1
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Kohout CV, Del Bino L, Petrosilli L, D'Orazio G, Romano MR, Codée JDC, Adamo R, Lay L. Semisynthetic Glycoconjugates as Potential Vaccine Candidates Against Haemophilus influenzae Type a. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401695. [PMID: 38889267 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines are based on chemical conjugation of pathogen-associated carbohydrates with immunogenic carrier proteins and are considered a very cost-effective way to prevent infections. Most of the licensed glycoconjugate vaccines are composed of saccharide antigens extracted from bacterial sources. However, synthetic oligosaccharide antigens have become a promising alternative to natural polysaccharides with the advantage of being well-defined structures providing homogeneous conjugates. Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) is responsible for a number of severe diseases. In recent years, an increasing rate of invasive infections caused by Hi serotype a (Hia) raised some concern, because no vaccine targeting Hia is currently available. The capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of Hia is constituted by phosphodiester-linked 4-β-d-glucose-(1→4)-d-ribitol-5-(PO4→) repeating units and is the antigen for protein-conjugated polysaccharide vaccines. To investigate the antigenic potential of the CPS from Hia, we synthesized related saccharide fragments containing up to five repeating units. Following the synthetic optimization of the needed disaccharide building blocks, they were assembled using the phosphoramidite approach for the installation of the phosphodiester linkages. The resulting CPS-based Hia oligomers were conjugated to CRM197 carrier protein and evaluated in vivo for their immunogenic potential, showing that all glycoconjugates were capable of raising antibodies recognizing Hia synthetic fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia V Kohout
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Laura Petrosilli
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D'Orazio
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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2
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Rohokale R, Guo Z. Development in the Concept of Bacterial Polysaccharide Repeating Unit-Based Antibacterial Conjugate Vaccines. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:178-212. [PMID: 36706246 PMCID: PMC9930202 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The surface of cells is coated with a dense layer of glycans, known as the cell glycocalyx. The complex glycans in the glycocalyx are involved in various biological events, such as bacterial pathogenesis, protection of bacteria from environmental stresses, etc. Polysaccharides on the bacterial cell surface are highly conserved and accessible molecules, and thus they are excellent immunological targets. Consequently, bacterial polysaccharides and their repeating units have been extensively studied as antigens for the development of antibacterial vaccines. This Review surveys the recent developments in the synthetic and immunological investigations of bacterial polysaccharide repeating unit-based conjugate vaccines against several human pathogenic bacteria. The major challenges associated with the development of functional carbohydrate-based antibacterial conjugate vaccines are also considered.
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3
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Shivatare SS, Shivatare VS, Wong CH. Glycoconjugates: Synthesis, Functional Studies, and Therapeutic Developments. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15603-15671. [PMID: 36174107 PMCID: PMC9674437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are major constituents of mammalian cells that are formed via covalent conjugation of carbohydrates to other biomolecules like proteins and lipids and often expressed on the cell surfaces. Among the three major classes of glycoconjugates, proteoglycans and glycoproteins contain glycans linked to the protein backbone via amino acid residues such as Asn for N-linked glycans and Ser/Thr for O-linked glycans. In glycolipids, glycans are linked to a lipid component such as glycerol, polyisoprenyl pyrophosphate, fatty acid ester, or sphingolipid. Recently, glycoconjugates have become better structurally defined and biosynthetically understood, especially those associated with human diseases, and are accessible to new drug, diagnostic, and therapeutic developments. This review describes the status and new advances in the biological study and therapeutic applications of natural and synthetic glycoconjugates, including proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. The scope, limitations, and novel methodologies in the synthesis and clinical development of glycoconjugates including vaccines, glyco-remodeled antibodies, glycan-based adjuvants, glycan-specific receptor-mediated drug delivery platforms, etc., and their future prospectus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vidya S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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4
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Del Bino L, Østerlid KE, Wu DY, Nonne F, Romano MR, Codée J, Adamo R. Synthetic Glycans to Improve Current Glycoconjugate Vaccines and Fight Antimicrobial Resistance. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15672-15716. [PMID: 35608633 PMCID: PMC9614730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is emerging as the next potential pandemic. Different microorganisms, including the bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii, Clostridioides difficile, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, non-typhoidal Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus, and the fungus Candida auris, have been identified by the WHO and CDC as urgent or serious AMR threats. Others, such as group A and B Streptococci, are classified as concerning threats. Glycoconjugate vaccines have been demonstrated to be an efficacious and cost-effective measure to combat infections against Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and, more recently, Salmonella typhi. Recent times have seen enormous progress in methodologies for the assembly of complex glycans and glycoconjugates, with developments in synthetic, chemoenzymatic, and glycoengineering methodologies. This review analyzes the advancement of glycoconjugate vaccines based on synthetic carbohydrates to improve existing vaccines and identify novel candidates to combat AMR. Through this literature survey we built an overview of structure-immunogenicity relationships from available data and identify gaps and areas for further research to better exploit the peculiar role of carbohydrates as vaccine targets and create the next generation of synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kitt Emilie Østerlid
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dung-Yeh Wu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jeroen Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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5
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Sato K, Chiba A, Shiraishi T, Ogawa Y, Hara RI, Wada T. Solid-phase synthesis of N-trichloroacetyl mannosamine 1-phosphate repeating units Mimicking capsular polysaccharide derived from Neisseria meningitidis serotype A. Carbohydr Res 2022; 518:108585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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6
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Anderluh M, Berti F, Bzducha-Wróbel A, Chiodo F, Colombo C, Compostella F, Durlik K, Ferhati X, Holmdahl R, Jovanovic D, Kaca W, Lay L, Marinovic-Cincovic M, Marradi M, Ozil M, Polito L, Reina JJ, Reis CA, Sackstein R, Silipo A, Švajger U, Vaněk O, Yamamoto F, Richichi B, van Vliet SJ. Recent advances on smart glycoconjugate vaccines in infections and cancer. FEBS J 2021; 289:4251-4303. [PMID: 33934527 PMCID: PMC9542079 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the greatest achievements in biomedical research preventing death and morbidity in many infectious diseases through the induction of pathogen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Currently, no effective vaccines are available for pathogens with a highly variable antigenic load, such as the human immunodeficiency virus or to induce cellular T-cell immunity in the fight against cancer. The recent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has reinforced the relevance of designing smart therapeutic vaccine modalities to ensure public health. Indeed, academic and private companies have ongoing joint efforts to develop novel vaccine prototypes for this virus. Many pathogens are covered by a dense glycan-coat, which form an attractive target for vaccine development. Moreover, many tumor types are characterized by altered glycosylation profiles that are known as "tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens". Unfortunately, glycans do not provoke a vigorous immune response and generally serve as T-cell-independent antigens, not eliciting protective immunoglobulin G responses nor inducing immunological memory. A close and continuous crosstalk between glycochemists and glycoimmunologists is essential for the successful development of efficient immune modulators. It is clear that this is a key point for the discovery of novel approaches, which could significantly improve our understanding of the immune system. In this review, we discuss the latest advancements in development of vaccines against glycan epitopes to gain selective immune responses and to provide an overview on the role of different immunogenic constructs in improving glycovaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Anderluh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Anna Bzducha-Wróbel
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Cinzia Colombo
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Compostella
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Durlik
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Xhenti Ferhati
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dragana Jovanovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Wieslaw Kaca
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Milena Marinovic-Cincovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marco Marradi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Musa Ozil
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Laura Polito
- National Research Council, CNR-SCITEC, Milan, Italy
| | - Josè Juan Reina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Spain.,Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
| | - Celso A Reis
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Napoli, Italy
| | - Urban Švajger
- Blood Transfusion Center of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ondřej Vaněk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fumiichiro Yamamoto
- Immunohematology & Glycobiology Laboratory, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Berti F, Romano MR, Micoli F, Adamo R. Carbohydrate based meningococcal vaccines: past and present overview. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:401-409. [PMID: 33905086 PMCID: PMC8076658 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-09990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is a major cause of bacterial meningitidis worldwide. Children less than five years and adolescents are particularly affected. Nearly all invasive strains are surrounded by a polysaccharide capsule, based on which, 12 N. meningitidis serogroups are differentiated. Six of them, A, B, C, W, X, and Y, cause the vast majority of infections in humans. Mono- and multi-valent carbohydrate-based vaccines against meningococcal infections have been licensed or are currently in clinical development. In this mini-review, an overview of the past and present approaches for producing meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccines is provided.
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8
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Structure of a protective epitope reveals the importance of acetylation of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A capsular polysaccharide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29795-29802. [PMID: 33158970 PMCID: PMC7703565 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011385117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningococcal meningitis remains a substantial cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Until recently, countries in the African meningitis belt were susceptible to devastating outbreaks, largely attributed to serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis (MenA). Vaccination with glycoconjugates of MenA capsular polysaccharide led to an almost complete elimination of MenA clinical cases. To understand the molecular basis of vaccine-induced protection, we generated a panel of oligosaccharide fragments of different lengths and tested them with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies by inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, surface plasmon resonance, and competitive human serum bactericidal assay, which is a surrogate for protection. The epitope was shown to optimize between three and six repeating units and to be O-acetylated. The molecular interactions between a protective monoclonal antibody and a MenA capsular polysaccharide fragment were further elucidated at the atomic level by saturation transfer difference NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The epitope consists of a trisaccharide anchored to the antibody via the O- and N-acetyl moieties through either H-bonding or CH-π interactions. In silico docking showed that 3-O-acetylation of the upstream residue is essential for antibody binding, while O-acetate could be equally accommodated at three and four positions of the other two residues. These results shed light on the mechanism of action of current MenA vaccines and provide a foundation for the rational design of improved therapies.
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9
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Fiebig T, Cramer JT, Bethe A, Baruch P, Curth U, Führing JI, Buettner FFR, Vogel U, Schubert M, Fedorov R, Mühlenhoff M. Structural and mechanistic basis of capsule O-acetylation in Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4723. [PMID: 32948778 PMCID: PMC7501274 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
O-Acetylation of the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A (NmA) is critical for the induction of functional immune responses, making this modification mandatory for CPS-based anti-NmA vaccines. Using comprehensive NMR studies, we demonstrate that O-acetylation stabilizes the labile anomeric phosphodiester-linkages of the NmA-CPS and occurs in position C3 and C4 of the N-acetylmannosamine units due to enzymatic transfer and non-enzymatic ester migration, respectively. To shed light on the enzymatic transfer mechanism, we solved the crystal structure of the capsule O-acetyltransferase CsaC in its apo and acceptor-bound form and of the CsaC-H228A mutant as trapped acetyl-enzyme adduct in complex with CoA. Together with the results of a comprehensive mutagenesis study, the reported structures explain the strict regioselectivity of CsaC and provide insight into the catalytic mechanism, which relies on an unexpected Gln-extension of a classical Ser-His-Asp triad, embedded in an α/β-hydrolase fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Fiebig
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Andrea Bethe
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Petra Baruch
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ute Curth
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jana I Führing
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Hannover, Germany
| | - Falk F R Buettner
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Vogel
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mario Schubert
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Roman Fedorov
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina Mühlenhoff
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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10
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Enotarpi J, Tontini M, Balocchi C, van der Es D, Auberger L, Balducci E, Carboni F, Proietti D, Casini D, Filippov DV, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Colombo C, Romano MR, Berti F, Costantino P, Codeé JDC, Lay L, Adamo R. A stabilized glycomimetic conjugate vaccine inducing protective antibodies against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4434. [PMID: 32895393 PMCID: PMC7477203 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A capsular polysaccharide (MenA CPS) consists of (1 → 6)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-mannopyranosyl phosphate repeating units, O-acetylated at position C3 or C4. Glycomimetics appear attractive to overcome the CPS intrinsic lability in physiological media, due to cleavage of the phosphodiester bridge, and to develop a stable vaccine with longer shelf life in liquid formulation. Here, we generate a series of non-acetylated carbaMenA oligomers which are proven more stable than the CPS. An octamer (DP8) inhibits the binding of a MenA specific bactericidal mAb and polyclonal serum to the CPS, and is selected for further in vivo testing. However, its CRM197 conjugate raises murine antibodies towards the non-acetylated CPS backbone, but not the natural acetylated form. Accordingly, random O-acetylation of the DP8 is performed, resulting in a structure (Ac-carbaMenA) showing improved inhibition of anti-MenA CPS antibody binding and, after conjugation to CRM197, eliciting anti-MenA protective murine antibodies, comparably to the vaccine benchmark.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/analysis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Bacterial Capsules/immunology
- Biomimetics/methods
- Glycoconjugates/chemical synthesis
- Glycoconjugates/immunology
- Mice
- Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup A/chemistry
- Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup A/drug effects
- Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup A/immunology
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemical synthesis
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemistry
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
- Vaccines, Conjugate/chemistry
- Vaccines, Conjugate/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Enotarpi
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Polymeric Materials (LaMPo), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden University, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Daan van der Es
- Department of Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden University, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ludovic Auberger
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Polymeric Materials (LaMPo), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Dmitri V Filippov
- Department of Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden University, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hermen S Overkleeft
- Department of Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden University, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cinzia Colombo
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Polymeric Materials (LaMPo), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Jeroen D C Codeé
- Department of Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden University, 2333, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Polymeric Materials (LaMPo), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Berti F, Micoli F. Improving efficacy of glycoconjugate vaccines: from chemical conjugates to next generation constructs. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 65:42-49. [PMID: 32361591 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines are among the safest and most successful vaccines developed during the past 30 years. Since the first semisynthetic chemical conjugate vaccine licensed in the 1980's to protect human against Haemophilus influenzae type b infection, conjugate vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae have been developed and registered using the same approach (i.e. bacterial growth to produce capsular polysaccharide antigen and chemical coupling to carrier protein). Other types of conjugate vaccines have been recently developed and tested in clinical trials, prepared by coupling chemically synthesized oligosaccharides to proteins, by engineering Escherichia coli to directly produce bioconjugates or by delivering the native carbohydrate antigen in engineered membrane vesicles (i.e. Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens, GMMA). Through this review, the reader will have an insight regarding the history and the characteristics of different types of conjugate vaccines, and the attributes that might affect their immunogenicity and their potential for future applications.
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12
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Mettu R, Chen CY, Wu CY. Synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines: challenges and opportunities. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:9. [PMID: 31900143 PMCID: PMC6941340 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines based on bacterial capsular polysaccharides (CPS) have been extremely successful in preventing bacterial infections. The glycan antigens for the preparation of CPS based glycoconjugate vaccines are mainly obtained from bacterial fermentation, the quality and length of glycans are always inconsistent. Such kind of situation make the CMC of glycoconjugate vaccines are difficult to well control. Thanks to the advantage of synthetic methods for carbohydrates syntheses. The well controlled glycan antigens are more easily to obtain, and them are conjugated to carrier protein to from the so-call homogeneous fully synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines. Several fully glycoconjugate vaccines are in different phases of clinical trial for bacteria or cancers. The review will introduce the recent development of fully synthetic glycoconjugate vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Mettu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Yun Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nangang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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13
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Hlozek J, Ravenscroft N, Kuttel MM. Modeling the conformations of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup a CPS and a carba-analogue: Implications for vaccine development. Carbohydr Res 2019; 486:107838. [PMID: 31654945 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is a major cause of bacterial meningitis worldwide, especially in Africa. The capsular polysaccharide is the main virulence factor and the target antigen for polysaccharide- and conjugate vaccines. Three tetravalent conjugate vaccines against serogroups A, C, Y and W have been licensed and the monovalent MenAfriVac® was introduced to address the high burden of serogroup A disease in the Meningitis Belt of sub-Saharan Africa. Three of these four vaccines are lyophilized due to the instability of the serogroup A antigen (MenA) in aqueous solution, resulting in a two vial presentation with concomitant additional costs for storage and distribution. Replacement of the saccharide ring oxygen with a methylene group is a promising approach to preparing a stable oligosaccharide MenA analogue (Carba-MenA) vaccine suitable for a liquid formulation. However, to be effective, Carba-MenA must elicit an immune response that is cross-reactive to the native MenA. Here we employ microsecond molecular dynamics simulations of ten repeats of MenA and Carba-MenA to establish that there are significant differences in the conformation and dynamics of these antigens in solution. Carba-MenA has a more random extended, conformation than MenA; MenA has a significant population of compact S-bend conformations that are absent in the analogue. We also find that the disaccharides are poor models of the conformational behaviour of longer chains. This information is relevant for the rational design of optimal analogues for conjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Hlozek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Neil Ravenscroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Michelle M Kuttel
- Department of Computer Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
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14
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Micoli F, Costantino P, Adamo R. Potential targets for next generation antimicrobial glycoconjugate vaccines. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:388-423. [PMID: 29547971 PMCID: PMC5995208 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface carbohydrates have been proven optimal targets for vaccine development. Conjugation of polysaccharides to a carrier protein triggers a T-cell-dependent immune response to the glycan moiety. Licensed glycoconjugate vaccines are produced by chemical conjugation of capsular polysaccharides to prevent meningitis caused by meningococcus, pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae type b. However, other classes of carbohydrates (O-antigens, exopolysaccharides, wall/teichoic acids) represent attractive targets for developing vaccines. Recent analysis from WHO/CHO underpins alarming concern toward antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as the so called ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.) and additional pathogens such as Clostridium difficile and Group A Streptococcus. Fungal infections are also becoming increasingly invasive for immunocompromised patients or hospitalized individuals. Other emergencies could derive from bacteria which spread during environmental calamities (Vibrio cholerae) or with potential as bioterrorism weapons (Burkholderia pseudomallei and mallei, Francisella tularensis). Vaccination could aid reducing the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and provide protection by herd immunity also to individuals who are not vaccinated. This review analyzes structural and functional differences of the polysaccharides exposed on the surface of emerging pathogenic bacteria, combined with medical need and technological feasibility of corresponding glycoconjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena
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15
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Calloni I, Unione L, Jiménez-Osés G, Corzana F, Del Bino L, Corrado A, Pitirollo O, Colombo C, Lay L, Adamo R, Jiménez-Barbero J. The Conformation of the Mannopyranosyl Phosphate Repeating Unit of the Capsular Polysaccharide of Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup A and Its Carba-Mimetic. European J Org Chem 2018; 2018:4548-4555. [PMID: 30443159 PMCID: PMC6220853 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A (MenA) is an aerobic diplococcal Gram-negative bacterium responsible for epidemic meningitis disease. Its capsular polysaccharide (CPS) has been identified as the primary virulence factor of MenA. This polysaccharide suffers from chemical lability in water. Thus, the design and synthesis of novel and hydrolytically stable structural analogues of MenA CPS may provide additional tools for the development of therapies against this disease. In this context, the structural features of the natural phosphorylated monomer have been analyzed and compared to those of its carba-analogue, where the endocyclic oxygen has been replaced by a methylene moiety. The lowest energy geometries of the different molecules have been calculated using a combination of quantum mechanical techniques and molecular dynamics simulations. The predicted results have been compared and validated using NMR experiments. The results indicate that the more stable designed glycomimetics may adopt the conformation adopted by the natural monomer, although they display a wider flexibility around the torsional degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Calloni
- Chemical Glycobiology Lab CIC bioGUNE Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800 48160 Derio Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry II Faculty of Science and Technology University of the Basque Country, EHU-UPV Leioa Spain
| | - Luca Unione
- Atlas Molecular Pharma Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800 48160 Derio Spain
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés
- Departamento de Quimica Universidad de la Rioja Centro Científico Tecnológico Spain
| | - Francisco Corzana
- Departamento de Quimica Universidad de la Rioja Centro Científico Tecnológico Spain
| | | | - Alessio Corrado
- Glycobiology Lab GSK Via Fiorentina 10 Siena Italy.,Department of Chemistry and ISTM_CNR University of Milan Via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Olimpia Pitirollo
- Department of Chemistry and ISTM_CNR University of Milan Via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Cinzia Colombo
- Department of Chemistry and ISTM_CNR University of Milan Via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry and ISTM_CNR University of Milan Via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | | | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Chemical Glycobiology Lab CIC bioGUNE Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800 48160 Derio Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry II Faculty of Science and Technology University of the Basque Country, EHU-UPV Leioa Spain.,Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE) 48009 Bilbao Spain
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16
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Colombo C, Pitirollo O, Lay L. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Glycoconjugates for Vaccine Development. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071712. [PMID: 30011851 PMCID: PMC6099631 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade there has been a growing interest in glycoimmunology, a relatively new research field dealing with the specific interactions of carbohydrates with the immune system. Pathogens’ cell surfaces are covered by a thick layer of oligo- and polysaccharides that are crucial virulence factors, as they mediate receptors binding on host cells for initial adhesion and organism invasion. Since in most cases these saccharide structures are uniquely exposed on the pathogen surface, they represent attractive targets for vaccine design. Polysaccharides isolated from cell walls of microorganisms and chemically conjugated to immunogenic proteins have been used as antigens for vaccine development for a range of infectious diseases. However, several challenges are associated with carbohydrate antigens purified from natural sources, such as their difficult characterization and heterogeneous composition. Consequently, glycoconjugates with chemically well-defined structures, that are able to confer highly reproducible biological properties and a better safety profile, are at the forefront of vaccine development. Following on from our previous review on the subject, in the present account we specifically focus on the most recent advances in the synthesis and preliminary immunological evaluation of next generation glycoconjugate vaccines designed to target bacterial and fungal infections that have been reported in the literature since 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Olimpia Pitirollo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Luigi Lay
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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17
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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18
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Hlozek J, Kuttel MM, Ravenscroft N. Conformations of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A and X polysaccharides: The effects of chain length and O-acetylation. Carbohydr Res 2018; 465:44-51. [PMID: 29940397 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is a major cause of bacterial meningitis worldwide especially in Africa. The capsular polysaccharide (CPS) is the main virulence factor and the target antigen for polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines. The high burden of serogroup A disease in the Meningitis Belt of sub-Saharan Africa led to the introduction of MenAfriVac®, which has successfully reduced the number of cases of group A disease. However, several outbreaks caused by other serogroups have been reported, including those due to serogroup X. The capsular polysaccharides of serogroups A and X are both homopolymers of amino sugars (α-D-ManNAc and α-D-GlcNAc) containing phosphodiester linkages at C-6 and C-4, respectively. The similarity of the primary structures of the two polysaccharides suggests that serogroup A vaccination may provide cross-protection against serogroup X disease. Molecular dynamics simulations of a series of serogroup A and X oligosaccharides reveal that the MenA CPS behaves as a flexible random coil which becomes less conformationally defined as the length increases, whereas serogroup X forms a more stable regular helical structure. The presence of the MenX helix is supported by NMR analysis; it has four residues per turn and becomes more stable as the chain length increases. Licensed MenA vaccines are largely O-acetylated at C-3: simulations show that these O-acetyl groups are highly solvent exposed and their presence favors more extended conformations compared to the more compact conformations of MenA without O-acetylation. These findings may have implications for the design of optimal conjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Hlozek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Michelle M Kuttel
- Department of Computer Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Neil Ravenscroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
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19
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Oldrini D, Fiebig T, Romano MR, Proietti D, Berger M, Tontini M, De Ricco R, Santini L, Morelli L, Lay L, Gerardy-Schahn R, Berti F, Adamo R. Combined Chemical Synthesis and Tailored Enzymatic Elongation Provide Fully Synthetic and Conjugation-Ready Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup X Vaccine Antigens. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:984-994. [PMID: 29481045 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the polymerization mode of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup X capsular polymerase CsxA recently identified a truncated construct that can be immobilized and used for length controlled on-column production of oligosaccharides. Here, we combined the use of a synthetic acceptor bearing an appendix for carrier protein conjugation and the on-column process to a novel chemo-enzymatic strategy. After protein coupling of the size optimized oligosaccharide produced by the one-pot elongation procedure, we obtained a more homogeneous glycoconjugate compared to the one previously described starting from the natural polysaccharide. Mice immunized with the conjugated fully synthetic oligomer elicited functional antibodies comparable to controls immunized with the current benchmark MenX glycoconjugates prepared from the natural capsule polymer or from fragments of it enzymatically elongated. This pathogen-free technology allows the fast total in vitro construction of predefined bacterial polysaccharide fragments. Compared to conventional synthetic protocols, the procedure is more expeditious and drastically reduces the number of purification steps to achieve the oligomers. Furthermore, the presence of a linker for conjugation in the synthetic acceptor minimizes manipulations on the enzymatically produced glycan prior to protein conjugation. This approach enriches the methods for fast construction of complex bacterial carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timm Fiebig
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Monika Berger
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Laura Morelli
- University of Milan, Department of Chemistry, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Lay
- University of Milan, Department of Chemistry, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Gerardy-Schahn
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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20
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Hennessey JP, Costantino P, Talaga P, Beurret M, Ravenscroft N, Alderson MR, Zablackis E, Prasad AK, Frasch C. Lessons Learned and Future Challenges in the Design and Manufacture of Glycoconjugate Vaccines. CARBOHYDRATE-BASED VACCINES: FROM CONCEPT TO CLINIC 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2018-1290.ch013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philippe Talaga
- Department of Analytical Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy l’Etoile 69280, France
| | - Michel Beurret
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, 2301 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Neil Ravenscroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Earl Zablackis
- Analytical Process Technology, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania 18370, United States
| | - A. Krishna Prasad
- Pfizer Vaccines Research and Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Carl Frasch
- Consultant, Martinsburg, West Virginia 25402, United States
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21
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Fiebig T, Litschko C, Freiberger F, Bethe A, Berger M, Gerardy-Schahn R. Efficient solid-phase synthesis of meningococcal capsular oligosaccharides enables simple and fast chemoenzymatic vaccine production. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:953-962. [PMID: 29187601 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A and X are among the leading causes of bacterial meningitis in the African meningitis belt. Glycoconjugate vaccines, consisting of an antigenic carrier protein coupled to the capsular polysaccharide of the bacterial pathogen, are the most effective strategy for prevention of meningococcal disease. However, the distribution of effective glycoconjugate vaccines in this region is limited by the high cost of cultivating pathogens and purification of their capsular polysaccharides. Moreover, chemical approaches to synthesize oligosaccharide antigens have proven challenging. In the current study, we present a chemoenzymatic approach for generating tailored oligosaccharide fractions ready for activation and coupling to the carrier protein. In a first step, the elongation modes of recombinant capsular polymerases from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A (CsaB) and X (CsxA) were characterized. We observed that CsaB is a distributive enzyme, and CsxA is a processive enzyme. Sequence comparison of these two stealth family proteins revealed a C-terminal extension in CsxA, which conferred processivity because of the existence of a second product-binding site. Deletion of the C-terminal domain converted CsxA into a distributive enzyme, allowing facile control of product length by adjusting the ratio of donor to acceptor sugars. Solid-phase fixation of the engineered capsular polymerases enabled rapid production of capsular polysaccharides with high yield and purity. In summary, the tools developed here provide critical steps toward reducing the cost of conjugate vaccine production, which will increase access in regions with the greatest need. Our work also facilitates efforts to study the relationship between oligosaccharide size and antigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Fiebig
- From the Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christa Litschko
- From the Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Friedrich Freiberger
- From the Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Bethe
- From the Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Monika Berger
- From the Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Rita Gerardy-Schahn
- From the Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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22
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Abstract
Since 2004, when the first synthetic glycoconjugate vaccine against the pneumonia and meningitis causing bacterium Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) approved for human use in Cuba was reported, 34 million doses of the synthetic vaccine have been already distributed in several countries under the commercial name of Quimi-Hib. However, despite the success of this product, no other synthetic glycoconjugate vaccine has been licensed in the following 13 years. As well as avoiding the need to handle pathogens, synthetic glycoconjugates offer clear advantages in terms of product characterization and the possibility to understand the parameters influencing immunogenicity. Nevertheless, large scale application of synthetic sugars has been perceived as challenging because of manufacturing costs and process complexity compared to natural polysaccharides. Chemoenzymatic approaches, one-pot protocols, and automated solid-phase synthesis are rendering carbohydrate production considerably more attractive for industrialization. Here we identify three areas where chemical approaches can advance this progress: (i) chemical or enzymatic methods enabling the delivery of the minimal polysaccharide portion responsible for an effective immune response; (ii) site-selective chemical or enzymatic conjugation strategies for the exploration of the conjugation point in immune responses against carbohydrate-based vaccines, and the consistent preparation of more homogeneous products; (iii) multicomponent constructs targeting receptors responsible for immune response modulation in order to control its quality and magnitude. We discuss how synthesis of bacterial oligosaccharides is useful toward understanding the polysaccharide portion responsible for immunogenicity, and for developing robust and consistent alternatives to natural heterogeneous polysaccharides. The synthesis of sugar analogues can lead to the identification of hydrolytically more stable versions of oligosaccharide antigens. The study of bacterial polysaccharide biosynthesis aids the development of in vitro hazard-free oligosaccharide production. Novel site-selective conjugation methods contribute toward deciphering the role of conjugation sites in the immunogenicity of glycoconjugates and prove to be particularly useful when glycans are conjugated to protein serving as carrier and antigen. The orthogonal incorporation of two different carbohydrate haptens enables the reduction of vaccine components. Finally, coordinated conjugation of glycans and small molecule immunopotentiators supports simplification of vaccine formulation and localization of adjuvant. Synergistic advancement of these areas, combined with competitive manufacturing processes, will contribute to a better understanding of the features guiding the immunological activity of glycoconjugates and, ultimately, to the design of improved, safer vaccines.
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23
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Dosekova E, Filip J, Bertok T, Both P, Kasak P, Tkac J. Nanotechnology in Glycomics: Applications in Diagnostics, Therapy, Imaging, and Separation Processes. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:514-626. [PMID: 27859448 PMCID: PMC5659385 DOI: 10.1002/med.21420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review comprehensively covers the most recent achievements (from 2013) in the successful integration of nanomaterials in the field of glycomics. The first part of the paper addresses the beneficial properties of nanomaterials for the construction of biosensors, bioanalytical devices, and protocols for the detection of various analytes, including viruses and whole cells, together with their key characteristics. The second part of the review focuses on the application of nanomaterials integrated with glycans for various biomedical applications, that is, vaccines against viral and bacterial infections and cancer cells, as therapeutic agents, for in vivo imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, and for selective drug delivery. The final part of the review describes various ways in which glycan enrichment can be effectively done using nanomaterials, molecularly imprinted polymers with polymer thickness controlled at the nanoscale, with a subsequent analysis of glycans by mass spectrometry. A short section describing an active glycoprofiling by microengines (microrockets) is covered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Dosekova
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of ChemistrySlovak Academy of SciencesDubravska cesta 9845 38BratislavaSlovakia
| | - Jaroslav Filip
- Center for Advanced MaterialsQatar UniversityP.O. Box 2713DohaQatar
| | - Tomas Bertok
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of ChemistrySlovak Academy of SciencesDubravska cesta 9845 38BratislavaSlovakia
| | - Peter Both
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Peter Kasak
- Center for Advanced MaterialsQatar UniversityP.O. Box 2713DohaQatar
| | - Jan Tkac
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of ChemistrySlovak Academy of SciencesDubravska cesta 9845 38BratislavaSlovakia
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24
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Catelani G, D'Andrea F, Guazzelli L, Griselli A, Testi N, Chiacchio MA, Legnani L, Toma L. Synthesis and conformational analysis of a simplified inositol-model of the Streptococcus pneumoniae 19F capsular polysaccharide repeating unit. Carbohydr Res 2017; 443-444:29-36. [PMID: 28324771 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate mimics have been studied for a long time as useful sugar substitutes, both in the investigation of biological events and in the treatment of sugar-related diseases. Here we report further evaluation of the capabilities of inositols as carbohydrate substitutes. The conformational features of an inositol-model of a simplified repeating unit corresponding to the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae 19F has been evaluated by computational analysis, and compared to the native repeating unit. The inositol mimic was synthesized, and its experimental spectroscopic data allowed for verification of the theoretical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Catelani
- Università di Pisa, Dipartimento di Farmacia, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Felicia D'Andrea
- Università di Pisa, Dipartimento di Farmacia, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Guazzelli
- Università di Pisa, Dipartimento di Farmacia, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alessio Griselli
- Università di Pisa, Dipartimento di Farmacia, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola Testi
- Università di Pisa, Dipartimento di Farmacia, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Chiacchio
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; Università di Pavia, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Legnani
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; Università di Pavia, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Lucio Toma
- Università di Pavia, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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25
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Fallarini S, Buzzi B, Giovarruscio S, Polito L, Brogioni G, Tontini M, Berti F, Adamo R, Lay L, Lombardi G. A Synthetic Disaccharide Analogue from Neisseria meningitidis A Capsular Polysaccharide Stimulates Immune Cell Responses and Induces Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Production in Mice When Protein-Conjugated. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:487-96. [PMID: 27623315 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Some new phosphonoester-linked oligomers, stabilized analogues of the corresponding phosphate-bridged oligomers of Neisseria meningitidis A (MenA) capsular polysaccharide (CPS), were conjugated to human serum albumin (HSA), as a protein carrier model, and studied for immunological activities. We determined (i) in vitro, their biocompatibility (CAM test) and activity in inducing both T cell proliferation (CFSE method) and IL-2 release (ELISA), and (ii) in vivo, their ability to stimulate specific IgG antibody production (ELISA). All HSA-conjugated compounds induce T cell proliferation (40% of proliferation at 10(2) μM), whereas only the phosphonodisaccharide was effective (28% of proliferation at 10(2) μM) among the unconjugated forms. IL-2 release confirmed these results. In addition, the HSA-conjugated showed in vivo the capacity of eliciting the production of specific IgG antibodies. In conclusion, we obtained novel biocompatible, water-stable, and immunoactive MenA CPS analogues. A short disaccharide fragment showed the unusual behavior of triggering T cell proliferation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fallarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of “Piemonte Orientale, A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Benedetta Buzzi
- Department of Chemistry and CRC “Materiali Polimerici”
(LaMPo), University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Giovarruscio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of “Piemonte Orientale, A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Laura Polito
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies, ISTM-CNR, Via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Brogioni
- Novartis Vaccines
and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 10, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marta Tontini
- Novartis Vaccines
and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 10, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Berti
- Novartis Vaccines
and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 10, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Roberto Adamo
- Novartis Vaccines
and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 10, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry and CRC “Materiali Polimerici”
(LaMPo), University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Grazia Lombardi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of “Piemonte Orientale, A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
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26
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Shang W, Xiao Z, Yu Z, Wei N, Zhao G, Zhang Q, Wei M, Wang X, Wang PG, Li T. Chemical synthesis of the outer core oligosaccharide of Escherichia coli R3 and immunological evaluation. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4321-30. [PMID: 25764373 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00177c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), major virulence determinants in Gram-negative bacteria, are responsible for many pathophysiological responses and can elicit strong immune responses. In order to better understand the role of LPS in host-pathogen interactions and elucidate the immunogenic properties of LPS outer core oligosaccharides, an all α-linked Escherichia coli R3 outer core pentasaccharide was first synthesized with a propyl amino linker at the reducing end. This oligosaccharide was also covalently conjugated to a carrier protein (CRM197) via the reducing end propyl amino linker. Immunological analysis demonstrated that this glycoconjugate can elicit specific anti-pentasaccharide antibodies with in vitro bactericidal activity. These findings will contribute to the further exploration of this pentasaccharide antigen as a vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Shang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
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27
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Anish C, Schumann B, Pereira CL, Seeberger PH. Chemical biology approaches to designing defined carbohydrate vaccines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:38-50. [PMID: 24439205 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate antigens have shown promise as important targets for developing effective vaccines and pathogen detection strategies. Modifying purified microbial glycans through synthetic routes or completely synthesizing antigenic motifs are attractive options to advance carbohydrate vaccine development. However, limited knowledge on structure-property correlates hampers the discovery of immunoprotective carbohydrate epitopes. Recent advancements in tools for glycan modification, high-throughput screening of biological samples, and 3D structural analysis may facilitate antigen discovery process. This review focuses on advances that accelerate carbohydrate-based vaccine development and various technologies that are driving these efforts. Herein we provide a critical overview of approaches and resources available for rational design of better carbohydrate antigens. Structurally defined and fully synthetic oligosaccharides, designed based on molecular understanding of antigen-antibody interactions, offer a promising alternative for developing future carbohydrate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakkumkal Anish
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Schumann
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claney Lebev Pereira
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Ramawat KG, Mérillon JM. Major Advances in the Development of Synthetic Oligosaccharide-Based Vaccines. POLYSACCHARIDES 2015. [PMCID: PMC7123674 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their involvement in a variety of different biological processes and their occurrence onto pathogens and malignant cell surface, carbohydrates have been identified as ideal candidates for vaccine formulation. However, as free oligosaccharides are poorly immunogenic and do not induce immunological memory in the most at risk population (infants and young children, elderly and immunocompromised patients), glycoconjugate vaccines containing the same carbohydrate antigen covalently linked to an immunogenic carrier protein have gained a prominent role. Accordingly, a number of glycoconjugate vaccines mostly directed against infections caused by bacterial pathogens have been licensed and are currently available on the market. However, also glycoconjugate vaccines suffer from significant drawbacks. The challenging procedures required for the isolation and purification of the carbohydrate antigen from its natural source often lead to poor homogeneity and presence of biological contaminants, resulting in batch-to-batch variability. Moreover, in some cases, the overwhelming immunogenicity of the carrier protein may induce the carbohydrate epitope suppression, causing hyporesponsiveness. The development of synthetic oligosaccharide-based vaccine candidates, characterized by the presence of pure and well-defined synthetic oligosaccharide structures, is expected to meet the requirement of homogeneous and highly reproducible preparations. In the present chapter, we report on the major advances in the development of synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines. First of all, we describe different strategies developed during the last years to circumvent the inherent difficulties of classical oligosaccharide synthesis, such as the one-pot glycosylation and the solid-phase synthesis, and their application to the preparation of carbohydrate antigens apt to conjugation with protein carriers. Next, we discuss the most representative methodologies employed for the chemical ligation of oligosaccharide structures to proteins. Finally, in the last section, we report significant examples of fully synthetic vaccines exploiting the multivalency effect. These constructs are based on the concept that the conjugation of multiple copies of synthetic oligosaccharide antigens to multivalent scaffolds, such as dendrimers, (cyclo)peptides, gold nanoparticles, and calixarenes, raises cooperative interactions between carbohydrates and immune receptors, leading to strong enhancement of the saccharide antigen immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Michel Mérillon
- Groupe d’Etude des Substances Végétales à Activité Biologique, Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Morelli L, Cancogni D, Tontini M, Nilo A, Filippini S, Costantino P, Romano MR, Berti F, Adamo R, Lay L. Synthesis and immunological evaluation of protein conjugates of Neisseria meningitidis X capsular polysaccharide fragments. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:2367-76. [PMID: 25383107 PMCID: PMC4222376 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A vaccine to prevent infections from the emerging Neisseria meningitidis X (MenX) is becoming an urgent issue. Recently MenX capsular polysaccharide (CPS) fragments conjugated to CRM197 as carrier protein have been confirmed at preclinical stage as promising candidates for vaccine development. However, more insights about the minimal epitope required for the immunological activity of MenX CPS are needed. We report herein the chemical conjugation of fully synthetic MenX CPS oligomers (monomer, dimer, and trimer) to CRM197. Moreover, improvements in some crucial steps leading to the synthesis of MenX CPS fragments are described. Following immunization with the obtained neoglycoconjugates, the conjugated trimer was demonstrated as the minimal fragment possessing immunogenic activity, even though significantly lower than a pentadecamer obtained from the native polymer and conjugated to the same protein. This finding suggests that oligomers longer than three repeating units are possibly needed to mimic the activity of the native polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica and ISTM-CNR, Universita degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Damiano Cancogni
- Dipartimento di Chimica and ISTM-CNR, Universita degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Tontini
- Novartis Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alberto Nilo
- Novartis Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Adamo
- Novartis Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luigi Lay
- Dipartimento di Chimica and ISTM-CNR, Universita degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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Ramella D, Polito L, Mazzini S, Ronchi S, Scaglioni L, Marelli M, Lay L. A Strategy for Multivalent Presentation of Carba Analogues fromN. meningitidisA Capsular Polysaccharide. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Major Advances in the Development of Synthetic Oligosaccharide-Based Vaccines. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_65-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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