1
|
Singh A, Hassen WM, St-Onge R, Dubowski JJ. Galvanic Displacement Reaction Enabled Specific and Sensitive Detection of Bacteria with a Digital Photocorrosion GaAs/AlGaAs Biosensor. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:21768-21776. [PMID: 37969924 PMCID: PMC10641864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c05200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The conjugation of ionic gold with bacterial antibodies makes it possible to induce a specific interaction between targeted bacteria and the surface of a GaAs/AlGaAs biochip. The process of immobilization is based on a galvanic displacement reaction (GDR) involving electron transfer between GaAs and Au3+ ions that leads to the formation of a Au-Ga alloy anchoring bacteria to the biochip surface. The GDR-based immobilization of Escherichia coli on biochips comprising a stack of GaAs/AlGaAs nanolayers (dGaAs = 12 nm, dAlGaAs = 10 nm) was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy-based infrared experiments. We report the successful application of this approach for highly sensitive detection of E. coli with a digital photocorrosion (DIP) biosensor. The photoluminescence (PL) monitored DIP of GaAs/AlGaAs nanolayers results in the formation of a PL intensity maximum whose temporal appearance depends on the electric charge transfer between bacteria and the biochip. The formation of a robust bacteria-biochip interface achieved with the GDR process allowed us to observe the role of bacteria on the temporal position of a PL intensity maximum related to the etching of two pairs of GaAs/AlGaAs nanolayers extending up to 24 nm below the biochip surface. We demonstrate the attractive detection of E. coli at 250 CFU/mL, and we discuss the potential of this approach for designing a family of biosensors addressing the quasi-continuous monitoring of a water environment for the presence of pathogenic bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanpreet Singh
- Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors
and Photon-Based BioNanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Institute for
Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS IRL-3463, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Université
de Sherbrooke, 3000 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 0A5, Canada
| | - Walid M. Hassen
- Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors
and Photon-Based BioNanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Institute for
Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS IRL-3463, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Université
de Sherbrooke, 3000 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 0A5, Canada
| | - René St-Onge
- Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors
and Photon-Based BioNanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Institute for
Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS IRL-3463, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Université
de Sherbrooke, 3000 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 0A5, Canada
| | - Jan J. Dubowski
- Laboratory for Quantum Semiconductors
and Photon-Based BioNanotechnology, Interdisciplinary Institute for
Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS IRL-3463, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Université
de Sherbrooke, 3000 boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 0A5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Markwalter C, Kantor AG, Moore CP, Richardson KA, Wright DW. Inorganic Complexes and Metal-Based Nanomaterials for Infectious Disease Diagnostics. Chem Rev 2019; 119:1456-1518. [PMID: 30511833 PMCID: PMC6348445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases claim millions of lives each year. Robust and accurate diagnostics are essential tools for identifying those who are at risk and in need of treatment in low-resource settings. Inorganic complexes and metal-based nanomaterials continue to drive the development of diagnostic platforms and strategies that enable infectious disease detection in low-resource settings. In this review, we highlight works from the past 20 years in which inorganic chemistry and nanotechnology were implemented in each of the core components that make up a diagnostic test. First, we present how inorganic biomarkers and their properties are leveraged for infectious disease detection. In the following section, we detail metal-based technologies that have been employed for sample preparation and biomarker isolation from sample matrices. We then describe how inorganic- and nanomaterial-based probes have been utilized in point-of-care diagnostics for signal generation. The following section discusses instrumentation for signal readout in resource-limited settings. Next, we highlight the detection of nucleic acids at the point of care as an emerging application of inorganic chemistry. Lastly, we consider the challenges that remain for translation of the aforementioned diagnostic platforms to low-resource settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David W. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Click chemistry has emerged as a powerful tool in our arsenal for unlocking new biology. This includes its utility in both chemical biology and drug discovery. An emerging application of click chemistry is in the development of biochemical assays for high-throughput screening to identify new chemical probes and drug leads. This Feature Article will discuss the advancements in click chemistry that were necessary for the development of a new class of biochemical assay, catalytic enzyme-linked click chemistry assay or cat-ELCCA. Inspired by enzyme immunoassays, cat-ELCCA was designed as a click chemistry-based amplification assay where bioorthogonally-tagged analytes and enzymes are used in place of the enzyme-linked secondary antibodies used in immunoassays. The result is a robust assay format with demonstrated applicability in several important areas of biology and drug discovery, including post-translational modifications, pre-microRNA maturation, and protein-protein and RNA-protein interactions. Through the use of cat-ELCCA and other related click chemistry-based assays, new chemical probes for interrogating promising drug targets have been discovered. These examples will be discussed, in addition to a future outlook on the impact of this approach in probe and drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Garner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 1600 Huron Parkway, NCRC B520, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shao F, Zhang L, Jiao L, Wang X, Miao L, Li H, Zhou F. Enzyme-Free Immunosorbent Assay of Prostate Specific Antigen Amplified by Releasing pH Indicator Molecules Entrapped in Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8673-8679. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Shao
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Lianhua Zhang
- Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Lei Jiao
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Luyang Miao
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - He Li
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Feimeng Zhou
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiménez-Sánchez G, Terrat C, Verrier B, Gigmes D, Trimaille T. Improving bioassay sensitivity through immobilization of bio-probes onto reactive micelles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:8062-8065. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02057k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a straightforward approach based on reactive copolymer micelles to improve bioassay sensitivity through enhanced probe accessibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Céline Terrat
- Université Lyon 1
- CNRS
- UMR 5305
- Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique
- IBCP
| | - Bernard Verrier
- Université Lyon 1
- CNRS
- UMR 5305
- Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique
- IBCP
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire
- Marseille
- France
| | - Thomas Trimaille
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire
- Marseille
- France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lange SC, van Andel E, Smulders MMJ, Zuilhof H. Efficient and Tunable Three-Dimensional Functionalization of Fully Zwitterionic Antifouling Surface Coatings. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:10199-10205. [PMID: 27687696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of surface-based (bio)sensors, it is of crucial importance to diminish background signals that arise from the nonspecific binding of biomolecules, so-called biofouling. Zwitterionic polymer brushes have been shown to be excellent antifouling materials. However, for sensing purposes, antifouling does not suffice but needs to be combined with the possibility to efficiently modify the brush with recognition units. So far this has been achieved only at the expense of either antifouling properties or binding capacity. Herein we present a conceptually new approach by integrating both characteristics into a single tailor-made monomer: a novel sulfobetaine-based zwitterionic monomer equipped with a clickable azide moiety. Copolymerization of this monomer with a well-established standard sulfobetaine monomer results in highly antifouling surface coatings with a large yet tunable number of clickable groups present throughout the entire brush. Subsequent functionalization of the azido brushes via widely used strain-promoted alkyne azide click reactions yields fully zwitterionic 3D-functionalized coatings with a recognition unit of choice that can be tailored for any specific application. Here we show a proof of principle with biotin-functionalized brushes on Si3N4 that combine excellent antifouling properties with specific avidin binding from a protein mixture. The signal-to-noise ratio is significantly improved over that of traditional chain-end modification of sulfobetaine polymer brushes, even if the azide content is lowered to 1%. This therefore offers a viable approach to the development of biosensors with greatly enhanced performance on any surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie C Lange
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther van Andel
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University , 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten M J Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University , 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, OR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Design of Self-Assembling Protein-Polymer Conjugates. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 940:179-214. [PMID: 27677514 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39196-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein-polymer conjugates are of particular interest for nanobiotechnology applications because of the various and complementary roles that each component may play in composite hybrid-materials. This chapter focuses on the design principles and applications of self-assembling protein-polymer conjugate materials. We address the general design methodology, from both synthetic and genetic perspective, conjugation strategies, protein vs. polymer driven self-assembly and finally, emerging applications for conjugate materials. By marrying proteins and polymers into conjugated bio-hybrid materials, materials scientists, chemists, and biologists alike, have at their fingertips a vast toolkit for material design. These inherently hierarchical structures give rise to useful patterning, mechanical and transport properties that may help realize new, more efficient materials for energy generation, catalysis, nanorobots, etc.
Collapse
|
8
|
Marine JE, Liang X, Song S, Rudick JG. Azide-rich peptides via an on-resin diazotransfer reaction. Biopolymers 2015; 104:419-26. [PMID: 25753459 PMCID: PMC4516611 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Azide-containing amino acids are valuable building blocks in peptide chemistry, because azides are robust partners in several bioorthogonal reactions. Replacing polar amino acids with apolar, azide-containing amino acids in solid-phase peptide synthesis can be tricky, especially when multiple azide residues are to be introduced in the amino acid sequence. We present a strategy for effectively incorporating multiple azide-containing residues site-specifically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette E. Marine
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States
| | - Xiaoli Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States
| | - Shuang Song
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States
| | - Jonathan G. Rudick
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Aggarwal
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology; University of Illinois Urbana Champaign; Urbana IL USA
| | - Taekjip Ha
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology; University of Illinois Urbana Champaign; Urbana IL USA
- Department of Physics; University of Illinois Urbana Champaign; Urbana IL USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Urbana IL USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ledin PA, Kolishetti N, Hudlikar MS, Boons GJ. Exploring strain-promoted 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of end functionalized polymers. Chemistry 2014; 20:8753-60. [PMID: 24906200 PMCID: PMC4113408 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Strain-promoted 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of cyclooctynes with 1,3-dipoles such as azides, nitrones, and nitrile oxides, are of interest for the functionalization of polymers. In this study, we have explored the use of a 4-dibenzocyclooctynol (DIBO)-containing chain transfer agent in reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerizations. The controlled radical polymerization resulted in well-defined DIBO-terminating polymers that could be modified by 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions using nitrones, nitrile oxides, and azides having a hydrophilic moiety. The self-assembly properties of the resulting block copolymers have been examined. The versatility of the methodology was further demonstrated by the controlled preparation of gold nanoparticles coated with the DIBO-containing polymers to produce materials that can be further modified by strain-promoted cycloadditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr A. Ledin
- Department of Chemistry University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road Athens, GA, 30602 (USA)
| | - Nagesh Kolishetti
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road Athens, GA, 30602 (USA)
| | - Manish S. Hudlikar
- Department of Chemistry University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road Athens, GA, 30602 (USA)
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemistry University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road Athens, GA, 30602 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wong CH, Zimmerman SC. Orthogonality in organic, polymer, and supramolecular chemistry: from Merrifield to click chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:1679-95. [PMID: 23282586 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc37316e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The concept of orthogonality has been applied to many areas of chemistry, ranging from wave functions to chromatography. But it was Barany and Merrifield's orthogonal protecting group strategy that paved the way for solid phase peptide syntheses, other important classes of biomaterials such as oligosaccharides and oligonucleotides, and ultimately to a term in widespread usage that is focused on chemical reactivity and binding selectivity. The orthogonal protection strategy has been extended to the development of orthogonal activation, and recently the click reaction, for streamlining organic synthesis. The click reaction and its variants are considered orthogonal as the components react together in high yield and in the presence of many other functional groups. Likewise, supramolecular building blocks can also be orthogonal, thereby enabling programmed self-assembly, a superb strategy to create complex architectures. Overall, orthogonal reactions and supramolecular interactions have dramatically improved the syntheses, the preparation of functional materials, and the self-assembly of nanoscale structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ho Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rhodes AJ, Deming TJ. Soluble, Clickable Polypeptides from Azide-Containing N-Carboxyanhydride Monomers. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:351-354. [PMID: 35581836 DOI: 10.1021/mz4001089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report a method for the synthesis of soluble, well-defined, azide-functionalized polypeptides via living polymerization of new azide-containing amino acid N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) monomers. Homo and diblock azidopolypeptides were prepared with controlled segment lengths using (PMe3)4Co initiator and were subsequently modified by reaction with functional alkyne reagents. The azide groups were found to be quantitatively converted to the corresponding triazole derivatives, and the functionalized polymers were obtained in high yield. This methodology provides a facile and straightforward method for preparation of functional and side-chain reactive, high molecular weight polypeptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison J. Rhodes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ‡Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Timothy J. Deming
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ‡Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Garcia-Hartjes J, Dommerholt J, Wennekes T, van Delft FL, Zuilhof H. Electronic Effects versus Distortion Energies During Strain-Promoted Alkyne-Azide Cycloadditions: A Theoretical Tool to Predict Reaction Kinetics. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
14
|
Abdo M, Sun Z, Knapp S. Biohybrid -Se-S- coupling reactions of an amino acid derived seleninate. Molecules 2013; 18:1963-72. [PMID: 23381022 PMCID: PMC6270073 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18021963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of the N-(2-seleninatoethyl) amide of N-Boc-phenylalanine, serving here as a peptide model, and its reductive coupling reactions under mild conditions with unprotected thiouridine and glutathione. Selenosulfide products such as these comprise reversibly conjugated bio-components, and can potentially find uses as probes of biological function, such as enzyme inhibitors, delivery systems, or structural mimics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Spencer Knapp
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-732-445-2627; Fax: +1-732-445-5312
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Friscourt F, Ledin PA, Mbua NE, Flanagan-Steet HR, Wolfert MA, Steet R, Boons GJ. Polar dibenzocyclooctynes for selective labeling of extracellular glycoconjugates of living cells. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:5381-9. [PMID: 22376061 PMCID: PMC3319718 DOI: 10.1021/ja3002666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloadditions (SPAAC) have found wide utility in biological and material sciences, the low polarity and limited water solubility of commonly used cyclooctynes represent a serious shortcoming. To address this problem, an efficient synthetic route has been developed for highly polar sulfated dibenzocyclooctynylamides (S-DIBO) by a Friedel-Crafts alkylation of 1,2-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)ethylamides with trichlorocyclopropenium cation followed by a controlled hydrolysis of the resulting dichlorocyclopropenes to give bis(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclooctacyclopropenones, which were subjected to methoxy group removal of the phenols, O-sulfation, and photochemical unmasking of the cyclopropenone moiety. Accurate rate measurements of the reaction of benzyl azide with various dibenzylcyclooctyne derivatives demonstrated that aromatic substitution and the presence of the amide function had only a marginal impact on the rate constants. Biotinylated S-DIBO 8 was successfully used for labeling azido-containing glycoconjugates of living cells. Furthermore, it was found that the substitution pattern of the dibenzylcyclooctynes influences subcellular location, and in particular it has been shown that DIBO derivative 4 can enter cells, thereby labeling intra- and extracellular azido-modified glycoconjugates, whereas S-DIBO 8 cannot pass the cell membrane and therefore is ideally suited for selective labeling of cell surface molecules. The ability to selectively label cell surface molecules will yield unique opportunities for glycomic analysis and the study of glycoprotein trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Friscourt
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Petr A. Ledin
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Ngalle Eric Mbua
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | | | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Richard Steet
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Heaney F. Nitrile Oxide/Alkyne Cycloadditions - A Credible Platform for Synthesis of Bioinspired Molecules by Metal-Free Molecular Clicking. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|