1
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Grigoreva TA, Novikova DS, Melino G, Barlev NA, Tribulovich VG. Ubiquitin recruiting chimera: more than just a PROTAC. Biol Direct 2024; 19:55. [PMID: 38978100 PMCID: PMC11232244 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-024-00497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitinylation of protein substrates results in various but distinct biological consequences, among which ubiquitin-mediated degradation is most well studied for its therapeutic application. Accordingly, artificially targeted ubiquitin-dependent degradation of various proteins has evolved into the therapeutically relevant PROTAC technology. This tethered ubiquitinylation of various targets coupled with a broad assortment of modifying E3 ubiquitin ligases has been made possible by rational design of bi-specific chimeric molecules that bring these proteins in proximity. However, forced ubiquitinylation inflicted by the binary warheads of a chimeric PROTAC molecule should not necessarily result in protein degradation but can be used to modulate other cellular functions. In this respect it should be noted that the ubiquitinylation of a diverse set of proteins is known to control their transport, transcriptional activity, and protein-protein interactions. This review provides examples of potential PROTAC usage based on non-degradable ubiquitinylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana A Grigoreva
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), St. Petersburg, 190013, Russia.
| | - Daria S Novikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), St. Petersburg, 190013, Russia
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Nick A Barlev
- Institute of Cytology RAS, Saint-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
- Department of Biomedical Studies, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Vyacheslav G Tribulovich
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), St. Petersburg, 190013, Russia.
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2
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Chen J, Wang H, Xu J, Chen E, Meng Q, Wang J, Xiang H, Zhou W, Shan G, Ju Z, Song Z. CircZFR promotes colorectal cancer progression via stabilizing BCLAF1 and regulating the miR-3127-5p/RTKN2 axis. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024:10.1007/s11427-023-2514-y. [PMID: 38805063 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of circular RNAs (circRNAs) is frequently linked to colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we identified circZFR as a promising biomarker for CRC diagnosis and prognosis. CircZFR was upregulated in CRC tissues and serum exosomes and its level was linked to cancer incidence, advanced-stages, and metastasis. In both in vitro and in vivo settings, circZFR promoted the growth and spread while suppressing apoptosis of CRC. Exosomes with circZFR overexpression promoted the proliferation and migration of cocultured CRC cells. Mechanistically, epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1 (ESRP1) in CRC cells may enhance the production of circZFR. BCL2-associated transcription factor 1 (BCLAF1) bound to circZFR, which prevented its ubiquitinated degradation. Additionally, circZFR sponged miR-3127-5p to boost rhotekin 2 (RTKN2) expression. Our TCP1-CD-QDs nanocarrier was able to carry and deliver circZFR siRNA (si-circZFR) to the vasculature of CRC tissues and cells, which inhibited the growth of tumors in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Taken together, our results show that circZFR is an oncogenic circRNA, which promotes the development and spread of CRC in a BCLAF1 and miR-3127-5p-dependent manner. CircZFR is a possible serum biopsy marker for the diagnosis and a desirable target for further treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Treatment of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Treatment of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jianbin Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Treatment of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Engeng Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Treatment of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Qing Meng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Treatment of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Treatment of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Haoyi Xiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Treatment of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Treatment of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Ge Shan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Regional medical center for National Institute of Respiratory Disease, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Zhenyu Ju
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhangfa Song
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biological Treatment of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
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3
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Tiefenbrunner I, Brutiu BR, Stopka T, Maulide N. Isothiouronium-Mediated Conversion of Carboxylic Acids to Cyanomethyl Thioesters. J Org Chem 2023; 88:3941-3944. [PMID: 36853206 PMCID: PMC10028607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of an isothiouronium salt as a reagent for the operationally simple synthesis of cyanomethyl thioesters with high functional group tolerance and avoiding the use of thiols. Additionally, we show that the products can be engaged in amide synthesis in either a two-step or one-pot fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bogdan R Brutiu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Tobias Stopka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna Austria
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4
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Li Y, Yuan S, Yong X, zhao T, Liu J. Research progress on small peptides in Chinese Baijiu. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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5
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Hua X, Chu GC, Li YM. The Ubiquitin Enigma: Progress in the Detection and Chemical Synthesis of Branched Ubiquitin Chains. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3313-3318. [PMID: 32621561 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin chains with distinct topologies play essential roles in eukaryotic cells. Recently, it was discovered that multiple ubiquitin units can be ligated to more than one lysine residue in the same ubiquitin to form diverse branched ubiquitin chains. Although there is increasing evidence implicating these branched chains in a plethora of biological functions, few mechanistic details have been elucidated. This concept article introduces the function, detection and chemical synthesis of branched ubiquitin chains; and offers some future perspective for this exciting new field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hua
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases, Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Guo-Chao Chu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yi-Ming Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases, Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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6
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Zhao X, Mißun M, Schneider T, Müller F, Lutz J, Scheffner M, Marx A, Kovermann M. Artificially Linked Ubiquitin Dimers Characterised Structurally and Dynamically by NMR Spectroscopy. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1772-1777. [PMID: 30920720 PMCID: PMC6771822 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most prevalent post-translational modifications in eukaryotic cells, ubiquitylation plays vital roles in many cellular processes, such as protein degradation, DNA metabolism, and cell differentiation. Substrate proteins can be tagged by distinct types of polymeric ubiquitin (Ub) chains, which determine the eventual fate of the modified protein. A facile, click chemistry based approach for the efficient generation of linkage-defined Ub chains, including Ub dimers, was recently established. Within these chains, individual Ub moieties are connected through a triazole linkage, rather than the natural isopeptide bond. Herein, it is reported that the conformation of an artificially K48-linked Ub dimer resembles that of the natively linked dimer, with respect to structural and dynamic characteristics, as demonstrated by means of high-resolution NMR spectroscopy. Thus, it is proposed that artificially linked Ub dimers, as generated by this approach, represent potent tools for studying the inherently different properties and functions of distinct Ub chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhao
- Universität KonstanzChemieUniversitätsstrasse 1078457KonstanzGermany
| | - Maite Mißun
- Universität KonstanzChemieUniversitätsstrasse 1078457KonstanzGermany
| | - Tobias Schneider
- Universität KonstanzChemieUniversitätsstrasse 1078457KonstanzGermany
| | - Franziska Müller
- Universität KonstanzChemieUniversitätsstrasse 1078457KonstanzGermany
| | - Joachim Lutz
- Universität KonstanzChemieUniversitätsstrasse 1078457KonstanzGermany
| | - Martin Scheffner
- Universität KonstanzChemieUniversitätsstrasse 1078457KonstanzGermany
| | - Andreas Marx
- Universität KonstanzChemieUniversitätsstrasse 1078457KonstanzGermany
| | - Michael Kovermann
- Universität KonstanzChemieUniversitätsstrasse 1078457KonstanzGermany
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7
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Ubiquitination and Long Non-coding RNAs Regulate Actin Cytoskeleton Regulators in Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122997. [PMID: 31248165 PMCID: PMC6627692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin filaments are a major component of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells and play an important role in cancer metastasis. Dynamics and reorganization of actin filaments are regulated by numerous regulators, including Rho GTPases, PAKs (p21-activated kinases), ROCKs (Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinases), LIMKs (LIM domain kinases), and SSH1 (slingshot family protein phosphate 1). Ubiquitination, as a ubiquitous post-transcriptional modification, deceases protein levels of actin cytoskeleton regulatory factors and thereby modulates the actin cytoskeleton. There is increasing evidence showing cytoskeleton regulation by long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer metastasis. However, which E3 ligases are activated for the ubiquitination of actin-cytoskeleton regulators involved in tumor metastasis remains to be fully elucidated. Moreover, it is not clear how lncRNAs influence the expression of actin cytoskeleton regulators. Here, we summarize physiological and pathological mechanisms of lncRNAs and ubiquitination control mediators of actin cytoskeleton regulators which that are involved in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Finally, we briefly discuss crosstalk between ubiquitination and lncRNA control mediators of actin-cytoskeleton regulators in cancer.
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8
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Zhao X, Scheffner M, Marx A. Assembly of branched ubiquitin oligomers by click chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13093-13095. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07303e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin monomers functionalized with an azide or multiple alkynes were utilized for the assembly of branched ubiquitin oligomers that exhibit stability in eukaryotic cell lysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhao
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology
- University of Konstanz
- 78457 Konstanz
- Germany
| | - Martin Scheffner
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology
- University of Konstanz
- 78457 Konstanz
- Germany
| | - Andreas Marx
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology
- University of Konstanz
- 78457 Konstanz
- Germany
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9
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Abstract
Regulated proteolysis is a vital process that affects all living things. Bacteria use energy-dependent AAA+ proteases to power degradation of misfolded and native regulatory proteins. Given that proteolysis is an irreversible event, specificity and selectivity in degrading substrates are key. Specificity is often augmented through the use of adaptors that modify the inherent specificity of the proteolytic machinery. Regulated protein degradation is intricately linked to quality control, cell-cycle progression, and physiological transitions. In this review, we highlight recent work that has shed light on our understanding of regulated proteolysis in bacteria. We discuss the role AAA+ proteases play during balanced growth as well as how these proteases are deployed during changes in growth. We present examples of how protease selectivity can be controlled in increasingly complex ways. Finally, we describe how coupling a core recognition determinant to one or more modifying agents is a general theme for regulated protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar A Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA; ,
| | - Peter Chien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA; ,
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10
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McClurg UL, Cork DMW, Darby S, Ryan-Munden CA, Nakjang S, Mendes Côrtes L, Treumann A, Gaughan L, Robson CN. Identification of a novel K311 ubiquitination site critical for androgen receptor transcriptional activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:1793-1804. [PMID: 27903893 PMCID: PMC5389688 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is the main driver of prostate cancer (PC) development and progression, and the primary therapeutic target in PC. To date, two functional ubiquitination sites have been identified on AR, both located in its C-terminal ligand binding domain (LBD). Recent reports highlight the emergence of AR splice variants lacking the LBD that can arise during disease progression and contribute to castrate resistance. Here, we report a novel N-terminal ubiquitination site at lysine 311. Ubiquitination of this site plays a role in AR stability and is critical for its transcriptional activity. Inactivation of this site causes AR to accumulate on chromatin and inactivates its transcriptional function as a consequence of inability to bind to p300. Additionally, mutation at lysine 311 affects cellular transcriptome altering the expression of genes involved in chromatin organization, signaling, adhesion, motility, development and metabolism. Even though this site is present in clinically relevant AR-variants it can only be ubiquitinated in cells when AR retains LBD suggesting a role for AR C-terminus in E2/E3 substrate recognition. We report that as a consequence AR variants lacking the LBD cannot be ubiquitinated in the cellular environment and their protein turnover must be regulated via an alternate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula L McClurg
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - David M W Cork
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Steven Darby
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Claudia A Ryan-Munden
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Sirintra Nakjang
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.,Bioinformatics Support Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Leticia Mendes Côrtes
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Achim Treumann
- Newcastle University Protein and Proteome Analysis, Devonshire Building, Devonshire Terrace, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Luke Gaughan
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Craig N Robson
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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11
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Morimoto D, Walinda E, Sugase K, Shirakawa M. Biological and Physicochemical Functions of Ubiquitylation Revealed by Synthetic Chemistry Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061145. [PMID: 28555012 PMCID: PMC5485969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most intracellular proteins are subjected to post-translational modification by ubiquitin. Accordingly, it is of fundamental importance to investigate the biological and physicochemical effects of ubiquitylation on substrate proteins. However, preparation of ubiquitylated proteins by an enzymatic synthesis bears limitations in terms of yield and site-specificity. Recently established chemical ubiquitylation methodologies can overcome these problems and provide a new understanding of ubiquitylation. Herein we describe the recent chemical ubiquitylation procedures with a focus on the effects of ubiquitylation on target proteins revealed by the synthetic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Erik Walinda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Kenji Sugase
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto-Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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12
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Kuhlmann NJ, Chien P. Selective adaptor dependent protein degradation in bacteria. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 36:118-127. [PMID: 28458096 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Energy dependent proteolysis is essential for all life, but uncontrolled degradation leads to devastating consequences. In bacteria, oligomeric AAA+ proteases are responsible for controlling protein destruction and are regulated in part by adaptor proteins. Adaptors are regulatory factors that shape protease substrate choice by either restricting or enhancing substrate recognition in several ways. In some cases, protease activity or assembly itself requires adaptor binding. Adaptors can also alter specificity by acting as scaffolds to tether particular substrates to already active proteases. Finally, hierarchical assembly of adaptors can use combinations of several activities to enhance the protease's selectivity. Because the lifetime of the constituent proteins directly affects the duration of a particular signaling pathway, regulated proteolysis impacts almost all cellular responses. In this review, we describe recent progress in regulated protein degradation, focusing on fundamental principles of adaptors and how they perform critical biological functions, such as promoting cell cycle progression and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Kuhlmann
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Peter Chien
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States.
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13
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Montemayor EJ, Didychuk AL, Liao H, Hu P, Brow DA, Butcher SE. Structure and conformational plasticity of the U6 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein core. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2017; 73:1-8. [PMID: 28045380 PMCID: PMC5331471 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798316018222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) is a key component of the active site of the spliceosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex that catalyzes the splicing of precursor messenger RNA. Prior to its incorporation into the spliceosome, U6 is bound by the protein Prp24, which facilitates unwinding of the U6 internal stem-loop (ISL) so that it can pair with U4 snRNA. A previously reported crystal structure of the `core' of the U6 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) contained an ISL-stabilized A62G mutant of U6 bound to all four RNA-recognition motif (RRM) domains of Prp24 [Montemayor et al. (2014), Nature Struct. Mol. Biol. 21, 544-551]. The structure revealed a novel topology containing interlocked rings of protein and RNA that was not predicted by prior biochemical and genetic data. Here, the crystal structure of the U6 snRNP core with a wild-type ISL is reported. This complex crystallized in a new space group, apparently owing in part to the presence of an intramolecular cross-link in RRM1 that was not observed in the previously reported U6-A62G structure. The structure exhibits the same protein-RNA interface and maintains the unique interlocked topology. However, the orientation of the wild-type ISL is altered relative to the A62G mutant structure, suggesting inherent structural dynamics that may facilitate its pairing with U4. Consistent with their similar architectures in the crystalline state, the wild-type and A62G variants of U6 exhibit similar Prp24-binding affinities and electrophoretic mobilities when analyzed by gel-shift assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Montemayor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Allison L. Didychuk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Honghong Liao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Panzhou Hu
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - David A. Brow
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Samuel E. Butcher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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14
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Singh SK, Sahu I, Mali SM, Hemantha HP, Kleifeld O, Glickman MH, Brik A. Synthetic Uncleavable Ubiquitinated Proteins Dissect Proteasome Deubiquitination and Degradation, and Highlight Distinctive Fate of Tetraubiquitin. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16004-16015. [PMID: 27960333 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Various hypotheses have been proposed regarding how chain length, linkage type, position on substrate, and susceptibility to deubiquitinases (DUBs) affect processing of different substrates by proteasome. Here we report a new strategy for the chemical synthesis of ubiquitinated proteins to generate a set of well-defined conjugates bearing an oxime bond between the chain and the substrate. We confirmed that this isopeptide replacement is resistant to DUBs and to shaving by proteasome. Analyzing products generated by proteasomes ranked how chain length governed degradation outcome. Our results support that (1) the cleavage of the proximal isopeptide bond is not a prerequisite for proteasomal degradation, (2) by overcoming trimming at the proteasome, tetraUb is a fundamentally different signal than shorter chains, and (3) the tetra-ubiquitin chain can be degraded with the substrate. Together these results highlight the usefulness of chemistry to dissect the contribution of proteasome-associated DUBs and the complexity of the degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet K Singh
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , 3200008 Haifa, Israel
| | - Indrajit Sahu
- Department of Biology Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , 3200008 Haifa, Israel
| | - Sachitanand M Mali
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , 3200008 Haifa, Israel
| | - Hosahalli P Hemantha
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , 3200008 Haifa, Israel
| | - Oded Kleifeld
- Department of Biology Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , 3200008 Haifa, Israel
| | - Michael H Glickman
- Department of Biology Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , 3200008 Haifa, Israel
| | - Ashraf Brik
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , 3200008 Haifa, Israel
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15
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Hong R, Roberts E, Bieniarz C. In Situ Detection of Protein Complexes and Modifications by Chemical Ligation Proximity Assay. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1690-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hong
- Technology and Applied Research, Ventana Medical Systems, Inc., Tucson, Arizona 85755, United States
| | - Esteban Roberts
- Technology and Applied Research, Ventana Medical Systems, Inc., Tucson, Arizona 85755, United States
| | - Christopher Bieniarz
- Technology and Applied Research, Ventana Medical Systems, Inc., Tucson, Arizona 85755, United States
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16
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Yang K, Li G, Gong P, Gui W, Yuan L, Zhuang Z. Chemical Protein Ubiquitylation with Preservation of the Native Cysteine Residues. Chembiochem 2016; 17:995-8. [PMID: 27113245 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report a cysteine-based ligation strategy for generating a monoubiquitylated protein while preserving the native cysteine residues on the acceptor protein. In monoubiquitylation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) this method circumvents the need to mutate the native cysteine residues on PCNA. The chemically ubiquitylated PCNA contains a noncleavable linkage of the same length as the native isopeptide linkage. It also retains the normal function of the native Ub-PCNA in stimulating the ATPase activity of replication factor C (RFC) and lesion bypass synthesis by Polη. This method may be adapted for chemical ubiquitylation of other proteins and for site-specific modification of a target protein at a specific site through sulfhydryl chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 214A Drake Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Guorui Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 214A Drake Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Ping Gong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 214A Drake Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Weijun Gui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 214A Drake Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Libo Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 214A Drake Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Zhihao Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 214A Drake Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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17
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Alfano C, Faggiano S, Pastore A. The Ball and Chain of Polyubiquitin Structures. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 41:371-385. [PMID: 26899455 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitylation is a post-translational modification implicated in several different cellular pathways. The possibility of forming chains through covalent crosslinking between any of the seven lysines, or the initial methionine, and the C terminus of another moiety provides ubiquitin (Ub) with special flexibility in its function in signalling. Here, we review the knowledge accumulated over the past several years about the functions and structural features of polyUb chains. This analysis reveals the need to understand further the functional role of some of the linkages and the structural code that determines recognition of polyUbs by protein partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Alfano
- Department of Clinical and Basic Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Annalisa Pastore
- Department of Clinical and Basic Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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18
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Pham GH, Rana ASJB, Korkmaz EN, Trang VH, Cui Q, Strieter ER. Comparison of native and non-native ubiquitin oligomers reveals analogous structures and reactivities. Protein Sci 2016; 25:456-71. [PMID: 26506216 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin (Ub) chains regulate a wide range of biological processes, and Ub chain connectivity is a critical determinant of the many regulatory roles that this post-translational modification plays in cells. To understand how distinct Ub chains orchestrate different biochemical events, we and other investigators have developed enzymatic and non-enzymatic methods to synthesize Ub chains of well-defined length and connectivity. A number of chemical approaches have been used to generate Ub oligomers connected by non-native linkages; however, few studies have examined the extent to which non-native linkages recapitulate the structural and functional properties associated with native isopeptide bonds. Here, we compare the structure and function of Ub dimers bearing native and non-native linkages. Using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis, we show that scattering profiles for the two types of dimers are similar. Moreover, using an experimental structural library and atomistic simulations to fit the experimental SAXS profiles, we find that the two types of Ub dimers can be matched to analogous structures. An important application of non-native Ub oligomers is to probe the activity and selectivity of deubiquitinases. Through steady-state kinetic analyses, we demonstrate that different families of deubiquitinases hydrolyze native and non-native isopeptide linkages with comparable efficiency and selectivity. Considering the significant challenges associated with building topologically diverse native Ub chains, our results illustrate that chains harboring non-native linkages can serve as surrogate substrates for explorations of Ub function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace H Pham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Ambar S J B Rana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - E Nihal Korkmaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Vivian H Trang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Qiang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Eric R Strieter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
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19
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Hemantha HP, Bondalapati S, Singh SK, Brik A. Chemical Synthesis of Ubiquitin Chains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 7:229-248. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470559277.ch150099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hosahalli P. Hemantha
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa Israel
| | | | - Sumeet K. Singh
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa Israel
| | - Ashraf Brik
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa Israel
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20
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Faggiano S, Alfano C, Pastore A. The missing links to link ubiquitin: Methods for the enzymatic production of polyubiquitin chains. Anal Biochem 2015; 492:82-90. [PMID: 26470940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) as monoUb and polyUb chains of different lengths and linkages to proteins plays a dominant role in very different regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, the study of polyUb chains has assumed a central interest in biochemistry and structural biology. An essential step necessary to allow in vitro biochemical and structural studies of polyUbs is the production of their chains in high quantities and purity. This is not always an easy task and can be achieved both enzymatically and chemically. Previous reviews have covered chemical cross-linking exhaustively. In this review, we concentrate on the different approaches developed so far for the enzymatic production of different Ub chains. These strategies permit a certain flexibility in the production of chains with various linkages and lengths. We critically describe the available methods and comment on advantages and limitations. It is clear that the field is mature to study most of the possible links, but some more work needs to be done to complete the picture and to exploit the current methodologies for understanding in full the Ub code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Faggiano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Caterina Alfano
- Maurice Wohl Institute, King's College London, 5 Cutcombe Rd, London SE5 9RX, United Kingdom
| | - Annalisa Pastore
- Maurice Wohl Institute, King's College London, 5 Cutcombe Rd, London SE5 9RX, United Kingdom.
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21
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Landré V, Rotblat B, Melino S, Bernassola F, Melino G. Screening for E3-ubiquitin ligase inhibitors: challenges and opportunities. Oncotarget 2015; 5:7988-8013. [PMID: 25237759 PMCID: PMC4226663 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) plays a role in the regulation of most cellular pathways, and its deregulation has been implicated in a wide range of human pathologies that include cancer, neurodegenerative and immunological disorders and viral infections. Targeting the UPS by small molecular regulators thus provides an opportunity for the development of therapeutics for the treatment of several diseases. The proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib was approved for treatment of hematologic malignancies by the FDA in 2003, becoming the first drug targeting the ubiquitin proteasome system in the clinic. Development of drugs targeting specific components of the ubiquitin proteasome system, however, has lagged behind, mainly due to the complexity of the ubiquitination reaction and its outcomes. However, significant advances have been made in recent years in understanding the molecular nature of the ubiquitination system and the vast variety of cellular signals that it produces. Additionally, improvement of screening methods, both in vitro and in silico, have led to the discovery of a number of compounds targeting components of the ubiquitin proteasome system, and some of these have now entered clinical trials. Here, we discuss the current state of drug discovery targeting E3 ligases and the opportunities and challenges that it provides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Landré
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK
| | - Barak Rotblat
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK
| | - Sonia Melino
- Biochemistry Laboratory, IDI-IRCCS, c/o Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Biochemistry Laboratory, IDI-IRCCS, c/o Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK. Biochemistry Laboratory, IDI-IRCCS, c/o Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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22
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Bondalapati S, Mansour W, Nakasone MA, Maity SK, Glickman MH, Brik A. Chemical synthesis of phosphorylated ubiquitin and diubiquitin exposes positional sensitivities of e1-e2 enzymes and deubiquitinases. Chemistry 2015; 21:7360-4. [PMID: 25829361 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Modification of ubiquitin by phosphorylation extends the signaling possibilities of this dynamic signal, as it could affect the activity of ligases and the processing of ubiquitin chains by deubiquitinases. The first chemical synthesis of phosphorylated ubiquitin and of Lys63-linked diubiquitin at the proximal, distal or both ubiquitins is reported. This enabled the examination of how such a modification alters E1-E2 activities of the ubiquitination machinery. It is found that E1 charging was not affected, while the assembly of phosphorylated ubiquitin chains was differentially inhibited with E2 enzymes tested. Moreover, this study shows that phosphorylation interferes with the recognition of linkage specific antibodies and the activities of several deubiquitinases. Notably, phosphorylation in the proximal or distal ubiquitin unit has differential effects on specific deubiquitinases. These results support a unique role of phosphorylation in the dynamics of the ubiquitin signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somasekhar Bondalapati
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653 Beer-Sheva 8410501 (Israel); Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3200008 Haifa (Israel)
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23
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Priestman MA, Wang Q, Jernigan FE, Chowdhury R, Schmidt M, Lawrence DS. Multicolor monitoring of the proteasome's catalytic signature. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:433-40. [PMID: 25347733 PMCID: PMC4340355 DOI: 10.1021/cb5007322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The proteasome, a validated anticancer
target, participates in
an array of biochemical activities, which range from the proteolysis
of defective proteins to antigen presentation. We report the preparation
of biochemically and photophysically distinct green, red, and far-red
real-time sensors designed to simultaneously monitor the proteasome’s
chymotrypsin-, trypsin-, and caspase-like activities, respectively.
These sensors were employed to assess the effect of simultaneous multiple
active site catalysis on the kinetic properties of the individual
subunits. Furthermore, we have found that the catalytic signature
of the proteasome varies depending on the source, cell type, and disease
state. Trypsin-like activity is more pronounced in yeast than in mammals,
whereas chymotrypsin-like activity is the only activity detectable
in B-cells (unlike other mammalian cells). Furthermore, chymotrypsin-like
activity is more prominent in transformed B cells relative to their
counterparts from healthy donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Priestman
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry,
and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Qunzhao Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry,
and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Finith E. Jernigan
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry,
and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ruma Chowdhury
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Marion Schmidt
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - David S. Lawrence
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry,
and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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24
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Ohayon S, Refua M, Brik A. Rapid optimization of labeled ubiquitinated peptides for monitoring deubiquitinases activities. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:8182-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01142f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new synthetic approach is reported which enables the rapid synthesis of labeled-ubiquitinated peptides to facilitate optimization of deubiquitinases substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimrit Ohayon
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa
- Israel
| | - Maya Refua
- Department of Chemistry
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
- Beer-Sheva
- Israel
| | - Ashraf Brik
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa
- Israel
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25
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Ohayon S, Refua M, Hendler A, Aharoni A, Brik A. Harnessing the Oxidation Susceptibility of Deubiquitinases for Inhibition with Small Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Ohayon S, Refua M, Hendler A, Aharoni A, Brik A. Harnessing the oxidation susceptibility of deubiquitinases for inhibition with small molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:599-603. [PMID: 25327786 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Deubiquitinases (DUBs) counteract ubiquitination by removing or trimming ubiquitin chains to alter the signal. Their diverse role in biological processes and involvement in diseases have recently attracted great interest with regard to their mechanism and inhibition. It has been shown that some DUBs are regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in which the catalytic Cys residue undergoes reversible oxidation, hence modulating DUBs activity under oxidative stress. Reported herein for the first time, the observation that small molecules, which are capable of generating ROS efficiently, inhibit DUBs by selective and nonreversible oxidation of the catalytic Cys residue. Interestingly, the small molecule beta-lapachone, which is currently in clinical trials for cancer, is among the potent inhibitors, thus suggesting possible new cellular targets for its therapeutic effects. Our study describes a novel mechanism of DUBs inhibition and opens new opportunities in exploiting them for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimrit Ohayon
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501 (Israel)
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27
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The challenge of producing ubiquitinated proteins for structural studies. Cells 2014; 3:639-56. [PMID: 24926903 PMCID: PMC4092866 DOI: 10.3390/cells3020639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is an important post-translational modification involved in several essential signalling pathways. It has different effects on the target protein substrate, i.e., it can trigger the degradation of the protein in the proteasome, change the interactions of the modified protein with its partners, or affect its localization and activity. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the consequences of protein ubiquitination, scientists have to face the challenging task of producing ubiquitinated proteins for structural characterization with X-ray crystallography and/or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. These techniques require milligrams of homogeneous samples of high purity. The strategies proposed so far for the production of ubiquitinated proteins can be divided into two groups, i.e., chemical (or non-enzymatic) and enzymatic methodologies. In this review, we summarize the still very sparse examples available in the literature that describe successful production of ubiquitinated proteins amenable for biochemical and structural studies, and discuss advantages and disadvantages of the techniques proposed. We also give a perspective of the direction in which the field might evolve.
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28
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Del Pozo JC, Manzano C. Auxin and the ubiquitin pathway. Two players-one target: the cell cycle in action. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2617-2632. [PMID: 24215077 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms that have to adapt their growth to the surrounding environment. Concomitant with this adaptation capability, they have adopted a post-embryonic development characterized by continuous growth and differentiation abilities. Constant growth is based on the potential of stem cells to divide almost incessantly and on a precise balance between cell division and cell differentiation. This balance is influenced by environmental conditions and by the genetic information of the cell. Among the internal cues, the cross-talk between different hormonal signalling pathways is essential to control this division/differentiation equilibrium. Auxin, one of the most important plant hormones, regulates cell division and differentiation, among many other processes. Amazing advances in auxin signal transduction at the molecular level have been reported, but how this signalling is connected to the cell cycle is, so far, not well known. Auxin signalling involves the auxin-dependent degradation of transcription repressors by F-box-containing E3 ligases of ubiquitin. Recently, SKP2A, another F-box protein, was shown to bind auxin and to target cell-cycle repressors for proteolysis, representing a novel mechanism that links auxin to cell division. In this review, a general vision of what is already known and the most recent advances on how auxin signalling connects to cell division and the role of the ubiquitin pathway in plant cell cycle will be covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Del Pozo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM. Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria. Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Manzano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM. Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria. Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
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29
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Küberl A, Fränzel B, Eggeling L, Polen T, Wolters DA, Bott M. Pupylated proteins in Corynebacterium glutamicum revealed by MudPIT analysis. Proteomics 2014; 14:1531-42. [PMID: 24737727 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In a manner similar to ubiquitin, the prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup) has been shown to target proteins for degradation via the proteasome in mycobacteria. However, not all actinobacteria possessing the Pup protein also contain a proteasome. In this study, we set out to study pupylation in the proteasome-lacking non-pathogenic model organism Corynebacterium glutamicum. A defined pup deletion mutant of C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 grew aerobically as the parent strain in standard glucose minimal medium, indicating that pupylation is dispensable under these conditions. After expression of a Pup derivative carrying an aminoterminal polyhistidine tag in the Δpup mutant and Ni(2+)-chelate affinity chromatography, pupylated proteins were isolated. Multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT) and MALDI-TOF-MS/MS of the elution fraction unraveled 55 proteins being pupylated in C. glutamicum and 66 pupylation sites. Similar to mycobacteria, the majority of pupylated proteins are involved in metabolism or translation. Our results define the first pupylome of an actinobacterial species lacking a proteasome, confirming that other fates besides proteasomal degradation are possible for pupylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Küberl
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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30
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Weller CE, Pilkerton ME, Chatterjee C. Chemical strategies to understand the language of ubiquitin signaling. Biopolymers 2014; 101:144-55. [PMID: 23576160 PMCID: PMC5770187 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin (Ub) is a small 76 amino acid long protein that is highly conserved in all eukaryotes studied to date. In humans, more than 600 ligases are involved in the reversible modification of specific lysine side-chain amines in substrate proteins by conjugation with the C-terminal carboxylate of Ub. Initially monoubiquitylated proteins can undergo repetitive ubiquitylation starting from one of seven lysine residues or the α-amine in the first Ub to generate a variety of polyUb chains with different topologies and functions. The most well known role for protein ubiquitylation is in targeting substrates for proteolytic destruction by 26S proteasomes. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that both mono- and polyubiquitylation play proteasome-independent roles in modulating the structure, function, and localization of protein substrates. Understanding the complexity of Ub-mediated functions in our cells is a major challenge for modern biology. In addition to well-established in vivo genetic methods, biochemical and biophysical investigations of ubiquitylated proteins in vitro can shed light on the direct mechanistic roles for Ub in different contexts. Such studies have traditionally been limited by the ability to obtain sufficient quantities of homogenously ubiquitylated proteins with precisely defined linkages. This review focuses on recent advances in both synthetic and recombinant protein-based methods that have yielded access to homogenously site-specifically ubiquitylated proteins. Mechanistic studies of the roles for protein ubiquitylation and of the enzymes involved in protein deubiquitylation that are enabled by these chemical tools are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
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31
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Hemantha HP, Bavikar SN, Herman-Bachinsky Y, Haj-Yahya N, Bondalapati S, Ciechanover A, Brik A. Nonenzymatic polyubiquitination of expressed proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2665-73. [PMID: 24437386 DOI: 10.1021/ja412594d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is one of the most ubiquitous posttranslational modifications in eukaryotes and is involved in various cellular events such as proteasomal degradation and DNA repair. The overwhelming majority of studies aiming to understand ubiquitination and deubiquitination have employed unanchored ubiquitin chains and mono-ubiquitinated proteins. To shed light on these processes at the molecular level, it is crucial to have facile access to ubiquitin chains linked to protein substrates. Such conjugates are highly difficult to prepare homogenously and in workable quantities using the enzymatic machinery. To address this formidable challenge we developed new chemical approaches to covalently attach ubiquitin chains to a protein substrate through its Cys residue. A key aspect of this approach is the installation of acyl hydrazide functionality at the C-terminus of the proximal Ub, which allows, after ubiquitin chain assembly, the introduction of various reactive electrophiles for protein conjugation. Employing α-globin as a model substrate, we demonstrate the facile conjugation to K48-linked ubiquitin chains, bearing up to four ubiquitins, through disulfide and thioether linkages. These bioconjugates were examined for their behavior with the USP2 enzyme, which was found to cleave the ubiquitin chain in a similar manner to unanchored ones. Furthermore, proteasomal degradation study showed that di-ubiquitinated α-globin is rapidly degraded in contrast to the mono-ubiquitinated counterpart, highlighting the importance of the chain lengths on proteasomal degradation. The present work opens unprecedented opportunities in studying the ubiquitin signal by enabling access to site-specifically polyubiquitinated proteins with an increased size and complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosahalli P Hemantha
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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32
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Bouvier B. Decoding the patterns of ubiquitin recognition by ubiquitin-associated domains from free energy simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:48-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52436a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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33
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Palomo JM. Solid-phase peptide synthesis: an overview focused on the preparation of biologically relevant peptides. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02458c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tailor-made design preparation of complex peptide sequence including posttranslational modifications, fluorescent labels, unnatural amino acids are of exceptional value for biological studies of several important diseases. The possibility to obtain these molecules in sufficient amounts in relative short time is thanks to the solid-phase approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. Palomo
- Departamento of Biocatalisis
- Instituto de Catalisis (CSIC)
- Madrid, Spain
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34
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van Treel ND, Mootz HD. SUMOylated RanGAP1 prepared by click chemistry. J Pept Sci 2013; 20:121-7. [PMID: 24338848 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins such as SUMO represent important and abundant post-translational modifications involved in many cellular processes. These modifiers are reversibly attached via an isopeptide bond to lysine side chains of their target proteins by the action of specific E1, E2, and E3 enzymes. A significant challenge in studying ubiquitylation and SUMOylation is the frequently encountered inability to access desired conjugates at a defined position of the target protein and in homogenous form by using enzymatic preparation. In recent years, several chemical conjugation approaches have been developed to overcome this limitation. In this study, we aimed to selectively SUMOylate a 189-amino acid fragment of human RanGAP1 (amino acids 398-587) at the position of Lys524 by applying two recently reported approaches based on the Cu(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition. Because of low yields observed for the incorporation of an unnatural amino acid with an azide moiety by the tRNA suppression technology, this route was abandoned. However, installing a single cysteine at position 524 and its selective alkylation was successful to introduce the azide group. The triazole-linked SUMO1**RanGAP1 conjugate could be obtained in good yields, purified, and was shown to specifically interact with RanBP2/Ubc9. Thus, we expand the scope of proteins accessible to chemical conjugation with ubiquitin-like proteins and underline the importance of having alternative approaches to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine D van Treel
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Henning D Mootz
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
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35
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Shannon DA, Weerapana E. Orphan PTMs: Rare, yet functionally important modifications of cysteine. Biopolymers 2013; 101:156-64. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Alexander Shannon
- Department of Chemistry; Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College; Chestnut Hill MA 02467
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry; Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College; Chestnut Hill MA 02467
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36
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Liao B, Zhong X, Xu H, Xiao F, Fang Z, Gu J, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Jin Y. Itch, an E3 ligase of Oct4, is required for embryonic stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency induction. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1443-51. [PMID: 23255053 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Itch, a C2-WW-HECT domain ubiquitin E3 ligase, plays an important role in various biological processes. However, its role in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) remains unknown. Here, we report that Itch interacts with and targets pluripotency-associated transcription factor Oct4 for ubiquitination. Moreover, Itch enhances Oct4 transcriptional activities and controls Oct4 protein stability dependent on its catalytic activity. Importantly, silencing Itch expression compromises ESC self-renewal capacity and somatic cell reprogramming efficiency. Taken together, our study identifies Itch as a regulator of Oct4 stability and transcriptional activity, establishing a functional link between an E3 ligase and the regulation of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liao
- Shanghai Stem Cell Institute, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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37
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Ray P, Sullenger BA, White RR. Further characterization of the target of a potential aptamer biomarker for pancreatic cancer: cyclophilin B and its posttranslational modifications. Nucleic Acid Ther 2013; 23:435-42. [PMID: 24152208 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2013.0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications on proteins can serve as useful biomarkers for disease. However, their discovery and detection in biological fluids is challenging. Aptamers are oligonucleotide ligands that demonstrate high affinity toward their target proteins and can discriminate closely related proteins with superb specificity. Previously, we generated a cyclophilin B aptamer (M9-5) that could discriminate sera from pancreatic cancer patients and healthy volunteers with high specificity and sensitivity. In our present work we further characterize the aptamer and the target protein, cyclophilin B, and demonstrate that the aptamer could discriminate between cyclophilin B expressed in human cells versus bacteria. Using mass-spectrometric analysis, we discovered post-translational modifications on cyclophilin B that might be responsible for the M9-5 selectivity. The ability to distinguish between forms of the same protein with differing post-translational modifications is an important advantage of aptamers as tools for identification and detection of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Ray
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina
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38
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Synthetic polyubiquitinated α-Synuclein reveals important insights into the roles of the ubiquitin chain in regulating its pathophysiology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:17726-31. [PMID: 24043770 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1315654110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination regulates, via different modes of modifications, a variety of biological processes, and aberrations in the process have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. However, our ability to dissect the pathophysiological relevance of the ubiquitination code has been hampered due to the lack of methods that allow site-specific introduction of ubiquitin (Ub) chains to a specific substrate. Here, we describe chemical and semisynthetic strategies for site-specific incorporation of K48-linked di- or tetra-Ub chains onto the side chain of Lys12 of α-Synuclein (α-Syn). These advances provided unique opportunities to elucidate the role of ubiquitination and Ub chain length in regulating α-Syn stability, aggregation, phosphorylation, and clearance. In addition, we investigated the cross-talk between phosphorylation and ubiquitination, the two most common α-Syn pathological modifications identified within Lewy bodies and Parkinson disease. Our results suggest that α-Syn functions under complex regulatory mechanisms involving cross-talk among different posttranslational modifications.
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39
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Haj-Yahya N, Haj-Yahya M, Castañeda CA, Spasser L, Hemantha HP, Jbara M, Penner M, Ciechanover A, Fushman D, Brik A. Modifying the Vicinity of the Isopeptide Bond To Reveal Differential Behavior of Ubiquitin Chains with Interacting Proteins: Organic Chemistry Applied to Synthetic Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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40
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Haj-Yahya N, Haj-Yahya M, Castañeda CA, Spasser L, Hemantha HP, Jbara M, Penner M, Ciechanover A, Fushman D, Brik A. Modifying the vicinity of the isopeptide bond to reveal differential behavior of ubiquitin chains with interacting proteins: organic chemistry applied to synthetic proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:11149-53. [PMID: 24006204 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In every direction: Chemical protein synthesis allows the construction of 14 di-ubiquitin analogues modified in the vicinity of the isopeptide bond to examine their behavior with deubiquitinases and ubiquitin binding domains. The results set the ground for the generation of unique probes for studying the interactions of these chains with various ubiquitin-interacting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najat Haj-Yahya
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105 (Israel) http://www.bgu.ac.il/∼abrik
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41
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Dixon EK, Castañeda CA, Kashyap T, Wang Y, Fushman D. Nonenzymatic assembly of branched polyubiquitin chains for structural and biochemical studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3421-9. [PMID: 23557636 PMCID: PMC3665622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric chains of a small protein ubiquitin are involved in regulation of nearly all vital processes in eukaryotic cells. Elucidating the signaling properties of polyubiquitin requires the ability to make these chains in vitro. In recent years, chemical and chemical-biology tools have been developed that produce fully natural isopeptide-linked polyUb chains with no need for linkage-specific ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. These methods produced unbranched chains (in which no more than one lysine per ubiquitin is conjugated to another ubiquitin). Here we report a nonenzymatic method for the assembly of fully natural isopeptide-linked branched polyubiquitin chains. This method is based on the use of mutually orthogonal removable protecting groups (e.g., Boc- and Alloc-) on lysines combined with an Ag-catalyzed condensation reaction between a C-terminal thioester on one ubiquitin and a specific ε-amine on another ubiquitin, and involves genetic incorporation of more than one Lys(Boc) at the desired linkage positions in the ubiquitin sequence. We demonstrate our method by making a fully natural branched tri-ubiquitin containing isopeptide linkages via Lys11 and Lys33, and a (15)N-enriched proximal ubiquitin, which enabled monomer-specific structural and dynamical studies by NMR. Furthermore, we assayed disassembly of branched and unbranched tri-ubiquitins as well as control di-ubiquitins by the yeast proteasome-associated deubiquitinase Ubp6. Our results show that Ubp6 can recognize and disassemble a branched polyubiquitin, wherein cleavage preferences for individual linkages are retained. Our spectroscopic and functional data suggest that, at least for the chains studied here, the isopeptide linkages are effectively independent of each other. Together with our method for nonenzymatic assembly of unbranched polyubiquitin, these developments now provide tools for making fully natural polyubiquitin chains of essentially any type of linkage and length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Carlos A. Castañeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Tanuja Kashyap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - David Fushman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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42
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Liu H, Stone SL. Cytoplasmic degradation of the Arabidopsis transcription factor abscisic acid insensitive 5 is mediated by the RING-type E3 ligase KEEP ON GOING. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:20267-79. [PMID: 23720747 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.465369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the effects of environmental stress the abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive transcription factor ABI5 is required to delay growth of germinated seedlings. In the absence of stress, KEEP ON GOING (KEG) E3 is required to maintain low levels of ABI5. However, the mechanism underlying KEG-dependent turnover of ABI5 is not known. In addition, localization studies place KEG at the trans-Golgi network, whereas ABI5 is nuclear. Here we show that KEG interacts directly with ABI5 via its conserved C3 region. Interactions between KEG and ABI5 were observed in the cytoplasm and trans-Golgi network only when the RING domain of KEG was inactivated or when ABI5 was stabilized via mutations. Deletion of the C-terminal region of ABI5 or substituting lysine 344 for alanine (K344A) prohibited protein turnover. Furthermore, ABI5 is observed in the cytoplasm of Arabidopsis thaliana root cells when the K344A mutation is combined with the deletion of a nuclear localization signal. Other lysine mutations (K353A, K364A, and K376A) in conjunction with the nuclear localization signal deletion did not result in cytoplasmic accumulation of ABI5. Loss of lysine 344 did not affect the ability of ABI5 to promote ABA responses, which demonstrates that the mutant transcription factor is still functional. Based on the results, a model is suggested where KEG targets ABI5 for degradation in the cytoplasm, thus reducing nuclear accumulation of the transcription factor in the absence of ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Liu
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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43
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Improving bioorthogonal protein ubiquitylation by click reaction. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3430-5. [PMID: 23611767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modification of proteins with ubiquitin (ubiquitylation) regulates numerous cellular processes. Besides functioning as a signal for proteasomal degradation, ubiquitylation has also non-proteolytic functions by altering the biochemical properties of the modified protein. To investigate the effect(s) of ubiquitylation on the properties of a protein, sufficient amounts of homogenously and well-defined ubiquitylated proteins are required. Here, we report on the elaboration of a method for the generation of high amounts of site-specifically mono-ubiquitylated proteins. Firstly, a one-step affinity purification scheme was developed for ubiquitin containing the unnatural amino acid azidohomoalanine at the C-terminal position. This ubiquitin was conjugated in a click reaction to recombinant DNA polymerase β, equipped with an alkyne function at a distinct position. Secondly, addition of defined amounts of SDS to the reaction significantly improved product formation. With these two technical improvements, we have developed a straight forward procedure for the efficient generation of site-specifically ubiquitylated proteins that can be used to study the effect(s) of ubiquitylation on the activities/properties of a protein.
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44
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Simon DN, Wilson KL. Partners and post-translational modifications of nuclear lamins. Chromosoma 2013; 122:13-31. [PMID: 23475188 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-013-0399-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear intermediate filament networks formed by A- and B-type lamins are major components of the nucleoskeleton that are required for nuclear structure and function, with many links to human physiology. Mutations in lamins cause diverse human diseases ('laminopathies'). At least 54 partners interact with human A-type lamins directly or indirectly. The less studied human lamins B1 and B2 have 23 and seven reported partners, respectively. These interactions are likely to be regulated at least in part by lamin post-translational modifications. This review summarizes the binding partners and post-translational modifications of human lamins and discusses their known or potential implications for lamin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan N Simon
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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45
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Hemantha HP, Brik A. Non-enzymatic synthesis of ubiquitin chains: where chemistry makes a difference. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3411-20. [PMID: 23465437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a highly important posttranslational modification in eukaryotic cells where a target protein is conjugated to ubiquitin or a chain of ubiquitins via an isopeptide bond to trigger various cellular events such as proteasomal degradation. Rigorous investigations of the ubiquitin signal at the molecular level require homogeneous samples of ubiquitin chains in their free form or as anchored to a protein substrate in adequate quantities. The complexity of ubiquitin chains in terms of linkage types (owing to presence of seven Lys in ubiquitin) makes them difficult to prepare via enzymatic methods. Even more challenging is the attachment of these chains to a protein target at a selected site. This dearth is being filled by the recent developments of novel chemical tools that offer atomic level control over the synthesis for structural and functional studies. These emerging chemical approaches are discussed in this mini-review with focus on the preparation of ubiquitin chains to aid the ongoing efforts in understanding their role in the ubiquitin signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosahalli P Hemantha
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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46
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Mauldin JP, Lu M, Das S, Park D, Ernst PB, Ravichandran KS. A link between the cytoplasmic engulfment protein Elmo1 and the Mediator complex subunit Med31. Curr Biol 2012; 23:162-7. [PMID: 23273896 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic Elmo1:Dock180 complex acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the small GTPase Rac and functions downstream of the phagocytic receptor BAI1 during apoptotic cell clearance, and in the entry of Salmonella and Shigella into cells. We discovered an unexpected binding between Elmo1 and the Mediator complex subunit Med31. The Mediator complex is a regulatory hub for nearly all gene transcription via RNA polymerase II, bridging the general transcription machinery with gene-specific regulatory proteins. Med31 is the smallest and the most evolutionarily conserved Mediator subunit, and knockout of Med31 results in embryonic lethality in mice; however, Med31 function in specific biological contexts is poorly understood. We observed that in primary macrophages, during Salmonella infection, Elmo1 and Med31 specifically affected expression of the cytokine genes Il10 and Il33 among the >25 genes monitored. Although endogenous Med31 is predominantly nuclear localized, Elmo1 increased the cytoplasmic localization of Med31. We identify ubiquitination as a novel posttranslational modification of Med31, with the cytoplasmic monoubiquitinated form of Med31 being enhanced by Elmo1. These data identify Elmo1 as a novel regulator of Med31, revealing a previously unrecognized link between cytoplasmic signaling proteins and the Mediator complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Mauldin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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47
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Trang VH, Valkevich EM, Minami S, Chen YC, Ge Y, Strieter ER. Nonenzymatic polymerization of ubiquitin: single-step synthesis and isolation of discrete ubiquitin oligomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:13085-8. [PMID: 23161800 PMCID: PMC4083817 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Linked: a method based on thiol-ene chemistry enables the synthesis and purification of ubiquitin oligomers with ≥4 units. This approach, which employs free-radical polymerization, can be applied towards the synthesis of homogeneous Lys6-linked ubiquitin oligomers currently inaccessible by enzymatic methods. By using these chains, one can study their roles in the ubiquitin proteasome system and the DNA damage response pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian H. Trang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave. Madison, Wi 53706
| | - Ellen M. Valkevich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave. Madison, Wi 53706
| | - Shoko Minami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave. Madison, Wi 53706
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave. Madison, WI 53706
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave. Madison, WI 53706
| | - Eric R. Strieter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave. Madison, Wi 53706
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48
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Trang VH, Valkevich EM, Minami S, Chen YC, Ge Y, Strieter ER. Nonenzymatic Polymerization of Ubiquitin: Single-Step Synthesis and Isolation of Discrete Ubiquitin Oligomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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49
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Haj-Yahya M, Eltarteer N, Ohayon S, Shema E, Kotler E, Oren M, Brik A. N-methylation of isopeptide bond as a strategy to resist deubiquitinases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11535-9. [PMID: 23065695 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Haj-Yahya
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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50
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Haj-Yahya M, Eltarteer N, Ohayon S, Shema E, Kotler E, Oren M, Brik A. N-Methylation of Isopeptide Bond as a Strategy to Resist Deubiquitinases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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