Potentiation of the Kv1 family K(+) channel by cortisone analogues

Adult-onset hypothyroidism causes mechanical hypersensitivity due to peripheral nerve hyperexcitability based on voltage-gated potassium channel downregulation in male mice

Thyroid hormones play an important role in the central and peripheral nervous system functions. Approximately 50% of adult-onset hypothyroid patients have sensory symptoms including pain, possibly caused by peripheral neuropathy. However, the mechanism causing the pain has not been clarified. We generated an adult-onset hypothyroid model animal by administering 50 ppm propylthiouracil (PTU) for 5 weeks to male mice. Female mice were not tested in this study. Mechanical hypersensitivity, determined by the von Frey hair test, was observed during the PTU exposure and recovered after the exposure termination. The sciatic nerve compound action potential was also analyzed. Under single-pulse stimulation, no significant change in the threshold and conduction velocity was observed in the PTU-administered group. On the other hand, under train-pulse stimulation, the latency delay in the Aδ-fiber component was less in the PTU-administered group in Week 4 of PTU exposure, indicating relative hyperexcitability. Fluticasone, which is the anti-inflammatory agent with an ability to activate the voltage-gated potassium channel subfamily A (Kv1), restored the decrease in the latency change ratio by PTU exposure under the train-pulse stimulation supporting our hypothesis that Kv1 may be involved in the conductivity change. Kv1.1 protein level decreased significantly in the sciatic nerve of the PTU-administered group. These results indicate that adult-onset hypothyroidism causes mechanical hypersensitivity owing to hyperexcitability of the peripheral nerve and that reduction of Kv1.1 level may be involved in such alteration.

Identification of relevant hub genes for early intervention at gene coexpression modules with altered predicted expression in schizophrenia

Genetic risk for schizophrenia is due to the joint effect of multiple genes acting mainly at two different processes, prenatal/perinatal neurodevelopment and adolescence/early adulthood synapse maturation. Identification of important genes at the second process is of relevance for early intervention. The aim of this work was to identify gene co-expression modules with altered expression in schizophrenia during adolescence/early adulthood. To this goal, we predicted frontal cortex gene expression in one discovery sample, the largest GWAS of schizophrenia from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, using S-prediXcan, and in one target sample, consisting of 625 schizophrenic patients and 819 controls from Spain, using prediXcan. Prediction models were trained on GTEx frontal cortex expression dataset. In parallel, we identified brain co-expression modules from BrainSpan using WGCNA. Then, we estimated polygenic risk scores based on predicted expression (PE-PRS) for each co-expression module in the target sample, based on PE-PRS model from the discovery sample. This analysis led to the identification of a module with mainly adolescence/adulthood expression whose PE-PRS was significantly associated with schizophrenia. The module was significantly enriched in synaptic processes. Several hub genes at this module are drugabble, according to the drug-gene interaction database, and/or involved in synaptic transmission, such as the voltage-gated ion channels SCN2B and KCNAB2, the calcium calmodulin kinases CAMK2A and CAMK1G, or genes involved in synaptic vesicle cycle, such as DNM1, or SYNGR1. Therefore, identification of this module may be the first step in patient stratification based on biology, as well as in drug design and drug repurposing efforts.

Discovery of a small molecule modulator of the Kv1.1/Kvβ1 channel complex that reduces neuronal excitability and in vitro epileptiform activity

AIMS

Kv1.1 (KCNA1) channels contribute to the control of neuronal excitability and have been associated with epilepsy. Kv1.1 channels can associate with the cytoplasmic Kvβ1 subunit resulting in rapid inactivating A-type currents. We hypothesized that removal of channel inactivation, by modulating Kv1.1/Kvβ1 interaction with a small molecule, would lead to decreased neuronal excitability and anticonvulsant activity.

METHODS

We applied high-throughput screening to identify ligands able to modulate the Kv1.1-T1 domain/Kvβ1 protein complex. We then selected a compound that was characterized on recombinant Kv1.1/Kvβ1 channels by electrophysiology and further evaluated on sustained neuronal firing and on in vitro epileptiform activity using a high K⁺ -low Ca²⁺ model in hippocampal slices.

RESULTS

We identified a novel compound able to modulate the interaction of the Kv1.1/Kvβ1 complex and that produced a functional inhibition of Kv1.1/Kvβ1 channel inactivation. We demonstrated that this compound reduced the sustained repetitive firing in hippocampal neurons and was able to abolish the development of in vitro epileptiform activity.

CONCLUSIONS

This study describes a rational drug discovery approach for the identification of novel ligands that inhibit Kv1.1 channel inactivation and provides pharmacological evidence that such a mechanism translates into physiological effects by reducing in vitro epileptiform activity.

Stapled Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel (CaV) α-Interaction Domain (AID) Peptides Act As Selective Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors of CaV Function

For many voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs), creation of a properly functioning ion channel requires the formation of specific protein–protein interactions between the transmembrane pore-forming subunits and cystoplasmic accessory subunits. Despite the importance of such protein–protein interactions in VGIC function and assembly, their potential as sites for VGIC modulator development has been largely overlooked. Here, we develop meta-xylyl (m-xylyl) stapled peptides that target a prototypic VGIC high affinity protein–protein interaction, the interaction between the voltage-gated calcium channel (Ca_V) pore-forming subunit α-interaction domain (AID) and cytoplasmic β-subunit (Ca_Vβ). We show using circular dichroism spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and isothermal titration calorimetry that the m-xylyl staples enhance AID helix formation are structurally compatible with native-like AID:Ca_Vβ interactions and reduce the entropic penalty associated with AID binding to Ca_Vβ. Importantly, electrophysiological studies reveal that stapled AID peptides act as effective inhibitors of the Ca_Vα₁:Ca_Vβ interaction that modulate Ca_V function in an Ca_Vβ isoform-selective manner. Together, our studies provide a proof-of-concept demonstration of the use of protein–protein interaction inhibitors to control VGIC function and point to strategies for improved AID-based Ca_V modulator design.

Corticosteroids and aldose reductase inhibitor Epalrestat modulates cardiac action potential via Kvβ1.1 (AKR6A8) subunit of voltage-gated potassium channel

We previously demonstrated the role of Kvβ1.1 subunit of voltage-activated potassium channel in heart for its sensory roles in detecting changes in NADH/NAD and modulation of ion channel. However, the pharmacological role for the association of Kvβ1 via its binding to ligands such as cortisone and its analogs remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated the significance of Kvβ1.1 binding to cortisone analogs and AR inhibitor epalrestat. In addition, the aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor epalrestat was identified as a pharmacological target and modulator of cardiac activity via binding to the Kvβ1 subunit. Using a combination of ex vivo cardiac electrophysiology and in silico binding, we identified that Kvβ1 subunit binds and interacts with epalrestat. To identify the specificity of the action potential changes, we studied the sensitivity of the action potential prolongation by probing the electrical changes in the presence of 4-aminopyridine and evaluated the specificity of pharmacological effects in the hearts from Kvβ1.1 knock out mouse. Our results show that pharmacological modulation of cardiac electrical activity by cortisone analogs and epalrestat is mediated by Kvβ1.1.

Blocking the mineralocorticoid receptor improves effectiveness of steroid treatment for low back pain in rats

BACKGROUND

Localized inflammation of lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) may contribute to low back pain. Local injections of corticosteroids used for low back pain are sometimes ineffective. Many corticosteroids activate not only the target glucocorticoid receptor (GR) but also the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), which may have proinflammatory effects countering the effects of GR activation.

METHODS

A low back pain model was implemented in rats (n = 6 to 10 per group) by locally inflaming the L5 DRG. Sensory neuron excitability and mechanical hypersensitivity of the hind paws were measured. Tested steroids were applied locally to the inflamed DRG or orally.

RESULTS

The selective MR blocker eplerenone reduced pain behaviors when given orally starting at the time of surgery, or starting 7 days later. The highly GR-selective agonist fluticasone, applied locally to the inflamed DRG, was much more effective in reducing mechanical hypersensitivity. The MR/GR agonist 6-α methylprednisolone, commonly injected for low back pain, reduced mechanical hypersensitivity when applied locally to the DRG but was less effective than fluticasone. Its effectiveness was improved by combining it with local eplerenone. All tested steroids reduced hyperexcitability of myelinated sensory neurons (n = 71 to 220 cells per group) after inflammation, particularly abnormal spontaneous activity.

CONCLUSIONS

This preclinical study indicates the MR may play an important role in low back pain involving inflammation. Some MR effects may occur at the level of the sensory neuron. It may be useful to consider the action of clinically used steroids at the MR as well as at the GR.