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Jarosińska E, Zambrowska Z, Witkowska Nery E. Methods of Protection of Electrochemical Sensors against Biofouling in Cell Culture Applications. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:4572-4580. [PMID: 38313548 PMCID: PMC10831843 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we evaluated more than 10 antifouling layers presenting different modes of action for application in electrochemical sensors. These layers included porous materials, permselective membranes, hydrogels, silicate sol-gels, proteins, and sp3 hybridized carbon. To evaluate the protective effects of the antifouling modification as well as its impact on the catalyst, we adsorbed a redox mediator on the electrode surface. Five of the tested coatings allowed us to preserve the electrochemical properties of the tested mediator. Later studies showed that sol-gel silicate layer, poly-l-lactic acid, and poly(l-lysine)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) were the only ones capable of sustaining the catalyst's performance during prolonged incubation in a cell culture medium. The highest signal deterioration was observed, as expected during the first few hours of incubation in a cell culture environment. Tested layers exhibited different dynamics of the protective effect. The poly-l-lactic acid layer presented lower changes in the first hours of the study but suffered complete signal deterioration after 72 h. Whereas the signal intensity of the silicate layer was lowered by half after just 3 h but was still visible after 6 weeks of constant incubation of the electrode in the cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Jarosińska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry,
Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Emilia Witkowska Nery
- Institute of Physical Chemistry,
Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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Razzaghi M, Homaei A, Vianello F, Azad T, Sharma T, Nadda AK, Stevanato R, Bilal M, Iqbal HMN. Industrial applications of immobilized nano-biocatalysts. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:237-256. [PMID: 34596787 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02647-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized enzyme-based catalytic constructs could greatly improve various industrial processes due to their extraordinary catalytic activity and reaction specificity. In recent decades, nano-enzymes, defined as enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials, gained popularity for the enzymes' improved stability, reusability, and ease of separation from the biocatalytic process. Thus, enzymes can be strategically incorporated into nanostructured materials to engineer nano-enzymes, such as nanoporous particles, nanofibers, nanoflowers, nanogels, nanomembranes, metal-organic frameworks, multi-walled or single-walled carbon nanotubes, and nanoparticles with tuned shape and size. Surface-area-to-volume ratio, pore-volume, chemical compositions, electrical charge or conductivity of nanomaterials, protein charge, hydrophobicity, and amino acid composition on protein surface play fundamental roles in the nano-enzyme preparation and catalytic properties. With proper understanding, the optimization of the above-mentioned factors will lead to favorable micro-environments for biocatalysts of industrial relevance. Thus, the application of nano-enzymes promise to further strengthen the advances in catalysis, biotransformation, biosensing, and biomarker discovery. Herein, this review article spotlights recent progress in nano-enzyme development and their possible implementation in different areas, including biomedicine, biosensors, bioremediation of industrial pollutants, biofuel production, textile, leather, detergent, food industries and antifouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Razzaghi
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, P.O. Box 3995, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, P.O. Box 3995, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Fabio Vianello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Taha Azad
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Tanvi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, Waknaghat, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Nadda
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, Waknaghat, India
| | - Roberto Stevanato
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, 64849, Monterrey, Mexico
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Kamtsikakis A, Kavetsou E, Chronaki K, Kiosidou E, Pavlatou E, Karana A, Papaspyrides C, Detsi A, Karantonis A, Vouyiouka S. Encapsulation of Antifouling Organic Biocides in Poly(lactic acid) Nanoparticles. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:bioengineering4040081. [PMID: 28952560 PMCID: PMC5746748 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4040081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The scope of the current research was to assess the feasibility of encapsulating three commercial antifouling compounds, Irgarol 1051, Econea and Zinc pyrithione, in biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanoparticles. The emulsification–solvent evaporation technique was herein utilized to manufacture nanoparticles with a biocide:polymer ratio of 40%. The loaded nanoparticles were analyzed for their size and size distribution, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and thermal properties, while the relevant physicochemical characteristics were correlated to biocide–polymer system. In addition, the encapsulation process was scaled up and the prepared nanoparticles were dispersed in a water-based antifouling paint in order to examine the viability of incorporating nanoparticles in such coatings. Metallic specimens were coated with the nanoparticles-containing paint and examined regarding surface morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristotelis Kamtsikakis
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Eleni Kavetsou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, NTUA, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Konstantina Chronaki
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Evangelia Kiosidou
- Shipbuilding Technology Laboratory, School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, NTUA, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Evangelia Pavlatou
- Laboratory of General Chemistry, NTUA, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Alexandra Karana
- Department of Wood and Two Pack Coatings, CHROTEX S.A. Hellenic Industry of Paints & Varnishes 19th Km National Road Athens-Corinth, 19300 Aspropyrgos, Greece.
| | - Constantine Papaspyrides
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Anastasia Detsi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, NTUA, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Antonis Karantonis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, NTUA, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Stamatina Vouyiouka
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
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Wang H, Jiang Y, Zhou L, Gao J. Bienzyme system immobilized in biomimetic silica for application in antifouling coatings. Chin J Chem Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xu J, Fan X, Yang J, Ma C, Ye X, Zhang G. Poly(l-lactide-co-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate): A biodegradable polymer with protein resistance. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 116:531-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Regina VR, Søhoel H, Lokanathan AR, Bischoff C, Kingshott P, Revsbech NP, Meyer RL. Entrapment of subtilisin in ceramic sol-gel coating for antifouling applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:5915-21. [PMID: 23020255 DOI: 10.1021/am301554m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes with antifouling properties are of great interest in developing nontoxic antifouling coatings. A bottleneck in developing enzyme-based antifouling coatings is to immobilize the enzyme in a suitable coating matrix without compromising its activity and stability. Entrapment of enzymes in ceramics using the sol-gel method is known to have several advantages over other immobilization methods. The sol-gel method can be used to make robust coatings, and the aim of this study was to explore if sol-gel technology can be used to develop robust coatings harboring active enzymes for antifouling applications. We successfully entrapped a protease, subtilisin (Savinase, Novozymes), in a ceramic coating using a sol-gel method. The sol-gel formulation, when coated on a stainless steel surface, adhered strongly and cured at room temperature in less than 8 h. The resultant coating was smoother and less hydrophobic than stainless steel. Changes in the coating's surface structure, thickness and chemistry indicate that the coating undergoes gradual erosion in aqueous medium, which results in release of subtilisin. Subtilisin activity in the coating increased initially, and then gradually decreased. After 9 months, 13% of the initial enzyme activity remained. Compared to stainless steel, the sol-gel-coated surfaces with active subtilisin were able to reduce bacterial attachment of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria by 2 orders of magnitude. Together, our results demonstrate that the sol-gel method is a promising coating technology for entrapping active enzymes, presenting an interesting avenue for enzyme-based antifouling solutions.
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Wang Q, Zhou L, Jiang Y, Gao J. Improved stability of the carbon nanotubes–enzyme bioconjugates by biomimetic silicification. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 49:11-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Banerjee I, Pangule RC, Kane RS. Antifouling coatings: recent developments in the design of surfaces that prevent fouling by proteins, bacteria, and marine organisms. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:690-718. [PMID: 20886559 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201001215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1571] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The major strategies for designing surfaces that prevent fouling due to proteins, bacteria, and marine organisms are reviewed. Biofouling is of great concern in numerous applications ranging from biosensors to biomedical implants and devices, and from food packaging to industrial and marine equipment. The two major approaches to combat surface fouling are based on either preventing biofoulants from attaching or degrading them. One of the key strategies for imparting adhesion resistance involves the functionalization of surfaces with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or oligo(ethylene glycol). Several alternatives to PEG-based coatings have also been designed over the past decade. While protein-resistant coatings may also resist bacterial attachment and subsequent biofilm formation, in order to overcome the fouling-mediated risk of bacterial infection it is highly desirable to design coatings that are bactericidal. Traditional techniques involve the design of coatings that release biocidal agents, including antibiotics, quaternary ammonium salts (QAS), and silver, into the surrounding aqueous environment. However, the emergence of antibiotic- and silver-resistant pathogenic strains has necessitated the development of alternative strategies. Therefore, other techniques based on the use of polycations, enzymes, nanomaterials, and photoactive agents are being investigated. With regard to marine antifouling coatings, restrictions on the use of biocide-releasing coatings have made the generation of nontoxic antifouling surfaces more important. While considerable progress has been made in the design of antifouling coatings, ongoing research in this area should result in the development of even better antifouling materials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Banerjee
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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Hirano A, Maeda Y, Yuan X, Ueki R, Miyazawa Y, Fujita JI, Akasaka T, Shiraki K. Controlled Dispersion and Purification of Protein-Carbon Nanotube Conjugates Using Guanidine Hydrochloride. Chemistry 2010; 16:12221-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Skovgaard J, Bak CA, Snabe T, Sutherland DS, Laursen BS, Kragh KM, Besenbacher F, Poulsen CH, Shipovskov S. Implementation of cross-linked enzyme aggregates of proteases for marine paint applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01249a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nanobiocatalysis and its potential applications. Trends Biotechnol 2008; 26:639-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Antifouling enzymes and the biochemistry of marine settlement. Biotechnol Adv 2008; 26:471-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Schlossbauer A, Schaffert D, Kecht J, Wagner E, Bein T. Click Chemistry for High-Density Biofunctionalization of Mesoporous Silica. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:12558-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja803018w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Schlossbauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - David Schaffert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Johann Kecht
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
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Messersmith PB, Textor M. Nanomaterials: enzymes on nanotubes thwart fouling. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 2:138-139. [PMID: 18654239 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2007.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Asuri P, Karajanagi SS, Kane RS, Dordick JS. Polymer-nanotube-enzyme composites as active antifouling films. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2007; 3:50-3. [PMID: 17294467 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200600312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Asuri
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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Lee CW, Yi SS, Kim J, Lee YS, Kim BG. Improved immobilized enzyme systems using spherical micro silica sol-gel enzyme beads. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03026240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kim J, Lee J, Na HB, Kim BC, Youn JK, Kwak JH, Moon K, Lee E, Kim J, Park J, Dohnalkova A, Park HG, Gu MB, Chang HN, Grate JW, Hyeon T. A magnetically separable, highly stable enzyme system based on nanocomposites of enzymes and magnetic nanoparticles shipped in hierarchically ordered, mesocellular, mesoporous silica. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2005; 1:1203-7. [PMID: 17193420 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200500245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jungbae Kim
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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Herricks TE, Kim SH, Kim J, Li D, Kwak JH, Grate JW, Kim SH, Xia Y. Direct fabrication of enzyme-carrying polymer nanofibers by electrospinning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b503660g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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