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Cabral G, Moss WJ, Brown KM. Proteomic approaches for protein kinase substrate identification in Apicomplexa. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2024; 259:111633. [PMID: 38821187 PMCID: PMC11194964 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2024.111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Apicomplexa is a phylum of protist parasites, notable for causing life-threatening diseases including malaria, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, and babesiosis. Apicomplexan pathogenesis is generally a function of lytic replication, dissemination, persistence, host cell modification, and immune subversion. Decades of research have revealed essential roles for apicomplexan protein kinases in establishing infections and promoting pathogenesis. Protein kinases modify their substrates by phosphorylating serine, threonine, tyrosine, or other residues, resulting in rapid functional changes in the target protein. Post-translational modification by phosphorylation can activate or inhibit a substrate, alter its localization, or promote interactions with other proteins or ligands. Deciphering direct kinase substrates is crucial to understand mechanisms of kinase signaling, yet can be challenging due to the transient nature of kinase phosphorylation and potential for downstream indirect phosphorylation events. However, with recent advances in proteomic approaches, our understanding of kinase function in Apicomplexa has improved dramatically. Here, we discuss methods that have been used to identify kinase substrates in apicomplexan parasites, classifying them into three main categories: i) kinase interactome, ii) indirect phosphoproteomics and iii) direct labeling. We briefly discuss each approach, including their advantages and limitations, and highlight representative examples from the Apicomplexa literature. Finally, we conclude each main category by introducing prospective approaches from other fields that would benefit kinase substrate identification in Apicomplexa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Cabral
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - William J Moss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kevin M Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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2
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de Sousa MCF, Imhof D, Hänggeli KPA, Choi R, Hulverson MA, Arnold SLM, Van Voorhis WC, Fan E, Roberto SS, Ortega-Mora LM, Hemphill A. Efficacy of the bumped kinase inhibitor BKI-1708 against the cyst-forming apicomplexan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in vitro and in experimentally infected mice. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 25:100553. [PMID: 38917582 PMCID: PMC11254172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are major worldwide morbidity-causing pathogens. Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) are a compound class that has been optimized to target the apicomplexan calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1) - and several members of this class have proven to be safe and highly active in vitro and in vivo. BKI-1708 is based on a 5-aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide scaffold, and exhibited in vitro IC50 values of 120 nM for T. gondii and 480 nM for N. caninum β-galactosidase expressing strains, and did not affect human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) viability at concentrations up to 25 μM. Electron microscopy established that exposure of tachyzoite-infected fibroblasts to 2.5 μM BKI-1708 in vitro induced the formation of multinucleated schizont-like complexes (MNCs), characterized by continued nuclear division and harboring newly formed intracellular zoites that lack the outer plasma membrane. These zoites were unable to finalize cytokinesis to form infective tachyzoites. BKI-1708 did not affect zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo development during the first 96 h following egg hatching at concentrations up to 2 μM. Treatments of mice with BKI-1708 at 20 mg/kg/day during five consecutive days resulted in drug plasma levels ranging from 0.14 to 4.95 μM. In vivo efficacy of BKI-1708 was evaluated by oral application of 20 mg/kg/day from day 9-13 of pregnancy in mice experimentally infected with N. caninum (NcSpain-7) tachyzoites or T. gondii (TgShSp1) oocysts. This resulted in significantly decreased cerebral parasite loads and reduced vertical transmission in both models without drug-induced pregnancy interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Ferreira de Sousa
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Dennis Imhof
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kai Pascal Alexander Hänggeli
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ryan Choi
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew A Hulverson
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sánchez-Sánchez Roberto
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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3
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Sánchez-Sánchez R, Imhof D, Hecker YP, Ferre I, Re M, Moreno-Gonzalo J, Blanco-Murcia J, Mejías-López E, Hulverson MA, Choi R, Arnold SLM, Ojo KK, Barrett LK, Hemphill A, Van Voorhis WC, Ortega-Mora LM. An Early Treatment With BKI-1748 Exhibits Full Protection Against Abortion and Congenital Infection in Sheep Experimentally Infected With Toxoplasma gondii. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:558-566. [PMID: 37889572 PMCID: PMC10873186 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital toxoplasmosis in humans and in other mammalian species, such as small ruminants, is a well-known cause of abortion and fetal malformations. The calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1) inhibitor BKI-1748 has shown a promising safety profile for its use in humans and a good efficacy against Toxoplasma gondii infection in vitro and in mouse models. Ten doses of BKI-1748 given every other day orally in sheep at 15 mg/kg did not show systemic or pregnancy-related toxicity. In sheep experimentally infected at 90 days of pregnancy with 1000 TgShSp1 oocysts, the BKI-1748 treatment administered from 48 hours after infection led to complete protection against abortion and congenital infection. In addition, compared to infected/untreated sheep, treated sheep showed a drastically lower rectal temperature increase and none showed IgG seroconversion throughout the study. In conclusion, BKI-1748 treatment in pregnant sheep starting at 48 hours after infection was fully effective against congenital toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Sánchez-Sánchez
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dennis Imhof
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Yanina P Hecker
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Innovation for Agricultural Production and Sustainable Development (IPADS, Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Ferre
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michela Re
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Moreno-Gonzalo
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Blanco-Murcia
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Mejías-López
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthew A Hulverson
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ryan Choi
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Samuel L M Arnold
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Chan AW, Broncel M, Yifrach E, Haseley NR, Chakladar S, Andree E, Herneisen AL, Shortt E, Treeck M, Lourido S. Analysis of CDPK1 targets identifies a trafficking adaptor complex that regulates microneme exocytosis in Toxoplasma. eLife 2023; 12:RP85654. [PMID: 37933960 PMCID: PMC10629828 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites use Ca2+-regulated exocytosis to secrete essential virulence factors from specialized organelles called micronemes. Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are required for microneme exocytosis; however, the molecular events that regulate trafficking and fusion of micronemes with the plasma membrane remain unresolved. Here, we combine sub-minute resolution phosphoproteomics and bio-orthogonal labeling of kinase substrates in Toxoplasma gondii to identify 163 proteins phosphorylated in a CDPK1-dependent manner. In addition to known regulators of secretion, we identify uncharacterized targets with predicted functions across signaling, gene expression, trafficking, metabolism, and ion homeostasis. One of the CDPK1 targets is a putative HOOK activating adaptor. In other eukaryotes, HOOK homologs form the FHF complex with FTS and FHIP to activate dynein-mediated trafficking of endosomes along microtubules. We show the FHF complex is partially conserved in T. gondii, consisting of HOOK, an FTS homolog, and two parasite-specific proteins (TGGT1_306920 and TGGT1_316650). CDPK1 kinase activity and HOOK are required for the rapid apical trafficking of micronemes as parasites initiate motility. Moreover, parasites lacking HOOK or FTS display impaired microneme protein secretion, leading to a block in the invasion of host cells. Taken together, our work provides a comprehensive catalog of CDPK1 targets and reveals how vesicular trafficking has been tuned to support a parasitic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex W Chan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeUnited States
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Malgorzata Broncel
- Signaling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Eden Yifrach
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeUnited States
| | - Nicole R Haseley
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeUnited States
| | | | - Elena Andree
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeUnited States
| | - Alice L Herneisen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeUnited States
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Emily Shortt
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeUnited States
| | - Moritz Treeck
- Signaling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Lourido
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeUnited States
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
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5
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Chan AW, Broncel M, Yifrach E, Haseley N, Chakladar S, Andree E, Herneisen AL, Shortt E, Treeck M, Lourido S. Analysis of CDPK1 targets identifies a trafficking adaptor complex that regulates microneme exocytosis in Toxoplasma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.11.523553. [PMID: 36712004 PMCID: PMC9882037 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.11.523553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites use Ca2+-regulated exocytosis to secrete essential virulence factors from specialized organelles called micronemes. Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are required for microneme exocytosis; however, the molecular events that regulate trafficking and fusion of micronemes with the plasma membrane remain unresolved. Here, we combine sub-minute resolution phosphoproteomics and bio-orthogonal labeling of kinase substrates in Toxoplasma gondii to identify 163 proteins phosphorylated in a CDPK1-dependent manner. In addition to known regulators of secretion, we identify uncharacterized targets with predicted functions across signaling, gene expression, trafficking, metabolism, and ion homeostasis. One of the CDPK1 targets is a putative HOOK activating adaptor. In other eukaryotes, HOOK homologs form the FHF complex with FTS and FHIP to activate dynein-mediated trafficking of endosomes along microtubules. We show the FHF complex is partially conserved in T. gondii, consisting of HOOK, an FTS homolog, and two parasite-specific proteins (TGGT1_306920 and TGGT1_316650). CDPK1 kinase activity and HOOK are required for the rapid apical trafficking of micronemes as parasites initiate motility. Moreover, parasites lacking HOOK or FTS display impaired microneme protein secretion, leading to a block in the invasion of host cells. Taken together, our work provides a comprehensive catalog of CDPK1 targets and reveals how vesicular trafficking has been tuned to support a parasitic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex W Chan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Malgorzata Broncel
- Signaling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Eden Yifrach
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicole Haseley
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Elena Andree
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alice L Herneisen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emily Shortt
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Moritz Treeck
- Signaling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Lourido
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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6
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Krishnamurthy S, Maru P, Wang Y, Bitew MA, Mukhopadhyay D, Yamaryo-Botté Y, Paredes-Santos TC, Sangaré LO, Swale C, Botté CY, Saeij JPJ. CRISPR Screens Identify Toxoplasma Genes That Determine Parasite Fitness in Interferon Gamma-Stimulated Human Cells. mBio 2023; 14:e0006023. [PMID: 36916910 PMCID: PMC10128063 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00060-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma virulence depends on its ability to evade or survive the toxoplasmacidal mechanisms induced by interferon gamma (IFNγ). While many Toxoplasma genes involved in the evasion of the murine IFNγ response have been identified, genes required to survive the human IFNγ response are largely unknown. In this study, we used a genome-wide loss-of-function screen to identify Toxoplasma genes important for parasite fitness in IFNγ-stimulated primary human fibroblasts. We generated gene knockouts for the top six hits from the screen and confirmed their importance for parasite growth in IFNγ-stimulated human fibroblasts. Of these six genes, three have homology to GRA32, localize to dense granules, and coimmunoprecipitate with each other and GRA32, suggesting they might form a complex. Deletion of individual members of this complex leads to early parasite egress in IFNγ-stimulated cells. Thus, prevention of early egress is an important Toxoplasma fitness determinant in IFNγ-stimulated human cells. IMPORTANCE Toxoplasma infection causes serious complications in immunocompromised individuals and in the developing fetus. During infection, certain immune cells release a protein called interferon gamma that activates cells to destroy the parasite or inhibit its growth. While most Toxoplasma parasites are cleared by this immune response, some can survive by blocking or evading the IFNγ-induced restrictive environment. Many Toxoplasma genes that determine parasite survival in IFNγ-activated murine cells are known but parasite genes conferring fitness in IFNγ-activated human cells are largely unknown. Using a Toxoplasma adapted genome-wide loss-of-function screen, we identified many Toxoplasma genes that determine parasite fitness in IFNγ-activated human cells. The gene products of four top hits play a role in preventing early parasite egress in IFNγ-stimulated human cells. Understanding how IFNγ-stimulated human cells inhibit Toxoplasma growth and how Toxoplasma counteracts this, could lead to the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Parag Maru
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mebratu A. Bitew
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Debanjan Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Yoshiki Yamaryo-Botté
- Apicolipid Team, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Batiment Jean Roget, Grenoble, France
| | - Tatiana C. Paredes-Santos
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lamba O. Sangaré
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christopher Swale
- Team Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Infection, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Cyrille Y. Botté
- Apicolipid Team, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Batiment Jean Roget, Grenoble, France
| | - Jeroen P. J. Saeij
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Wang XC, Li TT, Elsheikha HM, Zheng XN, Zhao DY, Wang JL, Wang M, Zhu XQ. Effect of deleting four Toxoplasma gondii calcium-binding EGF domain-containing proteins on parasite replication and virulence. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:441-450. [PMID: 36471092 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07739-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several calcium-binding proteins including calcium-dependent protein kinases play important roles in several facets of the intracellular infection cycle of the apicomplexan protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. However, the role of the calcium-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF) domain-containing proteins (CBDPs) remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the functions of four CBDP genes in T. gondii RH strain of type I by generating knock-out strains using CRISPR-Cas9 system. We investigated the ability of mutant strains deficient in CBDP1, CBDP2, CBDP3, or CBDP4 to form plaques, replicate intracellularly, and egress from the host cells. The results showed that no definite differences between any of these four CBDP mutant strains and the wild-type strain in terms of their ability to form plaques, intracellular replication, and egress. Additionally, CBDP mutants did not exhibit any significant attenuated virulence compared to the wild-type strain in mice. The expression profiles of CBDP2-4 genes were conserved among T. gondii strains of different genotypes, life cycle stages, and developmental forms. Whether other CBDP genes play any roles in the pathogenicity of T. gondii strains of different genotypes remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610213, People's Republic of China
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Xiao-Nan Zheng
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610213, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610213, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Nofal SD, Dominicus C, Broncel M, Katris NJ, Flynn HR, Arrizabalaga G, Botté CY, Invergo BM, Treeck M. A positive feedback loop mediates crosstalk between calcium, cyclic nucleotide and lipid signalling in calcium-induced Toxoplasma gondii egress. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010901. [PMID: 36265000 PMCID: PMC9624417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamental processes that govern the lytic cycle of the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii are regulated by several signalling pathways. However, how these pathways are connected remains largely unknown. Here, we compare the phospho-signalling networks during Toxoplasma egress from its host cell by artificially raising cGMP or calcium levels. We show that both egress inducers trigger indistinguishable signalling responses and provide evidence for a positive feedback loop linking calcium and cyclic nucleotide signalling. Using WT and conditional knockout parasites of the non-essential calcium-dependent protein kinase 3 (CDPK3), which display a delay in calcium inonophore-mediated egress, we explore changes in phosphorylation and lipid signalling in sub-minute timecourses after inducing Ca2+ release. These studies indicate that cAMP and lipid metabolism are central to the feedback loop, which is partly dependent on CDPK3 and allows the parasite to respond faster to inducers of egress. Biochemical analysis of 4 phosphodiesterases (PDEs) identified in our phosphoproteomes establishes PDE2 as a cAMP-specific PDE which regulates Ca2+ induced egress in a CDPK3-independent manner. The other PDEs display dual hydrolytic activity and play no role in Ca2+ induced egress. In summary, we uncover a positive feedback loop that enhances signalling during egress, thereby linking several signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D. Nofal
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caia Dominicus
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malgorzata Broncel
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Katris
- Apicolipid Team, Institute for Advance Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, Grenoble, France
| | - Helen R. Flynn
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gustavo Arrizabalaga
- University of Indianapolis, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Cyrille Y. Botté
- Apicolipid Team, Institute for Advance Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1209, Grenoble, France
| | - Brandon M. Invergo
- Translational Research Exchange at Exeter, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Moritz Treeck
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Felín MS, Wang K, Moreira A, Grose A, Leahy K, Zhou Y, Clouser FA, Siddiqui M, Leong N, Goodall P, Michalowski M, Ismail M, Christmas M, Schrantz S, Caballero Z, Norero X, Estripeaut D, Ellis D, Raggi C, Castro C, Moossazadeh D, Ramirez M, Pandey A, Ashi K, Dovgin S, Dixon A, Li X, Begeman I, Heichman S, Lykins J, Villalobos-Cerrud D, Fabrega L, Montalvo JLS, Mendivil C, Quijada MR, Fernández-Pirla S, de La Guardia V, Wong D, de Guevara ML, Flores C, Borace J, García A, Caballero N, Rengifo-Herrera C, de Saez MTM, Politis M, Wroblewski K, Karrison T, Ross S, Dogra M, Dhamsania V, Graves N, Kirchberg M, Mathur K, Aue A, Restrepo CM, Llanes A, Guzman G, Rebellon A, Boyer K, Heydemann P, Noble AG, Swisher C, Rabiah P, Withers S, Hull T, Su C, Blair M, Latkany P, Mui E, Vasconcelos-Santos DV, Villareal A, Perez A, Galvis CAN, Montes MV, Perez NIC, Ramirez M, Chittenden C, Wang E, Garcia-López LL, Muñoz-Ortiz J, Rivera-Valdivia N, Bohorquez-Granados MC, de-la-Torre GC, Padrieu G, Hernandez JDV, Celis-Giraldo D, Dávila JAA, Torres E, Oquendo MM, Arteaga-Rivera JY, Nicolae DL, Rzhetsky A, Roizen N, Stillwaggon E, Sawers L, Peyron F, Wallon M, Chapey E, Levigne P, Charter C, De Frias M, Montoya J, Press C, Ramirez R, Contopoulos-Ioannidis D, Maldonado Y, Liesenfeld O, Gomez C, Wheeler K, Holfels E, Frim D, McLone D, Penn R, Cohen W, Zehar S, McAuley J, Limonne D, Houze S, Abraham S, Piarroux R, Tesic V, Beavis K, Abeleda A, Sautter M, El Mansouri B, El Bachir A, Amarir F, El Bissati K, de-la-Torre A, Britton G, Motta J, Ortega-Barria E, Romero IL, Meier P, Grigg M, Gómez-Marín J, Kosagisharaf JR, Llorens XS, Reyes O, McLeod R. Building Programs to Eradicate Toxoplasmosis Part I: Introduction and Overview. CURRENT PEDIATRICS REPORTS 2022; 10:57-92. [PMID: 36034212 PMCID: PMC9395898 DOI: 10.1007/s40124-022-00269-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Review building of programs to eliminate Toxoplasma infections. Recent Findings Morbidity and mortality from toxoplasmosis led to programs in USA, Panama, and Colombia to facilitate understanding, treatment, prevention, and regional resources, incorporating student work. Summary Studies foundational for building recent, regional approaches/programs are reviewed. Introduction provides an overview/review of programs in Panamá, the United States, and other countries. High prevalence/risk of exposure led to laws mandating testing in gestation, reporting, and development of broad-based teaching materials about Toxoplasma. These were tested for efficacy as learning tools for high-school students, pregnant women, medical students, physicians, scientists, public health officials and general public. Digitized, free, smart phone application effectively taught pregnant women about toxoplasmosis prevention. Perinatal infection care programs, identifying true regional risk factors, and point-of-care gestational screening facilitate prevention and care. When implemented fully across all demographics, such programs present opportunities to save lives, sight, and cognition with considerable spillover benefits for individuals and societies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40124-022-00269-w.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanix Wang
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Aliya Moreira
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases/Department of Neonatology, Hospital del Niño doctor José Renán Esquivel, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Andrew Grose
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Karen Leahy
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ying Zhou
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Fatima Alibana Clouser
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Maryam Siddiqui
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Nicole Leong
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Perpetua Goodall
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Mahmoud Ismail
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Monica Christmas
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Stephen Schrantz
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Zuleima Caballero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Ximena Norero
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases/Department of Neonatology, Hospital del Niño doctor José Renán Esquivel, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Dora Estripeaut
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases/Department of Neonatology, Hospital del Niño doctor José Renán Esquivel, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - David Ellis
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases/Department of Neonatology, Hospital del Niño doctor José Renán Esquivel, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Catalina Raggi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Catherine Castro
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Davina Moossazadeh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Statistics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Margarita Ramirez
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Abhinav Pandey
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Kevin Ashi
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Samantha Dovgin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ashtyn Dixon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Xuan Li
- Rush University Medical School/Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ian Begeman
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Sharon Heichman
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Joseph Lykins
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Delba Villalobos-Cerrud
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Lorena Fabrega
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - José Luis Sanchez Montalvo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Connie Mendivil
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Mario R. Quijada
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Silvia Fernández-Pirla
- Toxoplasmosis Programs and Initiatives in Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
- Academia Interamericana de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Valli de La Guardia
- Toxoplasmosis Programs and Initiatives in Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
- Hospital Santo Tomás, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Digna Wong
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Mayrene Ladrón de Guevara
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
- Hospital Santo Tomás, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | | | | | - Anabel García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | | | - Claudia Rengifo-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
- Universidad de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Maria Theresa Moreno de Saez
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases/Department of Neonatology, Hospital del Niño doctor José Renán Esquivel, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Michael Politis
- Toxoplasmosis Programs and Initiatives in Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Kristen Wroblewski
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Theodore Karrison
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Stephanie Ross
- Rush University Medical School/Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Mimansa Dogra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Vishan Dhamsania
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Nicholas Graves
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Marci Kirchberg
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Harris School of Public Policy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Kopal Mathur
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Harris School of Public Policy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ashley Aue
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Harris School of Public Policy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Carlos M. Restrepo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Alejandro Llanes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - German Guzman
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Arturo Rebellon
- Sanofi Aventis de Panamá S.A., University of South Florida, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Kenneth Boyer
- Rush University Medical School/Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Peter Heydemann
- Rush University Medical School/Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - A. Gwendolyn Noble
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Charles Swisher
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Shawn Withers
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Teri Hull
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Chunlei Su
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA
| | - Michael Blair
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Paul Latkany
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ernest Mui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Alcibiades Villareal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Ambar Perez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | | | | | | | - Morgan Ramirez
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Cy Chittenden
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Edward Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Juliana Muñoz-Ortiz
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Guillermo Padrieu
- The University of South Florida College of Public Health, Tampa, FL USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dan L. Nicolae
- Department of Statistics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Andrey Rzhetsky
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Nancy Roizen
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Larry Sawers
- Department of Economics, American University, Washington, D.C. USA
| | - Francois Peyron
- Institut des agents infectieux, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France
| | - Martine Wallon
- Institut des agents infectieux, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France
| | - Emanuelle Chapey
- Institut des agents infectieux, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Levigne
- Institut des agents infectieux, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Jose Montoya
- Remington Specialty Laboratory, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - Cindy Press
- Remington Specialty Laboratory, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | | | - Despina Contopoulos-Ioannidis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University College of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Yvonne Maldonado
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University College of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | | | - Carlos Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University College of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Kelsey Wheeler
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ellen Holfels
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - David Frim
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - David McLone
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Richard Penn
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - William Cohen
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Samantha Zehar
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - James McAuley
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Sandrine Houze
- Laboratory of Parasitologie, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Abraham
- Laboratory of Parasitologie, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Vera Tesic
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Kathleen Beavis
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ana Abeleda
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Mari Sautter
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | | | - Fatima Amarir
- Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, University Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Kamal El Bissati
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- INH, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Gabrielle Britton
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
- Member of the Sistema Nacional de investigadores de Panamá (SNI), Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Jorge Motta
- Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Eduardo Ortega-Barria
- Member of the Sistema Nacional de investigadores de Panamá (SNI), Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
- Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
- GSK Vaccines, Panamá, Panamá
| | - Isabel Luz Romero
- Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Paul Meier
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Michael Grigg
- Molecular Parasitology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
| | | | - Jagannatha Rao Kosagisharaf
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
- Member of the Sistema Nacional de investigadores de Panamá (SNI), Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Xavier Sáez Llorens
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases/Department of Neonatology, Hospital del Niño doctor José Renán Esquivel, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
- Member of the Sistema Nacional de investigadores de Panamá (SNI), Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Osvaldo Reyes
- Hospital Santo Tomás, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
- Universidad de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
- Member of the Sistema Nacional de investigadores de Panamá (SNI), Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Rima McLeod
- Toxoplasmosis Programs and Initiatives in Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Toxoplasmosis Center, The University of Chicago and Toxoplasmosis Research Institute, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
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10
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Felín MS, Wang K, Moreira A, Grose A, Leahy K, Zhou Y, Clouser FA, Siddiqui M, Leong N, Goodall P, Michalowski M, Ismail M, Christmas M, Schrantz S, Caballero Z, Norero X, Estripeaut D, Ellis D, Raggi C, Castro C, Moossazadeh D, Ramirez M, Pandey A, Ashi K, Dovgin S, Dixon A, Li X, Begeman I, Heichman S, Lykins J, Villalobos-Cerrud D, Fabrega L, Montalvo JLS, Mendivil C, Quijada MR, Fernández-Pirla S, de La Guardia V, Wong D, de Guevara ML, Flores C, Borace J, García A, Caballero N, Rengifo-Herrera C, de Saez MTM, Politis M, Ross S, Dogra M, Dhamsania V, Graves N, Kirchberg M, Mathur K, Aue A, Restrepo CM, Llanes A, Guzman G, Rebellon A, Boyer K, Heydemann P, Noble AG, Swisher C, Rabiah P, Withers S, Hull T, Frim D, McLone D, Su C, Blair M, Latkany P, Mui E, Vasconcelos-Santos DV, Villareal A, Perez A, Galvis CAN, Montes MV, Perez NIC, Ramirez M, Chittenden C, Wang E, Garcia-López LL, Padrieu G, Muñoz-Ortiz J, Rivera-Valdivia N, Bohorquez-Granados MC, de-la-Torre GC, Hernandez JDV, Celis-Giraldo D, Dávila JAA, Torres E, Oquendo MM, Arteaga-Rivera JY, Nicolae DL, Rzhetsky A, Roizen N, Stillwaggon E, Sawers L, Peyron F, Wallon M, Chapey E, Levigne P, Charter C, De Frias M, Montoya J, Press C, Ramirez R, Contopoulos-Ioannidis D, Maldonado Y, Liesenfeld O, Gomez C, Wheeler K, Zehar S, McAuley J, Limonne D, Houze S, Abraham S, Piarroux R, Tesic V, Beavis K, Abeleda A, Sautter M, El Mansouri B, El Bachir A, Amarir F, El Bissati K, Holfels E, Frim D, McLone D, Penn R, Cohen W, de-la-Torre A, Britton G, Motta J, Ortega-Barria E, Romero IL, Meier P, Grigg M, Gómez-Marín J, Kosagisharaf JR, Llorens XS, Reyes O, McLeod R. Building Programs to Eradicate Toxoplasmosis Part IV: Understanding and Development of Public Health Strategies and Advances "Take a Village". CURRENT PEDIATRICS REPORTS 2022; 10:125-154. [PMID: 35991908 PMCID: PMC9379243 DOI: 10.1007/s40124-022-00268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Review international efforts to build a global public health initiative focused on toxoplasmosis with spillover benefits to save lives, sight, cognition and motor function benefiting maternal and child health. Recent Findings Multiple countries' efforts to eliminate toxoplasmosis demonstrate progress and context for this review and new work. Summary Problems with potential solutions proposed include accessibility of accurate, inexpensive diagnostic testing, pre-natal screening and facilitating tools, missed and delayed neonatal diagnosis, restricted access, high costs, delays in obtaining medicines emergently, delayed insurance pre-approvals and high medicare copays taking considerable physician time and effort, harmful shortcuts being taken in methods to prepare medicines in settings where access is restricted, reluctance to perform ventriculoperitoneal shunts promptly when needed without recognition of potential benefit, access to resources for care, especially for marginalized populations, and limited use of recent advances in management of neurologic and retinal disease which can lead to good outcomes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40124-022-00268-x.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanix Wang
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Aliya Moreira
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panama, Panama
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases/Department of Neonatology, Hospital del Niño doctor José Renán Esquivel, Ciudad de Panama, Panama
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Andrew Grose
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Karen Leahy
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ying Zhou
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Fatima Alibana Clouser
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Maryam Siddiqui
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Nicole Leong
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Perpetua Goodall
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Mahmoud Ismail
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Monica Christmas
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Stephen Schrantz
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Zuleima Caballero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | - Ximena Norero
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases/Department of Neonatology, Hospital del Niño doctor José Renán Esquivel, Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | - Dora Estripeaut
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases/Department of Neonatology, Hospital del Niño doctor José Renán Esquivel, Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | - David Ellis
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases/Department of Neonatology, Hospital del Niño doctor José Renán Esquivel, Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | - Catalina Raggi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Catherine Castro
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Davina Moossazadeh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Statistics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Margarita Ramirez
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Abhinav Pandey
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Kevin Ashi
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Samantha Dovgin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ashtyn Dixon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Xuan Li
- Rush University Medical School/Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ian Begeman
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Sharon Heichman
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Joseph Lykins
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Delba Villalobos-Cerrud
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | - Lorena Fabrega
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | - José Luis Sanchez Montalvo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Connie Mendivil
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | - Mario R. Quijada
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | - Silvia Fernández-Pirla
- Toxoplasmosis Programs and Initiatives in Panama, Ciudad de Panama, Panama
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panama, Panama
- Academia Interamericana de Panama, Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | - Valli de La Guardia
- Toxoplasmosis Programs and Initiatives in Panama, Ciudad de Panama, Panama
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panama, Panama
- Hospital Santo Tomás, Ciudad de Panama, Panama
- Hospital San Miguel Arcángel, Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | - Digna Wong
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | - Mayrene Ladrón de Guevara
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panama, Panama
- Hospital Santo Tomás, Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | | | | | - Anabel García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | | | - Claudia Rengifo-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panama, Panama
- Universidad de Panama, Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | - Maria Theresa Moreno de Saez
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases/Department of Neonatology, Hospital del Niño doctor José Renán Esquivel, Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | - Michael Politis
- Toxoplasmosis Programs and Initiatives in Panama, Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | - Stephanie Ross
- Rush University Medical School/Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Mimansa Dogra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Vishan Dhamsania
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Global Health Center Capstone Program, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Nicholas Graves
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Global Health Center Capstone Program, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Marci Kirchberg
- Global Health Center Capstone Program, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Harris School of Public Policy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Kopal Mathur
- Global Health Center Capstone Program, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Harris School of Public Policy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ashley Aue
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Harris School of Public Policy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Carlos M. Restrepo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | - Alejandro Llanes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | - German Guzman
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | - Arturo Rebellon
- Sanofi Aventis de Panama S.A., University of South Florida, Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | - Kenneth Boyer
- Rush University Medical School/Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Peter Heydemann
- Rush University Medical School/Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
| | - A. Gwendolyn Noble
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Charles Swisher
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Shawn Withers
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Teri Hull
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - David Frim
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - David McLone
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Chunlei Su
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA
| | - Michael Blair
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Paul Latkany
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ernest Mui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Alcibiades Villareal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | - Ambar Perez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | | | | | | | - Morgan Ramirez
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Cy Chittenden
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Edward Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Guillermo Padrieu
- The University of South Florida College of Public Health, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Juliana Muñoz-Ortiz
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dan L Nicolae
- Department of Statistics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Andrey Rzhetsky
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Nancy Roizen
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Larry Sawers
- Department of Economics, American University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Francois Peyron
- Institut des agents infectieux, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France
| | - Martine Wallon
- Institut des agents infectieux, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France
| | - Emanuelle Chapey
- Institut des agents infectieux, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Levigne
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Institut des agents infectieux, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Jose Montoya
- Remington Specialty Laboratory, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - Cindy Press
- Remington Specialty Laboratory, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | | | - Despina Contopoulos-Ioannidis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University College of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Yvonne Maldonado
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University College of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | | | - Carlos Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University College of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Kelsey Wheeler
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Samantha Zehar
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - James McAuley
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Sandrine Houze
- Laboratory of Parasitologie, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hopital, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Abraham
- Laboratory of Parasitologie, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hopital, Paris, France
| | | | - Vera Tesic
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Kathleen Beavis
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Ana Abeleda
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Mari Sautter
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | | | - Fatima Amarir
- Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, University Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Kamal El Bissati
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- INH, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ellen Holfels
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - David Frim
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - David McLone
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Richard Penn
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - William Cohen
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Gabrielle Britton
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panama, Panama
- Sistema Nacional de investigadores de Panama (SNI), Panama, Panama
| | - Jorge Motta
- Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT), Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | - Eduardo Ortega-Barria
- Sistema Nacional de investigadores de Panama (SNI), Panama, Panama
- Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT), Ciudad de Panama, Panama
- GSK Vaccines, Panama, Panama
| | - Isabel Luz Romero
- Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT), Ciudad de Panama, Panama
| | - Paul Meier
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | | | - Jagannatha Rao Kosagisharaf
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología AIP (INDICASAT-AIP), Ciudad de Panama, Panama
- Sistema Nacional de investigadores de Panama (SNI), Panama, Panama
| | - Xavier Sáez Llorens
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases/Department of Neonatology, Hospital del Niño doctor José Renán Esquivel, Ciudad de Panama, Panama
- Sistema Nacional de investigadores de Panama (SNI), Panama, Panama
| | - Osvaldo Reyes
- Hospital Santo Tomás, Ciudad de Panama, Panama
- Universidad de Panama, Ciudad de Panama, Panama
- Sistema Nacional de investigadores de Panama (SNI), Panama, Panama
| | - Rima McLeod
- Toxoplasmosis Programs and Initiatives in Panama, Ciudad de Panama, Panama
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- The Global Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Toxoplasmosis Center, The University of Chicago and Toxoplasmosis Research Institute, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
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11
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Gaji RY, Sharp AK, Brown AM. Protein kinases in Toxoplasma gondii. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:415-429. [PMID: 33581139 PMCID: PMC11065138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracellular pathogen that causes life threatening illness in immunodeficient individuals, miscarriage in pregnant woman, and blindness in newborn children. Similar to any other eukaryotic cell, protein kinases play critical and essential roles in the Toxoplasma life cycle. Accordingly, many studies have focused on identifying and defining the mechanism of function of these signalling proteins with a long-term goal to develop anti-Toxoplasma therapeutics. In this review, we briefly discuss classification and key components of the catalytic domain which are critical for functioning of kinases, with a focus on domains, families, and groups of kinases within Toxoplasma. More importantly, this article provides a comprehensive, current overview of research on kinase groups in Toxoplasma including the established eukaryotic AGC, CAMK, CK1, CMGC, STE, TKL families and the apicomplexan-specific FIKK, ROPK and WNG family of kinases. This work provides an overview and discusses current knowledge on Toxoplasma kinases including their localization, function, signalling network and role in acute and chronic pathogenesis, with a view towards the future in probing kinases as viable drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajshekhar Y Gaji
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Amanda K Sharp
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Anne M Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; University Libraries, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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12
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Uboldi AD, Wilde ML, Bader SM, Tonkin CJ. Environmental sensing and regulation of motility in Toxoplasma. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:916-929. [PMID: 33278047 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma and other apicomplexan parasites undergo a unique form of cellular locomotion referred to as "gliding motility." Gliding motility is crucial for parasite survival as it powers tissue dissemination, host cell invasion and egress. Distinct environmental cues lead to activation of gliding motility and have become a prominent focus of recent investigation. Progress has been made toward understanding what environmental cues are sensed and how these signals are transduced in order to regulate the machinery and cellular events powering gliding motility. In this review, we will discuss new findings and integrate these into our current understanding to propose a model of how environmental sensing is achieved to regulate gliding motility in Toxoplasma. Collectively, these findings also have implications for the understanding of gliding motility across Apicomplexa more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro D Uboldi
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immune Defense, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary-Louise Wilde
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immune Defense, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stefanie M Bader
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immune Defense, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher J Tonkin
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immune Defense, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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13
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Anghel N, Winzer PA, Imhof D, Müller J, Langa X, Rieder J, Barrett LK, Vidadala RSR, Huang W, Choi R, Hulverson MA, Whitman GR, Arnold SL, Van Voorhis WC, Ojo KK, Maly DJ, Fan E, Hemphill A. Comparative assessment of the effects of bumped kinase inhibitors on early zebrafish embryo development and pregnancy in mice. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106099. [PMID: 32707170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) are effective against a variety of apicomplexan parasites. Fifteen BKIs with promising in vitro efficacy against Neospora caninum tachyzoites, low cytotoxicity in mammalian cells, and no toxic effects in non-pregnant BALB/c mice were assessed in pregnant mice. Drugs were emulsified in corn oil and were applied by gavage for 5 days. Five BKIs did not affect pregnancy, five BKIs exhibited ~15-35% neonatal mortality and five compounds caused strong effects (infertility, abortion, stillbirth and pup mortality). Additionally, the impact of these compounds on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo development was assessed by exposing freshly fertilised eggs to 0.2-50 μM of BKIs and microscopic monitoring of embryo development in a blinded manner for 4 days. We propose an algorithm that includes quantification of malformations and embryo deaths, and established a scoring system that allows the calculation of an impact score (Si) indicating at which concentrations BKIs visibly affect zebrafish embryo development. Comparison of the two models showed that for nine compounds no clear correlation between Si and pregnancy outcome was observed. However, the three BKIs affecting zebrafish embryos only at high concentrations (≥40 μM) did not impair mouse pregnancy at all, and the three compounds that inhibited zebrafish embryo development already at 0.2 μM showed detrimental effects in the pregnancy model. Thus, the zebrafish embryo development test has limited predictive value to foresee pregnancy outcome in BKI-treated mice. We conclude that maternal health-related factors such as cardiovascular, pharmacokinetic and/or bioavailability properties also contribute to BKI-pregnancy effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Anghel
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pablo A Winzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Imhof
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Langa
- Department of Developmental Biology and Regeneration, Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, CH-3000 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Rieder
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lynn K Barrett
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Wenlin Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ryan Choi
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mathew A Hulverson
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Grant R Whitman
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Samuel L Arnold
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Wesley C Van Voorhis
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kayode K Ojo
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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14
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Bisio H, Soldati-Favre D. Signaling Cascades Governing Entry into and Exit from Host Cells by Toxoplasma gondii. Annu Rev Microbiol 2020; 73:579-599. [PMID: 31500539 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-120235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Apicomplexa phylum includes a large group of obligate intracellular protozoan parasites responsible for important diseases in humans and animals. Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread parasite with considerable versatility, and it is capable of infecting virtually any warm-blooded animal, including humans. This outstanding success can be attributed at least in part to an efficient and continuous sensing of the environment, with a ready-to-adapt strategy. This review updates the current understanding of the signals governing the lytic cycle of T. gondii, with particular focus on egress from infected cells, a key step for balancing survival, multiplication, and spreading in the host. We cover the recent advances in the conceptual framework of regulation of microneme exocytosis that ensures egress, motility, and invasion. Particular emphasis is given to the trigger molecules and signaling cascades regulating exit from host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Bisio
- Département de Microbiologie et Médecine Moléculaire, Centre Médical Universitaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland;
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Département de Microbiologie et Médecine Moléculaire, Centre Médical Universitaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland;
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15
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Treatment with Bumped Kinase Inhibitor 1294 Is Safe and Leads to Significant Protection against Abortion and Vertical Transmission in Sheep Experimentally Infected with Toxoplasma gondii during Pregnancy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.02527-18. [PMID: 31061151 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02527-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on drug efficacy showed low protection against abortion and vertical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant sheep. Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs), which are ATP-competitive inhibitors of calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1), were shown to be highly efficacious against several apicomplexan parasites in vitro and in laboratory animal models. Here, we present the safety and efficacy of BKI-1294 treatment (dosed orally at 100 mg/kg of body weight 5 times every 48 h) initiated 48 h after oral infection of sheep at midpregnancy with 1,000 TgShSp1 oocysts. BKI-1294 demonstrated systemic exposure in pregnant ewes, with maximum plasma concentrations of 2 to 3 μM and trough concentrations of 0.4 μM at 48 h after each dose. Oral administration of BKI-1294 in uninfected sheep at midpregnancy was deemed safe, since there were no changes in behavior, fecal consistency, rectal temperatures, hematological and biochemical parameters, or fetal mortality/morbidity. In ewes infected with a T. gondii oocyst dose lethal for fetuses, BKI-1294 treatment led to a minor rectal temperature increase after infection and a decrease in fetal/lamb mortality of 71%. None of the lambs born alive in the treated group exhibited congenital encephalitis lesions, and vertical transmission was prevented in 53% of them. BKI-1294 treatment during infection led to strong interferon gamma production after cell stimulation in vitro and a low humoral immune response to soluble tachyzoite antigens but high levels of anti-SAG1 antibodies. The results demonstrate a proof of concept for the therapeutic use of BKI-1294 to protect ovine fetuses from T. gondii infection during pregnancy.
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16
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Bullen HE, Bisio H, Soldati-Favre D. The triumvirate of signaling molecules controlling Toxoplasma microneme exocytosis: Cyclic GMP, calcium, and phosphatidic acid. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007670. [PMID: 31121005 PMCID: PMC6532924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To elicit effective invasion and egress from infected cells, obligate intracellular parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa rely on the timely and spatially controlled exocytosis of specialized secretory organelles termed the micronemes. The effector molecules and signaling events underpinning this process are intricate; however, recent advances within the field of Toxoplasma gondii research have facilitated a broader understanding as well as a more integrated view of this complex cascade of events and have unraveled the importance of phosphatidic acid (PA) as a lipid mediator at multiple steps in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley E. Bullen
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (HEB); (DS-F)
| | - Hugo Bisio
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (HEB); (DS-F)
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17
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Wallbank BA, Dominicus CS, Broncel M, Legrave N, Kelly G, MacRae JI, Staines HM, Treeck M. Characterisation of the Toxoplasma gondii tyrosine transporter and its phosphorylation by the calcium-dependent protein kinase 3. Mol Microbiol 2019; 111:1167-1181. [PMID: 30402958 PMCID: PMC6488386 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii parasites rapidly exit their host cell when exposed to calcium ionophores. Calcium-dependent protein kinase 3 (TgCDPK3) was previously identified as a key mediator in this process, as TgCDPK3 knockout (∆cdpk3) parasites fail to egress in a timely manner. Phosphoproteomic analysis comparing WT with ∆cdpk3 parasites revealed changes in the TgCDPK3-dependent phosphoproteome that included proteins important for regulating motility, but also metabolic enzymes, indicating that TgCDPK3 controls processes beyond egress. Here we have investigated a predicted direct target of TgCDPK3, ApiAT5-3, a putative transporter of the major facilitator superfamily, and show that it is rapidly phosphorylated at serine 56 after induction of calcium signalling. Conditional knockout of apiAT5-3 results in transcriptional upregulation of most ribosomal subunits, but no alternative transporters, and subsequent parasite death. Mutating the S56 to a non-phosphorylatable alanine leads to a fitness cost, suggesting that phosphorylation of this residue is beneficial, albeit not essential, for tyrosine import. Using a combination of metabolomics and heterologous expression, we confirmed a primary role in tyrosine import for ApiAT5-3. However, no significant differences in tyrosine import could be detected in phosphorylation site mutants showing that if tyrosine transport is affected by S56 phosphorylation, its regulatory role is subtle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan A. Wallbank
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Caia S. Dominicus
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Malgorzata Broncel
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Nathalie Legrave
- Metabolomics Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Gavin Kelly
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics STPFrancis Crick Institute1 Midland RoadLondon NW1 1ATUK
| | - James I. MacRae
- Metabolomics Science Technology PlatformThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Henry M. Staines
- Institute of Infection and ImmunitySt George’s, University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Moritz Treeck
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
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18
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Moss SM, Taylor IR, Ruggero D, Gestwicki JE, Shokat KM, Mukherjee S. A Legionella pneumophila Kinase Phosphorylates the Hsp70 Chaperone Family to Inhibit Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:454-462.e6. [PMID: 30827827 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila (L.p.), the microbe responsible for Legionnaires' disease, secretes ∼300 bacterial proteins into the host cell cytosol. A subset of these proteins affects a wide range of post-translational modifications (PTMs) to disrupt host cellular pathways. L.p. has 5 conserved eukaryotic-like Ser/Thr effector kinases, LegK1-4 and LegK7, which are translocated during infection. Using a chemical genetic screen, we identified the Hsp70 chaperone family as a direct host target of LegK4. Phosphorylation of Hsp70s at T495 in the substrate-binding domain disrupted Hsp70's ATPase activity and greatly inhibited its protein folding capacity. Phosphorylation of cytosolic Hsp70 by LegK4 resulted in global translation inhibition and an increase in the amount of Hsp70 on highly translating polysomes. LegK4's ability to inhibit host translation via a single PTM uncovers a role for Hsp70 in protein synthesis and directly links it to the cellular translational machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Moss
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Isabelle R Taylor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Davide Ruggero
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Hellen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Shaeri Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; George Williams Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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19
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Sánchez-Sánchez R, Vázquez P, Ferre I, Ortega-Mora LM. Treatment of Toxoplasmosis and Neosporosis in Farm Ruminants: State of Knowledge and Future Trends. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 18:1304-1323. [PMID: 30277158 PMCID: PMC6340160 DOI: 10.2174/1568026618666181002113617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis and neosporosis are closely related protozoan diseases that lead to important economic impacts in farm ruminants. Toxoplasma gondii infection mainly causes reproductive failure in small ruminants and is a widespread zoonosis, whereas Neospora caninum infection is one of the most important causes of abortion in cattle worldwide. Vaccination has been considered the most economic measure for controlling these diseases. However, despite vaccine development efforts, only a live-attenuated T. gondii vaccine has been licensed for veterinary use, and no promising vaccines against ne-osporosis have been developed; therefore, vaccine development remains a key goal. Additionally, drug therapy could be a valuable strategy for disease control in farm ruminants, as several drugs that limit T. gondii and N. caninum proliferation and dissemination have been evaluated. This approach may also be relevant to performing an initial drug screening for potential human therapy for zoonotic parasites. Treat-ments can be applied against infections in adult ruminants to minimize the outcomes of a primo-infection or the reactivation of a chronic infection during gestation or in newborn ruminants to avoid infection chronification. In this review, the current status of drug development against toxoplasmosis and neosporo-sis in farm ruminants is presented, and in an effort to promote additional treatment options, prospective drugs that have shown efficacy in vitro and in laboratory animal models of toxoplasmosis and neosporosis are examined
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Sánchez-Sánchez
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Vázquez
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ferre
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Katris NJ, Ke H, McFadden GI, van Dooren GG, Waller RF. Calcium negatively regulates secretion from dense granules in Toxoplasma gondii. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13011. [PMID: 30673152 PMCID: PMC6563121 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites including Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp. manufacture a complex arsenal of secreted proteins used to interact with and manipulate their host environment. These proteins are organised into three principle exocytotic compartment types according to their functions: micronemes for extracellular attachment and motility, rhoptries for host cell penetration, and dense granules for subsequent manipulation of the host intracellular environment. The order and timing of these events during the parasite's invasion cycle dictates when exocytosis from each compartment occurs. Tight control of compartment secretion is, therefore, an integral part of apicomplexan biology. Control of microneme exocytosis is best understood, where cytosolic intermediate molecular messengers cGMP and Ca2+ act as positive signals. The mechanisms for controlling secretion from rhoptries and dense granules, however, are virtually unknown. Here, we present evidence that dense granule exocytosis is negatively regulated by cytosolic Ca2+, and we show that this Ca2+‐mediated response is contingent on the function of calcium‐dependent protein kinases TgCDPK1 and TgCDPK3. Reciprocal control of micronemes and dense granules provides an elegant solution to the mutually exclusive functions of these exocytotic compartments in parasite invasion cycles and further demonstrates the central role that Ca2+ signalling plays in the invasion biology of apicomplexan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Katris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Huiling Ke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Geoffrey I McFadden
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Giel G van Dooren
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ross F Waller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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21
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Lv L, Huang B, Zhao Q, Zhao Z, Dong H, Zhu S, Chen T, Yan M, Han H. Identification of an interaction between calcium-dependent protein kinase 4 (EtCDPK4) and serine protease inhibitor (EtSerpin) in Eimeria tenella. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:259. [PMID: 29688868 PMCID: PMC5913893 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eimeria tenella is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan protozoan parasite that has a complex life-cycle. Calcium ions, through various calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), regulate key events in parasite growth and development, including protein secretion, movement, differentiation, and invasion of and escape from host cells. In this study, we identified proteins that interact with EtCDPK4 to lay a foundation for clarifying the role of CDPKs in calcium channels. Methods Eimeria tenella merozoites were collected to construct a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) cDNA library. The Y2H system was used to identify proteins that interact with EtCDPK4. One of interacting proteins was confirmed using bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation in vivo. Co-localization of proteins was performed using immunofluorescence assays. Results Eight proteins that interact with EtCDPK4 were identified using the Y2H system. One of the proteins, E. tenella serine protease inhibitor 1 (EtSerpin), was further confirmed. Conclusion In this study, we screened for proteins that interact with EtCDPK4. An interaction between EtSerpin and EtCDPK4 was identified that may contribute to the invasion and development of E. tenella in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lv
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.,Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Huang
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.,Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongping Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Dong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yan
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.,Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Denny PW. Microbial protein targets: towards understanding and intervention. Parasitology 2018; 145:111-115. [PMID: 29143719 PMCID: PMC5817423 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017002037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The rise of antimicrobial resistance, coupled with a lack of industrial focus on antimicrobial discovery over preceding decades, has brought the world to a crisis point. With both human and animal health set to decline due to increased disease burdens caused by near untreatable microbial pathogens, there is an urgent need to identify new antimicrobials. Central to this is the elucidation of new, robustly validated, drug targets. Informed by industrial practice and concerns, the use of both biological and chemical tools in validation is key. In parallel, repurposing approved drugs for use as antimicrobials may provide both new treatments and identify new targets, whilst improved understanding of pharmacology will help develop and progress good 'hits' with the required rapidity. In recognition of the need to increase research efforts in these areas, in 14-16 September 2017, the British Society for Parasitology (BSP) Autumn Symposium was hosted at Durham University with the title: Microbial Protein Targets: towards understanding and intervention. Staged in collaboration with the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Chemistry Biology Interface Division (CBID), the core aim was to bring together leading researchers working across disciplines to imagine novel approaches towards combating infection and antimicrobial resistance. Sessions were held on: 'Anti-infective discovery, an overview'; 'Omic approaches to target validation'; 'Genetic approaches to target validation'; 'Drug target structure and drug discovery'; 'Fragment-based approaches to drug discovery'; and 'Chemical approaches to target validation'. Here, we introduce a series of review and primary research articles from selected contributors to the Symposium, giving an overview of progress in understanding antimicrobial targets and developing new drugs. The Symposium was organized by Paul Denny (Durham) for the BSP and Patrick Steel (Durham) for RSC CBID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Denny
- Department of Biosciences,Durham University,Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE,UK
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23
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Abstract
The apicomplexan protozoan parasites include the causative agents of animal and human diseases ranging from malaria (Plasmodium spp.) to toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii). The complex life cycle of T. gondii is regulated by a unique family of calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) that have become the target of intensive efforts to develop new therapeutics. In this review, we will summarize structure-based strategies, recent successes and future directions in the pursuit of specific and selective inhibitors of T. gondii CDPK1.
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24
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Rutaganira FU, Barks J, Dhason MS, Wang Q, Lopez MS, Long S, Radke JB, Jones NG, Maddirala AR, Janetka JW, El Bakkouri M, Hui R, Shokat KM, Sibley LD. Inhibition of Calcium Dependent Protein Kinase 1 (CDPK1) by Pyrazolopyrimidine Analogs Decreases Establishment and Reoccurrence of Central Nervous System Disease by Toxoplasma gondii. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9976-9989. [PMID: 28933846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Calcium dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1) is an essential enzyme in the opportunistic pathogen Toxoplasma gondii. CDPK1 controls multiple processes that are critical to the intracellular replicative cycle of T. gondii including secretion of adhesins, motility, invasion, and egress. Remarkably, CDPK1 contains a small glycine gatekeeper residue in the ATP binding pocket making it sensitive to ATP-competitive inhibitors with bulky substituents that complement this expanded binding pocket. Here we explored structure-activity relationships of a series of pyrazolopyrimidine inhibitors of CDPK1 with the goal of increasing selectivity over host enzymes, improving antiparasite potency, and improving metabolic stability. The resulting lead compound 24 exhibited excellent enzyme inhibition and selectivity for CDPK1 and potently inhibited parasite growth in vitro. Compound 24 was also effective at treating acute toxoplasmosis in the mouse, reducing dissemination to the central nervous system, and decreasing reactivation of chronic infection in severely immunocompromised mice. These findings provide proof of concept for the development of small molecule inhibitors of CDPK1 for treatment of CNS toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentine U Rutaganira
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jennifer Barks
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Mary Savari Dhason
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Qiuling Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Michael S Lopez
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Shaojun Long
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Joshua B Radke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Nathaniel G Jones
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Amarendar R Maddirala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - James W Janetka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Majida El Bakkouri
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto , MaRS South Tower, 101 College St, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Raymond Hui
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto , MaRS South Tower, 101 College St, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute , 200 Elizabeth St., Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - L David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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25
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Abstract
Cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase G [PKG]) is essential for microneme secretion, motility, invasion, and egress in apicomplexan parasites, However, the separate roles of two isoforms of the kinase that are expressed by some apicomplexans remain uncertain. Despite having identical regulatory and catalytic domains, PKGI is plasma membrane associated whereas PKGII is cytosolic in Toxoplasma gondii. To determine whether these isoforms are functionally distinct or redundant, we developed an auxin-inducible degron (AID) tagging system for conditional protein depletion in T. gondii. By combining AID regulation with genome editing strategies, we determined that PKGI is necessary and fully sufficient for PKG-dependent cellular processes. Conversely, PKGII is functionally insufficient and dispensable in the presence of PKGI. The difference in functionality mapped to the first 15 residues of PKGI, containing a myristoylated Gly residue at position 2 that is critical for membrane association and PKG function. Collectively, we have identified a novel requirement for cGMP signaling at the plasma membrane and developed a new system for examining essential proteins in T. gondii. Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite and important clinical and veterinary pathogen that causes toxoplasmosis. Since apicomplexans can only propagate within host cells, efficient invasion is critically important for their life cycles. Previous studies using chemical genetics demonstrated that cyclic GMP signaling through protein kinase G (PKG)-controlled invasion by apicomplexan parasites. However, these studies did not resolve functional differences between two compartmentalized isoforms of the kinase. Here we developed a conditional protein regulation tool to interrogate PKG isoforms in T. gondii. We found that the cytosolic PKG isoform was largely insufficient and dispensable. In contrast, the plasma membrane-associated isoform was necessary and fully sufficient for PKG function. Our studies identify the plasma membrane as a key location for PKG activity and provide a broadly applicable system for examining essential proteins in T. gondii.
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26
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McCoy JM, Stewart RJ, Uboldi AD, Li D, Schröder J, Scott NE, Papenfuss AT, Lehane AM, Foster LJ, Tonkin CJ. A forward genetic screen identifies a negative regulator of rapid Ca 2+-dependent cell egress (MS1) in the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7662-7674. [PMID: 28258212 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.775114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, like all apicomplexan parasites, uses Ca2+ signaling pathways to activate gliding motility to power tissue dissemination and host cell invasion and egress. A group of "plant-like" Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) transduces cytosolic Ca2+ flux into enzymatic activity, but how they function is poorly understood. To investigate how Ca2+ signaling activates egress through CDPKs, we performed a forward genetic screen to isolate gain-of-function mutants from an egress-deficient cdpk3 knockout strain. We recovered mutants that regained the ability to egress from host cells that harbored mutations in the gene Suppressor of Ca2+-dependent Egress 1 (SCE1). Global phosphoproteomic analysis showed that SCE1 deletion restored many Δcdpk3-dependent phosphorylation events to near wild-type levels. We also show that CDPK3-dependent SCE1 phosphorylation is required to relieve its suppressive activity to potentiate egress. In summary, our work has uncovered a novel component and suppressor of Ca2+-dependent cell egress during Toxoplasma lytic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M McCoy
- From the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,the Departments of Medical Biology.,Computing and Information Systems,University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Stewart
- From the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,the Departments of Medical Biology.,Computing and Information Systems,University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alessandro D Uboldi
- From the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,the Departments of Medical Biology.,Computing and Information Systems,University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Dongdi Li
- the Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Jan Schröder
- From the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,the Departments of Medical Biology.,the Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Victoria 3000, Australia, and
| | - Nicollas E Scott
- the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Anthony T Papenfuss
- From the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,the Departments of Medical Biology.,the Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Victoria 3000, Australia, and
| | - Adele M Lehane
- the Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Leonard J Foster
- the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Christopher J Tonkin
- From the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia, .,the Departments of Medical Biology
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27
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Haubrich BA, Swinney DC. Enzyme Activity Assays for Protein Kinases: Strategies to Identify Active Substrates. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2016; 13:2-15. [PMID: 26768716 DOI: 10.2174/1570163813666160115125930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are an important class of enzymes and drug targets. New opportunities to discover medicines for neglected diseases can be leveraged by the extensive kinase tools and knowledge created in targeting human kinases. A valuable tool for kinase drug discovery is an enzyme assay that measures catalytic function. The functional assay can be used to identify inhibitors, estimate affinity, characterize molecular mechanisms of action (MMOAs) and evaluate selectivity. However, establishing an enzyme assay for a new kinases requires identification of a suitable substrate. Identification of a new kinase's endogenous physiologic substrate and function can be extremely costly and time consuming. Fortunately, most kinases are promiscuous and will catalyze the phosphotransfer from ATP to alternative substrates with differing degrees of catalytic efficiency. In this manuscript we review strategies and successes in the identification of alternative substrates for kinases from organisms responsible for many of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) towards the goal of informing strategies to identify substrates for new kinases. Approaches for establishing a functional kinase assay include measuring auto-activation and use of generic substrates and peptides. The most commonly used generic substrates are casein, myelin basic protein, and histone. Sequence homology modeling can provide insights into the potential substrates and the requirement for activation. Empirical approaches that can identify substrates include screening of lysates (which may also help identify native substrates) and use of peptide arrays. All of these approaches have been used with a varying degree of success to identify alternative substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad A Haubrich
- Institute for Rare and Neglected Diseases Drug Discovery, 897 Independence Ave, Suite 2C, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
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28
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Reduced Activity of Mutant Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase 1 Is Compensated in Plasmodium falciparum through the Action of Protein Kinase G. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.02011-16. [PMID: 27923926 PMCID: PMC5142624 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02011-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a sensitization approach that involves replacement of the gatekeeper residue in a protein kinase with one with a different side chain. The activity of the enzyme with a bulky gatekeeper residue, such as methionine, cannot be inhibited using bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs). Here, we have used this approach to study Plasmodium falciparum calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (PfCDPK1). The methionine gatekeeper substitution, T145M, although it led to a 47% reduction in transphosphorylation, was successfully introduced into the CDPK1 locus using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9. As methionine is a bulky residue, BKI 1294 had a 10-fold-greater effect in vitro on the wild-type enzyme than on the methionine mutant. However, in contrast to in vitro data with recombinant enzymes, BKI 1294 had a slightly greater inhibition of the growth of CDPK1 T145M parasites than the wild type. Moreover, the CDPK1 T145M parasites were more sensitive to the action of compound 2 (C2), a specific inhibitor of protein kinase G (PKG). These results suggest that a reduction in the activity of CDPK1 due to methionine substitution at the gatekeeper position is compensated through the direct action of PKG or of another kinase under the regulation of PKG. The transcript levels of CDPK5 and CDPK6 were significantly upregulated in the CDPK1 T145M parasites. The increase in CDPK6 or some other kinase may compensate for decrease in CDPK1 activity during invasion. This study suggests that targeting two kinases may be more effective in chemotherapy to treat malaria so as not to select for mutations in one of the enzymes. Protein kinases of Plasmodium falciparum are being actively pursued as drug targets to treat malaria. However, compensatory mechanisms may reverse the drug activity against a kinase. In this study, we show that replacement of the wild-type threonine gatekeeper residue with methionine reduces the transphosphorylation activity of CDPK1. Mutant parasites with methionine gatekeeper residue compensate the reduced activity of CDPK1 through the action of PKG possibly by upregulation of CDPK6 or some other kinase. This study highlights that targeting one enzyme may lead to changes in transcript expression of other kinases that compensate for its function and may select for mutants that are less dependent on the target enzyme activity. Thus, inhibiting two kinases is a better strategy to protect the antimalarial activity of each, similar to artemisinin combination therapy or malarone (atovaquone and proguanil).
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Rothenberg DA, Gordon EA, White FM, Lourido S. Identification of Direct Kinase Substrates Using Analogue-Sensitive Alleles. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1355:71-84. [PMID: 26584919 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3049-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the substrates of protein kinases remains a major obstacle in the elucidation of eukaryotic signaling pathways. Promiscuity among kinases and their substrates coupled with the extraordinary plasticity of phosphorylation networks renders traditional genetic approaches or small-molecule inhibitors problematic when trying to determine the direct substrates of an individual kinase. Here we describe methods to label, enrich, and identify the direct substrates of analogue-sensitive kinases by exploiting their steric complementarity to artificial ATP analogues. Using calcium-dependent protein kinases of Toxoplasma gondii as a model for these approaches, this protocol brings together numerous advances that enable labeling of kinase targets in semi-permeabilized cells, quantification of direct labeling over background, and highly specific enrichment of targeted phosphopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Rothenberg
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Gordon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Forest M White
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sebastian Lourido
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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Thiol-ene-Enabled Detection of Thiophosphorylation as a Labeling Strategy for Phosphoproteins. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1355:3-15. [PMID: 26584915 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3049-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) analogue adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATPγS) has been applied as a tool to study kinase-substrate phosphorylation. Not only does the transfer of a thiophosphate group represent a unique modification amid the phosphoproteome, but it can also be stable to phosphatase activity. However, detection of this species is complicated due to the similar chemical reactivity of thiophosphate and proteinaceous thiols. Here, we describe a novel method for detection of protein thiophosphorylation utilizing the thiol-ene reaction. By first chemoselectively capping protein thiols through radical chemistry, kinase-catalyzed thiophosphorylation can be visualized specifically.
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31
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von Stechow L, Francavilla C, Olsen JV. Recent findings and technological advances in phosphoproteomics for cells and tissues. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 12:469-87. [PMID: 26400465 PMCID: PMC4819829 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1078730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific phosphorylation is a fast and reversible covalent post-translational modification that is tightly regulated in cells. The cellular machinery of enzymes that write, erase and read these modifications (kinases, phosphatases and phospho-binding proteins) is frequently deregulated in different diseases, including cancer. Large-scale studies of phosphoproteins – termed phosphoproteomics – strongly rely on the use of high-performance mass spectrometric instrumentation. This powerful technology has been applied to study a great number of phosphorylation-based phenotypes. Nevertheless, many technical and biological challenges have to be overcome to identify biologically relevant phosphorylation sites in cells and tissues. This review describes different technological strategies to identify and quantify phosphorylation sites with high accuracy, without significant loss of analysis speed and reproducibility in tissues and cells. Moreover, computational tools for analysis, integration and biological interpretation of phosphorylation events are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise von Stechow
- a Proteomics Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chiara Francavilla
- a Proteomics Program, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Analysis of Noncanonical Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases in Toxoplasma gondii by Targeted Gene Deletion Using CRISPR/Cas9. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1262-1273. [PMID: 26755159 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01173-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are expanded in apicomplexan parasites, especially in Toxoplasma gondii where 14 separate genes encoding these enzymes are found. Although previous studies have shown that several CDPKs play a role in controlling invasion, egress, and cell division in T. gondii, the roles of most of these genes are unexplored. Here we developed a more efficient method for gene disruption using CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) that was modified to completely delete large, multiexonic genes from the genome and to allow serial replacement by recycling of the selectable marker using Cre-loxP. Using this system, we generated a total of 24 mutants in type 1 and 2 genetic backgrounds to ascertain the functions of noncanonical CDPKs. Remarkably, although we were able to confirm the essentiality of CDPK1 and CDPK7, the majority of CDPKs had no discernible phenotype for growth in vitro or infection in the mouse model. The exception to this was CDPK6, loss of which leads to reduced plaquing, fitness defect in a competition assay, and reduced tissue cyst formation in chronically infected mice. Our findings highlight the utility of CRISPR/Cas9 for rapid serial gene deletion and also suggest that additional models are needed to reveal the functions of many genes in T. gondii.
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Brown KM, Lourido S, Sibley LD. Serum Albumin Stimulates Protein Kinase G-dependent Microneme Secretion in Toxoplasma gondii. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9554-65. [PMID: 26933037 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.700518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Microneme secretion is essential for motility, invasion, and egress in apicomplexan parasites. Although previous studies indicate that Ca(2+) and cGMP control microneme secretion, little is known about how these pathways are naturally activated. Here we have developed genetically encoded indicators for Ca(2+) and microneme secretion to better define the signaling pathways that regulate these processes in Toxoplasma gondii We found that microneme secretion was triggered in vitro by exposure to a single host protein, serum albumin. The natural agonist serum albumin induced microneme secretion in a protein kinase G-dependent manner that correlated with increased cGMP levels. Surprisingly, serum albumin acted independently of elevated Ca(2+) and yet it was augmented by artificial agonists that raise Ca(2+), such as ethanol. Furthermore, although ethanol elevated intracellular Ca(2+), it alone was unable to trigger secretion without the presence of serum or serum albumin. This dichotomy was recapitulated by zaprinast, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that elevated cGMP and separately increased Ca(2+) in a protein kinase G-independent manner leading to microneme secretion. Taken together, these findings reveal that microneme secretion is centrally controlled by protein kinase G and that this pathway is further augmented by elevation of intracellular Ca(2.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Brown
- From the Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Sebastian Lourido
- From the Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - L David Sibley
- From the Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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Ma S, Zhou S, Lin W, Zhang R, Wu W, Zheng K. Study of novel pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives as selective TgCDPK1 inhibitors: molecular docking, structure-based 3D-QSAR and molecular dynamics simulation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20277b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the structural features that have an impact on TgCDPK1 activity and TgCDPK1/Src selectivity by multi-computational methods with different statistical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Ma
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou 510006
- PR China
| | - Shengfu Zhou
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou 510006
- PR China
| | - Weicong Lin
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou 510006
- PR China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou 510006
- PR China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou 510006
- PR China
| | - Kangcheng Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- PR China
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Regulation of Starch Stores by a Ca2+-Dependent Protein Kinase Is Essential for Viable Cyst Development in Toxoplasma gondii. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 18:670-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) comprise the major group of Ca2+-regulated kinases in plants and protists. It has long been assumed that CDPKs are activated, like other Ca2+-regulated kinases, by derepression of the kinase domain (KD). However, we found that removal of the autoinhibitory domain from Toxoplasma gondii CDPK1 is not sufficient for kinase activation. From a library of heavy chain-only antibody fragments (VHHs), we isolated an antibody (1B7) that binds TgCDPK1 in a conformation-dependent manner and potently inhibits it. We uncovered the molecular basis for this inhibition by solving the crystal structure of the complex and simulating, through molecular dynamics, the effects of 1B7-kinase interactions. In contrast to other Ca2+-regulated kinases, the regulatory domain of TgCDPK1 plays a dual role, inhibiting or activating the kinase in response to changes in Ca2+ concentrations. We propose that the regulatory domain of TgCDPK1 acts as a molecular splint to stabilize the otherwise inactive KD. This dependence on allosteric stabilization reveals a novel susceptibility in this important class of parasite enzymes.
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Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is the clinical and pathological consequence of acute infection with the obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Symptoms result from tissue destruction that accompanies lytic parasite growth. This review updates current understanding of the host cell invasion, parasite replication, and eventual egress that constitute the lytic cycle, as well as the ways T. gondii manipulates host cells to ensure its survival. Since the publication of a previous iteration of this review 15 years ago, important advances have been made in our molecular understanding of parasite growth and mechanisms of host cell egress, and knowledge of the parasite's manipulation of the host has rapidly progressed. Here we cover molecular advances and current conceptual frameworks that include each of these topics, with an eye to what may be known 15 years from now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira J Blader
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14127;
| | - Bradley I Coleman
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467; , ,
| | - Chun-Ti Chen
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467; , ,
| | - Marc-Jan Gubbels
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467; , ,
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Mitcheson DF, Tobin AB, Alam MM. Applying chemical genetic tools to the study of phospho-signalling pathways in malaria parasites. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1650-6. [PMID: 26143498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Until very recently there has been very little information about the phospho-signalling pathways in apicomplexan parasites including the most virulent species of human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. With the advancement of mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics and the development of chemical genetic approaches to target specific parasite protein kinases, the complexity of the essential role played by phosphorylation in maintaining the viability of apicomplexan parasites is now being revealed. This review will describe these recent advances and will discuss how these approaches can be used to validate parasite protein kinases as drug targets and to determine the on- and off-target action of protein kinase inhibitors. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Inhibitors of Protein Kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah F Mitcheson
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Mahmood M Alam
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
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39
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Hui R, El Bakkouri M, Sibley LD. Designing selective inhibitors for calcium-dependent protein kinases in apicomplexans. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:452-60. [PMID: 26002073 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites cause some of the most severe human diseases, including malaria (caused by Plasmodium), toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. Treatments are limited by the lack of effective drugs and development of resistance to available agents. By exploiting novel features of protein kinases in these parasites, it may be possible to develop new treatments. We summarize here recent advances in identifying small molecule inhibitors against a novel family of plant-like, calcium-dependent kinases that are uniquely expanded in apicomplexan parasites. Analysis of the 3D structure, activation mechanism, and sensitivity to small molecules had identified several attractive chemical scaffolds that are potent and selective inhibitors of these parasite kinases. Further optimization of these leads may yield promising new drugs for treatment of these parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Hui
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, MaRS South Tower, 101 College St, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Majida El Bakkouri
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, MaRS South Tower, 101 College St, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - L David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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40
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Tang Q, Andenmatten N, Hortua Triana MA, Deng B, Meissner M, Moreno SNJ, Ballif BA, Ward GE. Calcium-dependent phosphorylation alters class XIVa myosin function in the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2579-91. [PMID: 24989796 PMCID: PMC4148248 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-11-0648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin A, an unconventional class XIV myosin of the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, undergoes calcium-dependent phosphorylation, providing a mechanism by which the parasite can regulate motility-based processes such as escape from the infected host cell at the end of the parasite's lytic cycle. Class XIVa myosins comprise a unique group of myosin motor proteins found in apicomplexan parasites, including those that cause malaria and toxoplasmosis. The founding member of the class XIVa family, Toxoplasma gondii myosin A (TgMyoA), is a monomeric unconventional myosin that functions at the parasite periphery to control gliding motility, host cell invasion, and host cell egress. How the motor activity of TgMyoA is regulated during these critical steps in the parasite's lytic cycle is unknown. We show here that a small-molecule enhancer of T. gondii motility and invasion (compound 130038) causes an increase in parasite intracellular calcium levels, leading to a calcium-dependent increase in TgMyoA phosphorylation. Mutation of the major sites of phosphorylation altered parasite motile behavior upon compound 130038 treatment, and parasites expressing a nonphosphorylatable mutant myosin egressed from host cells more slowly in response to treatment with calcium ionophore. These data demonstrate that TgMyoA undergoes calcium-dependent phosphorylation, which modulates myosin-driven processes in this important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Nicole Andenmatten
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Miryam A Hortua Triana
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Bin Deng
- Vermont Genetics Network Proteomics Facility, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Markus Meissner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia N J Moreno
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Bryan A Ballif
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Gary E Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405
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Treeck M, Sanders JL, Gaji RY, LaFavers KA, Child MA, Arrizabalaga G, Elias JE, Boothroyd JC. The calcium-dependent protein kinase 3 of toxoplasma influences basal calcium levels and functions beyond egress as revealed by quantitative phosphoproteome analysis. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004197. [PMID: 24945436 PMCID: PMC4063958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are conserved in plants and apicomplexan parasites. In Toxoplasma gondii, TgCDPK3 regulates parasite egress from the host cell in the presence of a calcium-ionophore. The targets and the pathways that the kinase controls, however, are not known. To identify pathways regulated by TgCDPK3, we measured relative phosphorylation site usage in wild type and TgCDPK3 mutant and knock-out parasites by quantitative mass-spectrometry using stable isotope-labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). This revealed known and novel phosphorylation events on proteins predicted to play a role in host-cell egress, but also a novel function of TgCDPK3 as an upstream regulator of other calcium-dependent signaling pathways, as we also identified proteins that are differentially phosphorylated prior to egress, including proteins important for ion-homeostasis and metabolism. This observation is supported by the observation that basal calcium levels are increased in parasites where TgCDPK3 has been inactivated. Most of the differential phosphorylation observed in CDPK3 mutants is rescued by complementation of the mutants with a wild type copy of TgCDPK3. Lastly, the TgCDPK3 mutants showed hyperphosphorylation of two targets of a related calcium-dependent kinase (TgCDPK1), as well as TgCDPK1 itself, indicating that this latter kinase appears to play a role downstream of TgCDPK3 function. Overexpression of TgCDPK1 partially rescues the egress phenotype of the TgCDPK3 mutants, reinforcing this conclusion. These results show that TgCDPK3 plays a pivotal role in regulating tachyzoite functions including, but not limited to, egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Treeck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - John L. Sanders
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Rajshekhar Y. Gaji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kacie A. LaFavers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Child
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Arrizabalaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Joshua E. Elias
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - John C. Boothroyd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ojo KK, Reid MC, Kallur Siddaramaiah L, Müller J, Winzer P, Zhang Z, Keyloun KR, Vidadala RSR, Merritt EA, Hol WGJ, Maly DJ, Fan E, Van Voorhis WC, Hemphill A. Neospora caninum calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 is an effective drug target for neosporosis therapy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92929. [PMID: 24681759 PMCID: PMC3969379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the enormous economic importance of Neospora caninum related veterinary diseases, the number of effective therapeutic agents is relatively small. Development of new therapeutic strategies to combat the economic impact of neosporosis remains an important scientific endeavor. This study demonstrates molecular, structural and phenotypic evidence that N. caninum calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (NcCDPK1) is a promising molecular target for neosporosis drug development. Recombinant NcCDPK1 was expressed, purified and screened against a select group of bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) previously shown to have low IC50s against Toxoplasma gondii CDPK1 and T. gondii tachyzoites. NcCDPK1 was inhibited by low concentrations of BKIs. The three-dimensional structure of NcCDPK1 in complex with BKIs was studied crystallographically. The BKI-NcCDPK1 structures demonstrated the structural basis for potency and selectivity. Calcium-dependent conformational changes in solution as characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering are consistent with previous structures in low Calcium-state but different in the Calcium-bound active state than predicted by X-ray crystallography. BKIs effectively inhibited N. caninum tachyzoite proliferation in vitro. Electron microscopic analysis of N. caninum cells revealed ultra-structural changes in the presence of BKI compound 1294. BKI compound 1294 interfered with an early step in Neospora tachyzoite host cell invasion and egress. Prolonged incubation in the presence of 1294 interfered produced observable interference with viability and replication. Oral dosing of BKI compound 1294 at 50 mg/kg for 5 days in established murine neosporosis resulted in a 10-fold reduced cerebral parasite burden compared to untreated control. Further experiments are needed to determine the PK, optimal dosage, and duration for effective treatment in cattle and dogs, but these data demonstrate proof-of-concept for BKIs, and 1294 specifically, for therapy of bovine and canine neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayode K. Ojo
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KKO); (WCVV); (AH)
| | - Molly C. Reid
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Joachim Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Winzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Zhongsheng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Katelyn R. Keyloun
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rama Subba Rao Vidadala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ethan A. Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Wim G. J. Hol
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dustin J. Maly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KKO); (WCVV); (AH)
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (KKO); (WCVV); (AH)
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43
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Morlon-Guyot J, Berry L, Chen CT, Gubbels MJ, Lebrun M, Daher W. The Toxoplasma gondii calcium-dependent protein kinase 7 is involved in early steps of parasite division and is crucial for parasite survival. Cell Microbiol 2013; 16:95-114. [PMID: 24011186 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites express various calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), and some of them play essential roles in invasion and egress. Five of the six CDPKs conserved in most Apicomplexa have been studied at the molecular and cellular levels in Plasmodium species and/or in Toxoplasma gondii parasites, but the function of CDPK7 was so far uncharacterized. In T. gondii, during intracellular replication, two parasites are formed within a mother cell through a unique process called endodyogeny. Here we demonstrate that the knock-down of CDPK7 protein in T. gondii results in pronounced defects in parasite division and a major growth deficiency, while it is dispensable for motility, egress and microneme exocytosis. In cdpk7-depleted parasites, the overall DNA content was not impaired, but the polarity of daughter cells budding and the fate of several subcellular structures or proteins involved in cell division were affected, such as the centrosomes and the kinetochore. Overall, our data suggest that CDPK7 is crucial for proper maintenance of centrosome integrity required for the initiation of endodyogeny. Our findings provide a first insight into the probable role of calcium-dependent signalling in parasite multiplication, in addition to its more widely explored role in invasion and egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Morlon-Guyot
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, UMR5235 CNRS, Université de Montpellier I et II, Montpellier, France
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44
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Blackman MJ, Carruthers VB. Recent insights into apicomplexan parasite egress provide new views to a kill. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:459-64. [PMID: 23725669 PMCID: PMC3755044 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of apicomplexan pathogens such as Plasmodium, Toxoplasma and Cryptosporidium is that they invade, replicate within, and then egress from their host cells. Egress usually results in lysis of the host cell, with deleterious consequences for the host. In the case of malaria, for example, much of the disease pathology is associated with cyclical waves of host erythrocyte destruction. This review highlights recent advances in mapping the signaling pathways that lead to egress and the parasite molecules involved in responding to and transmitting those signals. The review also discusses new findings for effector molecules that mediate disruption of the bounding membranes that enclose the intracellular parasite and the manner in which membrane rupture occurs to finally release invasive forms of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Blackman
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Vern B. Carruthers
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5620
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Sharma P, Chitnis CE. Key molecular events during host cell invasion by Apicomplexan pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:432-7. [PMID: 23895827 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Apicomplexan parasites to invade host cells is key to their survival and pathogenesis. Plasmodium and Toxoplasma parasites share common mechanisms for invasion of host cells. Secretion of microneme and rhoptry proteins, tight junction formation and assembly of an acto-myosin motor are key steps for successful invasion by both parasites. Here, we review our understanding of the molecular basis for these steps.
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