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Dyagala S, Paul M, Aswal VK, Biswas S, Saha SK. Compaction of Calf Thymus DNA by a Potential One-Head-Two-Tail Surfactant: Properties of Nanomaterials and Biological Testing for Gene Delivery. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:3848-3862. [PMID: 37647161 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
A one-head-two-tail cationic surfactant, Dilauryldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) has shown a great extent of calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) compaction being adsorbed on the surfaces of negatively charged SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). DDAB molecules show high adsorption efficiency and induce many positive surface charges per-unit surface area of the SiO2 NPs compared to cationic Gemini (12-6-12) and conventional (DTAB) surfactants in an aqueous medium at pH 7.4, as evident from zeta potential and EDAX data. Transmission electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy images, along with ethidium bromide exclusion assay and DLS data support the compaction of ct-DNA. Fluorescence microscopic images show that in the presence of SiO2 NPs, DDAB can perform 50% compaction of ct-DNA at a concentration ∼58% and ∼99% lower than that of 12-6-12 and DTAB, respectively. Better ct-DNA compaction by DDAB is evident compared to other Gemini surfactants (12-4-12 and 12-8-12) as well reported before. Time-correlated single photon counting fluorescence intensity decay measurements of a probe DAPI in ct-DNA have revealed the average lifetime value that is decreased by ∼61% at 2.5 μM of DDAB in the presence of SiO2 NPs as compared to a decrease by only ∼29% in its absence, supporting NPs-induced stronger surfactant binding with ct-DNA. Fluorescence lifetime data have also demonstrated the crowding effect of NPs. At 2.5 μM of DDAB, both fast and slow rotational relaxation components of DAPI contribute almost equally to depolarization with the absence of NPs; however, with the presence of NPs, ∼96% weightage of the anisotropy decay is for the fast component. The present DDAB-SiO2 NPs combination has proved to be an excellent gene delivery system based on the cell viability in the mouse mammary gland adenocarcinoma cells (4T1) and human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cell lines, and in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Dyagala
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Milan Paul
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Aswal
- Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Trombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400085, India
| | - Swati Biswas
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Subit Kumar Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
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Faustino C, Martins T, Duarte N, Ribeiro MH. Self‐Assembly of Lipoaminoacids‐DNA Based on Thermodynamic and Aggregation Properties. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Célia Faustino
- Faculty of PharmacyResearch Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 1649‐003 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Tiago Martins
- Faculty of PharmacyResearch Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 1649‐003 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Noélia Duarte
- Faculty of PharmacyResearch Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 1649‐003 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Maria H. Ribeiro
- Faculty of PharmacyResearch Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 1649‐003 Lisbon Portugal
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Joondan N, Laulloo SJ, Caumul P, Kharkar PS. Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Anticancer Activities of L-Phenylalanine and L-Tyrosine Ester Surfactants: In Vitro and In Silico Studies of their Interactions with Macromolecules as Plausible Mode of Action for their Biological Properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573407214666180829125309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Aromatic amino acid-based surfactants have been found to have interesting
biological properties such as antibacterial and hemolytic activities. Recently, we have reported the antibacterial
activity of a range of ester hydrochloride surfactants derived from L-Phenylalanine and LTyrosine.
This study aims at assessing the antioxidant, α-glycosidase inhibitory and cytotoxic activities
of a series of L-Phenylalanine and L-Tyrosine ester hydrochlorides. Molecular docking and BSA binding
studies were also carried out in order to investigate their potential therapeutic targets.
Methods:
L-Phenylalanine and L-Tyrosine surfactants were tested as potential lipophilic antioxidants
using the DPPH and ABTS assays. These surfactants were also tested for their α-glycosidase inhibitory
activity using 4-nitrophenyl α -D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) as substrate. Their cytotoxicity effects were
screened using HeLa and KB cell lines. Glide version 5.7 as implemented in Schrödinger suite 2013-1,
was used for performing docking studies of L-Phenylalanine and L-Tyrosine dodecyl esters. The interaction
of the ester hydrochlorides of L-Phenylalanine and L-Tyrosine with bovine serum albumin (BSA)
was investigated using fluorometric titration.
Results:
The presence of the phenolic moiety in L-Tyrosine-based surfactants was found to enhance the
antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities compared to the L-Phenylalanine derivatives. The α-
glucosidase and anticancer activities of the phenylalanine surfactants were found to increase with chain
length up to C12 above which the activities exhibited a downward trend. In the case of the tyrosine series,
an increase in chain length from C8 to C14 was found to decrease the α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity and increase the anticancer activity of the surfactants. Binding studies with bovine serum albumin
showed that the tyrosine surfactants displayed greater affinity for the serum albumin, owing to the
presence of the phenolic group which altered the orientation of the surfactant molecule within the hydrophobic
core of BSA.
Conclusion:
L-Tyrosine esters having a phenolic moiety were found to possess enhanced biological
activity in terms of both the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities as well as also bind more strongly to
Bovine serum albumin. Molecular docking studies of the phenylalanine and tyrosine surfactants of similar
chain length with target proteins showed direct correlation with their anticancer and antidiabetic
activity. Therefore, the findings show that these aromatic based surfactants derived from L-Tyrosine can
act as promising antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticancer agents, and they can also be efficiently transported
and eliminated in the body, making them useful candidates for drug designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nausheen Joondan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Sabina J. Laulloo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Prakashanand Caumul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Prashant S. Kharkar
- SPP School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’s NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400 056, India
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Abstract
Biosurfactant compounds have been studied in many applications, including biomedical, food, cosmetic, agriculture, and bioremediation areas, mainly due to their low toxicity, high biodegradability, and multifunctionality. Among biosurfactants, the lipoplexes of lipoaminoacids play a key role in medical and pharmaceutical fields. Lipoaminoacids (LAAs) are amino acid-based surfactants that are obtained from the condensation reaction of natural origin amino acids with fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives. LAA can be produced by biocatalysis as an alternative to chemical synthesis and thus become very attractive from both the biomedical and the environmental perspectives. Gemini LAAs, which are made of two hydrophobic chains and two amino acid head groups per molecule and linked by a spacer at the level of the amino acid residues, are promising candidates as both drug and gene delivery and protein disassembly agents. Gemini LAA usually show lower critical micelle concentration, interact more efficiently with proteins, and are better solubilising agents for hydrophobic drugs when compared to their monomeric counterparts due to their dimeric structure. A clinically relevant human gene therapy vector must overcome or avoid detect and silence foreign or misplaced DNA whilst delivering sustained levels of therapeutic gene product. Many non-viral DNA vectors trigger these defence mechanisms, being subsequently destroyed or rendered silent. The development of safe and persistently expressing DNA vectors is a crucial prerequisite for a successful clinical application, and it one of the main strategic tasks of non-viral gene therapy research.
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Kumari S, Halder S, Aggrawal R, Sundar G, Saha SK. Effect of gemini surfactants on binding interactions of Coumarin 485 with calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid in presence of nanotubes of β-cyclodextrin. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Liu K, Zheng L, Ma C, Göstl R, Herrmann A. DNA-surfactant complexes: self-assembly properties and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:5147-5172. [PMID: 28686247 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00165g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, DNA-surfactant complexes have gained traction as unique and powerful materials for potential applications ranging from optoelectronics to biomedicine because they self-assemble with outstanding flexibility spanning packing modes from ordered lamellar, hexagonal and cubic structures to disordered isotropic phases. These materials consist of a DNA backbone from which the surfactants protrude as non-covalently bound side chains. Their formation is electrostatically driven and they form bulk films, lyotropic as well as thermotropic liquid crystals and hydrogels. This structural versatility and their easy-to-tune properties render them ideal candidates for assembly in bulk films, for example granting directional conductivity along the DNA backbone, for dye dispersion minimizing fluorescence quenching allowing applications in lasing and nonlinear optics or as electron blocking and hole transporting layers, such as in LEDs or photovoltaic cells, owing to their extraordinary dielectric properties. However, they do not only act as host materials but also function as a chromophore itself. They can be employed within electrochromic DNA-surfactant liquid crystal displays exhibiting remarkable absorptivity in the visible range whose volatility can be controlled by the external temperature. Concomitantly, applications in the biological field based on DNA-surfactant bulk films, liquid crystals and hydrogels are rendered possible by their excellent gene and drug delivery capabilities. Beyond the mere exploitation of their material properties, DNA-surfactant complexes proved outstandingly useful for synthetic chemistry purposes when employed as scaffolds for DNA-templated reactions, nucleic acid modifications or polymerizations. These promising examples are by far not exhaustive but foreshadow their potential applications in yet unexplored fields. Here, we will give an insight into the peculiarities and perspectives of each material and are confident to inspire future developments and applications employing this emerging substance class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022, Changchun, China
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7
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Simultaneous membrane interaction of amphipathic peptide monomers, self-aggregates and cargo complexes detected by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:491-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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8
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Joondan N, Jhaumeer Laulloo S, Caumul P. Amino acids: Building blocks for the synthesis of greener amphiphiles. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2017.1421085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nausheen Joondan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| | | | - Prakashanand Caumul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
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9
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Effect of chain length on the interactions of sodium N-alkyl prolinates with bovine serum albumin: a spectroscopic investigation and molecular docking simulations. Colloid Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-017-4251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Zhiltsova EP, Pashirova TN, Ibatullina MR, Lukashenko SS, Gubaidullin AT, Islamov DR, Kataeva ON, Kutyreva MP, Zakharova LY. A new surfactant–copper(ii) complex based on 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane amphiphile. Crystal structure determination, self-assembly and functional activity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:12688-12699. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01954a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new complex [Cu(L)Br3] (where LBr is 1-cetyl-4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide) has been synthesized and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena P. Zhiltsova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS
- Kazan
- Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana N. Pashirova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS
- Kazan
- Russian Federation
| | - Marina R. Ibatullina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS
- Kazan
- Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana S. Lukashenko
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS
- Kazan
- Russian Federation
| | - Aidar T. Gubaidullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS
- Kazan
- Russian Federation
| | - Daut R. Islamov
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University
- Kazan 420008
- Russian Federation
| | - Olga N. Kataeva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS
- Kazan
- Russian Federation
| | | | - Lucia Y. Zakharova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS
- Kazan
- Russian Federation
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11
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Synthesis, physicochemical properties and membrane interaction of novel quaternary ammonium surfactants derived from l -Tyrosine and l -DOPA in relation to their antimicrobial, hemolytic activities and in vitro cytotoxicity. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Joondan N, Caumul P, Jhaumeer-Laulloo S. Investigation of the physicochemical and biological properties of proline-based surfactants in single and mixed surfactant systems. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-016-1895-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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14
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Feng L, Xu L, Dong S, Hao J. Thermo-reversible capture and release of DNA by zwitterionic surfactants. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:7495-7504. [PMID: 27539945 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00704j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The thermo-reversible capture and release of DNA were studied by the protonation and deprotonation of alkyldimethylamine oxide (CnDMAO, n = 10, 12 and 14) in Tris-HCl buffer solution. DNA/C14DMAO in Tris-HCl buffer solution with pH = 7.2 is transparent at 25 °C, indicating that DNA molecules exist mainly in individuals and the binding of C14DMAO is weak. With the increase of temperature, the pH of the buffer solution continuously decreases, which leads to protonation of C14DMAO (C14DMAO + H(+)→ C14DMAOH(+)) and an obvious increase of the turbidity of the samples. This indicates a stronger binding of the protonated C14DMAOH(+) to DNA. Further investigations demonstrated the formation of DNA/C14DMAOH(+) complexes, in which the stretched DNA molecules are effectively compacted as evidenced from UV-vis absorptions, circular dichroism (CD) measurements, atomic force microscopy (AFM) observations, dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements and agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE). Interestingly, when the temperature is turned back to 25 °C, the compacted DNA molecules can fully recover to the stretched conformation. This cycle can be repeated several times without obvious loss of efficiency. The effect of the chain length of CnDMAO has also been investigated. When C14DMAO was replaced by C12DMAO, similar phenomena can be observed with a slightly higher critical surfactant concentration for DNA compaction and a slightly lower pH of Tris-HCl buffer solution with pH = 6.8. For the DNA/C10DMAO system, however, no DNA compaction was observed even in Tris-HCl buffer solution with a much lower pH and a much higher C10DMAO concentration. The negative charges of DNA molecules can easily be neutralized by positive charges of cationic CnDMAOH(+) (n = 12 and 14) micelles. DNA was compacted and then insoluble DNA/CnDMAOH(+) complexes were formed. Because of the much higher critical micelle concentration (cmc) of the shorter chain length C10DMAOH(+), cationic C10DMAOH(+) micelles cannot form under the studied condition to compact DNA. The strategy may provide an efficient and alternative approach for stimuli-responsive gene therapy and drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Special Aggregated Materials, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, China.
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15
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Controlled compaction and decompaction of DNA by zwitterionic surfactants. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Sivaramakrishna D, Swamy MJ. Self-Assembly, Supramolecular Organization, and Phase Behavior of L-Alanine Alkyl Esters (n = 9-18) and Characterization of Equimolar L-Alanine Lauryl Ester/Lauryl Sulfate Catanionic Complex. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:9546-9556. [PMID: 26291838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A homologous series of l-alanine alkyl ester hydrochlorides (AEs) bearing 9-18 C atoms in the alkyl chain have been synthesized and characterized with respect to self-assembly, supramolecular structure, and phase transitions. The CMCs of AEs bearing 11-18 C atoms were found to range between 0.1 and 10 mM. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) studies showed that the transition temperatures (Tt), enthalpies (ΔHt) and entropies (ΔSt) of AEs in the dry state exhibit odd-even alternation, with the odd-chain-length compounds having higher Tt values, but the even-chain-length homologues showing higher values of ΔHt and ΔSt. In DSC measurements on hydrated samples, carried out at pH 5.0 and pH 10.0 (where they exist in cationic and neutral forms, respectively), compounds with 13-18 C atoms in the alkyl chain showed sharp gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transitions, and odd-even alternation was not seen in the thermodynamic parameters. The molecular structure, packing properties, and intermolecular interactions of AEs with 9 and 10 C atoms in the alkyl chain were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, which showed that the alkyl chains are packed in a tilted interdigitated bilayer format. d-Spacings obtained from powder X-ray diffraction studies exhibited a linear dependence on the alkyl chain length, suggesting that the other AEs also adopt an interdigitated bilayer structure. Turbidimetric, fluorescence spectroscopic, and isothermal titration calorimetric (ITC) studies established that in aqueous dispersions l-alanine lauryl ester hydrochloride (ALE·HCl) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) form an equimolar complex. Transmission electron microscopic and DSC studies indicate that the complex exists as unilamellar liposomes, which exhibit a sharp phase transition at ∼39 °C. The aggregates were disrupted at high pH, suggesting that the catanionic complex would be useful to develop a base-labile drug delivery system. ITC studies indicated that ALE·HCl forms a strong complex with DNA, suggesting that the AEs may find use in DNA therapeutics as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sivaramakrishna
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad-500 046, India
| | - Musti J Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad-500 046, India
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17
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Surfactant-Amino Acid and Surfactant-Surfactant Interactions in Aqueous Medium: a Review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 176:2077-106. [PMID: 26160314 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An overview of surfactant-amino acid interactions mainly in aqueous medium has been discussed. Main emphasis has been on the solution thermodynamics and solute-solvent interactions. Almost all available data on the topic has been presented in a lucid and simple way. Conventional surfactants have been discussed as amphiphiles forming micelles and amino acids as additives and their effect on the various physicochemical properties of these conventional surfactants. Surfactant-surfactant interactions in aqueous medium, various mixed surfactant models, are also highlighted to assess their interactions in aqueous medium. Finally, their applied part has been taken into consideration to interpret their possible uses.
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Wan J, Li Y, Li Y, Guo X. Micellization of N-dodecylglucosylamine and its interaction with DNA in the presence of carboxylic acid. Colloid Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-015-3650-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Polyethylenimine coated plasmid DNA-surfactant complexes as potential gene delivery systems. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 133:156-63. [PMID: 26099970 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanometer scaled particles have been prepared from strong association between plasmid DNA (pcDNA3-FLAG-p53) and oppositely charged surfactants. Although these particles present suitable properties for gene delivery purposes, their cytotoxicity could compromise their use in gene therapy applications. To ensure biocompatibility of this potential gene delivery system, the nanoparticles were coated with polyethylenimine (PEI) with various molar ratios of PEI nitrogen to plasmid DNA phosphate groups. This led to a drastic increase in the cell viability of the particles, and in addition particle characteristics such as size, surface charge and loading efficiency, have also been enhanced as a result of the PEI coating process. The dissolution or swelling/deswelling behaviour displayed by these particulate vehicles could be tailored and monitored in time, to promote the controlled and sustained release of plasmid DNA. Moreover, we show that both the surfactant alkyl chain length and the ratio of nitrogen to phosphate groups are important parameters for controlling the plasmid DNA release. Overall, the developed plasmid DNA carriers have the potential as a new nanoplatform to be further explored for advances in the gene therapy field.
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20
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Synthesis, micellisation and interaction of novel quaternary ammonium compounds derived from l-Phenylalanine with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine as model membrane in relation to their antibacterial activity, and their selectivity over human red blood cells. Bioorg Chem 2015; 58:117-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Gupta N, Santhiya D, Aditya A, Badra K. Dendrimer templated bioactive glass-ceramic nanovehicle for gene delivery applications. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04441c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, multifunctional nanocrystalline microporous 45S5 bioglass particles were synthesized using poly(amidoamine) dendrimer generation 3 as a template and evaluated for gene delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Gupta
- Delhi Technological University
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Polymer Technology
- Delhi-110 042
- India
| | - Deenan Santhiya
- Delhi Technological University
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Polymer Technology
- Delhi-110 042
- India
| | - Anusha Aditya
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR)
- Delhi-110025
- India
| | - Kishore Badra
- Delhi Technological University
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Polymer Technology
- Delhi-110 042
- India
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22
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Vesicle formation between single-chained cationic surfactant and plasmid DNA and its application in cell transfection. Colloid Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-014-3352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Valente AJ, Cruz SM, Murtinho DM, Miguel MG, Muniz EC. DNA–poly(vinyl alcohol) gel matrices: Release properties are strongly dependent on electrolytes and cationic surfactants. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 101:111-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Uslan C, Şebnem Sesalan B. The synthesis, photochemical and biological properties of new silicon phthalocyanines. Inorganica Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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25
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Zhou T, Xu G, Ao M, Yang Y, Wang C. DNA compaction to multi-molecular DNA condensation induced by cationic imidazolium gemini surfactants. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Santhiya D, Dias RS, Dutta S, Das PK, Miguel MG, Lindman B, Maiti S. Kinetic Studies of Amino Acid-Based Surfactant Binding to DNA. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:5831-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp301069t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deenan Santhiya
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative
Biology, CSIR, Mall Road, Delhi 110007,
India
| | - Rita S. Dias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra,
Portugal
| | - Sounak Dutta
- Department of Biological
Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science,
Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Prasanta Kumar Das
- Department of Biological
Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science,
Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Maria G. Miguel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra,
Portugal
| | - Björn Lindman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra,
Portugal
- Physical Chemistry, Department
of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box
124, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Souvik Maiti
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative
Biology, CSIR, Mall Road, Delhi 110007,
India
- National Chemical Laboratory, CSIR, Dr.
Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
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27
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Zakharova L, Voronin M, Semenov V, Gabdrakhmanov D, Syakaev V, Gogolev Y, Giniyatullin R, Lukashenko S, Reznik V, Latypov S, Konovalov A, Zuev Y. Supramolecular systems based on novel mono- and dicationic pyrimidinic amphiphiles and oligonucleotides: a self-organization and complexation study. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:788-96. [PMID: 22287323 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Novel mono- and dicationic pyrimidinic surfactants are synthesized and their aggregation behavior is studied by methods of tensiometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) self-diffusion. To estimate their potentiality as gene delivery agents, the complexation with oligonucleotides (ONus) is explored by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta-potential titration methods and ethidium bromide exclusion experiments. Bola-type pyrimidinic amphiphile (BPM) demonstrates rather a weak affinity to ONus. Although it induces mixed associations with ONus, only slight charge compensation changes occur at a large excess of bola, with no recharging reached. Similarly, the ethydium bromide exclusion study reveals a slow increase in the binding capacity toward an ONu with an increment in BPM concentration. The monocationic pyrimidinic surfactant (MPM) and its gemini analogue (GPM-1) are ranked as intermediates in both their aggregative activity and complexing properties toward ONus. They both form mixed associates with ONus well below the critical micelle concentrations (cmcs) of 2 and 15 mM respectively. However, GPM-1 has a much lower isoelectric point at the molar ratio surfactant/ONu r~1 compared to r~3 for MPM. This probably indicates a larger electrostatic contribution to the ONu complexation in the case of GPM-1. The most hydrophobic pyrimidinic surfactant (GPM-2), bearing three alkyl tails, demonstrates enhanced aggregative activity and binding capacity toward ONus as compared to former pyrimidinic surfactants. Due to effective aggregative (low cmc of 0.04 mM) plus binding properties (fraction of bound ONu β=0.76 at r=2.5), GPM-2 may be ranked as a promising agent for wider biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Zakharova
- A E Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry of Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia.
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Bhadani A, Singh S. Synthesis and properties of thioether spacer containing gemini imidazolium surfactants. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:14033-44. [PMID: 22004288 DOI: 10.1021/la202201r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Twelve new gemini imidazolium surfactants have been synthesized, having dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, and octadecyl chain lengths and three different spacers (i.e., -S-(CH(2))(n)-S-), where n = 2, 3, and 4 and their surface properties have been evaluated by surface tension and conductivity methods. The thermal degradation of these new gemini surfactants was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). These surfactants have low cmc values as compared to other categories of gemini cationic surfactants and exhibit peculiarities at sufficiently low concentration because they were able to form premicellar aggregates over a wide range of concentration below their cmc values. The DNA binding affinity of these gemini surfactants determined by agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide exclusion experiments established their strong interaction with DNA, thereby protecting it against enzymatic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Bhadani
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored-Centre for Advance Studies - I, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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29
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Almeida JAS, Faneca H, Carvalho RA, Marques EF, Pais AACC. Dicationic alkylammonium bromide gemini surfactants. Membrane perturbation and skin irritation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26965. [PMID: 22102870 PMCID: PMC3213113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dicationic alkylammonium bromide gemini surfactants represent a class of amphiphiles potentially effective as skin permeation enhancers. However, only a limited number of studies has been dedicated to the evaluation of the respective cytotoxicity, and none directed to skin irritation endpoints. Supported on a cell viability study, the cytotoxicity of gemini surfactants of variable tail and spacer length was assessed. For this purpose, keratinocyte cells from human skin (NCTC 2544 cell line), frequently used as a model for skin irritation, were employed. The impact of the different gemini surfactants on the permeability and morphology of model vesicles was additionally investigated by measuring the leakage of calcein fluorescent dye and analyzing the NMR spectra of 31P, respectively. Detail on the interaction of gemini molecules with model membranes was also provided by a systematic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. An irreversible impact on the viability of the NCTC 2544 cell line was observed for gemini concentrations higher than 25 mM, while no cytotoxicity was found for any of the surfactants in a concentration range up to 10 mM. A higher cytotoxicity was also found for gemini surfactants presenting longer spacer and shorter tails. The same trend was obtained in the calorimetric and permeability studies, with the gemini of longest spacer promoting the highest degree of membrane destabilization. Additional structural and dynamical characterization of the various systems, obtained by 31P NMR and MD, provide some insight on the relationship between the architecture of gemini surfactants and the respective perturbation mechanism.
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Rudiuk S, Yoshikawa K, Baigl D. Enhancement of DNA compaction by negatively charged nanoparticles: effect of nanoparticle size and surfactant chain length. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 368:372-7. [PMID: 22071517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We study the compaction of genomic DNA by a series of alkyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactants having different hydrocarbon chain lengths n: dodecyl-(DTAB, n=12), tetradecyl-(TTAB, n=14) and hexadecyl-(CTAB, n=16), in the absence and in the presence of negatively charged silica nanoparticles (NPs) with a diameter in the range 15-100 nm. We show that NPs greatly enhance the ability of all cationic surfactants to induce DNA compaction and that this enhancement increases with an increase in NP diameter. In the absence of NP, the ability of cationic surfactants to induce DNA compaction increases with an increase in n. Conversely, in the presence of NPs, the enhancement of DNA compaction increases with a decrease in n. Therefore, although CTAB is the most efficient surfactant to compact DNA, maximal enhancement by NPs is obtained for the largest NP diameter (here, 100 nm) and the smallest surfactant chain length (here, DTAB). We suggest a mechanism where the preaggregation of surfactants on NP surface mediated by electrostatic interactions promotes cooperative binding to DNA and thus enhances the ability of surfactants to compact DNA. We show that the amplitude of enhancement is correlated with the difference between the surfactant concentration corresponding to aggregation on DNA alone and that corresponding to the onset of adsorption on nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergii Rudiuk
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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31
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Colomer A, Pinazo A, Manresa MA, Vinardell MP, Mitjans M, Infante MR, Pérez L. Cationic surfactants derived from lysine: effects of their structure and charge type on antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. J Med Chem 2011; 54:989-1002. [PMID: 21229984 DOI: 10.1021/jm101315k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three different sets of cationic surfactants from lysine have been synthesized. The first group consists of three monocatenary surfactants with one lysine as the cationic polar head with one cationic charge. The second consists of three monocatenary surfactants with two amino acids as cationic polar head with two positive charges. Finally, four gemini surfactants were synthesized in which the spacer chain and the number and type of cationic charges have been regulated. The micellization process, antimicrobial activity, and hemolytic activity were evaluated. The critical micelle concentration was dependent only on the hydrophobic character of the molecules. Nevertheless, the antimicrobial and hemolytic activities were related to the structure of the compounds as well as the type of cationic charges. The most active surfactants against the bacteria were those with a cationic charge on the trimethylated amino group, whereas all of these surfactants showed low hemolytic character.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Colomer
- Departamento de Tecnología Química y de Tensioactivos, IQAC, CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Santhiya D, Maiti S. An investigation on interaction between 14mer DNA oligonucleotide and CTAB by fluorescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:7602-8. [PMID: 20469940 DOI: 10.1021/jp909522r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Possible interaction mechanisms between oligonucleotide (DNA) of 14 base pairs with cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) were postulated based on fluorescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) studies. Detailed FRET investigations were carried out by fluorometric titrations of the surfactant with various oligonucleotide duplexes with 5'-tagged fluorescein (donor) (D(D)), 5'-tagged TAMRA (acceptor) (D(A)) and both (D(DA)). In general, fluorescence spectra of the duplexes (D(D), D(A) and D(DA)) revealed a reduction in the fluorescence intensities of 5'-fluorescein as well as 5'-TAMRA and thereafter an attainment of saturation with increase in the surfactant concentration. The observed changes in the oligonucleotide fluorescence intensities for the duplexes under investigation could be attributed to the microenvironmental changes during the oligonucleotide-CTAB interaction. Considering together, it appeared that the interaction is a three-stage process, wherein the initial addition of surfactant caused neutralization of the 14mer at Z(+/-)(1) = 0.8, which is manifested by a slight reduction in fluorescence intensity. Further, addition of the surfactant molecules sharply reduced the fluorescence intensity of the oligonucleotide depicting oligonucleotide induced self-assembly until the second break point (Z(+/-)(2) = 1.7). From the second break point, a striking resonance energy transfer was observed from donor to acceptor, which revealed shortening of distance between 5' ends of the oligonucleotides that attained a saturation at Z(+/-)(3) = 2.5. Similar three-stage interaction of oligonucleotide with the surfactant has also been observed through fluorometric titrations in the presence of NaCl. However, in the presence of the salt, neutralization of oligonucleotide, surfactant aggregation and FRET occurred at higher charge ratios due to the screening effect of Na+ ions followed by an increase in critical association concentration (CAC) of the surfactant. Overall, investigations probe possible structural changes in the 14mer oligonucleotide-CTAB complex upon increase in the surfactant concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deenan Santhiya
- Institute for Genomics and Integrative Biology, CSIR, Mall Road, Delhi 110 007, India
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Cationic amphiphiles, a new generation of antimicrobials inspired by the natural antimicrobial peptide scaffold. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:4049-58. [PMID: 20696877 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00530-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and their mimics form a diverse class of antibacterial agents currently validated in preclinical and clinical settings for the treatment of infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Numerous studies with linear, cyclic, and diastereomeric AMPs have strongly supported the hypothesis that their physicochemical properties, rather than any specific amino acid sequence, are responsible for their microbiological activities. It is generally believed that the amphiphilic topology is essential for insertion into and disruption of the cytoplasmic membrane. In particular, the ability to rapidly kill bacteria and the relative difficulty with which bacteria develop resistance make AMPs and their mimics attractive targets for drug development. However, the therapeutic use of naturally occurring AMPs is hampered by the high manufacturing costs, poor pharmacokinetic properties, and low bacteriological efficacy in animal models. In order to overcome these problems, a variety of novel and structurally diverse cationic amphiphiles that mimic the amphiphilic topology of AMPs have recently appeared. Many of these compounds exhibit superior pharmacokinetic properties and reduced in vitro toxicity while retaining potent antibacterial activity against resistant and nonresistant bacteria. In summary, cationic amphiphiles promise to provide a new and rich source of diverse antibacterial lead structures in the years to come.
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34
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Survey of the year 2008: applications of isothermal titration calorimetry. J Mol Recognit 2010; 23:395-413. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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35
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Guo X, Li H, Ran X, Gong Z, Guo R. Effect of oligonucleotide conformation on its facilitation efficiency on negatively charged micelle-to-vesicle transition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Santhiya D, Dias RS, Shome A, Das PK, Miguel MG, Lindman B, Maiti S. Role of linker groups between hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties of cationic surfactants on oligonucleotide-surfactant interactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:13770-13775. [PMID: 19681626 DOI: 10.1021/la901546t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between DNA and amino-acid-based surfactants with different linker groups was investigated by gel electrophoresis, ethidium bromide exclusion assays, circular dichroism, and melting temperature determinations. The studies showed that the strength of the interaction between the oligonucleotides and the surfactants is highly dependent on the linker of the surfactant. For ester surfactants, no significant interaction was observed for surfactant-to-DNA charge ratios up to 12. On the other hand, amide surfactants were shown to interact strongly with the oligonucleotides; these surfactants could displace up to 75% of the ethidium bromide molecules bound to the DNA and induced significant changes in the circular dichroism spectra. When comparing the headgroups of the surfactants, it was observed that surfactants with more hydrophobic headgroups (proline vs alanine) interacted more strongly with the DNA, in good agreement with previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deenan Santhiya
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, CSIR, Mall Road, Delhi 110 007, India
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37
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Seow WY, Yang YY, George AJT. Oligopeptide-mediated gene transfer into mouse corneal endothelial cells: expression, design optimization, uptake mechanism and nuclear localization. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:6276-89. [PMID: 19692581 PMCID: PMC2764440 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer to the corneal endothelium has potential in preventing corneal transplant rejection. In this study, we transfected mouse corneal endothelial cells (MCEC) with a class of novel arginine-rich oligopeptides. The peptides featured a tri-block design and mediated reporter gene expression in MCEC more efficiently than the commercial polyethylenimine standard. The functionality of each block was demonstrated to critically influence the performance of the peptide. Results from confocal imaging and flow cytometry then showed that energy-dependent endocytosis was the dominant form of uptake and multiple pathways were involved. Additionally, uptake was strongly dependent on interactions with cell-surface heparan sulphate. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies revealed that the peptide/DNA entered cells as an associated complex and some will have dissociated by 8.5 h. Large-scale accumulation of uncondensed DNA within the nucleus can also be observed by 26 h. Finally, as a proof of biological relevance, we transfected MCEC with plasmids encoding for the functional indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme. We then demonstrated that the expressed IDO could catalyse the degradation of l-tryptophan, which in turn suppressed the growth of CD4+ T-cells in a proliferation assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang Seow
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
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38
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Bhattacharya S, Bajaj A. Advances in gene delivery through molecular design of cationic lipids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:4632-56. [DOI: 10.1039/b900666b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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