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Raju V, Revathiswaran R, Subramanian KS, Parthiban KT, Chandrakumar K, Anoop EV, Chirayil CJ. Isolation and characterization of nanocellulose from selected hardwoods, viz., Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. and Casuarina equisetifolia L., by steam explosion method. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1199. [PMID: 36681725 PMCID: PMC9867748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26600-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Extraction of nanocellulose is challenging, especially from hardwoods due to its complex chemical structure as well as structural hierarchy. In this study, nanocellulose was isolated from wood pulp of two hardwood species, namely Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. and Casuarina equisetifolia L. by steam explosion process. Pure cellulose wood pulp was obtained through Kraft pulping process followed by alkaline and bleaching pre-treatments. Isolated nanocellulose was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) Spectra, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. Nanocellulose obtained from both species showed non-significant difference with average diameter of 27.801 nm for eucalyptus and 28.690 nm for casuarina, which was confirmed from TEM and AFM images. FTIR spectra of nanocellulose showed prominent peaks corresponding to cellulose and absence of peaks corresponding to lignin. The elemental purity of nanocellulose was confirmed with EDAX detector. XRD analysis showed the enrichment of crystalline cellulose in nanocellulose, and also confirmed the significant conversion of cellulose I to cellulose II. During TG analysis the untreated fibres started to degrade earlier than the nanocellulose which indicated the higher thermal stability of nanocellulose. Highly entangled network like structure along with high aspect ratio make the nanofibres a versatile material for reinforcing the composites. This successful method can be replicated for industrial level production of cellulose nanofibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Raju
- Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu, 641301, India.
- Department of Forest Products and Utilization, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, 680656, India.
| | - Revathi Revathiswaran
- Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu, 641301, India
| | | | | | - Kalichamy Chandrakumar
- Department of Bioenergy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India
| | - Elaveetil Vasu Anoop
- Department of Forest Products and Utilization, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, 680656, India
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Chang S, Zhou X, Xing Z, Tu T. Probing polarity of flame retardants and correlating with interaction between flame retardants and PET fiber. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 498:343-350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Yu YL, Huang XA, Yu WJ. High performance of bamboo-based fiber composites from long bamboo fiber bundles and phenolic resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Lun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Technology of State Forestry Administration; Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiang Shan Road; Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Xian-Ai Huang
- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi; Canada 555, boul. de l'Université; Chicoutimi Québec Canada G7H 2B1
| | - Wen-Ji Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Technology of State Forestry Administration; Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiang Shan Road; Haidian District Beijing China
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de Oliveira Santos RP, Castro DO, Ruvolo-Filho AC, Frollini E. Processing and thermal properties of composites based on recycled PET, sisal fibers, and renewable plasticizers. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Passos de Oliveira Santos
- Macromolecular Materials and Lignocellulosic Fibers Group, Center for Science and Technology of BioResources; Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos; University of São Paulo; São Carlos São Paulo Brazil
| | - Daniele Oliveira Castro
- Macromolecular Materials and Lignocellulosic Fibers Group, Center for Science and Technology of BioResources; Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos; University of São Paulo; São Carlos São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Elisabete Frollini
- Macromolecular Materials and Lignocellulosic Fibers Group, Center for Science and Technology of BioResources; Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos; University of São Paulo; São Carlos São Paulo Brazil
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Neelamana IK, Thomas S, Parameswaranpillai J. Characteristics of banana fibers and banana fiber reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites-macroscale to nanoscale. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences; Mahatma Gandhi University; Priyadarshini Hills Kottayam Kerala 686560 India
- Universiti Teknologi MARA; Faculty of Applied Sciences; 40450 Shah Alam Selongor Malaysia
- Center of Excellence for Polymer Materials and Technologies; Tehnoloski Park 24, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai
- Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology; Cochin University of Science and Technology; Cochin 682022 Kerala India
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Fidale LC, Heinze T, El Seoud OA. Perichromism: A powerful tool for probing the properties of cellulose and its derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 93:129-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abraham E, Deepa B, Pothen L, Cintil J, Thomas S, John M, Anandjiwala R, Narine S. Environmental friendly method for the extraction of coir fibre and isolation of nanofibre. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:1477-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abraham E, Deepa B, Pothan L, Jacob M, Thomas S, Cvelbar U, Anandjiwala R. Extraction of nanocellulose fibrils from lignocellulosic fibres: A novel approach. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Xu
- State Key Laboratory, Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - R. M. Rowell
- State Key Laboratory, Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Ramires EC, Megiatto JD, Gardrat C, Castellan A, Frollini E. Biobased composites from glyoxal-phenolic resins and sisal fibers. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:1998-2006. [PMID: 19880315 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic materials can significantly contribute to the development of biobased composites. In this work, glyoxal-phenolic resins for composites were prepared using glyoxal, which is a dialdehyde obtained from several natural resources. The resins were characterized by (1)H, (13)C, 2D, and (31)P NMR spectroscopies. Resorcinol (10%) was used as an accelerator for curing the glyoxal-phenol resins in order to obtain the thermosets. The impact-strength measurement showed that regardless of the cure cycle used, the reinforcement of thermosets by 30% (w/w) sisal fibers improved the impact strength by one order of magnitude. Curing with cycle 1 (150 degrees C) induced a high diffusion coefficient for water absorption in composites, due to less interaction between the sisal fibers and water. The composites cured with cycle 2 (180 degrees C) had less glyoxal resin coverage of the cellulosic fibers, as observed by images of the fractured interface observed by SEM. This study shows that biobased composites with good properties can be prepared using a high proportion of materials obtained from natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C Ramires
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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