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Fiala T, Barros EP, Ebert MO, Ruijsenaars E, Riniker S, Wennemers H. Frame Shifts Affect the Stability of Collagen Triple Helices. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18642-18649. [PMID: 36179150 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Collagen model peptides (CMPs), composed of proline-(2S,4R)-hydroxyproline-glycine (POG) repeat units, have been extensively used to study the structure and stability of triple-helical collagen─the dominant structural protein in mammals─at the molecular level. Despite the more than 50-year history of CMPs and numerous studies on the relationship between the composition of single-stranded CMPs and the thermal stability of the assembled triple helices, little attention has been paid to the effects arising from their terminal residues. Here, we show that frame-shifted CMPs, which share POG repeat units but terminate with P, O, or G, form triple helices with vastly different thermal stabilities. A melting temperature difference as high as 16 °C was found for triple helices from 20-mers Ac-OG[POG]6-NH2 and Ac-[POG]6PO-NH2, and triple helices of the constitutional isomers Ac-[POG]7-NH2 and Ac-[GPO]7-NH2 melt 10 °C apart. A combination of thermal denaturation, circular dichroism and NMR spectroscopic studies, and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the stability differences originate from the propensity of the peptide termini to preorganize into a polyproline-II helical structure. Our results advise that care must be taken when designing peptide mimics of structural proteins, as subtle changes in the terminal residues can significantly affect their properties. Our findings also provide a general and straightforward tool for tuning the stability of CMPs for applications as synthetic materials and biological probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Fiala
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Emilia P Barros
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Marc-Olivier Ebert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Ruijsenaars
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Sereina Riniker
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Helma Wennemers
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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2
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Hulgan SAH, Hartgerink JD. Recent Advances in Collagen Mimetic Peptide Structure and Design. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1475-1489. [PMID: 35258280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Collagen mimetic peptides (CMPs) fold into a polyproline type II triple helix, allowing the study of the structure and function (or misfunction) of the collagen family of proteins. This Perspective will focus on recent developments in the use of CMPs toward understanding the structure and controlling the stability of the triple helix. Triple helix assembly is influenced by various factors, including the single amino acid propensity for the triple helix fold, pairwise interactions between these amino acids, and long-range effects observed across the helix, such as bend, twist, and fraying. Important progress in creating a comprehensive and predictive understanding of these factors for peptides with exclusively natural amino acids has been made. In contrast, several groups have successfully developed unnatural amino acids that are engineered to stabilize the triple helical structure. A third approach to controlling the triple helical structure includes covalent cross-linking of the triple helix to stabilize the assembly, which eliminates the problematic equilibrium of unfolding into monomers and enforces compositional control. Advances in all these areas have resulted in significant improvements to our understanding and control of this important class of protein, allowing for the design and application of more chemically complex and well-controlled collagen mimetic biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A H Hulgan
- Rice University, Department of Chemistry, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Hartgerink
- Rice University, Department of Chemistry, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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3
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Qi Y, Zhou D, Kessler JL, Qiu R, Yu SM, Li G, Qin Z, Li Y. Terminal repeats impact collagen triple-helix stability through hydrogen bonding. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12567-12576. [PMID: 36382282 PMCID: PMC9629113 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03666e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 30% of human proteins have tandem repeating sequences. Structural understanding of the terminal repeats is well-established for many repeat proteins with the common α-helix and β-sheet foldings. By contrast, the sequence–structure interplay of the terminal repeats of the collagen triple-helix remains to be fully explored. As the most abundant human repeat protein and the most prevalent structural component of the extracellular matrix, collagen features a hallmark triple-helix formed by three supercoiled polypeptide chains of long repeating sequences of the Gly–X–Y triplets. Here, with CD characterization of 28 collagen-mimetic peptides (CMPs) featuring various terminal motifs, as well as DSC measurements, crystal structure analysis, and computational simulations, we show that CMPs only differing in terminal repeat may have distinct end structures and stabilities. We reveal that the cross-chain hydrogen bonding mediated by the terminal repeat is key to maintaining the triple-helix's end structure, and that disruption of it with a single amide to carboxylate substitution can lead to destabilization as drastic as 19 °C. We further demonstrate that the terminal repeat also impacts how strong the CMP strands form hybrid triple-helices with unfolded natural collagen chains in tissue. Our findings provide a spatial profile of hydrogen bonding within the CMP triple-helix, marking a critical guideline for future crystallographic or NMR studies of collagen, and algorithms for predicting triple-helix stability, as well as peptide-based collagen assemblies and materials. This study will also inspire new understanding of the sequence–structure relationship of many other complex structural proteins with repeating sequences. Collagen mimetic peptides (CMPs) only differing in terminal repeat have distinct stabilities and end structures due to a spatial hydrogen bonding profile that is useful for future crystallography, algorithm prediction, and materials of collagen.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Qi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
- Cardiac Surgery and Structural Heart Disease Unit of Cardiovascular Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
- Department of Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Daoning Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Julian L. Kessler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Rongmao Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - S. Michael Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Gang Li
- Cardiac Surgery and Structural Heart Disease Unit of Cardiovascular Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Zhao Qin
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering & Computer Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
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4
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Predicting the stability of homotrimeric and heterotrimeric collagen helices. Nat Chem 2021; 13:260-269. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Tanrikulu IC, Westler WM, Ellison AJ, Markley JL, Raines RT. Templated Collagen "Double Helices" Maintain Their Structure. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1137-1141. [PMID: 31895554 PMCID: PMC6995331 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of collagen-mimetic peptides (CMPs) that form sticky-ended triple helices has allowed the production of surprisingly stable artificial collagen fibers and hydrogels. Assembly through sticky ends requires the recognition of a single strand by a templated strand dimer. Although CMPs and their triple helices have been studied extensively, the structure of a strand dimer is unknown. Here, we evaluate the physical characteristics of such dimers, using disulfide-templated (PPG)10 dimers as a model. Such "linked-dimers" retain their collagen-like structure even in the absence of a third strand, but only when their strands are capable of adopting a triple-helical fold. The intrinsic collagen-like structure of templated CMP pairs helps to explain the success of sticky-ended CMP association and changes the conception of new synthetic collagen designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Caglar Tanrikulu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - William M. Westler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- NMRFAM, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Aubrey J. Ellison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - John L. Markley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- NMRFAM, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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6
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Urbanek A, Elena-Real CA, Popovic M, Morató A, Fournet A, Allemand F, Delbecq S, Sibille N, Bernadó P. Site-Specific Isotopic Labeling (SSIL): Access to High-Resolution Structural and Dynamic Information in Low-Complexity Proteins. Chembiochem 2019; 21:769-775. [PMID: 31697025 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable technical progress in the area of structural biology has paved the way to study previously inaccessible targets. For example, large protein complexes can now be easily investigated by cryo-electron microscopy, and modern high-field NMR magnets have challenged the limits of high-resolution characterization of proteins in solution. However, the structural and dynamic characteristics of certain proteins with important functions still cannot be probed by conventional methods. These proteins in question contain low-complexity regions (LCRs), compositionally biased sequences where only a limited number of amino acids is repeated multiple times, which hamper their characterization. This Concept article describes a site-specific isotopic labeling (SSIL) strategy, which combines nonsense suppression and cell-free protein synthesis to overcome these limitations. An overview on how poly-glutamine tracts were made amenable to high-resolution structural studies is used to illustrate the usefulness of SSIL. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of this methodology to give further insights into the roles of LCRs in human pathologies and liquid-liquid phase separation, as well as the challenges that must be addressed in the future for the popularization of SSIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Urbanek
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Carlos A Elena-Real
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Matija Popovic
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Anna Morató
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Aurélie Fournet
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Allemand
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Stephane Delbecq
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, (LBCM-EA4558 Vaccination Antiparasitaire), UFR Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, 15, Av. Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Sibille
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Pau Bernadó
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 29, rue de Navacelles, 34090, Montpellier, France
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7
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Egli J, Siebler C, Köhler M, Zenobi R, Wennemers H. Hydrophobic Moieties Bestow Fast-Folding and Hyperstability on Collagen Triple Helices. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5607-5611. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Egli
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Siebler
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Martin Köhler
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Helma Wennemers
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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8
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Treviño MÁ, Pantoja-Uceda D, Menéndez M, Gomez MV, Mompeán M, Laurents DV. The Singular NMR Fingerprint of a Polyproline II Helical Bundle. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16988-17000. [PMID: 30430829 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyproline II (PPII) helices play vital roles in biochemical recognition events and structures like collagen and form part of the conformational landscapes of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). Nevertheless, this structure is generally hard to detect and quantify. Here, we report the first thorough NMR characterization of a PPII helical bundle protein, the Hypogastrura harveyi "snow flea" antifreeze protein (sfAFP). J-couplings and nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy confirm a natively folded structure consisting of six PPII helices. NMR spectral analyses reveal quite distinct Hα2 versus Hα3 chemical shifts for 28 Gly residues as well as 13Cα, 15N, and 1HN conformational chemical shifts (Δδ) unique to PPII helical bundles. The 15N Δδ and 1HN Δδ values and small negative 1HN temperature coefficients evince hydrogen-bond formation. 1H-15N relaxation measurements reveal that the backbone structure is generally highly rigid on ps-ns time scales. NMR relaxation parameters and biophysical characterization reveal that sfAFP is chiefly a dimer. For it, a structural model featuring the packing of long, flat hydrophobic faces at the dimer interface is advanced. The conformational stability, measured by amide H/D exchange to be 6.24 ± 0.2 kcal·mol-1, is elevated. These are extraordinary findings considering the great entropic cost of fixing Gly residues and, together with the remarkable upfield chemical shifts of 28 Gly 1Hα, evidence significant stabilizing contributions from CαHα ||| O═C hydrogen bonds. These stabilizing interactions are corroborated by density functional theory calculations and natural bonding orbital analysis. The singular conformational chemical shifts, J-couplings, high hNOE ratios, small negative temperature coefficients, and slowed H/D exchange constitute a unique set of fingerprints to identify PPII helical bundles, which may be formed by hundreds of Gly-rich motifs detected in sequence databases. These results should aid the quantification of PPII helices in IDPs, the development of improved antifreeze proteins, and the incorporation of PPII helices into novel designed proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Treviño
- "Rocasolano" Institute for Physical Chemistry , Spanish National Research Council , Serrano 119 , 28006 Madrid , Spain
| | - David Pantoja-Uceda
- "Rocasolano" Institute for Physical Chemistry , Spanish National Research Council , Serrano 119 , 28006 Madrid , Spain
| | - Margarita Menéndez
- "Rocasolano" Institute for Physical Chemistry , Spanish National Research Council , Serrano 119 , 28006 Madrid , Spain.,Ciber of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES) , Melchor Fernández de Almargo 3 , 28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - M Victoria Gomez
- University of Castile-La Mancha, Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA) , 13071 Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - Miguel Mompeán
- University of Castile-La Mancha, Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA) , 13071 Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - Douglas V Laurents
- "Rocasolano" Institute for Physical Chemistry , Spanish National Research Council , Serrano 119 , 28006 Madrid , Spain
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9
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Non-linearity of the collagen triple helix in solution and implications for collagen function. Biochem J 2017; 474:2203-2217. [PMID: 28533266 PMCID: PMC5632799 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Collagen adopts a characteristic supercoiled triple helical conformation which requires a repeating (Xaa-Yaa-Gly)n sequence. Despite the abundance of collagen, a combined experimental and atomistic modelling approach has not so far quantitated the degree of flexibility seen experimentally in the solution structures of collagen triple helices. To address this question, we report an experimental study on the flexibility of varying lengths of collagen triple helical peptides, composed of six, eight, ten and twelve repeats of the most stable Pro-Hyp-Gly (POG) units. In addition, one unblocked peptide, (POG)10unblocked, was compared with the blocked (POG)10 as a control for the significance of end effects. Complementary analytical ultracentrifugation and synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering data showed that the conformations of the longer triple helical peptides were not well explained by a linear structure derived from crystallography. To interpret these data, molecular dynamics simulations were used to generate 50 000 physically realistic collagen structures for each of the helices. These structures were fitted against their respective scattering data to reveal the best fitting structures from this large ensemble of possible helix structures. This curve fitting confirmed a small degree of non-linearity to exist in these best fit triple helices, with the degree of bending approximated as 4–17° from linearity. Our results open the way for further studies of other collagen triple helices with different sequences and stabilities in order to clarify the role of molecular rigidity and flexibility in collagen extracellular and immune function and disease.
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10
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Acevedo-Jake AM, Clements KA, Hartgerink JD. Synthetic, Register-Specific, AAB Heterotrimers to Investigate Single Point Glycine Mutations in Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:914-21. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Acevedo-Jake
- Departments of Chemistry
and Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street. Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Katherine A. Clements
- Departments of Chemistry
and Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street. Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Hartgerink
- Departments of Chemistry
and Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street. Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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11
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Wen X, Zheng Y, Wu J, Wang LN, Yuan Z, Peng J, Meng H. Immobilization of collagen peptide on dialdehyde bacterial cellulose nanofibers via covalent bonds for tissue engineering and regeneration. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:4623-37. [PMID: 26229466 PMCID: PMC4516256 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s84452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an alternative nanostructured biomaterial to be utilized for a wide range of biomedical applications. Because of its low bioactivity, which restricted its practical application, collagen and collagen hydrolysate were usually composited into BC. It is necessary to develop a new method to generate covalent bonds between collagen and cellulose to improve the immobilization of collagen on BC. This study describes a facile dialdehyde BC/collagen peptide nanocomposite. BC was oxidized into dialdehyde bacterial cellulose (DBC) by regioselective oxidation, and then composited with collagen peptide (Col-p) via covalent bonds to form Schiff’s base type compounds, which was demonstrated by the results of microstructures, contact angle, Col-p content, and peptide-binding ratio. The peptide-binding ratio was further affected by the degree of oxidation, pH value, and zeta potential. In vitro desorption measurement of Col-p suggested a controlled release mechanism of the nanocomposite. Cell tests indicated that the prepared DBC/Col-p composite was bioactive and suitable for cell adhesion and attachment. This work demonstrates that the DBC/Col-p composite is a promising material for tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudong Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Soochow, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Ning Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenya Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoye Meng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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