. Synthesis of Aminooxy End-functionalized pNIPAAm by RAFT Polymerization for Protein and Polysaccharide Conjugation. Macromolecules 2009; 42:7650-7656. [PMID: 21544220 DOI: 10.1021/ma9013803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A Boc-protected aminooxy end-functionalized poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm) was synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The monomer was polymerized in the presence of a Boc-protected aminooxy trithiocarbonate chain transfer agent (CTA) utilizing 2,2'-azobis(2-isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) as the initiator in DMF at 70 °C. The final polymer had a number-average molecular weight (M(n)) of 4,200 Da as determined by (1)H NMR spectroscopy and a narrow polydispersity index (1.14) by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The Boc group was removed, and the polymer was then incubated with N(ε)-levulinyl lysine-modified bovine serum albumin (BSA). Gel electrophoresis confirmed that the conjugation was successful. The aminooxy end-functionalized pNIPAAm was also immobilized on a gold surface after reduction of the trithiocarbonate end-group. The pNIPAAm surface was then incubated with an aldehyde-modified heparin to yield the polysaccharide-functionalized surface. All surface modifications were monitored by FT-IR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimary Vázquez-Dorbatt
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
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Roth PJ, Kessler D, Zentel R, Theato P. Versatile ω-end group functionalization of RAFT polymers using functional methane thiosulfonates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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34
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Meng F, Hennink WE, Zhong Z. Reduction-sensitive polymers and bioconjugates for biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2009; 30:2180-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 939] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Heredia KL, Grover GN, Tao L, Maynard HD. Synthesis of Heterotelechelic Polymers for Conjugation of Two Different Proteins. Macromolecules 2009; 42:2360-2367. [PMID: 25378715 DOI: 10.1021/ma8022712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this report we describe a straightforward approach to synthesize polymers with end-groups that bind site-specifically to two different proteins. Telechelic biotin, maleimide poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm) was synthesized for the formation of streptavidin (SAv)-bovine serum albumin (BSA) polymer conjugates. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of NIPAAm was conducted in the presence of biotinylated chain transfer agents (CTAs) with either ester or amide linkages, and the resultant α-biotinylated pNIPAAm were formed with low polydispersity indices (PDI ≤ 1.09). UV-Vis analysis of the trithiocarbonate chain-ends indicated 88% or greater retention of the group. A maleimide was introduced to the ω chain-end via a radical cross-coupling reaction with a functionalized azo-initiator. The polymer structures were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The resultant biotin-maleimide heterotelechelic polymer was used to form a SAv-BSA heterodimer conjugate. Bioconjugate formation was confirmed by gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina L Heredia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the California NanoSystems Institute University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Gregory N Grover
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the California NanoSystems Institute University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Lei Tao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the California NanoSystems Institute University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the California NanoSystems Institute University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
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36
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Gruendling T, Dietrich M, Barner-Kowollik C. A Novel One-Pot Procedure for the Fast and Efficient Conversion of RAFT Polymers into Hydroxy-Functional Polymers. Aust J Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/ch09080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report on the successful quantitative transformation of methacrylate and acrylate-type polymers prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization carrying a dithioester-end-group into hydroxy-functional polymers. The simple reaction procedure involves stirring a solution of the dithioester-capped polymer and an azo-initiator in tetrahydrofuran at elevated temperatures (T = 60°C) in the presence of air. This reaction quantitatively yields hydroperoxide functionalities that can be efficiently reduced to hydroxy groups in a one-pot procedure using triphenylphosphine. Size exclusion chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry was employed to monitor the progress of the reaction. The new backbone-linked hydroxy group provides a versatile anchor for chemical end-group conversions and conjugation reactions with prepared RAFT polymers, which alleviates problems with the rather limited ability of the dithioester-end-group to undergo non-radical transformations.
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37
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Moad G, Rizzardo E, Thang SH. Living Radical Polymerization by the RAFT Process - A Second Update. Aust J Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/ch09311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 811] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a second update to the review of reversible deactivation radical polymerization achieved with thiocarbonylthio compounds (ZC(=S)SR) by a mechanism of reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) that was published in June 2005 (Aust. J. Chem. 2005, 58, 379–410). The first update was published in November 2006 (Aust. J. Chem. 2006, 59, 669–692). This review cites over 500 papers that appeared during the period mid-2006 to mid-2009 covering various aspects of RAFT polymerization ranging from reagent synthesis and properties, kinetics and mechanism of polymerization, novel polymer syntheses and a diverse range of applications. Significant developments have occurred, particularly in the areas of novel RAFT agents, techniques for end-group removal and transformation, the production of micro/nanoparticles and modified surfaces, and biopolymer conjugates both for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Roth PJ, Wiss KT, Zentel R, Theato P. Synthesis of Reactive Telechelic Polymers Based on Pentafluorophenyl Esters. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801681b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Roth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin T. Wiss
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rudolf Zentel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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Gruendling T, Pickford R, Guilhaus M, Barner-Kowollik C. Degradation of RAFT polymers in a cyclic ether studied via high resolution ESI-MS: Implications for synthesis, storage, and end-group modification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Oh JK. Recent advances in controlled/living radical polymerization in emulsion and dispersion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Kwon Oh
- The Dow Chemical Co., Dow Coating Solutions R&D, Midland, Michigan 48674
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41
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Boyer C, Liu J, Bulmus V, Davis TP, Barner-Kowollik C, Stenzel MH. Direct Synthesis of Well-Defined Heterotelechelic Polymers for Bioconjugations. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800289u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jingquan Liu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Volga Bulmus
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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42
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43
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An Z, Tang W, Wu M, Jiao Z, Stucky GD. Heterofunctional polymers and core–shell nanoparticles via cascade aminolysis/Michael addition and alkyne–azide click reaction of RAFT polymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:6501-3. [DOI: 10.1039/b816578e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Karunakaran R, Kennedy JP. Novel amphiphilic conetworks by synthesis and crosslinking of allyl-telechelic block copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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45
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You YZ, Zhou QH, Manickam DS, Wan L, Mao GZ, Oupický D. Dually responsive multiblock copolymers via RAFT polymerization: Synthesis of temperature- and redox-responsive copolymers of PNIPAM and PDMAEMA. Macromolecules 2007; 40:8617-8624. [PMID: 18779877 DOI: 10.1021/ma071176p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report synthesis of temperature- and redox-responsive multiblock copolymers by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Well-defined α,ω-bis(dithioester)-functionalized poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and poly(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) were prepared using 1,4-bis(thiobenzoylthiomethyl)benzene and 1,4-bis(2-(thiobenzoylthio)prop-2-yl)benzene as RAFT agents, respectively. Dually responsive multiblock copolymers were synthesized in a single aminolysis/oxidation step from the α,ω-bis(dithioester)-terminated PNIPAM and PDMAEMA. The copolymers and their stimulus-responsive behavior were characterized by size exclusion chromatography, NMR, light scattering and atomic force microscopy. Due to the presence of redox-sensitive disulfide bonds between the blocks, the copolymers were readily reduced to the starting polymer blocks. The presence of temperature-responsive PNIPAM blocks provided the copolymers with the ability to assemble into core-shell nanostructures with hydrophobic PNIPAM as a core and cationic PDMAEMA as stabilizing shell when above the phase transition temperatures of PNIPAM. The temperature-induced assembly of the copolymers also showed substantial pH sensitivity. The phase transition temperature increased with decreasing pH, while molecular weight of the assemblies decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Zi You
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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