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Verpalen ECJM, Brouwer AJ, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Structure-Based Design and Synthesis of Lipid A Derivatives to Modulate Cytokine Responses. Chemistry 2024:e202400429. [PMID: 38587187 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Agonists of Toll like receptors (TLRs) have attracted interest as adjuvants and immune modulators. A crystal structure of TLR4/MD2 with E. coli LPS indicates that the fatty acid at C-2 of the lipid A component of LPS induces dimerization of two TLR4-MD2 complexes, which in turn initiates cell signaling leading to the production of (pro)inflammatory cytokines. To probe the importance of the (R)-3-hydroxymyristate at C-2 of lipid A, a range of bis- and mono-phosphoryl lipid A derivatives with different modifications at C-2 were prepared by a strategy in which 2-methylnaphthyl ethers were employed as permanent protecting group that could be readily removed by catalytic hydrogenation. The C-2 amine was protected as 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbamate, which at a later stage could be removed to give a free amine that was modified by different fatty acids. LPS and the synthetic lipid As induced the same cytokines, however, large differences in activity were observed. A compound having a hexanoyl moiety at C-2 still showed agonistic properties, but further shortening to a butanoyl abolished activity. The modifications had a larger influence on monophosphoryl lipid As. The lipid As having a butanoyl moiety at C-2 could selectively antagonize TRIF associated cytokines induced by LPS or lipid A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico C J M Verpalen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arwin J Brouwer
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet A Wolfert
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Chemistry Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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2
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Li T, Spruit CM, Wei N, Liu L, Wolfert MA, de Vries RP, Boons GJ. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Tri-antennary N-Glycans Terminating in Sialyl-Lewis x Reveals the Importance of Glycan Complexity for Influenza A Virus Receptor Binding. Chemistry 2024:e202401108. [PMID: 38567703 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Sialyl-Lewisx (SLex) is involved in immune regulation, human fertilization, cancer, and bacterial and viral diseases. The influence of the complex glycan structures, which can present SLex epitopes, on binding is largely unknown. We report here a chemoenzymatic strategy for the preparation of a panel of twenty-two isomeric asymmetrical tri-antennary N-glycans presenting SLex-Lex epitopes on either the MGAT4 or MGAT5 arm that include putative high-affinity ligands for E-selectin. The N-glycans were prepared starting from a sialoglycopeptide isolated from egg yolk powder and took advantage of inherent substrate preferences of glycosyltransferases and the use of 5'-diphospho-N-trifluoracetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNHTFA) that can be transferred by branching N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases to give, after base treatment, GlcNH2-containing glycans that temporarily disable an antenna from enzymatic modification. Glycan microarray binding studies showed that E-selectin bound equally well to linear glycans and tri-antennary N-glycans presenting SLex-Lex. On the other hand, it was found that hemagglutinins (HA) of H5 influenza A viruses (IAV) preferentially bound the tri-antennary N-glycans. Furthermore, several H5 HAs preferentially bound to N-glycan presenting SLex on the MGAT4 arm. SLex is displayed in the respiratory tract of several avian species, demonstrating the relevance of investigating the binding of, among others IAVs, to complex N-glycans presenting SLex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiehai Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Present address: Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Cindy M Spruit
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Na Wei
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Margreet A Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Chemistry Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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3
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Cecotto L, van Kessel K, Wolfert MA, Vogely C, van der Wal B, Weinans H, van Strijp J, Yavari SA. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of host defense peptides against Staphylococcus aureus. iScience 2022; 25:105211. [PMID: 36248729 PMCID: PMC9563556 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic host defense peptides (HDPs) are a promising alternative to antibiotics in the fight against Staphylococcus aureus infections. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties of three HDPs namely IDR-1018, CATH-2, and LL-37. Although all three HDPs significantly inhibited LPS-induced activation of human macrophages, only CATH-2 prevented S. aureus growth. When applied to different infection models focused on intracellularly surviving bacteria, only IDR-1018 showed a consistent reduction in macrophage bacterial uptake. However, this observation did not correlate with an increase in killing the efficiency of intracellular S. aureus. Here, we conclude that despite the promising antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of the selected HDPs, macrophages’ intrinsic antibacterial functions were not improved. Future studies should either focus on combining different HDPs or using them synergistically with other antibacterial agents to improve immune cells’ efficacy against S. aureus pathogenesis. HDPs namely IDR-1018, CATH-2, and LL-37 inhibit macrophage LPS-mediated activation Only CATH-2 shows direct antibacterial properties against S. aureus Reduction in the number of phagocytosed bacteria is rendered by IDR-1018 HDPs fail to stimulate macrophage’s ability to kill intracellular S. aureus
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Liu L, Chopra P, Li X, Bouwman KM, Tompkins SM, Wolfert MA, de Vries RP, Boons GJ. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans as Attachment Factor for SARS-CoV-2. ACS Cent Sci 2021; 7:1009-1018. [PMID: 34235261 PMCID: PMC8227597 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing an unprecedented global pandemic demanding the urgent development of therapeutic strategies. Microarray binding experiments, using an extensive heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharide library, showed that the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike of SARS-CoV-2 can bind HS in a length- and sequence-dependent manner. A hexasaccharide composed of IdoA2S-GlcNS6S repeating units was identified as the minimal binding epitope. Surface plasmon resonance showed the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds with a much higher affinity to heparin (K D = 55 nM) compared to the RBD (K D = 1 μM) alone. It was also found that heparin does not interfere in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding or proteolytic processing of the spike. However, exogenous administered heparin or a highly sulfated HS oligosaccharide inhibited RBD binding to cells. Furthermore, an enzymatic removal of HS proteoglycan from physiological relevant tissue resulted in a loss of RBD binding. The data support a model in which HS functions as the point of initial attachment allowing the virus to travel through the glycocalyx by low-affinity high-avidity interactions to reach the cell membrane, where it can engage with ACE2 for cell entry. Microarray binding experiments showed that ACE2 and HS can simultaneously engage with the RBD, and it is likely no dissociation between HS and RBD is required for binding to ACE2. The results highlight the potential of using HS oligosaccharides as a starting material for therapeutic agent development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, 30602 Athens, Georgia, United
States
| | - Pradeep Chopra
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, 30602 Athens, Georgia, United
States
| | - Xiuru Li
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, 30602 Athens, Georgia, United
States
| | - Kim M. Bouwman
- Department of Chemical Biology
and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute
for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S. Mark Tompkins
- Center
for Vaccines and Immunology, University
of Georgia, 30602 Athens, Georgia, United States
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, 30602 Athens, Georgia, United
States
- Department of Chemical Biology
and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute
for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology
and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute
for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, 30602 Athens, Georgia, United
States
- Department of Chemical Biology
and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute
for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Georgia, 30602 Athens, Georgia, United States
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5
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Liu L, Chopra P, Li X, Bouwman KM, Tompkins SM, Wolfert MA, de Vries RP, Boons GJ. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans as attachment factor for SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv 2021. [PMID: 32511404 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.10.087288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing an unprecedented global pandemic demanding the urgent development of therapeutic strategies. Microarray binding experiments using an extensive heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharide library showed that the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike of SARS-CoV-2 can bind HS in a length- and sequence-dependent manner. Hexa- and octa-saccharides composed of IdoA2S-GlcNS6S repeating units were identified as optimal ligands. Surface plasma resonance (SPR) showed the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds with much higher affinity to heparin (KD = 55 nM) compared to the RBD (KD = 1 uM) alone. We also found that heparin does not interfere in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding or proteolytic processing of the spike. Our data supports a model in which HS functions as the point of initial attachment for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Tissue staining studies using biologically relevant tissues indicate that heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) is a critical attachment factor for the virus. Collectively, our results highlight the potential of using HS oligosaccharides as a therapeutic agent by inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 binding to target cells.
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Srivastava AD, Unione L, Wolfert MA, Valverde P, Ardá A, Jiménez-Barbero J, Boons GJ. Mono- and Di-Fucosylated Glycans of the Parasitic Worm S. mansoni are Recognized Differently by the Innate Immune Receptor DC-SIGN. Chemistry 2020; 26:15605-15612. [PMID: 32957164 PMCID: PMC7894523 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic worm, Schistosoma mansoni, expresses unusual fucosylated glycans in a stage-dependent manner that can be recognized by the human innate immune receptor DC-SIGN, thereby shaping host immune responses. We have developed a synthetic approach for mono- and bis-fucosylated LacdiNAc (LDN-F and LDN-DF, respectively), which are epitopes expressed on glycolipids and glycoproteins of S. mansoni. It is based on the use of monosaccharide building blocks having carefully selected amino-protecting groups, facilitating high yielding and stereoselective glycosylations. The molecular interaction between the synthetic glycans and DC-SIGN was studied by NMR and molecular modeling, which demonstrated that the α1,3-fucoside of LDN-F can coordinate with the Ca2+ -ion of the canonical binding site of DC-SIGN allowing for additional interactions with the underlying LDN backbone. The 1,2-fucoside of LDN-DF can be complexed in a similar manner, however, in this binding mode GlcNAc and GalNAc of the LDN backbone are placed away from the protein surface resulting in a substantially lower binding affinity. Glycan microarray binding studies showed that the avidity and selectivity of binding is greatly enhanced when the glycans are presented multivalently, and in this format Lex and LDN-F gave strong responsiveness, whereas no binding was detected for LDN-DF. The data indicates that S. mansoni has developed a strategy to avoid detection by DC-SIGN in a stage-dependent manner by the addition of a fucoside to a number of its ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva D Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Luca Unione
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Margreet A Wolfert
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Pablo Valverde
- Molecular Recognition and Host-Pathogen Interactions, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48162, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana Ardá
- Molecular Recognition and Host-Pathogen Interactions, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48162, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Molecular Recognition and Host-Pathogen Interactions, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48162, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque, 48013, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, UPV/EHU, University of the Basque Country, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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7
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Li T, Wolfert MA, Wei N, Huizinga R, Jacobs BC, Boons GJ. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Campylobacter jejuni Lipo-oligosaccharide Core Domains to Examine Guillain–Barré Syndrome Serum Antibody Specificities. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19611-19621. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiehai Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712, United States
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712, United States
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Na Wei
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712, United States
| | | | | | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712, United States
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Du W, Wolfert MA, Peeters B, van Kuppeveld FJM, Boons GJ, de Vries E, de Haan CAM. Mutation of the second sialic acid-binding site of influenza A virus neuraminidase drives compensatory mutations in hemagglutinin. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008816. [PMID: 32853241 PMCID: PMC7480853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. Most pandemics occurred upon adaptation of avian IAVs to humans. This adaptation includes a hallmark receptor-binding specificity switch of hemagglutinin (HA) from avian-type α2,3- to human-type α2,6-linked sialic acids. Complementary changes of the receptor-destroying neuraminidase (NA) are considered to restore the precarious, but poorly described, HA-NA-receptor balance required for virus fitness. In comparison to the detailed functional description of adaptive mutations in HA, little is known about the functional consequences of mutations in NA in relation to their effect on the HA-NA balance and host tropism. An understudied feature of NA is the presence of a second sialic acid-binding site (2SBS) in avian IAVs and absence of a 2SBS in human IAVs, which affects NA catalytic activity. Here we demonstrate that mutation of the 2SBS of avian IAV H5N1 disturbs the HA-NA balance. Passaging of a 2SBS-negative H5N1 virus on MDCK cells selected for progeny with a restored HA-NA balance. These viruses obtained mutations in NA that restored a functional 2SBS and/or in HA that reduced binding of avian-type receptors. Importantly, a particular HA mutation also resulted in increased binding of human-type receptors. Phylogenetic analyses of avian IAVs show that also in the field, mutations in the 2SBS precede mutations in HA that reduce binding of avian-type receptors and increase binding of human-type receptors. Thus, 2SBS mutations in NA can drive acquisition of mutations in HA that not only restore the HA-NA balance, but may also confer increased zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Du
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States of America
| | - Ben Peeters
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Department of Virology, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States of America
| | - Erik de Vries
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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9
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Broszeit F, Tzarum N, Zhu X, Nemanichvili N, Eggink D, Leenders T, Li Z, Liu L, Wolfert MA, Papanikolaou A, Martínez-Romero C, Gagarinov IA, Yu W, García-Sastre A, Wennekes T, Okamatsu M, Verheije MH, Wilson IA, Boons GJ, de Vries RP. N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid as a Receptor for Influenza A Viruses. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3284-3294.e6. [PMID: 31189111 PMCID: PMC6750725 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A species barrier for the influenza A virus is the differential expression of sialic acid, which can either be α2,3-linked for avians or α2,6-linked for human viruses. The influenza A virus hosts also express other species-specific sialic acid derivatives. One major modification at C-5 is N-glycolyl (NeuGc), instead of N-acetyl (NeuAc). N-glycolyl is mammalian specific and expressed in pigs and horses, but not in humans, ferrets, seals, or dogs. Hemagglutinin (HA) adaptation to either N-acetyl or N-glycolyl is analyzed on a sialoside microarray containing both α2,3- and α2,6-linkage modifications on biologically relevant N-glycans. Binding studies reveal that avian, human, and equine HAs bind either N-glycolyl or N-acetyl. Structural data on N-glycolyl binding HA proteins of both H5 and H7 origin describe this specificity. Neuraminidases can cleave N-glycolyl efficiently, and tissue-binding studies reveal strict species specificity. The exclusive manner in which influenza A viruses differentiate between N-glycolyl and N-acetyl is indicative of selection. Broszeit and colleagues demonstrate that influenza A viruses recognize either N-acetyl or N-glycolyl neuraminic acid, and they explain these specificities using X-ray structures. NeuGc-binding viruses are perfectly viable, and neuraminidases can cleave NeuGc-containing receptor structures. There is an apparent selection now for NeuAc, as no known NeuGc-binding virus currently circulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Broszeit
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Netanel Tzarum
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nikoloz Nemanichvili
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Department of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Leenders
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Zeshi Li
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lin Liu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Margreet A Wolfert
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Andreas Papanikolaou
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carles Martínez-Romero
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ivan A Gagarinov
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wenli Yu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tom Wennekes
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Monique H Verheije
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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10
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't Hart IME, Li T, Wolfert MA, Wang S, Moremen KW, Boons GJ. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of the oligosaccharide moiety of the tumor-associated antigen disialosyl globopentaosylceramide. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7304-7308. [PMID: 31339142 PMCID: PMC6852662 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01368g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Disialosyl globopentaosylceramide (DSGb5) is often expressed by renal cell carcinomas. To investigate properties of DSGb5, we have prepared its oligosaccharide moiety by chemically synthesizing Gb5 which was enzymatically sialylated using the mammalian sialyltransferases ST3Gal1 and ST6GalNAc5. Glycan microarray binding studies indicate that Siglec-7 does not recognize DSGb5, and preferentially binds Neu5Acα(2,8)Neu5Ac containing glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid M E 't Hart
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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11
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Gagarinov IA, Li T, Wei N, Sastre Toraño J, de Vries RP, Wolfert MA, Boons G. Protecting‐Group‐Controlled Enzymatic Glycosylation of Oligo‐
N
‐Acetyllactosamine Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A. Gagarinov
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesBijvoet Center for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Tiehai Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Na Wei
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Javier Sastre Toraño
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesBijvoet Center for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesBijvoet Center for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesBijvoet Center for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Geert‐Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesBijvoet Center for Biomolecular ResearchUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research CenterUniversity of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road Athens GA 30602 USA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Georgia Athens GA USA
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12
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Gagarinov IA, Li T, Wei N, Sastre Toraño J, de Vries RP, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Protecting-Group-Controlled Enzymatic Glycosylation of Oligo-N-Acetyllactosamine Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10547-10552. [PMID: 31108002 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe a chemoenzymatic strategy that can give a library of differentially fucosylated and sialylated oligosaccharides starting from a single chemically synthesized tri-N-acetyllactosamine derivative. The common precursor could easily be converted into 6 different hexasaccharides in which the glucosamine moieties are either acetylated (GlcNAc) or modified as a free amine (GlcNH2 ) or Boc (GlcNHBoc). Fucosylation of the resulting compounds by a recombinant fucosyl transferase resulted in only modification of the natural GlcNAc moieties, providing access to 6 selectively mono- and bis-fucosylated oligosaccharides. Conversion of the GlcNH2 or GlcNHBoc moieties into the natural GlcNAc, followed by sialylation by sialyl transferases gave 12 differently fucosylated and sialylated compounds. The oligosaccharides were printed as a microarray that was probed by several glycan-binding proteins, demonstrating that complex patterns of fucosylation can modulate glycan recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Gagarinov
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tiehai Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Na Wei
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Javier Sastre Toraño
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet A Wolfert
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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13
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Supekar NT, Lakshminarayanan V, Capicciotti CJ, Sirohiwal A, Madsen CS, Wolfert MA, Cohen PA, Gendler SJ, Boons GJ. Synthesis and Immunological Evaluation of a Multicomponent Cancer Vaccine Candidate Containing a Long MUC1 Glycopeptide. Chembiochem 2018; 19:121-125. [PMID: 29120508 PMCID: PMC5975269 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A fully synthetic MUC1-based cancer vaccine was designed and chemically synthesized containing an endogenous helper T-epitope (MHC class II epitope). The vaccine elicited robust IgG titers that could neutralize cancer cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). It also activated cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Collectively, the immunological data demonstrate engagement of helper T-cells in immune activation. A synthetic methodology was developed for a penta-glycosylated MUC1 glycopeptide, and antisera of mice immunized by the new vaccine recognized such a structure. Previously reported fully synthetic MUC1-based cancer vaccines that elicited potent immune responses employed exogenous helper T-epitopes derived from microbes. It is the expectation that the use of the newly identified endogenous helper T-epitope will be more attractive, because it will activate cognate CD4+ T-cells that will provide critical tumor-specific help intratumorally during the effector stage of tumor rejection and will aid in the generation of sustained immunological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin T Supekar
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Vani Lakshminarayanan
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Chantelle J Capicciotti
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Anju Sirohiwal
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Cathy S Madsen
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Margreet A Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter A Cohen
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Sandra J Gendler
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
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14
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Zong C, Venot A, Li X, Lu W, Xiao W, Wilkes JSL, Salanga CL, Handel TM, Wang L, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Heparan Sulfate Microarray Reveals That Heparan Sulfate-Protein Binding Exhibits Different Ligand Requirements. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:9534-9543. [PMID: 28651046 PMCID: PMC5588662 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfates (HS) are linear sulfated polysaccharides that modulate a wide range of physiological and disease-processes. Variations in HS epimerization and sulfation provide enormous structural diversity, which is believed to underpin protein binding and regulatory properties. The ligand requirements of HS-binding proteins have, however, been defined in only a few cases. We describe here a synthetic methodology that can rapidly provide a library of well-defined HS oligosaccharides. It is based on the use of modular disaccharides to assemble several selectively protected tetrasaccharides that were subjected to selective chemical modifications such as regioselective O- and N-sulfation and selective de-sulfation. A number of the resulting compounds were subjected to enzymatic modifications by 3-O-sulfotransferases-1 (3-OST1) to provide 3-O-sulfated derivatives. The various approaches for diversification allowed one tetrasaccharide to be converted into 12 differently sulfated derivatives. By employing tetrasaccharides with different backbone compositions, a library of 47 HS-oligosaccharides was prepared and the resulting compounds were used to construct a HS microarray. The ligand requirements of a number of HS-binding proteins including fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), and the chemokines CCL2, CCL5, CCL7, CCL13, CXCL8, and CXCL10 were examined using the array. Although all proteins recognized multiple compounds, they exhibited clear differences in structure-binding characteristics. The HS microarray data guided the selection of compounds that could interfere in biological processes such as cell proliferation. Although the library does not cover the entire chemical space of HS-tetrasaccharides, the binding data support a notion that changes in cell surface HS composition can modulate protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Zong
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Andre Venot
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xiuru Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Weigang Lu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Wenyuan Xiao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jo-Setti L. Wilkes
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Catherina L. Salanga
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0684, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tracy M. Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0684, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Martínez-Sáez N, Supekar NT, Wolfert MA, Bermejo IA, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Asensio JL, Jiménez-Barbero J, Busto JH, Avenoza A, Boons GJ, Peregrina JM, Corzana F. Mucin architecture behind the immune response: design, evaluation and conformational analysis of an antitumor vaccine derived from an unnatural MUC1 fragment. Chem Sci 2016; 7:2294-2301. [PMID: 29910919 PMCID: PMC5977504 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04039f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A tripartite cancer vaccine candidate, containing a quaternary amino acid (α-methylserine) in the most immunogenic domain of MUC1, has been synthesized and examined for antigenic properties in transgenic mice. The vaccine which is glycosylated with GalNAc at the unnatural amino acid, was capable of eliciting potent antibody responses recognizing both glycosylated and unglycosylated tumour-associated MUC1 peptides and native MUC1 antigen present on cancer cells. The peptide backbone of the novel vaccine presents the bioactive conformation in solution and is more resistant to enzymatic degradation than the natural counter part. In spite of these features, the immune response elicited by the unnatural vaccine was not improved compared to a vaccine candidate containing natural threonine. These observations were rationalized by conformational studies, indicating that the presentation and dynamics of the sugar moiety displayed by the MUC1 derivative play a critical role in immune recognition. It is clear that engineered MUC1-based vaccines bearing unnatural amino acids have to be able to emulate the conformational properties of the glycosidic linkage between the GalNAc and the threonine residues. The results described here will be helpful to the rational design of efficacious cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Martínez-Sáez
- Departamento de Química , Universidad de La Rioja , Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química , Madre de Dios 53 , 26006 Logroño , Spain . ;
| | - Nitin T Supekar
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center , University of Georgia , 315 Riverbend Road , Athens , Georgia 30602 , USA .
| | - Margreet A Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center , University of Georgia , 315 Riverbend Road , Athens , Georgia 30602 , USA .
| | - Iris A Bermejo
- Departamento de Química , Universidad de La Rioja , Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química , Madre de Dios 53 , 26006 Logroño , Spain . ;
| | - Ramón Hurtado-Guerrero
- BIFI , University of Zaragoza , BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) Joint Unit , Mariano Esquillor s/n , Campus Rio Ebro , Edificio I+D , Zaragoza , Spain
- Fundación ARAID , 50018 , Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Juan L Asensio
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General , IQOG-CSIC , Juan de la Cierva 3 , 28006 Madrid , Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Structural Biology Unit , CIC bioGUNE , Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia Building 801A , 48160 Derio , Spain
- IKERBASQUE , Basque Foundation for Science , 48011 Bilbao , Spain
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology , Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas , CSIC , Ramiro de Maeztu 9 , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Jesús H Busto
- Departamento de Química , Universidad de La Rioja , Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química , Madre de Dios 53 , 26006 Logroño , Spain . ;
| | - Alberto Avenoza
- Departamento de Química , Universidad de La Rioja , Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química , Madre de Dios 53 , 26006 Logroño , Spain . ;
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center , University of Georgia , 315 Riverbend Road , Athens , Georgia 30602 , USA .
| | - Jesús M Peregrina
- Departamento de Química , Universidad de La Rioja , Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química , Madre de Dios 53 , 26006 Logroño , Spain . ;
| | - Francisco Corzana
- Departamento de Química , Universidad de La Rioja , Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química , Madre de Dios 53 , 26006 Logroño , Spain . ;
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16
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Hudlikar MS, Li X, Gagarinov IA, Kolishetti N, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Controlled Multi-functionalization Facilitates Targeted Delivery of Nanoparticles to Cancer Cells. Chemistry 2016; 22:1415-23. [PMID: 26683093 PMCID: PMC4819120 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A major objective of nanomedicine is to combine in a controlled manner multiple functional entities into a single nanoscale device to target particles with great spatial precision, thereby increasing the selectivity and potency of therapeutic drugs. A multifunctional nanoparticle is described for controlled conjugation of a cytotoxic drug, a cancer cell targeting ligand, and an imaging moiety. The approach is based on the chemical synthesis of polyethylene glycol that at one end is modified by a thioctic acid for controlled attachment to a gold core. The other end of the PEG polymers is modified by a hydrazine, amine, or dibenzocyclooctynol moiety for conjugation with functional entities having a ketone, activated ester, or azide moiety, respectively. The conjugation approach allowed the controlled attachment of doxorubicin through an acid-labile hydrazone linkage, an Alexa Fluor dye through an amide bond, and a glycan-based ligand for the cell surface receptor CD22 of B-cells using strain promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition. The incorporation of the ligand for CD22 led to rapid entry of the nanoparticle by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Covalent attachment of doxorubicin via hydrazone linkage caused pH-responsive intracellular release of doxorubicin and significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. A remarkable 60-fold enhancement in cytotoxicity of CD22 (+) lymphoma cells was observed compared to non- targeted nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish S Hudlikar
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xiuru Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ivan A Gagarinov
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Nagesh Kolishetti
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Margreet A Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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17
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Lakshminarayanan V, Supekar NT, Wei J, McCurry DB, Dueck AC, Kosiorek HE, Trivedi PP, Bradley JM, Madsen CS, Pathangey LB, Hoelzinger DB, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ, Cohen PA, Gendler SJ. MUC1 Vaccines, Comprised of Glycosylated or Non-Glycosylated Peptides or Tumor-Derived MUC1, Can Circumvent Immunoediting to Control Tumor Growth in MUC1 Transgenic Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145920. [PMID: 26788922 PMCID: PMC4720451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
It remains challenging to produce decisive vaccines against MUC1, a tumor-associated antigen widely expressed by pancreas, breast and other tumors. Employing clinically relevant mouse models, we ruled out such causes as irreversible T-cell tolerance, inadequate avidity, and failure of T-cells to recognize aberrantly glycosylated tumor MUC1. Instead, every tested MUC1 preparation, even non-glycosylated synthetic 9mer peptides, induced interferon gamma-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells that recognized glycosylated variants including tumor-associated MUC1. Vaccination with synthetic peptides conferred protection as long as vaccination was repeated post tumor challenge. Failure to revaccinate post challenge was associated with down-regulated tumor MUC1 and MHC molecules. Surprisingly, direct admixture of MUC1-expressing tumor with MUC1-hyperimmune T-cells could not prevent tumor outgrowth or MUC1 immunoediting, whereas ex vivo activation of the hyperimmune T-cells prior to tumor admixture rendered them curative. Therefore, surrogate T-cell preactivation outside the tumor bed, either in culture or by repetitive vaccination, can overcome tumor escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vani Lakshminarayanan
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States of America
| | - Nitin T. Supekar
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States of America
| | - Dustin B. McCurry
- Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States of America
| | - Amylou C. Dueck
- Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States of America
| | - Heidi E. Kosiorek
- Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States of America
| | - Priyanka P. Trivedi
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States of America
| | - Judy M. Bradley
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States of America
| | - Cathy S. Madsen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States of America
| | - Latha B. Pathangey
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States of America
| | | | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SJG); (PAC); (GJB)
| | - Peter A. Cohen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States of America
- Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SJG); (PAC); (GJB)
| | - Sandra J. Gendler
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States of America
- Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SJG); (PAC); (GJB)
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18
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Thompson P, Lakshminarayanan V, Supekar NT, Bradley JM, Cohen PA, Wolfert MA, Gendler SJ, Boons GJ. Linear synthesis and immunological properties of a fully synthetic vaccine candidate containing a sialylated MUC1 glycopeptide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:10214-7. [PMID: 26022217 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02199e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A strategy for the linear synthesis of a sialylated glycolipopeptide cancer vaccine candidate has been developed using a strategically designed sialyl-Tn building block and microwave-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis. The glycolipopeptide elicited potent humoral and cellular immune responses. T-cells primed by such a vaccine candidate could be restimulated by tumor-associated MUC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Thompson
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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19
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Prudden AR, Chinoy ZS, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. A multifunctional anomeric linker for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of complex oligosaccharides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:7132-5. [PMID: 24854112 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02222j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new anomeric linker has been developed that facilitates the purification of glycans prepared by chemoenzymatic approaches and can readily give compounds that are appropriately modified for microarray development or glycan derivatives with a free reducing end that are needed as standards for the development of analytical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Prudden
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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Abdel-Aal ABM, Lakshminarayanan V, Thompson P, Supekar N, Bradley JM, Wolfert MA, Cohen PA, Gendler SJ, Boons GJ. Immune and anticancer responses elicited by fully synthetic aberrantly glycosylated MUC1 tripartite vaccines modified by a TLR2 or TLR9 agonist. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1508-13. [PMID: 24890740 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The mucin MUC1 is overexpressed and aberrantly glycosylated by many epithelial cancer cells manifested by truncated O-linked saccharides. Although tumor-associated MUC1 has generated considerable attention because of its potential for the development of a therapeutic cancer vaccine, it has been difficult to design constructs that consistently induce cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) and ADCC-mediating antibodies specific for the tumor form of MUC1. We have designed, chemically synthesized, and immunologically examined vaccine candidates each composed of a glycopeptide derived from MUC1, a promiscuous Thelper peptide, and a TLR2 (Pam3 CysSK4 ) or TLR9 (CpG-ODN 1826) agonist. It was found that the Pam3 CysSK4 -containing compound elicits more potent antigenic and cellular immune responses, resulting in a therapeutic effect in a mouse model of mammary cancer. It is thus shown, for the first time, that the nature of an inbuilt adjuvant of a tripartite vaccine can significantly impact the quality of immune responses elicited against a tumor-associated glycopeptide. The unique adjuvant properties of Pam3 CysSK4 , which can reduce the suppressive function of regulatory T cells and enhance the cytotoxicity of tumor-specific CTLs, are likely responsible for the superior properties of the vaccine candidate 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu-Baker M Abdel-Aal
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
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Mbua NE, Li X, Flanagan-Steet HR, Meng L, Aoki K, Moremen KW, Wolfert MA, Steet R, Boons GJ. Selective exo-enzymatic labeling of N-glycans on the surface of living cells by recombinant ST6Gal I. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:13012-5. [PMID: 24129959 PMCID: PMC3869382 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A game of tag: N-Glycans on the surface of living cells were selectively tagged by exogenously administering recombinant ST6Gal I sialyltransferase and azide-modified CMP-Neu5Ac. This modification was followed by a strain-promoted cycloaddition using a biotin-modified dibenzylcyclooctynol (red star=biotin). The methodology will make it possible to dissect the mechanisms that underlie altered glycoconjugate recycling and storage in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngalle Eric Mbua
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA), Fax: (+1) 706-542-4412
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA), Fax: (+1) 706-542-4412
| | - Xiuru Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA), Fax: (+1) 706-542-4412
| | - Heather R. Flanagan-Steet
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA), Fax: (+1) 706-542-4412
| | - Lu Meng
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA), Fax: (+1) 706-542-4412
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA), Fax: (+1) 706-542-4412
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA), Fax: (+1) 706-542-4412
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA), Fax: (+1) 706-542-4412
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA), Fax: (+1) 706-542-4412
| | - Richard Steet
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA), Fax: (+1) 706-542-4412
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA), Fax: (+1) 706-542-4412
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA), Fax: (+1) 706-542-4412
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA), Fax: (+1) 706-542-4412
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Mbua NE, Li X, Flanagan-Steet HR, Meng L, Aoki K, Moremen KW, Wolfert MA, Steet R, Boons GJ. Selective Exo-Enzymatic Labeling of N-Glycans on the Surface of Living Cells by Recombinant ST6Gal I. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Boltje TJ, Zhong W, Park J, Wolfert MA, Chen W, Boons GJ. Chemical synthesis and immunological evaluation of the inner core oligosaccharide of Francisella tularensis. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:14255-62. [PMID: 22867268 DOI: 10.1021/ja306274v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Francisella tularensis, which is a Gram negative bacterium that causes tularemia, has been classified by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as a category A bioweapon. The development of vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and diagnostics for F. tularensis requires a detailed knowledge of the saccharide structures that can be recognized by protective antibodies. We have synthesized the inner core region of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of F. tularensis to probe antigenic responses elicited by a live and subunit vaccine. The successful preparation of the target compound relied on the use of a disaccharide which was modified by the orthogonal protecting groups diethylisopropylsilyl (DEIPS), 2-naphthylmethyl (Nap), allyl ether (All), and levulinoyl (Lev) ester. The ability to remove the protecting groups in different orders made it possible to establish the optimal glycosylations sequence to prepare a highly crowded 1,2,3-cis configured branching point. A variety of different methods were exploited to control anomeric selectivities of the glycosylations. A comparison of the (1)H NMR spectra of isolated material and the synthetic derivative confirmed the reported structural assignment of the inner core oligosaccharide of F. tularensis . The observation that immunizations with LPS lead to antibody responses to the inner core saccharides provides an impetus to further explore this compound as a vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Boltje
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Friscourt F, Ledin PA, Mbua NE, Flanagan-Steet HR, Wolfert MA, Steet R, Boons GJ. Polar dibenzocyclooctynes for selective labeling of extracellular glycoconjugates of living cells. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:5381-9. [PMID: 22376061 PMCID: PMC3319718 DOI: 10.1021/ja3002666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloadditions (SPAAC) have found wide utility in biological and material sciences, the low polarity and limited water solubility of commonly used cyclooctynes represent a serious shortcoming. To address this problem, an efficient synthetic route has been developed for highly polar sulfated dibenzocyclooctynylamides (S-DIBO) by a Friedel-Crafts alkylation of 1,2-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)ethylamides with trichlorocyclopropenium cation followed by a controlled hydrolysis of the resulting dichlorocyclopropenes to give bis(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclooctacyclopropenones, which were subjected to methoxy group removal of the phenols, O-sulfation, and photochemical unmasking of the cyclopropenone moiety. Accurate rate measurements of the reaction of benzyl azide with various dibenzylcyclooctyne derivatives demonstrated that aromatic substitution and the presence of the amide function had only a marginal impact on the rate constants. Biotinylated S-DIBO 8 was successfully used for labeling azido-containing glycoconjugates of living cells. Furthermore, it was found that the substitution pattern of the dibenzylcyclooctynes influences subcellular location, and in particular it has been shown that DIBO derivative 4 can enter cells, thereby labeling intra- and extracellular azido-modified glycoconjugates, whereas S-DIBO 8 cannot pass the cell membrane and therefore is ideally suited for selective labeling of cell surface molecules. The ability to selectively label cell surface molecules will yield unique opportunities for glycomic analysis and the study of glycoprotein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Friscourt
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Petr A. Ledin
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Ngalle Eric Mbua
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | | | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Richard Steet
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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Akimoto Y, Miura Y, Toda T, Wolfert MA, Wells L, Boons GJ, Hart GW, Endo T, Kawakami H. Morphological changes in diabetic kidney are associated with increased O-GlcNAcylation of cytoskeletal proteins including α-actinin 4. Clin Proteomics 2011; 8:15. [PMID: 21933451 PMCID: PMC3224550 DOI: 10.1186/1559-0275-8-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of the present study is to identify proteins that change in the extent of the modification with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) in the kidney from diabetic model Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, and to discuss the relation between O-GlcNAcylation and the pathological condition in diabetes. METHODS O-GlcNAcylated proteins were identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting and peptide mass fingerprinting. The level of O-GlcNAcylation of these proteins was examined by immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting and in situ Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA). RESULTS O-GlcNAcylated proteins that changed significantly in the degree of O-GlcNAcylation were identified as cytoskeletal proteins (α-actin, α-tubulin, α-actinin 4, myosin) and mitochondrial proteins (ATP synthase β, pyruvate carboxylase). The extent of O-GlcNAcylation of the above proteins increased in the diabetic kidney. Immunofluorescence and in situ PLA studies revealed that the levels of O-GlcNAcylation of actin, α-actinin 4 and myosin were significantly increased in the glomerulus and the proximal tubule of the diabetic kidney. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that immunolabeling of α-actinin 4 is disturbed and increased in the foot process of podocytes of glomerulus and in the microvilli of proximal tubules. CONCLUSION These results suggest that changes in the O-GlcNAcylation of cytoskeletal proteins are closely associated with the morphological changes in the podocyte foot processes in the glomerulus and in microvilli of proximal tubules in the diabetic kidney. This is the first report to show that α-actinin 4 is O-GlcNAcylated. α-Actinin 4 will be a good marker protein to examine the relation between O-GlcNAcylation and diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Akimoto
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan.
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Mbua NE, Guo J, Wolfert MA, Steet R, Boons GJ. Strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloadditions (SPAAC) reveal new features of glycoconjugate biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1912-21. [PMID: 21661087 PMCID: PMC3151320 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that 4-dibenzocyclooctynol (DIBO), which can easily be obtained by a streamlined synthesis approach, reacts exceptionally fast in the absence of a Cu(I) catalyst with azido-containing compounds to give stable triazoles. Chemical modifications of DIBO, such as oxidation of the alcohol to a ketone, increased the rate of strain promoted azide-alkyne cycloadditions (SPAAC). Installment of a ketone or oxime in the cyclooctyne ring resulted in fluorescent active compounds whereas this property was absent in the corresponding cycloaddition adducts; this provides the first example of a metal-free alkyne-azide fluoro-switch click reaction. The alcohol or ketone functions of the cyclooctynes offer a chemical handle to install a variety of different tags, and thereby facilitate biological studies. It was found that DIBO modified with biotin combined with metabolic labeling with an azido-containing monosaccharide can determine relative quantities of sialic acid of living cells that have defects in glycosylation (Lec CHO cells). A combined use of metabolic labeling/SPAAC and lectin staining of cells that have defects in the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex revealed that such defects have a greater impact on O-glycan sialylation than galactosylation, whereas sialylation and galactosylation of N-glycans was similarly impacted. These results highlight the fact that the fidelity of Golgi trafficking is a critical parameter for the types of oligosaccharides being biosynthesized by a cell. Furthermore, by modulating the quantity of biosynthesized sugar nucleotide, cells might have a means to selectively alter specific glycan structures of glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngalle Eric Mbua
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Jun Guo
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Richard Steet
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
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Li X, Guo J, Asong J, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Multifunctional surface modification of gold-stabilized nanoparticles by bioorthogonal reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:11147-53. [PMID: 21678979 DOI: 10.1021/ja2012164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanocarriers that combine multiple properties in an all-in-one system hold great promise for drug delivery. The absence of technology to assemble highly functionalized devices has, however, hindered progress in nanomedicine. To address this deficiency, we have chemically synthesized poly(ethylene oxide)-β-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PEO-b-PCL) block polymers modified at the apolar PCL terminus with thioctic acid and at the polar PEO terminus with an acylhydrazide, amine, or azide moiety. The resulting block polymers were employed to prepare nanoparticles that have a gold core, an apolar polyester layer for drug loading, a polar PEO corona to provide biocompatibility, and three different types of surface reactive groups for surface functionalization. The acylhydrazide, amine, or azide moieties of the resulting nanoparticles could be reacted with high efficiencies with modules having a ketone, isocyanate, or active ester and alkyne function, respectively. To demonstrate proof of principle of the potential of multisurface functionalization, we prepared nanoparticles that have various combinations of an oligo-arginine peptide to facilitate cellular uptake, a histidine-rich peptide to escape from lysosomes, and an Alexa Fluor 488 tag for imaging purposes. It has been shown that uptake and subcellular localization of the nanoparticles can be controlled by multisurface modification. It is to be expected that the modular synthetic methodology provides unique opportunities to establish optimal configurations of nanocarriers for disease-specific drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuru Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Guo J, Chen G, Ning X, Wolfert MA, Li X, Xu B, Boons GJ. Surface modification of polymeric micelles by strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloadditions. Chemistry 2011; 16:13360-6. [PMID: 21077066 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Organomicelles modified by surface dibenzylcyclooctyne moieties can conveniently be functionalized by strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloadditions. The ligation approach is highly efficient, does not require toxic reagents and is compatible with a wide variety of functional modules. Interactions of proteins with surface ligands of the micelles have been studied by AFM, which revealed that it leads to disassembly of the particles thereby providing a mechanism for triggered drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Abstract
The utility of catalyst-free azide-alkyne [3 + 2] cycloaddition for the immobilization of a variety of molecules onto a solid surface and microbeads was demonstrated. In this process, the surfaces are derivatized with aza-dibenzocyclooctyne (ADIBO) for the immobilization of azide-tagged substrates via a copper-free click reaction. Alternatively, ADIBO-conjugated molecules are anchored to the azide-derivatized surface. Both immobilization techniques work well in aqueous solutions and show excellent kinetics under ambient conditions. We report an efficient synthesis of aza-dibenzocyclooctyne (ADIBO), thus far the most reactive cyclooctyne in cycloaddition to azides. We also describe convenient methods for the conjugation of ADIBO with a variety of molecules directly or via a PEG linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kuzmin
- Department of Chemistry, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, United States
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Gaekwad J, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Reeves J, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Differential induction of innate immune responses by synthetic lipid a derivatives. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:29375-86. [PMID: 20634284 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.115204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that lipopolysaccharides (LPS) isolated from particular bacterial strains can bias innate immune responses toward different signal transduction pathways thereby eliciting unique patterns of cytokines. Heterogeneity in the structure of lipid A (the active component of LPS) and possible contaminations with other inflammatory components have made it difficult to confirm these observations and dissect molecular motifs that may be responsible for modulatory properties. To address these issues, we have examined, for the first time, the ability of a range of well defined synthetic lipid As and isolated LPS and lipid A preparations to induce the production of a wide range of cytokines in three different mouse cell types. It was found that, for a given compound, the potencies of production of the various cytokines differed significantly. An additive model, in which a chemical change in the structure of a compound effects the potencies of all cytokines in the same manner, could describe the potencies of the cytokines for all compounds. Thus, no evidence was found that the structure of lipid A can modulate the pattern of cytokine production. In addition, the statistical analysis showed that the relative ordering of the potencies of the compounds was identical in the different cell types and that structural features such as the presence of a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid moiety, anomeric phosphate, lipid length, and acylation pattern were important for pro-inflammatory activity. Finally, it was found that transcriptional and post-transcription control mechanisms determine potencies and efficacies of cytokine production in cell-specific manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidnyasa Gaekwad
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Ning X, Temming RP, Dommerholt J, Guo J, Ania DB, Debets MF, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ, van Delft FL. Protein modification by strain-promoted alkyne-nitrone cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:3065-8. [PMID: 20333639 PMCID: PMC2871956 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinghai Ning
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Teo C, Ingale S, Wolfert MA, Elsayed GA, Not LG, Chatham JC, Wells L, Boons G. Generation of O‐GlcNAc specific monoclonal antibodies using a novel synthetic immunogen. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.904.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Teo CF, Ingale S, Wolfert MA, Elsayed GA, Nöt LG, Chatham JC, Wells L, Boons GJ. Glycopeptide-specific monoclonal antibodies suggest new roles for O-GlcNAc. Nat Chem Biol 2010; 6:338-43. [PMID: 20305658 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies of post-translational modification by beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) are hampered by a lack of efficient tools such as O-GlcNAc-specific antibodies that can be used for detection, isolation and site localization. We have obtained a large panel of O-GlcNAc-specific IgG monoclonal antibodies having a broad spectrum of binding partners by combining three-component immunogen methodology with hybridoma technology. Immunoprecipitation followed by large-scale shotgun proteomics led to the identification of more than 200 mammalian O-GlcNAc-modified proteins, including a large number of new glycoproteins. A substantial number of the glycoproteins were enriched by only one of the antibodies. This observation, combined with the results of inhibition ELISAs, suggests that the antibodies, in addition to their O-GlcNAc dependence, also appear to have different but overlapping local peptide determinants. The monoclonal antibodies made it possible to delineate differentially modified proteins of liver in response to trauma-hemorrhage and resuscitation in a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Fen Teo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Abstract
Phototriggering of the metal-free azide to acetylene cycloaddition reaction was achieved by masking the triple bond of dibenzocyclooctynes as cyclopropenone. Such masked cyclooctynes do not react with azides in the dark. Irradiation of cyclopropenones results in the efficient (Phi(355) = 0.33) and clean regeneration of the corresponding dibenzocyclooctynes, which then undergo facile catalyst-free cycloadditions with azides to give corresponding triazoles under ambient conditions. In situ light activation of a cyclopropenone linked to biotin made it possible to label living cells expressing glycoproteins containing N-azidoacetyl-sialic acid. The cyclopropenone-based phototriggered click chemistry offers exciting opportunities to label living organisms in a temporally and spatially controlled manner and may facilitate the preparation of microarrays.
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Maiti KK, Decastro M, El-Sayed ABMAA, Foote MI, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Chemical synthesis and proinflammatory responses of monophosphoryl lipid A adjuvant candidates. European J Org Chem 2010; 2010:80-91. [PMID: 20228877 PMCID: PMC2835315 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are structural components of the outer surface membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, trigger innate immune responses through activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Such responses may be exploited for the development of adjuvants and in particular monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) obtained by controlled hydrolysis of LPS of Salmonella minnesota, exhibits low toxicity yet possesses beneficial immuno-stimulatory properties. We have developed an efficient synthetic approach for the preparation of a major component of MPLA (1), which has as a key feature the use of allyloxycarbonates (Alloc) as permanent protecting groups for the C-3 and C-4 hydroxyls of the proximal glucosamine unit. The latter protecting groups greatly facilitated deprotection of the fully assembled compound. Furthermore, the amino functions were protected as N-2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbamates (Troc), which performed efficient neighboring group participation to give selectively 1,2-trans-glycosides and could easily be removed under mild conditions without affecting the permanent Alloc carbonates and anomeric dimethylthexylsilyl (TDS) ether. The synthetic methodology was also employed for the preparation of a monophosphoryl lipid A (2) derivative that has the anomeric center of the proximal sugar modified as a methyl glycoside. Compound 1 was not able to induce cytokine production in mouse macrophages whereas methyl glycoside 2 displayed activity, however it has a lower potency and efficacy than lipid A obtained by controlled hydrolysis S. minnesota. This indicates compound 2 is an attractive candidate for adjuvant development and that 1 is not the active substance of MPLA obtained by controlled hydrolysis of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustabh K Maiti
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Berghaus LJ, Moore JN, Hurley DJ, Vandenplas ML, Fortes BP, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Innate immune responses of primary murine macrophage-lineage cells and RAW 264.7 cells to ligands of Toll-like receptors 2, 3, and 4. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 33:443-54. [PMID: 19732955 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although studies have been performed to characterize responses of macrophages from individual anatomical sites (e.g., alveolar macrophages) or of murine-derived macrophage cell lines to microbial ligands, few studies compare these cell types in terms of phenotype and function. We directly compared the expression of cell surface markers and functional responses of primary cultures of three commonly used cells of monocyte-macrophage lineage (splenic macrophages, bone marrow-derived macrophages, and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells) with those of the murine-leukemic monocyte-macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. We hypothesized that RAW 264.7 cells and primary bone marrow-derived macrophages would be similar in phenotype and would respond similarly to microbial ligands that bind to either Toll-like receptors 2, 3, and 4. Results indicate that RAW 264.7 cells most closely mimic bone marrow-derived macrophages in terms of cell surface receptors and response to microbial ligands that initiate cellular activation via Toll-like receptors 3 and 4. However, caution must be applied when extrapolating findings obtained with RAW 264.7 cells to those of other primary macrophage-lineage cells, primarily because phenotype and function of the former cells may change with continuous culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Londa J Berghaus
- Large Animal Medicine, 501 DW Brooks Drive University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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Ingale S, Wolfert MA, Buskas T, Boons GJ. Increasing the antigenicity of synthetic tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens by targeting Toll-like receptors. Chembiochem 2009; 10:455-63. [PMID: 19145607 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SYNTHETIC CANCER VACCINES: A number of fully synthetic vaccine candidates have been designed, chemically synthesized, and immunologically evaluated to establish a strategy to overcome the poor immunogenicity of tumor-associated carbohydrates and glycopeptides and to determine the importance of Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement for antigenic responses against these compounds.Epithelial cancer cells often overexpress mucins that are aberrantly glycosylated. Although it has been realized that these compounds offer exciting opportunities for the development of immunotherapy for cancer, their use is hampered by the low antigenicity of classical immunogens composed of a glycopeptide derived from a mucin conjugated to a foreign carrier protein. We have designed, chemically synthesized, and immunologically evaluated a number of fully synthetic vaccine candidates to establish a strategy to overcome the poor immunogenicity of tumor-associated carbohydrates and glycopeptides. The compounds were also designed to allow study of the importance of Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement for these antigenic responses in detail. We have found that covalent attachment of a TLR2 agonist, a promiscuous peptide T-helper epitope, and a tumor-associated glycopeptide gives a compound (1) that elicits in mice exceptionally high titers of IgG antibodies that recognize MCF7 cancer cells expressing the tumor-associated carbohydrate. Immunizations with glycolipopeptide 2, which contains lipidated amino acids instead of a TLR2 ligand, gave significantly lower titers of IgG antibodies; this demonstrates that TLR engagement is critical for optimum antigenic responses. Although mixtures of compound 2 with Pam(3)CysSK(4) (3) or monophosphoryl lipid A (4) elicited titers of IgG antibodies similar to those seen with 1, the resulting antisera had impaired ability to recognize cancer cells. It was also found that covalent linkage of the helper T-epitope to the B-epitope is essential, probably because internalization of the helper T-epitope by B-cells requires assistance of the B-epitope. The results presented here show that synthetic vaccine development is amenable to structure-activity relationship studies for successful optimization of carbohydrate-based cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampat Ingale
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Asong J, Wolfert MA, Maiti KK, Miller D, Boons GJ. Binding and Cellular Activation Studies Reveal That Toll-like Receptor 2 Can Differentially Recognize Peptidoglycan from Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacteria. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:8643-53. [PMID: 19164296 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806633200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although much progress has been made toward the identification of innate immune receptors, far less is known about how these receptors recognize specific microbial products. Such studies have been hampered by the need to purify compounds from microbial sources and a reliance on biological assays rather than direct binding to monitor recognition. We have employed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) binding studies using a wide range of well defined synthetic muropeptides derived from Gram-positive (lysine-containing) and Gram-negative (diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-containing) bacteria to demonstrate that Toll-like receptor 2 can recognize peptidoglycan (PGN). In the case of lysine-containing muropeptides, a limited number of compounds, which were derived from PGN remodeled by bacterial autolysins, was recognized. However, a wider range of DAP-containing muropeptides was bound with high affinity, and these compounds were derived from nascent and remodeled PGN. The difference in recognition of the two classes of muropeptides is proposed to be a strategy by the host to respond appropriately to Gram-negative and -positive bacteria, which produce vastly different quantities of PGN. It was also found that certain modifications of the carboxylic acids of isoglutamine and DAP can dramatically reduce binding, and thus, bacterial strains may employ such modifications to evade innate immune detection. Cellular activation studies employing highly purified PGN from Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus plantarum, Micrococcus luteus, and Staphylococcus aureus support the structure binding relationship. The data firmly establish Toll-like receptor 2 as an innate immune sensor for PGN and provides an understanding of host-pathogen interactions at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkeng Asong
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Zhang Y, Gaekwad J, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Synthetic tetra-acylated derivatives of lipid A from Porphyromonas gingivalis are antagonists of human TLR4. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:3371-81. [PMID: 18802645 PMCID: PMC2793594 DOI: 10.1039/b809090d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tetra-acylated lipid As derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS have been synthesized using a key disaccharide intermediate functionalized with levulinate (Lev), allyloxycarbonate (Alloc) and anomeric dimethylthexylsilyl (TDS) as orthogonal protecting groups and 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbamate (Fmoc) and azido as amino protecting groups. Furthermore, an efficient cross-metathesis has been employed for the preparation of the unusual branched R-(3)-hydroxy-13-methyltetradecanic acid and (R)-3-hexadecanoyloxy-15-methylhexadecanoic acid of P. gingivalis lipid A. Biological studies have shown that the synthetic lipid As cannot activate human and mouse TLR2 and TLR4 to produce cytokines. However, it has been found that the compounds are potent antagonist of cytokine secretion by human monocytic cells induced by enteric LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghui Zhang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jidnyasa Gaekwad
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Vasan M, Rauvolfova J, Wolfert MA, Leoff C, Kannenberg EL, Quinn CP, Carlson RW, Boons GJ. Chemical synthesis and immunological properties of oligosaccharides derived from the vegetative cell wall of Bacillus anthracis. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1716-20. [PMID: 18563773 PMCID: PMC2832322 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis vaccine candidate : Sera of rabbits exposed to live and irradiated-killed spores of B. anthracis Sterne 34F2 or immunized with B. anthracis polysaccharide conjugated to KLH elicited antibodies that recognize isolated polysaccharide and two synthetic trisaccharides providing a proof-of-concept step in the development of vegetative and spore-specific reagents for detection and targeting of non-protein structures of B. anthracis .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahalakshmi Vasan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Jana Rauvolfova
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Christine Leoff
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Elmar L. Kannenberg
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Conrad P. Quinn
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention§, Microbial Pathogenesis and Immune Response Laboratory, Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, NCIRD, DBD, 1600 Clifton Road, MS D-11, Atlanta, GA 30333 (USA)
| | - Russell W. Carlson
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
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Ning X, Guo J, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Visualizing metabolically labeled glycoconjugates of living cells by copper-free and fast huisgen cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:2253-5. [PMID: 18275058 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200705456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 737] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinghai Ning
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Abstract
Differences in the pattern and chemical nature of fatty acids of lipid A of Neisseria meningitides lipooligosaccharides (LOS) and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) may account for differences in inflammatory properties. Furthermore, there are indications that dimeric 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KDO) moieties of LOS and LPS enhance biological activities. Heterogeneity in the structure of lipid A and possible contaminations with other inflammatory components have made it difficult to confirm these observations. To address these problems, a highly convergent approach for the synthesis of a lipid A derivative containing KDO has been developed, which relies on the ability to selectively remove or unmask in a sequential manner an isopropylidene acetal, 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), allyloxycarbonate (Alloc), azide, and thexyldimethylsilyl (TDS) ether. The strategy was employed for the synthesis of N. meningitidis lipid A containing KDO (3). Mouse macrophages were exposed to the synthetic compound and its parent LOS, E. coli lipid A (2), and a hybrid derivative (4) that has the asymmetrical acylation pattern of E. coli lipid A, but the shorter lipids of meningococcal lipid A. The resulting supernatants were examined for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon beta (IFN-beta) production. The lipid A derivative containing KDO was much more active than lipid A alone and just slightly less active than its parent LOS, indicating that one KDO moiety is sufficient for full activity of TNF-alpha and IFN-beta induction. The lipid A of N. meningitidis was a significantly more potent inducer of TNF-alpha and IFN-beta than E. coli lipid A, which is due to a number of shorter fatty acids. The compounds did not demonstrate a bias towards a MyD88- or TRIF-dependent response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghui Zhang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center The University of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Jidnyasa Gaekwad
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center The University of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center The University of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center The University of Georgia 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
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Ingale S, Wolfert MA, Gaekwad J, Buskas T, Boons GJ. Robust immune responses elicited by a fully synthetic three-component vaccine. Nat Chem Biol 2007; 3:663-7. [PMID: 17767155 PMCID: PMC2836923 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2007.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The overexpression of saccharides such as Globo-H, Lewis(Y) and Tn antigen is a common feature of oncogenic transformed cells. Endeavors to exploit this aberrant glycosylation for cancer vaccine development have been complicated by difficulties in eliciting high titers of IgG antibodies against classical conjugates of tumor-associated carbohydrates to carrier proteins. We have designed, chemically synthesized and immunologically evaluated a number of fully synthetic vaccine candidates to establish strategies to overcome the poor immunogenicity of tumor-associated carbohydrates and glycopeptides. We have found that a three-component vaccine composed of a TLR2 agonist, a promiscuous peptide T-helper epitope and a tumor-associated glycopeptide can elicit in mice exceptionally high titers of IgG antibodies that can recognize cancer cells expressing the tumor-associated carbohydrate. The superior properties of the vaccine candidate are attributed to the local production of cytokines, upregulation of co-stimulatory proteins, enhanced uptake by macrophages and dendritic cells and avoidance of epitope suppression.
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Zhang Y, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. The influence of the long chain fatty acid on the antagonistic activities of Rhizobium sin-1 lipid A. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4800-12. [PMID: 17513113 PMCID: PMC1950268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The lipid A from nitrogen-fixing bacterial species Rhizobium sin-1 is structurally unusual due to lack of phosphates and the presence of a 2-aminogluconolactone and a very long chain fatty acid, 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid (27OHC28:0), moiety. This structurally unusual lipid A can antagonize TNF-alpha production by human monocytes induced by Escherichia coli LPS. To establish the relevance of the unusual long chain 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid for antagonistic properties, a highly convergent strategy for the synthesis of several derivatives of the lipid A of R. sin-1 has been developed. Compound 1 is a natural R. sin-1 lipid A having a 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid at C-2', compound 2 contains an octacosanoic acid moiety at this position, and compound 3 is modified by a short chain tetradecanoic acid. Cellular activation studies with a human monocytic cell line have shown that the octacosanoic acid is important for optimal antagonistic properties. The hydroxyl of the natural 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic moiety does, however, not account for inhibitory activity. The resulting structure-activity relationships are important for the design of compounds for the treatment of septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghui Zhang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Abstract
LPS from Rhizobium sin-1 (R. sin-1) can antagonize the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) by E. coli LPS in human monocytic cells. Therefore these compounds provide interesting leads for the development of therapeutics for the prevention or treatment of septic shock. Detailed structure activity relationship studies have, however, been hampered by the propensity of these compounds to undergo beta-elimination to give biological inactive enone derivatives. To address this problem, we have chemically synthesized in a convergent manner a R. sin-1 lipid A derivative in which the beta-hydroxy ester at C-3 of the proximal sugar unit has been replaced by an ether linked moiety. As expected, this derivative exhibited a much-improved chemical stability. Furthermore, its ability to antagonize TNF-alpha production induced by enteric LPS was only slightly smaller than that of the parent ester modified derivative demonstrating that the ether-linked lipids affect biological activities only marginally. Furthermore, it has been shown for the first time that R. sin-1 LPS and the ether modified lipid A are also able to antagonize the production of the cytokine interferon-inducible protein 10, which arises from the TRIF-dependent pathway. The latter pathway was somewhat more potently inhibited than the MyD88-dependent pathway. Furthermore, it was observed that the natural LPS possesses much greater activity than the synthetic and isolated lipid As, which indicates that di-KDO moiety is important for optimal biological activity. It has also been found that isolated R. sin-1 LPS and lipid A agonize a mouse macrophage cell line to induce the production of TNF-alpha and interferon beta in a Toll-like receptor 4-dependent manner demonstrating species specific properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahalakshmi Vasan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 Fax (+)706-542-4412
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 Fax (+)706-542-4412
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602 Fax (+)706-542-4412
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Abstract
The lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) initiates innate immune responses by interacting with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which results in the production of a wide range of cytokines. Derivatives of lipid A show potential for use as immuno-modulators for the treatment of a wide range of diseases and as adjuvants for vaccinations. Development to these ends requires a detailed knowledge of patterns of cytokines induced by a wide range of derivatives. This information is difficult to obtain by using isolated compounds due to structural heterogeneity and possible contaminations with other inflammatory components. To address this problem, we have developed a synthetic approach that provides easy access to a wide range of lipid A's by employing a common disaccharide building block functionalized with a versatile set of protecting groups. The strategy was employed for the preparation of lipid A's derived from E. coli and S. typhimurium. Mouse macrophages were exposed to the synthetic compounds and E. coli 055:B5 LPS, and the resulting supernatants were examined for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon beta (IFN-beta), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), RANTES, and IL-1beta. It was found that for each compound, the potencies (EC50 values) for the various cytokines differed by as much as 100-fold. These differences did not follow a bias toward a MyD88- or TRIF-dependent response. Instead, it was established that the observed differences in potencies of secreted TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were due to differences in the processing of respective pro-proteins. Examination of the efficacies (maximum responses) of the various cytokines showed that each synthetic compound and E. coli 055:B5 LPS induced similar efficacies for the production of IFN-beta and IP-10. However, lipid A's 1-4 gave lower efficacies for the production of RANTES and IL-6 as compared to LPS. Collectively, the presented results demonstrate that cytokine secretion induced by LPS and lipid A is complex, which can be exploited for the development of immuno-modulating therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghui Zhang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Wolfert MA, Roychowdhury A, Boons GJ. Modification of the structure of peptidoglycan is a strategy to avoid detection by nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 1. Infect Immun 2006; 75:706-13. [PMID: 17145940 PMCID: PMC1828529 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01597-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) protein 1 (NOD1) and NOD2 are pathogen recognition receptors that sense breakdown products of peptidoglycan (PGN) (muropeptides). It is shown that a number of these muropeptides can induce tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene expression without significant TNF-alpha translation. This translation block is lifted when the muropeptides are coincubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), thereby accounting for an apparently synergistic effect of the muropeptides with LPS on TNF-alpha protein production. The compounds that induced synergistic effects were also able to activate NF-kappaB in a NOD1- or NOD2-dependent manner, implicating these proteins in synergistic TNF-alpha secretion. It was found that a diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-containing muramyl tetrapeptide could activate NF-kappaB in a NOD1-dependent manner, demonstrating that an exposed DAP is not essential for NOD1 sensing. The activity was lost when the alpha-carboxylic acid of iso-glutamic acid was modified as an amide. However, agonists of NOD2, such as muramyl dipeptide and lysine-containing muramyl tripeptides, were not affected by amidation of the alpha-carboxylic acid of iso-glutamic acid. Many pathogens modify the alpha-carboxylic acid of iso-glutamic acid of PGN, and thus it appears this is a strategy to avoid recognition by the host innate immune system. This type of immune evasion is in particular relevant for NOD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margreet A Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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48
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Abstract
A highly convergent strategy for the synthesis of several derivatives of the lipid A of Rhizobium sin-1 has been developed. The synthetic derivatives are 2-aminogluconate 3 and 2-aminogluconolactone 4, both of which lack C-3 acylation. These derivatives were obtained by the preparation of disaccharides in which the two amino groups and the C-3' hydroxy group could be modified individually with acyl or beta-hydroxy fatty acyl groups. Detailed NMR spectroscopy and MS analysis of 3 and 4 revealed that, even under neutral conditions, the two compounds equilibrate. The synthetic compounds lack the proinflammatory effects of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as indicated by an absence of tumor necrosis factor production. Although 3 and 4 were able to antagonize E. coli LPS, they were significantly less potent than the synthetic compound 2, which is acylated at C-3, and R. sin-1 LPS; these results indicate that the beta-hydroxy fatty acyl group at C-3 contributes to the antagonistic properties of R. sin-1 LPS. Based on a comparison of the biological responses of the synthetic lipid A derivatives with those of the R. sin-1 LPS and lipid A, the 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic moieties appear to be important for the optimal antagonization of enteric LPS-induced cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Santhanam
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Lee HS, Wolfert MA, Zhang Y, Boons GJ. The 2-aminogluconate isomer of rhizobium sin-1 lipid A can antagonize TNF-alpha production induced by enteric LPS. Chembiochem 2006; 7:140-8. [PMID: 16317789 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The naturally occurring lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Rhizobium sin-1, a nitrogen-fixing bacterial species, can prevent the induction of the tumor necrosis factor TNF-alpha induced by enteric LPS. The proximal saccharide moiety of R. sin-1 lipid A can exist in two forms, namely as a 2-aminogluconolactone or 2-aminogluconate. As it is unknown which of these forms is responsible for the antagonistic properties of R. sin-1 lipid A, compound 4 was prepared, and its inflammatory properties were studied. This compound contains a methyl ether at the C-5 hydroxyl, which prevents lactonization and therefore is ideally suited to determine whether the 2-aminogluconate possesses antagonistic properties. Compound 4 was synthesized by a highly convergent approach with a key disaccharide building block functionalized with a set of orthogonal protecting groups. The novel synthetic compound lacks proinflammatory properties, as indicated by an absence of TNF-alpha protein production. This compound was, however, able to antagonize the production of TNF-alpha induced by enteric LPS; this indicates that the 2-aminogluconate form of R. sin-1 lipid A is responsible for its biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyi-Seung Lee
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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50
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Roychowdhury A, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Synthesis and proinflammatory properties of muramyl tripeptides containing lysine and diaminopimelic acid moieties. Chembiochem 2006; 6:2088-97. [PMID: 16222728 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The unusual amino acid diaminopimelic acid (DAP) was prepared by cross metathesis of appropriately protected vinyl glycine and allyl glycine derivatives. Catalytic hydrogenation of the cross-coupling product resulted in reduction of the double bond and the removal of protecting groups. The resulting compounds were appropriately protected for the polymer-supported and solution-phase synthesis of muramyl tripeptides 2 and 3, which differ in the amidation of the alpha-carboxylic acids of the isoglutamine and DAP moieties. Muramyl dipeptide (1, MDP), the DAP-containing muramyl tripeptide 3, and the lysine-containing muramyl tripeptides 4 and 5 induced TNF-alpha gene expression without TNF-alpha protein production in a human monocytic cell line. The observed block in translation could be removed by co-incubation with LPS, resulting in an apparent synergistic effect. Compound 2 did not induce TNF-alpha gene expression, neither did it exhibit a synergistic effect with LPS; this indicates that amidation of the alpha-carboxylic acids of the isoglutamine and DAP moieties results in a loss of biological activity. It is proposed that amidation of alpha-carboxylic acids is a strategy that may be used by pathogens to avoid detection by the innate immune system. Furthermore, the pattern recognition receptors Nod1 and Nod2 have been implicated in the possible induction of a synergistic effect of muropeptides with LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Roychowdhury
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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