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Khuddus M, Jayakannan M. Melt Polycondensation Strategy for Amide-Functionalized l-Aspartic Acid Amphiphilic Polyester Nano-assemblies and Enzyme-Responsive Drug Delivery in Cancer Cells. Biomacromolecules 2023. [PMID: 37186892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Aliphatic polyesters are intrinsically enzymatic-biodegradable, and there is ever-increasing demand for safe and smart next-generation biomaterials including drug delivery nano-vectors in cancer research. Using bioresource-based biodegradable polyesters is one of the elegant strategies to meet this requirement; here, we report an l-amino acid-based amide-functionalized polyester platform and explore their lysosomal enzymatic biodegradation aspects to administrate anticancer drugs in cancer cells. l-Aspartic acid was chosen and different amide-side chain-functionalized di-ester monomers were tailor-made having aromatic, aliphatic, and bio-source pendant units. Under solvent-free melt polycondensation methodology; these monomers underwent polymerization to yield high molecular weight polyesters with tunable thermal properties. PEGylated l-aspartic monomer was designed to make thermo-responsive amphiphilic polyesters. This amphiphilic polyester was self-assembled into a 140 ± 10 nm-sized spherical nanoparticle in aqueous medium, which exhibited lower critical solution temperature at 40-42 °C. The polyester nano-assemblies showed excellent encapsulation capabilities for anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX), anti-inflammatory drug curcumin, biomarkers such as rose bengal (RB), and 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt. The amphiphilic polyester NP was found to be very stable under extracellular conditions and underwent degradation upon exposure to horse liver esterase enzyme in phosphate-buffered saline at 37 °C to release 90% of the loaded cargoes. Cytotoxicity studies in breast cancer MCF 7 and wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts cell lines revealed that the amphiphilic polyester was non-toxic to cell lines up to 100 μg/mL, while their drug-loaded polyester nanoparticles were able to inhibit the cancerous cell growth. Temperature-dependent cellular uptake studies further confirmed the energy-dependent endocytosis of polymer NPs across the cellular membranes. Confocal laser scanning microscopy assisted time-dependent cellular uptake analysis directly evident for the endocytosis of DOX loaded polymer NP and their internalization for biodegradation. In a nutshell, the present investigation opens up an avenue for the l-amino acid-based biodegradable polyesters from l-aspartic acids, and the proof of concept is demonstrated for drug delivery in the cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Khuddus
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER Pune), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manickam Jayakannan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER Pune), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
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2
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Fallah D, Fareghi-Alamdari R, Tavangar S. Unsaturated oligoesters containing internal triple and double bonds based on DL-malic acid: synthesis, characterization and study of crosslinking via click reaction. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Hevilla V, Sonseca A, Echeverría C, Muñoz-Bonilla A, Fernández-García M. Enzymatic Synthesis of Polyesters and Their Bioapplications: Recent Advances and Perspectives. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100156. [PMID: 34231313 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the most important advances in the enzymatic synthesis of polyesters. In first place, the different processes of polyester enzymatic synthesis, i.e., polycondensation, ring opening, and chemoenzymatic polymerizations, and the key parameters affecting these reactions, such as enzyme, concentration, solvent, or temperature, are analyzed. Then, the latest articles on the preparation of polyesters either by direct synthesis or via modification are commented. Finally, the main bioapplications of enzymatically obtained polyesters, i.e., antimicrobial, drug delivery, or tissue engineering, are described. It is intended to point out the great advantages that enzymatic polymerization present to obtain polymers and the disadvantages found to develop applied materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Hevilla
- MacroEng Group, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, Madrid, 28006, Spain.,Interdisciplinary Platform for "Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy" (SUSPLAST-CSIC), Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Agueda Sonseca
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Coro Echeverría
- MacroEng Group, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, Madrid, 28006, Spain.,Interdisciplinary Platform for "Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy" (SUSPLAST-CSIC), Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Alexandra Muñoz-Bonilla
- MacroEng Group, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, Madrid, 28006, Spain.,Interdisciplinary Platform for "Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy" (SUSPLAST-CSIC), Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Marta Fernández-García
- MacroEng Group, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, Madrid, 28006, Spain.,Interdisciplinary Platform for "Sustainable Plastics towards a Circular Economy" (SUSPLAST-CSIC), Madrid, 28006, Spain
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4
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Rashid H, Golitsyn Y, Bilal MH, Mäder K, Reichert D, Kressler J. Polymer Networks Synthesized from Poly(Sorbitol Adipate) and Functionalized Poly(Ethylene Glycol). Gels 2021; 7:22. [PMID: 33672681 PMCID: PMC8006044 DOI: 10.3390/gels7010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer networks were prepared by Steglich esterification using poly(sorbitol adipate) (PSA) and poly(sorbitol adipate)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) mono methyl ether (PSA-g-mPEG12) copolymer. Utilizing multi-hydroxyl functionalities of PSA, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was first grafted onto a PSA backbone. Then the cross-linking of PSA or PSA-g-mPEG12 was carried out with disuccinyl PEG of different molar masses (Suc-PEGn-Suc). Polymers were characterized through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The degree of swelling of networks was investigated through water (D2O) uptake studies, while for detailed examination of their structural dynamics, networks were studied using 13C magic angle spinning NMR (13C MAS NMR) spectroscopy, 1H double quantum NMR (1H DQ NMR) spectroscopy, and 1H pulsed field gradient NMR (1H PFG NMR) spectroscopy. These solid state NMR results revealed that the networks were composed of a two component structure, having different dipolar coupling constants. The diffusion of solvent molecules depended on the degree of swelling that was imparted to the network by the varying chain length of the PEG based cross-linking agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (H.R.); (M.H.B.)
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Yury Golitsyn
- Department of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (Y.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Muhammad Humayun Bilal
- Department of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (H.R.); (M.H.B.)
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Detlef Reichert
- Department of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (Y.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Jörg Kressler
- Department of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (H.R.); (M.H.B.)
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5
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Wu W. Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of aliphatic poly(
β
‐thioether ester) with various methylene group contents: thermal properties, crystallization and degradation. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan‐Xia Wu
- College of Pharmacy and Biological EngineeringChengdu University Chengdu China
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6
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Aromatic polyesters containing pendant azido groups: Synthesis, characterization, chemical modification and thermal cross-linking. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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7
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Abstract
Enzymatic polymerization is an environmentally benign process for the synthesis of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers. The regioselectivity of lipase B from Candida Antarctica (CAL-B) produces linear functional polyesters without protection-deprotection steps. In this work, two different methods for the enzymatic synthesis of functional polyesters based on renewable resources, as, e.g., glycerol, using CAL-B are outlined. Poly(glycerol adipate) was synthesized by enzymatic transesterification between glycerol and divinyl adipate or dimethyl adipate. Methods are also reported to graft poly(glycerol adipate) with different amounts of hydrophobic side chains (lauric, stearic, behenic, and oleic acids) and hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) side chains, respectively. The hydrophilicity or lipophilicity of grafted polyesters is well controlled by changing the degree of grafting of hydrophilic and hydrophobic side chains. The multiple grafted polyesters are characterized by NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, gel permeation chromatography, and X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the self-assembly of the graft copolymers in water and their use as steric stabilizers for cubosomes are discussed. For this purpose mainly dynamic light scattering and small angle X-ray scattering have been employed.
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8
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Gesse P, Müller TJJ. Consecutive Five-Component Ugi-4CR-CAL B-Catalyzed Aminolysis Sequence and Concatenation with Transition Metal Catalysis in a One-Pot Fashion to Substituted Triamides. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Gesse
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf; Germany
| | - Thomas J. J. Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf; Germany
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9
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Lu Y, Lv Q, Liu B, Liu J. Immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B catalyzed synthesis of biodegradable polymers for biomedical applications. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:4963-4983. [PMID: 31532401 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00716d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical applications of biodegradable polymers synthesized via the catalysis of immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Qijun Lv
- Department of General Surgery
- The Ling Nan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of General Surgery
- The Ling Nan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- China
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10
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Arslan M, Tasdelen MA. Click Chemistry in Macromolecular Design: Complex Architectures from Functional Polymers. CHEMISTRY AFRICA-A JOURNAL OF THE TUNISIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-018-0030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Li J, Yang XL, Liu YH, Wu WX, Liu BY, Wang N, Yu XQ. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of dual-responsive graft copolymers for drug delivery: long-term stability, high loading and cell selectivity. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:6993-7003. [PMID: 32254582 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01973h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of amphiphilic graft copolymers, poly(N-propargyldiethanolamine 4,4'-dithiodibutyionate)-graft-monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (PPD-g-mPEG), were designed via a chemoenzymatic method for pH and reduced glutathione (GSH) dual-responsive drug delivery. The effects of percent grafting and molecular weights of mPEG on critical micelle concentration (CMC) values, size of micelles, drug loading and dual-response were tested. The graft copolymers could easily form homogeneous spherical micelles with appropriate sizes and zeta-potentials. The micelles of PPD-g-mPEG copolymers loaded doxorubicin (DOX) in high efficiency, and showed excellent stability under physiological conditions and synergetic dual-response to weakly acidic pH and GSH. In vitro experiments confirmed that the DOX-loaded micelles could be internalized into cancer cells efficiently and release DOX over time. Furthermore, cell cytotoxicity assays indicated that the graft copolymers were non-cytotoxic to both cancerous and normal cells while the DOX-loaded micelles greatly improved the selectivity ratios between HeLa cells and HL-7702 cells. DOX-loaded micelles also avoided hemolysis of red blood cells (RBCs) effectively compared with commercialized doxorubicin hydrochloride. All these demonstrated the potential of PPD-g-mPEG as a model to create more functional dual-responsive nanocarriers for controlled drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
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12
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Wersig T, Krombholz R, Janich C, Meister A, Kressler J, Mäder K. Indomethacin functionalised poly(glycerol adipate) nanospheres as promising candidates for modified drug release. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:350-361. [PMID: 30063978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The linear polyester poly(glycerol adipate) (PGA) with its free pendant hydroxyl groups was covalently grafted with indomethacin which yields polymeric prodrugs. It was possible to produce nanospheres with narrow particle size distribution of these polymer-drug conjugates with an optimized interfacial deposition method. Nanospheres were characterized by zeta potential measurements, dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Moreover, cell viability studies and cytotoxicity tests in three different cell lines were carried out showing low toxicity for three different degrees of grafting. In addition, the nanospheres had (in contrast to the free drug) low hemolytic activity in vitro. Release studies of nanodispersions are challenging. The use of a specially developed setup with highly porous aluminum oxide membranes enabled us to overcome problems associated with other setups (e.g. dialysis membranes). A slow and controlled release profile without any burst was observed over 15 days. The results indicate that indomethacin-PGA conjugates can be formulated successfully as nanospheres with the desired characteristics of small size with narrow distribution, controlled drug release and low toxicity. The newly developed particles have the potential to improve the therapy of inflammation and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wersig
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - R Krombholz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - C Janich
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - A Meister
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - J Kressler
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - K Mäder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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13
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Synthesis of non-ionic poly(ester-sulfone) via low-temperature polycondensation for anode-selective electrophoretic deposition and subsequent photo cross-linking. Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-017-0001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Weiss VM, Lucas H, Mueller T, Chytil P, Etrych T, Naolou T, Kressler J, Mäder K. Intended and Unintended Targeting of Polymeric Nanocarriers: The Case of Modified Poly(glycerol adipate) Nanoparticles. Macromol Biosci 2017; 18. [PMID: 29218838 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable nanoparticles based on stearic acid-modified poly(glycerol adipate) (PGAS) are promising carriers for drug delivery. In order to investigate the impact of the particle interface characteristics on the biological fate, PGAS nanoparticles are covalently and noncovalently coated with N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers. HPMA copolymer-modified PGAS nanoparticles have similar particle sizes, but less negative zeta-potentials. Nanoparticles are double labeled with the fluorescent dyes DiR (noncovalently) and DYOMICS-676 (covalently bound to HPMA copolymer), and their biodistribution is investigated noninvasively by multispectral optical imaging. Both covalent and noncovalent coatings cause changes in the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution in healthy and tumor-bearing mice. In addition to the intended tumor accumulation, high signals of both fluorescent dyes are also observed in other organs, including liver, ovaries, adrenal glands, and bone. The unintended accumulation of nanocarriers needs further detailed and systematic investigations, especially with respect to the observed ovarian and adrenal gland accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena M Weiss
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Henrike Lucas
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Oncology/Hematology), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Petr Chytil
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Science, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Science, 162 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Toufik Naolou
- Department of Biomimetic Materials, Institute of Biomaterial Science, HZG Teltow, 14513, Teltow, Germany
| | - Jörg Kressler
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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15
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Zhao D, Ma S, Yi X, Cheng S, Zhuo R, Li F. Reversible core-crosslinked nanocarriers with pH-modulated targeting and redox-controlled drug release for overcoming drug resistance. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:8399-8407. [PMID: 32370419 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01504f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a pH and redox dual-sensitive core-crosslinked targeting nanocarrier was prepared and used for co-delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) and tariquidar (TQR). The nanocarrier not only had excellent stability but also prevented the leakage of the drug in the normal physiological environment efficiently. Meanwhile, the targeting function of nanocarriers could also be suppressed in the normal physiological environment, protecting nanocarriers from being captured by RAW264.7 cells. Under mild acidic conditions, the targeting function was regained, leading to an effective tumor cell uptake of the nanocarrier. Furthermore, reduction-responsive drug release would occur in the cytoplasm due to the collapse of the reduction-sensitive crosslinked structure in the nanocarrier. By means of ligand-receptor mediated endocytosis and TQR-mediated glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition, the IC50 value of DOX to MCF-7/ADR cells reduced from more than 100 μg mL-1 to 8.55 μg mL-1, exhibiting great potential in overcoming drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry & Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Shujie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry & Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Yi
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry & Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Sixue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry & Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Renxi Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry & Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry & Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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16
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d'Arcy R, Burke J, Tirelli N. Branched polyesters: Preparative strategies and applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 107:60-81. [PMID: 27189232 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the last 20years, the availability of precision chemical tools (e.g. controlled/living polymerizations, 'click' reactions) has determined a step change in the complexity of both the macromolecular architecture and the chemical functionality of biodegradable polyesters. A major part in this evolution has been played by the possibilities that controlled macromolecular branching offers in terms of tailored physical/biological performance. This review paper aims to provide an updated overview of preparative techniques that derive hyperbranched, dendritic, comb, grafted polyesters through polycondensation or ring-opening polymerization mechanisms.
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17
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Synthesis of Unsaturated Nonionic Poly(ester-sulfones) via Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET) Polymerization and Anode-Selective Electrophoretic Deposition. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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19
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Bilal MH, Prehm M, Njau AE, Samiullah MH, Meister A, Kressler J. Enzymatic Synthesis and Characterization of Hydrophilic Sugar Based Polyesters and Their Modification with Stearic Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8030080. [PMID: 30979182 PMCID: PMC6432536 DOI: 10.3390/polym8030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable and hydrophilic functional polyesters were synthesized enzymatically using xylitol or d-sorbitol together with divinyl adipate and lipase B from Candida antartica (CAL-B). The resulting polyesters had pendant OH-groups from their sugar units which were esterified to different degrees with stearic acid chloride. The structure and the degrees of polymerization of the resulting graft copolymers based on poly(xylitol adipate) and poly(d-sorbitol adipate) were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and SEC. DSC, WAXS and SAXS measurements indicated that a phase separation between polymer backbone and stearoyl side chains occurred in the graft copolymers, and, additionally, the side chains were able to crystallize which resulted in the formation of a lamellar morphology. Additionally, nanoparticles of the graft copolymers in an aqueous environment were studied by DLS and negative stain TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Humayun Bilal
- Department of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Marko Prehm
- Department of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Andrew Efraim Njau
- Department of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Muhammad Haris Samiullah
- Department of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Annette Meister
- Department of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Jörg Kressler
- Department of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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20
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Shoda SI, Uyama H, Kadokawa JI, Kimura S, Kobayashi S. Enzymes as Green Catalysts for Precision Macromolecular Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2307-413. [PMID: 26791937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present article comprehensively reviews the macromolecular synthesis using enzymes as catalysts. Among the six main classes of enzymes, the three classes, oxidoreductases, transferases, and hydrolases, have been employed as catalysts for the in vitro macromolecular synthesis and modification reactions. Appropriate design of reaction including monomer and enzyme catalyst produces macromolecules with precisely controlled structure, similarly as in vivo enzymatic reactions. The reaction controls the product structure with respect to substrate selectivity, chemo-selectivity, regio-selectivity, stereoselectivity, and choro-selectivity. Oxidoreductases catalyze various oxidation polymerizations of aromatic compounds as well as vinyl polymerizations. Transferases are effective catalysts for producing polysaccharide having a variety of structure and polyesters. Hydrolases catalyzing the bond-cleaving of macromolecules in vivo, catalyze the reverse reaction for bond forming in vitro to give various polysaccharides and functionalized polyesters. The enzymatic polymerizations allowed the first in vitro synthesis of natural polysaccharides having complicated structures like cellulose, amylose, xylan, chitin, hyaluronan, and chondroitin. These polymerizations are "green" with several respects; nontoxicity of enzyme, high catalyst efficiency, selective reactions under mild conditions using green solvents and renewable starting materials, and producing minimal byproducts. Thus, the enzymatic polymerization is desirable for the environment and contributes to "green polymer chemistry" for maintaining sustainable society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Shoda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Kimura
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shiro Kobayashi
- Center for Fiber & Textile Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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22
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Beyazkilic Z, Lligadas G, Ronda JC, Galià M, Cádiz V. Synthesis and functionalization of vinylsulfide and ketone-containing aliphatic copolyesters from fatty acids. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yang Y, Zhang J, Wu D, Xing Z, Zhou Y, Shi W, Li Q. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of polymeric materials using lipases as catalysts: a review. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:642-51. [PMID: 24768887 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, enzymatic polymerization has rapidly developed and become an important polymer synthesis technique. However, the range of polymers resulting from enzymatic polymerization could be further expanded through combination with chemical methods. This review systematically introduces recent developments in the combination of lipase-catalyzed polymerization with atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), kinetic resolution, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT), click reaction and carbene chemistry to construct polymeric materials like block, brush, comb and graft copolymers, hyperbranched and chiral polymers. Moreover, it presents a thorough and descriptive evaluation of future trends and perspectives concerning chemoenzymatic polymerization. It is expected that combining enzymatic polymerization with multiple chemical methods will be an efficient tool for producing more highly advanced polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jianxu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhen Xing
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yulin Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Quanshun Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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Wu WX, Wang N, Liu BY, Deng QF, Yu XQ. Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of azido-functionalized aliphatic polyesters towards acid-degradable amphiphilic graft copolymers. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:1199-1213. [PMID: 24652240 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52496e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel aliphatic polyesters with azido functional groups were synthesized via the direct lipase-catalyzed polycondensation of dialkyl diester, diol and 2-azido-1,3-propanediol (azido glycerol) using immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB). The effects of polymerization conditions including reaction time, temperature, enzyme amount, substrates and monomer feed ratio on the molecular weights of the products were studied. The polyesters with pendant azido groups were characterized by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, 2D NMR, FTIR, GPC and DSC. Alkyne end-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) containing a cleavable acetal group was then grafted onto the polyester backbone by copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC, click chemistry). Using fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), these amphiphilic graft copolymers were found to readily self-assemble into nanosized micelles in aqueous solution with critical micelle concentrations between 0.70 and 1.97 mg L(-1), and micelle sizes from 20-70 nm. The degradation of these polymers under acidic conditions was investigated by GPC and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Cell cytotoxicity tests indicated that the micelles had no apparent cytotoxicity to Bel-7402 cells, suggesting their potential as carriers for controlled drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Xia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
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Naolou T, Busse K, Lechner BD, Kressler J. The behavior of poly( ε $$ \boldsymbol{\upvarepsilon} $$ -caprolactone) and poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly( ε $$ \boldsymbol{\upvarepsilon} $$ -caprolactone) grafted to a poly(glycerol adipate) backbone at the air/water interface. Colloid Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-014-3168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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In vitro toxicity of Stearoyl-poly(glycerol adipate) nanoparticles. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2013; 10:163-9. [PMID: 23242880 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.2012.10294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Poly(glycerol adipate) (PGA)-based nanoparticles are promising carriers for drug delivery with a wide range of available structures. The biodegradable polymer with pendant free hydroxyl groups can be diversely functionalized. In this study, the toxicity of different Stearoyl-PGA nanoparticles with respect to erythrocytes and HepG2 cells was assessed. These cells are crucial test systems for intravenously injected biomedical particles. METHODS For this work, a series of PGA polyesters with 0, 20, 50 and 65 mol% of converted hydroxyl groups was synthesized with stearic acid (PGABB, S20, S50, S65). Nanoparticles were prepared with these polymers by an optimized nanoprecipitation method. Physicochemical characterization was performed by photon correlation spectroscopy and zeta potential measurement. Cell compatibility was studied by a hemolysis assay with separated red blood cells as well as a QBlue viability test and a modified LDH cytotoxicity assay with HepG2 cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Different self-stabilizing nanoparticles with narrow size distributions in the range of 100-140 nm were prepared. All tested nanoparticle samples were nontoxic for HepG2 cells. In fact, increased metabolic activity and proliferation was observed after 24 h incubation with the Stearoyl-PGA particles. Apart from PGAS20, all samples did not show any hemolytic effect. Hemolysis of PGAS20 particles could be considerably decreased by adding Poloxamer 188 during the preparation process.
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Brosnan SM, Brown AH, Ashby VS. It Is the Outside That Counts: Chemical and Physical Control of Dynamic Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:3067-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ja308080g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Brosnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 131 South Road, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27510-3290, United States
| | - Andrew H. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 131 South Road, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27510-3290, United States
| | - Valerie Sheares Ashby
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 131 South Road, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27510-3290, United States
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28
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Naolou T, Weiss VM, Conrad D, Busse K, Mäder K, Kressler J. Fatty Acid Modified Poly(glycerol adipate) - Polymeric Analogues of Glycerides. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2013-1135.ch004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Naolou
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - V. M. Weiss
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - D. Conrad
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - K. Busse
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - K. Mäder
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - J. Kressler
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Carretero P, Molina S, Sandín R, Rodríguez‐Hernández J, Lozano AE, Abajo JD. Hydrophilic polyisophthalamides containing poly(ethylene oxide) side chains: Synthesis, characterization, and physical properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Carretero
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP‐CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Serena Molina
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP‐CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Sandín
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP‐CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Rodríguez‐Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP‐CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel E. Lozano
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP‐CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier de Abajo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP‐CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Berges C, Javakhishvili I, Hvilsted S, Sánchez C, Alcalá R. Photoresponsive Azopolyester-PMMA Block Copolymers Obtained by Combination of ATRP, Polycondensation, and “Click” Chemistry. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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31
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de Espinosa LM, Kempe K, Schubert US, Hoogenboom R, Meier MAR. Side-Chain Modification and “Grafting Onto” via Olefin Cross-Metathesis. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:2023-8. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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32
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Chen W, Shi Y, Feng H, Du M, Zhang JZ, Hu J, Yang D. Preparation of copolymer paclitaxel covalently linked via a disulfide bond and its application on controlled drug delivery. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:9231-7. [PMID: 22774761 DOI: 10.1021/jp303260f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel controlled drug delivery system based on copolymer covalently linked paclitaxel via a disulfide bond was constructed. Copolymer with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) side chains and carboxyl groups on the backbone was prepared by radical copolymerization of tert-butyl acrylate and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate, followed by selectively hydrolyzing tert-butyl groups to carboxyl groups. Utilizing the carboxyl group as an active reaction site, paclitaxel, a well-known chemotherapeutic drug, could be covalently linked to the backbone of a copolymer via a disulfide bond, and the loading content of paclitaxel could reach up to 32 wt %. In aqueous solution, this drug-loaded copolymer could self-assemble into a spherical micelle, with the hydrophobic drug as the core and hydrophilic PEG as the shell. The mean diameter of the micelles evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) was approximately 60 nm. The in vitro cytotoxicity experiments showed that the copolymer was biocompatible and suitable to use as a drug carrier. After covalently loading the drug, the copolymer showed apparent cytotoxicity to OS-RC-2 cells (kidney tumor cells) and low cytotoxicity to macrophage cells (human normal cells), indicating that the disulfide bond was stable in human normal cells, but would be broken in tumor cells. This selective bond scission behavior is potentially favorable for reducing the toxic and side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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Nagao Y, Takasu A, Boccaccini AR. Anode-Selective Electrophoretic Deposition of a Bioactive Glass/Sulfone-Containing Click Polyester Composite. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300396p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nagao
- Department of Frontier Materials,
Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Akinori Takasu
- Department of Frontier Materials,
Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Aldo R. Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Weiss VM, Naolou T, Hause G, Kuntsche J, Kressler J, Mäder K. Poly(glycerol adipate)-fatty acid esters as versatile nanocarriers: From nanocubes over ellipsoids to nanospheres. J Control Release 2012; 158:156-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Yu Y, Zou J, Yu L, Ji W, Li Y, Law WC, Cheng C. Functional Polylactide-g-Paclitaxel–Poly(ethylene glycol) by Azide–Alkyne Click Chemistry. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2005102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and ‡Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Jiong Zou
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and ‡Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and ‡Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and ‡Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Yukun Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and ‡Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Wing-Cheung Law
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and ‡Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Chong Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and ‡Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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