1
|
Chen J, Peng Q, Peng X, Zhang H, Zeng H. Probing and Manipulating Noncovalent Interactions in Functional Polymeric Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14594-14678. [PMID: 36054924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Noncovalent interactions, which usually feature tunable strength, reversibility, and environmental adaptability, have been recognized as driving forces in a variety of biological and chemical processes, contributing to the recognition between molecules, the formation of molecule clusters, and the establishment of complex structures of macromolecules. The marriage of noncovalent interactions and conventional covalent polymers offers the systems novel mechanical, physicochemical, and biological properties, which are highly dependent on the binding mechanisms of the noncovalent interactions that can be illuminated via quantification. This review systematically discusses the nanomechanical characterization of typical noncovalent interactions in polymeric systems, mainly through direct force measurements at microscopic, nanoscopic, and molecular levels, which provide quantitative information (e.g., ranges, strengths, and dynamics) on the binding behaviors. The fundamental understandings of intermolecular and interfacial interactions are then correlated to the macroscopic performances of a series of noncovalently bonded polymers, whose functions (e.g., stimuli-responsiveness, self-healing capacity, universal adhesiveness) can be customized through the manipulation of the noncovalent interactions, providing insights into the rational design of advanced materials with applications in biomedical, energy, environmental, and other engineering fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingsi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Qiongyao Peng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Xuwen Peng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng M, Pan M, Zhang W, Lin H, Wu S, Lu C, Tang S, Liu D, Cai J. Poly(α-l-lysine)-based nanomaterials for versatile biomedical applications: Current advances and perspectives. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:1878-1909. [PMID: 33364529 PMCID: PMC7744653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(α-l-lysine) (PLL) is a class of water-soluble, cationic biopolymer composed of α-l-lysine structural units. The previous decade witnessed tremendous progress in the synthesis and biomedical applications of PLL and its composites. PLL-based polymers and copolymers, till date, have been extensively explored in the contexts such as antibacterial agents, gene/drug/protein delivery systems, bio-sensing, bio-imaging, and tissue engineering. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in PLL-based nanomaterials in these biomedical fields over the last decade. The review first describes the synthesis of PLL and its derivatives, followed by the main text of their recent biomedical applications and translational studies. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of PLL-based nanomaterials in biomedical fields are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maochao Zheng
- Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Miao Pan
- Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Wancong Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 69 Dongxiabei Road, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Huanchang Lin
- Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Shenlang Wu
- Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Chao Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Shijie Tang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 69 Dongxiabei Road, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Daojun Liu
- Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Russo MJ, Han M, Desroches PE, Manasa CS, Dennaoui J, Quigley AF, Kapsa RMI, Moulton SE, Guijt RM, Greene GW, Silva SM. Antifouling Strategies for Electrochemical Biosensing: Mechanisms and Performance toward Point of Care Based Diagnostic Applications. ACS Sens 2021; 6:1482-1507. [PMID: 33765383 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although there exist numerous established laboratory-based technologies for sample diagnostics and analyte detection, many medical and forensic science applications require point of care based platforms for rapid on-the-spot sample analysis. Electrochemical biosensors provide a promising avenue for such applications due to the portability and functional simplicity of the technology. However, the ability to develop such platforms with the high sensitivity and selectivity required for analysis of low analyte concentrations in complex biological samples remains a paramount issue in the field of biosensing. Nonspecific adsorption, or fouling, at the electrode interface via the innumerable biomolecules present in these sample types (i.e., serum, urine, blood/plasma, and saliva) can drastically obstruct electrochemical performance, increasing background "noise" and diminishing both the electrochemical signal magnitude and specificity of the biosensor. Consequently, this review aims to discuss strategies and concepts used throughout the literature to prevent electrode surface fouling in biosensors and to communicate the nature of the antifouling mechanisms by which they operate. Evaluation of each antifouling strategy is focused primarily on the fabrication method, experimental technique, sample composition, and electrochemical performance of each technology highlighting the overall feasibility of the platform for point of care based diagnostic/detection applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Russo
- Institute for Frontier Materials and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria 3216, Australia
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Mingyu Han
- Institute for Frontier Materials and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Pauline E. Desroches
- Institute for Frontier Materials and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria 3216, Australia
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Clayton S. Manasa
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Jessair Dennaoui
- School of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Anita F. Quigley
- School of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Robert M. I. Kapsa
- School of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Simon E. Moulton
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia
- Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Rosanne M. Guijt
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - George W. Greene
- Institute for Frontier Materials and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Saimon Moraes Silva
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yi J, Nguyen KCT, Wang W, Yang W, Pan M, Lou E, Major PW, Le LH, Zeng H. Mussel-Inspired Adhesive Double-Network Hydrogel for Intraoral Ultrasound Imaging. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:8943-8952. [PMID: 35019570 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases could be diagnosed through intraoral ultrasound imaging with the advantages of simple operation procedures, low cost, and low safety risks. A couplant is normally placed between transducers and tissues for better ultrasound image quality. If applied intraorally, the couplants should possess good stability in water and robust mechanical properties, as well as strong adhesiveness to transducers and tissues. However, commercial couplants, such as Aquaflex (AF) cannot fulfill these requirements. In this work, inspired by the mussel adhesion mechanism, we reported a poly(vinyl alcohol)-polyacrylamide-polydopamine (PVA-PAM-PDA) hydrogel synthesized by incorporating PDA into the PAM-PVA double-network for intraoral ultrasound imaging. The hydrogel maintains good stability in water as well as exceptional mechanical properties and can adhere to different substrates (i.e., metal, glass, and porcine skin) without losing the original adhesion strength after multiple adhesion-strip cycles. Besides, when applied to porcine mandibular incisor imaging, the PVA-PAM-PDA hydrogel possesses good image quality for diagnosis as AF does. This work provides practical insights into the fabrication of multifunctional hydrogel-based interfaces between human tissues and medical devices for disease diagnosis applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiang Yi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Kim-Cuong T Nguyen
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R7, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2V2, Canada
| | - Wenda Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Wenshuai Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mingfei Pan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Edmond Lou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Paul W Major
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Lawrence H Le
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R7, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2V2, Canada.,School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Batys P, Morga M, Bonarek P, Sammalkorpi M. pH-Induced Changes in Polypeptide Conformation: Force-Field Comparison with Experimental Validation. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2961-2972. [PMID: 32182068 PMCID: PMC7590956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microsecond-long all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, circular dichroism, laser Doppler velocimetry, and dynamic light-scattering techniques have been used to investigate pH-induced changes in the secondary structure, charge, and conformation of poly l-lysine (PLL) and poly l-glutamic acid (PGA). The employed combination of the experimental methods reveals for both PLL and PGA a narrow pH range at which they are charged enough to form stable colloidal suspensions, maintaining their α-helix content above 60%; an elevated charge state of the peptides required for colloidal stability promotes the peptide solvation as a random coil. To obtain a more microscopic view on the conformations and to verify the modeling performance, peptide secondary structure and conformations rising in MD simulations are also examined using three different force fields, i.e., OPLS-AA, CHARMM27, and AMBER99SB*-ILDNP. Ramachandran plots reveal that in the examined setup the α-helix content is systematically overestimated in CHARMM27, while OPLS-AA overestimates the β-sheet fraction at lower ionization degrees. At high ionization degrees, the OPLS-AA force-field-predicted secondary structure fractions match the experimentally measured distribution most closely. However, the pH-induced changes in PLL and PGA secondary structure are reasonably captured only by the AMBER99SB*-ILDNP force field, with the exception of the fully charged PGA in which the α-helix content is overestimated. The comparison to simulations results shows that the examined force fields involve significant deviations in their predictions for charged homopolypeptides. The detailed mapping of secondary structure dependency on pH for the polypeptides, especially finding the stable colloidal α-helical regime for both examined peptides, has significant potential for practical applications of the charged homopolypeptides. The findings raise attention especially to the pH fine tuning as an underappreciated control factor in surface modification and self-assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Batys
- Jerzy
Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Morga
- Jerzy
Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Bonarek
- Department
of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and
Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Sammalkorpi
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang J, Qiu X, Xie L, Jay GD, Schmidt TA, Zeng H. Probing the Molecular Interactions and Lubrication Mechanisms of Purified Full-Length Recombinant Human Proteoglycan 4 (rhPRG4) and Hyaluronic Acid (HA). Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1056-1067. [PMID: 30608145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Probing the adsorption and lubrication behavior of lubricin, also known as proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), is important for understanding the ultralow friction of cartilage lubrication. Most previous research has focused on native lubricin either purified from synovial fluid or articular cartilage explant culture media. In this work, the adsorption behavior and lubrication mechanism of full-length recombinant human PRG4 (rhPRG4) on mica as well as the effect of adding hyaluronic acid (HA, a polysaccharide) were systematically investigated using a surface forces apparatus (SFA) technique. A low friction coefficient (μ ∼ 0.04) was measured when multilayer rhPRG4 (∼31 nm) was confined in between mica surfaces, even when the load increased to ∼1.2 MPa. Intriguingly, a previously unreported ultralow friction coefficient (μ < 0.005) was observed at a low sliding velocity ( v = 0.14 μm/s) with the applied load P reaching ∼3.6 MPa when a diluted rhPRG4 solution (∼90 μg/mL) was used. The distinct friction behavior is likely due to the smooth and more close-packed lubricin coating, as made evident by the atomic force microscope imaging. Adding HA onto multilayer rhPRG4-coated mica increased the friction coefficient μ to ∼0.1; however, the load bearing property increased, indicating potential synergistic effect between rhPRG4 and HA, which was further demonstrated by the weak adhesion observed when separating rhPRG4-coated mica and HA-coated aminopropyltriethoxysilane-mica (APTES-mica). Alternatively, adding premixed rhPRG4-HA on mica had a friction coefficient (μ ∼ 0.1) close to that of injecting concentrated rhPRG4 (∼450 μg/mL) with lower load sustainability. Our results provide fundamental insights into the adsorption and lubrication behavior of lubricin and its interaction with HA, with useful implications for the underlying mechanism of ultralow friction provided by synovial fluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- Center for Advanced Jet Engineering Technologies (CaJET), Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), Department of Mechanical Engineering , Shandong University , Jingshi Road 17923 , Jinan 250061 , China.,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1H9 , Canada
| | - Xiaoyong Qiu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1H9 , Canada
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1H9 , Canada
| | - Gregory D Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine , Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02903 , United States.,Department of Engineering , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02903 , United States
| | - Tannin A Schmidt
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Dental Medicine , University of Connecticut Health Center , 263 Farmington Avenue , Farmington , Connecticut 06030 , United States
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 1H9 , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pupkaite J, Ahumada M, Mclaughlin S, Temkit M, Alaziz S, Seymour R, Ruel M, Kochevar I, Griffith M, Suuronen EJ, Alarcon EI. Collagen-Based Photoactive Agent for Tissue Bonding. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:9265-9270. [PMID: 28282110 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Using a combination of methacrylated collagen and the photosensitizer rose Bengal, a new light-activated biomimetic material for tissue sutureless bonding was developed. This formulation was cross-linked using green light. In vivo tests in mice demonstrate the suitability of the material for sutureless wound closure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justina Pupkaite
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute , 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University , Linköping, Sweden
| | - Manuel Ahumada
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute , 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sarah Mclaughlin
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute , 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Maha Temkit
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute , 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sura Alaziz
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute , 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Richard Seymour
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute , 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Marc Ruel
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute , 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Irene Kochevar
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, United States
| | - May Griffith
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University , Linköping, Sweden
| | - Erik J Suuronen
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute , 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Emilio I Alarcon
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute , 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Heath GR, Li M, Polignano IL, Richens JL, Catucci G, O’Shea P, Sadeghi SJ, Gilardi G, Butt JN, Jeuken LJC. Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Supported Lipid Bilayer Poly-l-Lysine Multilayers. Biomacromolecules 2015; 17:324-35. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George R. Heath
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Mengqiu Li
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joanna L. Richens
- Cell
Biophysics Group, Institute of Biophysics, Imaging and Optical Science,
School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Catucci
- Life
Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Paul O’Shea
- Cell
Biophysics Group, Institute of Biophysics, Imaging and Optical Science,
School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila J. Sadeghi
- Life
Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Life
Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Julea N. Butt
- Centre
for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences,
and School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Lars J. C. Jeuken
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Spontaneous deposition of polylysine on surfaces: Role of the secondary structure to optimize noncovalent coating strategies. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 437:270-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|